WAWAN KURNIAWAN, M.Ag
ENGLISH For THE SYARI’AH FINANCE MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Gunung Djati Press Bandung 2011 1
Hak Cipta @ Wawan Kurniawan, 2011 Desain sampul: Hera Hoeriah, S.Ag
Cetakan pertama
Juni
2011
Oleh : Gunung Djati Press Jl. Raya A.H. Nasution 105 Bandung 40614 Phone: (022) 7800525 Fax. 022-7803936 Web: www.uinsgd.ac.id
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher.
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PREFACE Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, In recent years, the focus of the world’s attention has been on the issue of information, economic and culture globalisation. Globalisation means all parts of the world are under circumstances in which the development of economic, information and culture are running very rapidly and almost in a similar pattern or at least influences easly one another. This tremendous development has been caused by a rapid development on the communication technology. Nowdays, in any part of the world will not be found a country which able to avoid or close itself from the impact of his development. This development, however, generates a high competition in all aspects of human life. In Indonesia, the growth in number of university graduates is faster than the development of field of works. As a result, only university graduates with a high qualification who may will get a position they idealised. Language (English) capability of worker candidates becomes a determine pre requirements. This capability also will be important for undergraduate students who are going to continue their education to Postgraduate levels. This book is designed to provide basic materials on those skills for students of the Departement of the Islamic Economy. The writer of this book hopes all of the users can can take benefits from it as much as possible. Finally, I highly appreciate the patient of my beloved wife Hera Hoeriah, S.Ag and my childrens, Gerald Kantiant Hermawan, Michelle Hezria Hermawan, in tolerating me in consuming some of their togetherness time on this work. The writer welcomes—any suggestions, especially from my colleagues who teach English, for the improvements in the next edition. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. Bandung, Juni 2011 Wawan Kurniawan, M.Ag
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CONTENT
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV
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Preface Content Reading Strategies Introduction Liberalism Pragmatism Pluralism Modernism A free economy Socialism The basic principles of islamic economy Pancasila: the spiritual basis of indonesian economic system The part of speech Tenses Five basic tenses Linking be ( to be ) Word order Sentence Complex sentence Compound sentence Gerund Modal auxilaries Passive voice The comparison of adjective Noun clause Adverb clause The participle
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READING STRATEGIES Reading of secondary sources may be undertaken in a number of ways. First you may only want an overview of the content; second, you may want to know in details on some specific point or area of law or other subjects, or thirdly, you may be seeking a critical perspective on certain concepts or values. It is in this latter context that some texts can be of particular assistance in discovering the why of legal rule. A.
Reading for an Overview, or in Detail It is always helpful to start by obtaining an overview of any material. If it is a book, look to the contents list first. Consider how the text (either of the book as a whole or a specific chapter) is broken down. Similarly, many articles are devided into different sections, each with a heading and sometimes sub-headings. These should give you some idea of what the text is about, and how useful it will be. Virtually all books will have a short preface, or introduction, telling you something about the contents which can also help to identify the nature of the work. Some journals publish a brief abstract of an article at its beginning, which outlines the argument it contains. Both of these may be of similar assistance. This stage of reading activity is called by scanning, that is, run the eyes over every part (section, chapter etc.) of books, journals, magazines, newspapers etc. After scanning the material, then, to find more specific information you need, but not in detail, you continue to read a certain part of the material. If the material you use is a textbook, you just advised to read its introduction, first and last paragraphs of each chapter anddd its conclusion. If you want to know the content of a specific chapter of a book, then, you read only the first paragraph of the chapter completely, followed by reading the first sentence of each paragraph, and finally you read the last paragraph of the chapter wholly. Do the same for reading an article from a journal or newspaper. This stage of reading activity is called skimming, namely, reading for general idea or topic, without carefully reading or comprehending all details and implications. Skimming is a useful strategy to employ when the 5
reader wants only a superficial understanding of the content of an article or a chapter of a book. Do this before reading in detail. B. Critical Reading If your purpose is critical, in that, for example, you are attempting to analyze or challenge the ideas presented by a particular author, your reading must be directed to that purpose. In that case you must consider how the author has developed his/her argument, has he/she: (a) Made many unsupported or unrecognized assumptions? (b) Reached conclusions unsupported by his/her argument? (c) Ignored counter-arguments that exist? Often, a comparison of different texts can help you sort out the range of arguments and counter-arguments that exist. Do not fall into the trap of being dependent upon a single book or article when constructing any kind of critical analysis. Literary sources may also be of assistance if you are attempting some critical analysis of a case or statutory provisions. The idea that texts can be read critically should also warn us that literary sources are subject to limitations. There are two which particularly important. First, the question of authority, it is wrong to treat books and articles as wholly authoritative. We have already said te counts do not place that much weight on secondary sources, and ultimately that is because texts are not the law itself. The author may be, consciously or unconsciously, advancing one argument over another that could in fact be equally valid. Though so long as you are aware of this, it can be used positively if you are trying to offer a critical analysis of the way the law has developed on a specific point. You should also remember that writers and editors are fallible, and, however much care is taken, substantive mistakes do sometimes appear in books and articles. They do not, and cannot, replace the primary sources. This does not just apply to your normal studying. It is also relevant to exam preparation. Remember that if you revise from the notes you have made on a textbook’s commentary about a case, your answer will be two stages removed from its original sources. Obviously you cannot read every 6
case and section of a statute cited during the year, but at least make sure you are acquainted with the most important primary sources in your subjects. Second, the question of accuracy, it is something of a truism to say that law books are already out of date on the day they are published. Law is a constantly developing subject. Details can change quite frequently, which is why established textbooks are updated by the publication of new editions. Even so, there is always a risk that, before a new edition comes out, the law on your particular point has changed. This means that in using textbooks two things must be remembered. First, always use the late edition of any text. Secondly, even when using the latest edition, be prepared to search your primary sources for any updating that need to be done. The problem with journal articles is even more acute, as those are not updated in the way that books are. Current notes and articles can themselves be a useful way of keeping up to date, but once they become a few years old, they may have to be treated with causation, though, of course, there is no general rule that can tell us when any piece of legal writing is past its ‘sell by’ date. Use those reading strategies in reading the ten passages available in this book.
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INTRODUCTION Before explaining the basic principles of economy as whole, its important to denote the basic principle of Liberalism economic which holds capitalism system in economic, socialism economic and Islam, it is useful for comparison. Then some of the salient features of basic principles of Islamic economy and their effect on accounting standards setting will be considered. Capitalist society believes in private individual form of ownership, i.e. private ownership. It allows individuals private ownership of different kinds of wealth in the country according to their activities and circumstances. It only recognizes public ownership when required by social necessity and when experience demonstrated the need for nationalization of this or that utility. Socialist society is completetly contrary to that. So common ownership is the general principal, which it is applied to every kind of wealth. However, the basic characteristic of both societies are not applicable to Islamic society because Islamic society does not agree with capitalism in the doctrine that private ownership is the principle, or with socialism in its view that common ownership is a general principal. That means, Islamic viewpoint ownership is accepted in a variety of forms—instead of the principle of only one kind of ownership, such as, private ownership, public ownership and state ownership. According to Quranic verses, every thing in this universe belongs to God Almighty. “Whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth belongs to Allah.” (Al-Baqarah, 2:284) he is the real owner of every thing “And Allah is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth, and Allah has power over every things.” (Ali-‘Imran, 3:189). From those explanation so, where was Indonesian economic system situated? How did Indonesian economic reply all of chelenges world? let us learn all economic systems about.
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LIBERALISM The word “Liberalism” derives from liberty. In other words, the individual is in the centre of the picture. Society is there to serve the individual and not the other way around as certain other systems of thought like communism or socialism try to make out. The essential elements of Liberalism are all pervasive and touch every aspect of life. In so far as matters of the spirit are concerned, tolerance, particularly tolerance of dissent, is basic. Whether an issue is religious, communal, regional, national or partains to small groupings like caste and linguistic groups, tolerance of the other point of view and willingness to argue about it are of the essence of Liberalism. This is in striking contrast to the Soviet or Communist attitude to dissent. The Soviet dictatorship has now stopped so low as to declare that anyone who dissents from their way of life must be mad. The book by Zhores and Roy Medvadev, A Question of Madness, tells the sad story of how anyone who wishes to improve things in Rusia is treated as suffering from “Paranoid delusions of reforming society,” this would be enough to make Karl Marx, with even his limited stock of tolerance, turn in his grave. In so far as religion is concerned, Liberalism is not anti-religious but it is non-denominational and perhaps sceptical. A good Liberal does not attack all religions equally as a ‘secularist’ would do. A good Liberal would tolerate and respect all religions equally. In that sence, Gandhiji’s attitude to religion was much more liberal that of those who call themselves ‘secular’ and who look at all religions with an aqually malevolent eye. The Indian Constitution is, in that sence, highly liberal and extends equal respect to all religions and religious institutions. (Adopted from: Leslie Sawhny programme of Training for Democracy, Orient House, Mangalore Street, Ballard Estate, Bombay).
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PRAGMATISM Another basic characteristic of Liberalism is its pragmatic approach to whatever problem there may happen to be at a particular time. The Liberal does not approach any problem with a dogmatic or preconceived attitude. He is open-minded on all issues. Thus, for instance, in so far as democratic socialism is concerned, the Liberal would be quite prepared to accept as large a dose of State control as the circumstances of a particular country, case and time may warrant. While holding the view that competition, consumer preference and the laws of the market should predominate, the Liberal is flexible about the exact nature of the mixed economy which would be desirable in a particular context. As a result of this, the line between the Liberal and the Social Democrate has got blurred and no longer really exists. In England, this phenomenon was given the name of ‘Butskellism,’ a combination of what were understood to be the policies of R.A. Butler of the Conservative Party and Hugh Gaitskel of the Labour Party. In Germany, this fusion of Liberalism and Social Democracy resulted in the Godesberg Programme of the German Social Democratic Party led by Willy Brant which, for all practical purposes, accepted the framework of liberalism. I had, on one occasion, published in parallel columns the corresponding clauses of the German Social Democratic Programme of November 1959 and the Swatantra Party’s Programme of August 1959. It was amazing how one appeared to be a translation or paraphrase of the other. Here, for instance, are two clauses dealing with the structure of Industry and the limits of govermental intervention and planning. (Adopted from: Leslie Sawhny programme of Training for Democracy, Orient House, Mangalore Street, Ballard Estate, Bombay).
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PLURALISM The Liberal is of necessity a pluralist, that is, he does not accept the predominance of any one line of thought or dogma or even one class of society. In the Liberal’s mansion there are many chambers and there is room for everything. The Liberal, therefore, believes in a pluralistic society where there are checks and balances between diferent organs of government such as the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. In a Federal form of government, there have also to be checks and balances between the federal government on the one side and the state government on the other. In the case of countries with multi-religions, multi-ethnic and multi-lingual groups, such as India, the Liberal believes in the protection of the rights of Minorities. In the conflict between the individual and the state, there should be Fundamental Rights for the citizen with an appeal to the Courts of Law. There should be a separation of political and economic power.in other words, the Liberal believes in limited government. ‘Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and unto God the things that are God’s’. God, in this case, is the conscience of the individual. The Liberal is never a determinist. He never says that such and such a thing is bound to happen, as does the Marxist. All he can say is that, on the basis of a rational analysis, certain things are likely to result if certain other things happen. (Adopted from: Leslie Sawhny programme of Training for Democracy, Orient House, Mangalore Street, Ballard Estate, Bombay).
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MODERNISM The Liberal is a modernist. He is an advocate of change. He welcomes and cheerfully accepts modern technology with all its implications. He stresses the role of managerial skills in industry and business and other walks of life. He accepts the importance of science in modern society. It is not an accident that thecnology only thrives in freedom and, where freedom is denied to the scientist and thecnologist, there is stagnation. In the conflict between modernism on he one side and obscurantism, whether that of the nation, the caste or religion on the other, the Liberal is on the side of modernism and change. The Liberal is not against tradition. On the contrary, the Liberal respects what is good in the tradition of people and seeks to build and change on the basis of that tradition. In that sense, the Liberal is not an incendiary or disrupter but a constructive element of change. (Adopted from: Leslie Sawhny programme of Training for Democracy, Orient House, Mangalore Street, Ballard Estate, Bombay).
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A FREE ECONOMY A free economy therefore means that government has to play a rather limited and restricted part. Social control must be limited to a minimum. The whole idea of control is to interfere with people when something is going wrong. You stop a man from stealing, you stop a man from hitting somebody else, you stop a man from cheating somebody else, you stop an employer from cheating his worker—that is fair. But you don’t stop a man from doing something which he should be doing. So controls are only police measures to stop somebody from doing something he sholud not. The government should not be like the mother who told the nanny : “Mary, go and see what Johnny is doing and tell him not to”! Johnny should only be stopped when he is really doing something which he sholudn’t. The second characteristic of a free society is that “the consumer is king”. Everything must be done to serve the needs of the consumer, not of the industrialist, not of the businessman, not of the factory worker, but of the man who consumes, because he is the ordinary citizen. We all consume. There is not a single human being in India today who doesn’t consume. He would be dead if he didn’t. We consume, you consume, our children consume. Now what does “The consumer is king” mean? It means that the consumer must determine the pattern of production. The consumer must tell the industrialist what to produce and what not to produce. The consumer can do this by his purchasing power, by the little money in his pocket. The industrialist or businessman only produces what he thinks will make a profit. In other words, if there is a demand for a commodity, you produce it. If there is no demand, you are a fool if you produce it because nobody will buy it and you will lose your capital. In this way the smallest consumer can determine the pattern of production in a free country. Let us take an example of the monsoon. As you know, the shops before the monsoon are filled with commodities pertaining to the monsoon, namely, raincoats and umbrellas. Now, some people take umbrellas, some 13
people take raincoats. The pessimists take both ! how does the manufacturer know how many umbrellas and how many raincoats will be needed? He watches the demand and he learns from one monsoon what to produce for the next. Let us imagine that this year, for some reason—after all human beings have their own whims—the demand for raincoats went up tremendously, but umbrellas got left. It is fashionable to wear a raincoat and not an umbrella. It is considered old-fashioned and dowdy to have an umbrella. Now what happens? The umbrella dealers say : “Oh God, we have had it. Next year the same thing will happen, perhaps it will get worse>” they shift. They stop making so many umbrellas and turn to making more raincoats, or vice versa. You and I, buying a raincoat or an umbrella, have shifted the pattern of production in India. He biggest industrialist has to kowtow to our needs. He needs us. This is what “The consumer being king” means. (Adopted from: Leslie Sawhny programme of Training for Democracy, Orient House, Mangalore Street, Ballard Estate, Bombay).
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SOCIALISM Now, let us turn to socialism, which is the denial of liberalism. Socialism is the reverse of liberalism. The Oxford Dictionary defines it as follows: “It is a principle that individual liberty should be completely subordinated to the interests of the community with the deduction that can be drawn from it, namely, the State monopoly of land and all capital.” That is, the human being is nothing. The collectivity or community is everything. Man must be destroyed or used for the good of the community, which is to make Liberalism stand on its head. The Labour Party in Britain, which is a very moderate Socialist Party and not a Communist Party, has in its programme included “the nationalisation of the instruments of production, distribution and exchange” as the objective. Now what does this mean ? the instruments of production are the land and all factories. All industry and all agriculture should belong to the government. Distribution is trade. So all trades, all shops, should belong to the government and exchange is banking. So all banks should belong to the government. And what remains for anyone else is nothing ! only the flat or the home where you live or the motor car. Now, the only countries, luckily for socialism, where this has been tried are the communist countries. The British Labour Party, although it is often in office, never tries to carry out its own objective, because it knows it would be horrible. It would be destroying liberty and Britain would become another communist state. So the British Labour people, the socialist, do not practise socialism. Britain is a very strong democratic country. They have got the tradition of freedom from the days of Magna Carta. They have got the “non-conformist conscience” which came as a result of the Protestannt Revolution standing up to the Pope. (Adopted from: Leslie Sawhny programme of Training for Democracy, Orient House, Mangalore Street, Ballard Estate, Bombay).
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THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC ECONOMY Before to explain the basic princples of Islamic economy, the basic principles of economic of liberalism from an Islamic view is expressed, because it is useful for comparison. Then some of the salient features of basic principles of Islamic economy and their effect on accounting standards setting will be considered. According to Holton (1992, 54-69) the basic principles of economics of liberalism as outlined here, represents an amalgam of ideas derived and adopted from a range of sources. These include the 18th century economist Adam Smith, the neo-classical school of economics and more recent post-war economists such as Milton Friedman. The basic principles of this tradition include: (1) private property rights, (2) individual sovereignty, (3) selfinterest, (4) rationality and (5) self-regulating market. Needless to say, economis as that part of man’s activity which, deals with the production of goods, the amassing of wealth, labor, work, trade and exchange of material objects, etc, has been important in every civilization. From Islamic view, as in other traditional civilization, economics was never considered as a saparate discipline or distinct domain of activity. Consequently, there is no even a word for economics in classical Arabic. The term of iqtishad (economic) being a fair recent translation of the modern term “economics” in Arabic and having a very different meaning in classical Arabic. Where it means primarly moderation and keeping to the golden mean as witnessed by the famous book Ihya Ulum-al-Din, Ghazali. (1971,265). According to Sadr (1994, 51-55), the Islamic economy is composed of three basic components, according to which its theoritical content is defined. Thus it is distinguished from other economic theories in terms of the broad lines of these components, which are: (1) the principle of multi-faceted ownership, (2) the principle of economic freedom within a defined limit, and (3) the principle of social justice. 16
The first principle explains that from Islamic viewpoint ownership is accepted in a variety of form-instead of the principle of onli one kind of ownership, such as, private ownership, public ownership and state ownership. The second of the components of the Islamic economy that is the most important attribute in islamic economy is the principle of social justice. This is embodied in Islam by the elements and guarantees which, Islam provider for the system of the distribution of wealth in Islamic society. The Islamic image of social justice contains two general principles each one of them has its own lines and particularities. The first of them is the principle of general mutual responsibility the other is the principle of social balance. Islam permits difference in wealth within reasonable limit but does not tolerate this difference growing so wide that some people spend their life in luxury and comfort, while the great majority op people are left to lead a life of misery and hunger (Quoted from. Mohammad R. Taheri, www.parvesvedeo.com).
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PANCASILA: THE SPIRITUAL BASIS OF INDONESIAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM The territory of this country, as a blessing of God, potential economic resources are found abundantly which have not yet been transformed into real economic strength because of—among others—the lack of capital, experience and technology. The Pancasila is the spiritual basis for the institution of the Indonesian economic system and should always be reflected in the economic policy. Economic development requires transformation of potencial economic resources into actual economic strength through capital invesment aand utilization of technology, expanded knowledge and efficientcy, and improved organizational and managerial ability, that efforts to overcome economic decline and further develop the economic potency should be based on the capability and willingness of the Indonesian people themselves. Nevertheless this principle of relying on our own capability and willingness should not lead to reluctance to make use of foreign capital, technology and skill, which, if used correctly, will benefit the national economy, without creating dependence on foreign countries, that available foreign capital should be utilized to maximum advantage, in order to accelerate the economic development of Indonesia which cannot or for a considerable time cannot yet be covered by national capital only, as well as used in other fields and sectors, where Indonesian capital for the time being and in the nearest future does not suffice. It is imperative to devise clean regulations in order to fill the need for capita; for national development, as well as to avoid uncertainty on the part of prospective foreign investors.(Adopted from: Sumantoro, investment Law, Cooperation in investment and The Indonesia Perspective, Binacipta, Bandung, 1982).
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THE PARTS OF SPEECH Words are devided into different kinds or classes according to (menurut) the purpose (maksudnya) that they are used for. The different kinds of words are called: Parts of Speech. They are eight in number namely: 1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Adjectives 4. Verbs 5. Adverbs 6. Prepositions 7. Conjunctions 8. Interjections 1). NOUNS. A noun is a word used for naming some person or thing: Jhon; man; sheep; fish; house; rice; water; gold. THE KINDS OF NOUNS: Nouns are devided in five different kinds: (1. Proper (2. Common (3. Collective (4. Material (5. Abstract a). A CONCRETE NOUN denotes 9menyatakan) things which can be seen, touched (pegang) or tasted (rasa): house; water. b). A PROPER NOUN denotes one particular (special) person or thing as distinct (perbedaan) from every other: Harahap; Jhon; Mary; Semarang; England.
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c). A COMMON NAOUN denotes no one person or thing in particular, but is common (biasa) to any (every) person or thing of the same kind: man; boy; girl; animal; town; country. d). A MATERIAL NOUN denotes the substance (bahan) of which things are made: rice; water; fish. Observe (perhatikan) : Common Noun : Fish live in water Material Noun : Fish is good for food. e). COLLECTIVE NOUN denotes a group or collection (kumpulan) of similar (yang sama0 individuals (benda atau orang), considered (dianggap) as one complete whole: a sheep = common noun sekumpulan sheep disebut “a flock” = collective noun. f). AN ABSTRACT NOUN denotes quality (kwalitas), state (keadaan) or action (perbuatan), which can not be seen or touched: quality : cleverness = kepintaran state : poverty = kemiskinan action : movement = gerakan 2). PRONOUNS. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun or nounequivalent (yang sama dengan). Dari definisi di atas teranglah, bahwa suatu kata yang mengganti suatu noun atau yang sama dengan noun disebut “pronoun”. Marilah kita ambil contoh yang berikut: Ali saw a snake in the garden, this snake Ali thought would hurt Ali, unless Ali killed the snake with a stick, this stick Ali had in Ali’s hand. Nouns yang dicetak tebal dalam kalimat diatas dapat diganti dengan katakata lain. Kata-kata pengganti nouns itu adalah “pronouns”. Observe (perhatikanlah): 20
Ali saw a snake in the garden, which He thought would hurt him, unless he killed it with a stick, which he had in his hand. Semua kata-kata yang dicetak tebal adalah “pronouns”. THE KINDS OF PRONOUNS. There are four different kinds of pronouns: a. Personal Pronoun b. Demonstrative Pronoun c. Relative Pronoun d. Interrogative Pronoun. 3). ADJECTIVES. An adjective is a word used to qualify (menerangkan) a noun. The chief use (guna yang utama) is to show the kind (macam), point (titik = letak), size (ukuran), state (keadaan), number (jumlah) of a noun: A mango tree; this tree; the tall tree; a good tree; some tree. 4). VERBS A verb is a word used for saying something about some person or thing. Verb are subdivided into : 1. Transitive Verbs 2. Intransitive verbs 3. Auxiliary Verbs. a). TRANSITIVE VERBS. Transitive verbs express actions that can pass over to a person or thing. Transitive verb menyatakan perbuatan-perbuatan yang dapat menuju kepada orang atau benda. Contoh : badu writes a letter; Badu eats rice; b). INTRANSITIVE VERBS. Intransitive verb express actions that cannot pass over to a person ar thing. 21
Contoh : Badu laughs; Badu sleeps; c). AUXILIARY VERBS. An auxiliary verb is one which helps to form a tense or mood (cara) of some other verbs: To be : The letter is written by Badu To have : Badu has written the letter Can : Badu can write the letter May : Badu may write the letter Must : Badu must write the letter Shall : I shall write the letter Will : Badu will write the letter Ought : Badu ought to help you. 5). ADVERBS. An adverb is a word used to qualify any part of speech except a noun or pronoun. “adverb” ialah kata yang menjadi keterangan pada sesuatu kata yang lain, kecuali noun atau pronoun. Kata-kata yang dipakai sebagai keterangan kepada noun atau pronoun disebut “adjective”. Contoh : a. He is a bad man = adjective b. He writes badly = adverb. 6). PREPOSITIONS. A preposition is a word placed before a noun or nounequivalent to show in what relation the person or thing denoted thereby stands to something else; Kata perangkai (depan) ialah kata yang ditulis didepan noun atau yang sama dengan noun, untuk menunjukkan perhubungan orang atau benda yang dinyatakan oleh kata itu dengan benda lain: Ali sits on the table; The book is under the table. Kata-kata “on” dan “under” menyatakan perhubungan noun ALI dengan TABLE serta BOOK dengan TABLE. 22
7). CONJUNCTIONS. A conjunction is a word used to join words together or one sentence to another sentence: Badu and Ali came here yesterday: I know, that you are ill; 8). INTERJECTIONS. An interjection is a word or sound (suara) to express some feeling (perasaan) of the mind: Hurrahh! : I am very glad Auwww! : it is a pity.
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TENSES SIMPLE
PRESENT DO/DOES
PAST DID (+) You went to school yesterday. (-) you did not go to school yesterday. (?) did you go to school yesterday?
CONTINUOUS
(+) We go to school everyday (-) we don’t go to school everyda y (?) do we go to school every day IS/AM/ARE (+) You are going to school now (-) You are not going to school now (?) are you going to school now
(+) I was going to school, when you phoned. (-) I was not going to school when you phoned. (?) were you going to school when I phoned? HAD + V3
PERFECT
HAVE/HAS + V3 (past participle) (+) She gone Bandung. (-) She has gone Bandung (?) Has gone Bandung?
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
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WAS/WERE
has to not to She to
HAVE/HAS + BEEN
(+) You had gone to school, when she came. (-)You had not gone to school, when she came. (?) Had You gone to school, when she came.
HAD + BEEN
FUTURE WILL/SHALL/BE GOING TO (+) They will go to school tomorrow. (-) They will not go to school tomorrow. (?) Will They go to school tomorrow?
PAST FUTURE WOULD/SHOULD (+) I would go to school yesterday. (-) I would not go to school yesterday. (?) Would you go to school yesterday?
WILL/SHALL + BE (+) Mother will be going to Bandung next week. (-) Mother will not be going to Bandung next week. (?) Will Mother be going to Bandung next week?
WOULD/SHOULD + BE (+) I should be going to school later. (-) I should not be going to school later (?) Would you be going to school later?
WILL/SHALL + HAVE
WOULD/SHOULD + HAVE
(+) I hope that next mont You will have gone to Bandung where you will have worked there. (-) I hope that next mont You will not have gone to Bandung where you will have worked there. (?) Will You have gone to Bandung where you will have worked there? WILL/SHALL + HAVE BEEN
(+) We should have come if you had invited us. (-) We should not have come if you had not invited us. (?) Should We have come if you had invited us?
WOULD/SHOULD + HAVE BEEN
(+) Ahmad has been going to Bandung since two hours ago. (-) Ahmad has not been going to Bandung since two hours ago. (?) Has Ahmad been going to Bandung since two hours ago?
(+) Ahmad had been going to Bandung before his parent came. (-) Ahmad had not been going to Bandung before his parent came. (?) had Ahmad been going to Bandung before his parent came?
(+) By the end of this month, we shall have been going to Bandung for two weeks. (-) By the end of this month, we shall not have been going to Bandung for two weeks. (?) By the end of this month, shall we have been going to Bandung for two weeks?
(+) Tina would have been studying English for nine months by last june. (-) Tina would not have been studying English for nine months by last june. (?) Would Tina have been studying English for nine months by last june.
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TIME SIGNAL FOR TENSES
SIMPLE
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
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PRESENT (TIME SIGNAL) Everyday Always Usually Sometimes Often generally
(TIME SIGNAL) Now Right now At present Today This morning This afternoon To night
PAST (TIME SIGNAL) Yesterday The day before yesterday Last week Last month Last year Two days ago Two weeks ago Two months ago Two years ago (TIME SIGNAL) When While (relative pronoun) Conjuction: adverb of time
FUTURE (TIME SIGNAL) Tonight Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Last for an hour Nexst week Next month Next year
(TIME SIGNAL) Next Sunday The day after tomorrow Tomorrow Next week Next month Next year, etc
(TIME SIGNAL) Already Almost Ever Never Yet
(TIME SIGNAL) When Before By the end of the year By the end of.... etc
(TIME SIGNAL) By six o’clock Next month Before the end of next month ect
(TIME SIGNAL) Since two hours ago For six years All day etc
(TIME SIGNAL) For two weeks When Before etc
(TIME SIGNAL) By the beginning of this year By the end of this month By the end of 1990 etc
PAST FUTURE (TIME SIGNAL) Yesterday Just now Two days ago etc
(TIME SIGNAL) Later Next Sunday The day after tomorrow Tomorrow Next week Next month Next year, etc (TIME SIGNAL) Pengandaian By six o’clock Next month Before the end of next month ect (TIME SIGNAL) Pengandaian By the beginning of this year By the end of this month By the end of 1990 etc
FIVE BASIC TENSES Five Basic Tense adalah : 1. The Present Tense 2. The Past Tense 3. The Future Tense 4. The Present Continuous Tense 5. The Present Perfect Tense 1) THE PRESENT TENSE : Tense for things that we do on a regular basis, something we do every day. Time markers : usually, every..., generally, often, seldom, once a week, today...). The simple present tense adalah tenses yang paling banyak digunakan, karena paling banyak maka pembahasannya juga akan lebih panjang. Arti Simple yaitu sederhana, sedangkan present adalah sekarang. Jadi bisa dikatakan bahwa simple present adalah tenses (pola kalimat) yang digunakan untuk menceritakan waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana. Nama lain daripada Present adalah bentuk I (pertama). Formula : Subject + V1 (V1+S) + Object Example : I drive to work every day 2) THE PAST TENSE : Tense for events that have finished, done, ready; (time markers : yesterday, last..., in 19..., this year, ...ago). Formula : Subject + V2 + Object Example : I drove to work yesterday. I drove my father’s car last week. 3) THE FUTURE TENSE : We use this tense for things that we intend to do in the future. Future tense atau simple future digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang akan terjadi. Future tense adalah tentang NANTI. Sesuatu arti katanya Future yaitu “masa depan”. Karena itu dalam future tense penggunaan kata will/shall yang artinya akan pastilah mendominasi. Shall jarang digunakan, biasanya shall untuk 27
subjek I dan we ( I shall..atau We shall..) dan tidak untuk yang lain. Tetapi lebih sering orang pakai I will...dan We will...jadi untuk I dan We boleh pakai baik will atau Shall. Sedangkan subjek yang lain seperti He, She, It, You dan They, semuanya menggunakan Will. Formula Simple Future Tense : Subject + Will/Shall + V1 + Object Example : I will drive to work tomorrow. 4) THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE : Tense for things that are happening now, “as we speak”. (Time Markers : now, at the moment, at present). Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung saat ini. Perbedaan dengan simple present adalah kejadian yang terjadi pada kalimat ini adalah kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada saat ini dan belum selesai (sedang dikerjakan/terjadi). Sedangkan Present Continuous adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi saat ini tanpa membicarakan saat kejadian dan keberlangsungan dari kejadian tersebut. Formula Present Continuous : Subject + am/are/is + V1+ing + Object Example : I am driving to work now...can you call me later? 5) THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE : We use this tense for events that started in the past, are still relevant now, but may or may not change in the future. For this tense we use has or have plus the past participle. (Time Markers : for, since) Formula Present Perfect : Subject + have/has + V3 + Object Example : I have driven to work ever since I could drive.
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LINKING BE (TO BE) To be (am, are, is) berarti ada atau adalah, tetapi dalam bahasa Indonesia, pada umumnya to be tidak diterjemahkan. To be digunakan sebagai penghubung antara subjek dan predikat. Predikat dalam suatu kalimat dapat terdiri atas : a) Kata Sifat (adjective) b) Kata Benda (noun) c) Kata Keterangan atau tambahan (adverb) d) Kata Kerja (verb) yang menyatakan sedang melakukan sesuatu. To be menghubungkan subjek dan predikat, to be dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan subjek (pelaku). Contoh : a) Predikat kalimat kata sifat : 1) I am happy = saya gembira 2) You are right = anda benar 3) He is handsome = ia (laki-laki) tampan 4) She is beautiful = ia (perempau) cantik 5) It is wild = ia (binatang) buas 6) We are healthy = kami sehat 7) You are rich = kalian kaya 8) They are diligent = mereka rajin b) Predikat kalimat kata benda : 1) I am a teacher = saya (adalah) seorang guru 2) You are a physician = kamu seorang dokter 3) He is a student = ia seorang siswa 4) She is a singer = ia seorang penyanyi 5) It is a bag = itu (benda) sebuah tas 6) We are Dutch = Kami orang Belanda 7) You are physicists = Kalian ahli ilmu alam 8) They are jornalists = mereka wartawan 29
c) Predikat kalimat kata keterangan : 1) I am in the room = Saya di dalam kamar 2) You are in the class = Kamu di dalam kelas 3) He is in the bathroom = Dia di kamar mandi 4) She is in the garden = Dia berada di kebun 5) It is there on the table = itu (benda) disana di atas meja 6) We are at home = Kami di rumah 7) You are in the park = Kalian berada di taman 8) They are in the zoo = Mereka berada di kebun binatang d) Predikat kalimat kata kerja yang menyatakan sedang melakukan sesuatu : 1) I am reading a book = saya sedang membaca buku 2) You are studying English = Kamu sedang belajar Bahasa Inggris 3) He is sitting = Ia sedang duduk 4) She is watching TV = Dia (perempuan) sedang menonton televisi 5) It is eating grass = Ia (binatang) sedang makan rumput 6) We are drinking lemonade = Kami sedang minum lemon 7) You are working hard = Kalian sedang bekerja keras 8) They are sleeping = Mereka sedang tidur Macam-macam bentuk kalimat : 1) Affirmative Sentence Kalimat berita, dengan tanda (+) 2) Negative Sentence Kalimat menyangkal, dengan tanda (-) 3) Interrogative Sentence Kalimat tanya, dengan tanda (?) 4) Negative Interrogative Sentence Kalimat tanya menyangkal, dengan tanda (-?) 5) Imperative Sentence Kalimat perintah, dengan tanda (!) 30
Pemakaian to be dalam bentuk lima kalimat, tetapi harus diperhahtikan dulu : 1) Kalimat berita, contoh-contohnya telah disebutkan dalam butir-butir a, b, c, dan d di atas. 2) Dalam kalimat negative, kita tambahkan not sesudah to be He is not handsome = Ia tidak tampan 3) Dalam kalimat interrogative to be kita letakan di depan subjek Is he handsome? = Apakan Ia tampan ? 4) Dalam kalimat negative interrogative, to be yang ditambah dengan not itu diletakan di awal kalimat. Isn’t He handsome? = Tidakkah Ia tampan ? 5) Dalam kalimat imperative, to be tidak berubah dan be diletakan di awal kalimat. Be careful, please = berhati-hatilah Kata please boleh diletakan di awal atau di akhir kalimat. Catatan : Kalau kata please diletakan di awal kalimat, tanda koma tidak dipakai setelah please; please be careful. Akan tetapi jika please berada di posisi akhir kalimat, tanda koma dipakai sebelum please; be careful, please. Kalau kata please digunakan baik posisi di awal maupun di akhir kalimat, maka kalimat-kalimat itu semuanya diakhiri dengan titik. Namun, jika please di hapus, kalimat-kalimat perintah itu harus diakhiri tanda seru; be careful! Keterangan : 1) Am dipakai untuk kata ganti orang pertama tungal, atau dengan kata lain, am berpasangan dengan I. 2) Are dipakai untuk kata ganti orang (personal pronoun) yang berbentuk jamak dan kata ganti orang kedua tunggal. Atau dengan kata lain, are berpasangan dengan we, you (tungal dan jamak) dan they. 3) Is dipakai untuk kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal. Atau dengan perkataan lain, is berpasangan dengan he, she dan it. 31
4) Untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, pasangannya juga is. Contoh: a) This ink is black b) This paper is white c) This water is hot.
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WORD ORDER A. Definisi : Word Order adalah penyusunan beberapa kata dalam bentuk suatu frase atau kalimat. B. Frase Kata Benda (Noun Phrase) An intelegent young man A beautiful large round wooden table Dengan melihat contoh di atas cara penyusunan kata dalam bentuk frase kata benda mempunyai arti yang sangat penting. My book D H My expensive book D EH My expensive history book D E C H My very expensive old history book D O E C H 1. Determiner a. Articles : a, an, the b. Possessive : my, your, her, his, our, their c. Demonstratives : this, these, that, those d. Quantities : Some, many, much, a lot of, few, a litle 2. Ordinative a. Numeral : one, two, three, first, second, single, double. b. Kata sifat yang memiliki tingkatan: ∆ comparative : er, more ∆ superlative : est, most, very 3. Ephitet : kata sifat dalam bentuknya yang masih asli. A handsome boy ▪ Bila dalam satu frase terdapat lebih dari satu ephitet, maka urutannya : a. Quality : Beautiful, nice, expensive, wonderful b. Character : Calm, wild, wise, bed-tempered. c. Size : Big, small, short, tall d. Age : Young, old, new 33
e. Temperature : Hot, cold, warm f. Participle : V-ing, V-3, bored, tired, interesting g. Shape : Square, triangle, green h. Color : White, black, green 4. classifier : Kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat. Wooden Table M H Indonesian Singer M H 5. Head : Heard Word : Kata utama dalam suatu frase. A beautiful Singer D E H
annoying,
Jenis-jenis adverb dan penempatannya a. Adverb of Place ▪ In Surabaya ▪ on the table ▪ Here ▪ Every Where 1) I study in Surabaya I study Biology in Surabaya 2) My mother cooks in the kitchen My mother cooks fish in the kitchen. b. Adverb of Time ▪ every day ▪ last night ▪ tomorrow ▪ now □ Diletakan diawal atau diakhir kalimat. ▪ We are studying English now Now we are studying English c. Adverb of Frequency □ Setelah subjek untuk kalimat verbal, setelah kata kerja utama untuk kalimat nominal. ▪ She always visits her parents ▪ She is never late 34
◊ always ◊ sometimes ◊ usually ◊ often ◊ never ◊ ever ◊ occasionally d. Adverb of Manner ◊ Carefully ◊ Lazily ◊ Perfectly ◊ Happily ◊ Nicely ◊ Beautifully ▪ Diletakan setelah kata kerja atau setelah objek kalau ada. 1. Michelle is singing nicely Michelle is singing a pop song nicely 2. My sister studies hard My sister studies English hard C. Word Order Dalam Kalimat a. Kalimat Berita ( + , - ) Kalimat berita dalam Bahasa Inggris mempunyai susunan subjek + Predikat. Predikat dapat berupa to be, kata kerja (verb) atau frase kata kerja (verb phrase) yang diikuti oleh unsur kalimat yang lain seperti Adverb, Adjective, dll. Examples : ▪ She is beautiful ▪ She is dancing beautifully ▪ She is dancing Jaipong beautifully b. Kalimat Tanya ( Interrogative Sentence ). Pola dasar kalimat tanya mempunyai susunan to be, auxiliary verb (modal) + Subjek dan diikuti oleh unsur kalimat yang lain. Examples : ▪ Is Jhon writing a novel ? ▪ Does Romeo buy a book ? ▪ Will Juliet meet you to night ? Penambahan kata tanya tidak mempengaruhi pola dasar kalimat tanya. ▪ Why do you come late ? ▪ where does she study math ? 35
SENTENCE A sentences is a combination (gabungan) of words expressing (menyatakan) a complete though (pikiran). Every sentences may be divided into two parts: “SUBJECT and PREDICATE”: I know; you are ill.
COMPLEX SENTENCE Complex Sentence atau kalimat majemuk bertingkat adalah kalimat gabungan antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 1. Adjective Clause adalah suatu kalimat yang difungskan sebagai sifat. 2. Independent Clause adalah suatu kalimat yang lengkap (aim clause). 3. Dependent Clause adalah suatu kalimat yang belum lengkap (sub clause) ia harus digabungkan dengan independent clause. a. I thanked the woman b. She helped me c. He is serving us now d. The water was polite and palient e. The roses are pink f. They look so fresh g. I like the lady h. She was visiting me yesterday morning. 1. A.
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RELATIVE PRONOUN Relative Pronoun as Subject – Active - Verbal Subject pada Sub Clause yang berupa pronoun conjuction : - Who : Person - Which : Non Person
-
That
: Person / Non Person
1. They have good fun My cats are funny - My cats which have good fun are funny 2. She is watering the flower now The lady is beautiful - The lady who is watering the flower now is beautiful. 3. I dislike the boy He visited me last night - I dislike the boy who visited me last night 4. The man is handsome He was visiting me yesterday morning - The man who was visiting me yesterday morning is handsome. B.
Relative Pronoun as – Subject – Passive – Verbal 1. My car is expensive It is cleaned by someone - My car which is cleaned by someone is expensive 2. He is being visited by a beautiful lady Rony was naughty - Rony who is being visited by a beautiful lady was naughty.
C.
Relative Pronoun as – Subject – Active – Nominal 1. Anita will get an award from our president She is a kind student - Anita who is a kind student will get an award from our president 2. He was my classmate Agung is buying a new car now - Agung who was my classmate is buying a new car now.
D.
Relative Pronoun as – Subject – Active / Passive – Verbal / Nominal 1. My teacher is from Australia She has worked for our school for 2 years - My teacher who has worked for our school for 2 years is from Australia. 37
2. Zahro helped me last night She has been my friend since we were in senior high school - Zahro who has been my friend since we were in senior high school helped me last night. 3. The man is patient He has been waiting for us for 2 hours - The man who has been waiting for us for 2 hours is patient. 4. My room looked clean It had been painted while - My room which had been painted while looked clean. 2. RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT Conjuction : Whom : Person Which : Non Person That : Person / Non Person 1. The man is patient I love him - The man whom I love is patient 2. The dog was cruel I found it last year - The dog which I found last year was cruel 3. This is a painting I painted last night - This is the painting which I painted last night. 3.
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RELATIVE PRONOUN AS POSSESIVE Conjuction Whose : Person Of Which : On Person 1. I met the lady Her house was on fire last month - I met the lady whose was on fire last month 2. The house was old Its windows were shot by arobber - The house of windows were shot by a robber was old
4. RELATIVE ADVERB a. Adverb OF Place Conjuction :
Where Preposition + Which 1) The building is very old He lives there (in that building) The building where he lives is very oled The building in which he lives is very old The building which he lives in is very old The building that he lives in is very old b. Adverb Of Time Conjuction :
- Where - Preposition + Which 1. I will never forget te day I met you then (on that day) I will never forget the day when I met you I will never forget the day on which I met you I will never forget the day that I met you
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COMPOUND SENTENCE Definisi : Compound Sentence adalah menggabungkan antara Induk Kalimat dan Induk Kalimat. Ada tiga jenis conjuctions untuk menggabungkan compound sentence. A. Coordinate Conjuction a. And d. But g. So b. Or e. For c. Nor f. Yet 1. I will write a letter. I will write a short story I will write a letter and a short story 2. I bring a pen. I bring a book I bring a pen and a book 3. You can go by a bus. You can go by a car You can go by a bus and by a car 4. She can’t buy a car, for she doesn’t have money B. Correlative Conjuction Correlative Conjuction merupakan padanan yang digunakan bersamasama dan biasanya menyatakan pengecualian dan pencantuman. Correlative Conjuction harus diikuti oleh susunan tata bahasa yang sama, dengan kata lain harus dalam bentuk parallel structure. 1. Both.......................and.......................... 2. Not only............................but also............................... 3. Neither.............................nor................................. 4. Either................................or................................... 1) He is not a farmer. He is not a lawyer He is neither a farmer nor a lawyer 2) I buy a lux house. I buy an expensive car I buy both a lux house and an expensive car 3) Sinta is a smart student. Santi is a smart student Both Sinta and Santi are smart students C. Conjunctive Adverb 40
1. Moreover 2. Then 3. However 4. Therefor 5. Furthermore 6. Also 7. Besides 8. Otherwise 9. On the other hand 10. As a result 11. Accordingly 12. Consequently 13. In fact 14. For this reason 15. Mmeanwhile 16. nevertheless Examples: - It was cold nevertheless, I went swimming - I always eat breakfast. Otherwise, I get hungry during class
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GERUND Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan Fungsi Gerund 1. Sebagai Subjek Examples : ▪ fishing is his hobby ▪ Eating makes us full 2. Sebagai Objek a. Object Complement = Kalimat Nominal Ex: His Hobby is fishing Her pavorite activity is cooking b. Object Non-Complement Ex : They enjoy playing football It started raining c. Object after After Bound Prepositon 1. After Noun Preposition Ex : There is reason for leaving so early John has no excuse for dropping out of school 2. After Adjective Preposition Ex : Mary is fond of dancing I am sorry for coming late 3. After Verb Preposition Ex : I never give up studying English Hery is thinking of going abroad. 3. Sebagai adverb after free preposition (without, after, before, besides, by, for) Ex : without saying anything, he went away After washing the rice, Rina cooked it 4. Sebagai Modifier →Masuk dalam bagianClassifier →Memiliki ar : alat yang digunakan untuk Ex : ▪ Fishing Area ▪ Meeting Hall 42
▪ Sewing Machine 5. Sebagai Head (pe—an atau ke—an) → Disertai oleh Modifier sebagai penanda Head Ex : ▪ The Feeling ▪ My Coming ▪ Poem Reading OTHER USES OF GERUND 1. Digunakan dibelakang frase-frase berikut : ▪ it’s no use ▪ It’s no fun ▪ It’s no good ▪ It’s no worth ▪ It’s no foolish Examples : ◌ It’s no use talking o that man ◌ Is there any fun playing football alone ? ◌ Is it worth repairing the car ? 2. Digunakan dibelakang NO........., membentuk kalimat pendek yang menyatakan larangan atau peringatan. Examples : ▪ No Loitering (dilarang mondar mandir) ▪ No Spitting (dilarang meludah) 3. Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kegiatan rekreasi dengan pola, → Formula : GO + GERUND Examples : ▪ Go camping ▪ Go shopping ▪ Go hunting
FORM OF GERUND ACTIVE PRESENT V-ing PERFECT Having + V3 1. Present Gerund (Active)
PASSIVE Being + V3 Having + Been + V3
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Examples : ▪ I am afraid of coming late ▪ Running is good for your health ▪ She dreads getting wet 2. Present Gerund (Passive) Examples : ▪ The baby is afraid of being kidnapped ▪ Do you like given some money ? 3. Perfect Gerund (Active) Examples : ▪ They enjoy having played football ▪ I am afraid of not having passed the exam 4. Perfect Gerund (Passive) Examples : ▪ She appreciated having been rewarded as the best student ▪ Many children enjoy having been taken to the zoo REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND Admit Advise Anticipate Appreciate Consider Delay Deny Discuss Forget Can’t Help Keep Mention Postpone Practice Quit Recall Regret Remember Resent Resist Suggest Tolerate understand Examples :
Avoid Dislike Mind Recollect Risk
▪ He denied killing the robber ▪ She always avoids meeting me ▪ We enjoy living in this tinny village
REFERENCE LIST OF VERB FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE A. VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN INFINITIVE Afford Agree Appear Arrange Ask Consent Decide Demand Deserve Expect Hesitate Hope Learn Manage Mean Prepare Pretend Promise Refuse Regret Plan Seem Offer Sear Threaten Care Wait Want Wish Claim Examples : 44
Complete Enjoy Finish Miss Recommend Stop
▪ My friends beg me to join with them
Beg Fail Need Remember Volunteer struggle
▪ They prepare to go to Bali ▪ She promise to lend me 2 history books ▪ Michelle pretends to sleep ▪ My mother wants me to get married ▪ Shifa reminds me not to smoke in the class ▪ Yani theaches her child to cook fish → The following verbs can be followed by either the infini ve or the gerund with now change in meaning. Begin Like Try Hate Start Dread Regret Continue Prefer Can’t Stand love Examples :
▪ I start working / I start to work ▪ She continued reading / She continued to read ▪ Romeo began to study / Romeo began studying
VERBS + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND → If a verb + Preposi on, adjec ve + Preposi on, Noun + Preposi on, or Preposition alone is followed directly by a verb, the verb always be in the gerund form. The following list of verb + Prepositon. Approve of Give up Rely on Worry alone Be better of Insist on Count on Keep on Think about Depend on Put off Think off Succeed in Examples :
▪ My father gives up smoking ▪ Rima succeed in working in Jakarta
ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND → The following adjec ve + Preposition are also followed by the Gerund Accustomed to Capable of 45
Intent on Afraid of Interested in Examples :
Successful in Fond of Tired of ▪ They afraid of meeting a ghost ▪ My sister fond of dancing
NOUN + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND → The following noun + Preposi on are also followed the gerund Choice of Excuse for Reason for (Method of) Possibility of Intention of Method for Examples :
▪ We have reason for refusing our cheaf ▪ Our teacher has a good method for teaching
ADJECTIVE FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE. → The following adjec ves are always followed by the infini verb and never by the gerund. Anxious Boring Dangerous Eager Easy Good Pleased Prepared Ready Usual Common Difficult Examples :
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▪ She is boring to meet you ▪ I am ready to go to concert
ve form of the Hard Strange Able
MODAL AUXILARIES Modal adalah kata kerja bantu yang digunakan bersama-sama verb untuk membantu mengekspresikan arti: 1. Possibiliti (mungkin). Conclusion Past Form Modal Used are : 1. Will 2. Must 3. Should 4. Ought to 5. May 6. Might 7. Could
: modal + have + V3
Examples: -
Roni always studies hard. He always goes to school and he is never absent. He gets good mark. He must pass the exam nexy month. Yasmin : Where is Akbar? Rofi : I don’t know where he is now. He m ay be going to hospital because I saw him visiting a doctor.
2. Impossibility (tidak mungkin). Modal: 1. Couldn’t 2. Can’t 3. Must not 4. May not 5. Might not 47
Examples: -
I have just seen Akbar eaten a huge meal, he has already eaten 2 plates of rice. Akbar couldn’t be hungry now. Nunung is going to Surabaya now. She is shopping in Tunjungan Plaza. She can’t be visiting me now. Zahra couldn’t be hungry because I have seen her ate 2 plates of rise.
3. Habitual Action in The Past (kebiasaan yang terjadi di masa lampau/dulu terbiasa). Modal : 1. Would 2. Used to Examples: -
My father would read me a story at night before I go to bed when I was child. I used to study English at night when I was in Senior High School.
4. Wishes (semoga, harapan, do’a). Modal: 1. May Examples: -
May God bless us May you be the winner
5. Request (Permintaan) Modal: 1. Can 2. May 48
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Shall Will Might Could Would
Examples: -
Could I borrow your pen? May I visit your sister?
6. Permission Modal: 1. Can 2. Could 3. May 4. Might Examples: -
They used in positive affirmative form. He could accompany may beautiful sister if he keeps his promise. They may attend that concert if they buy the ticket.
7. Ability (kemampuan/dapat, bisa). Modal : 1. Can : present / future 2. Could : Past only 3. Be able to : All tenses Examples : -
He can run fast now Wawan could run fast without stopping when he was twenty 49
-
I am able to dance Bali nicely
8. Prohibition (larangan, tidak boleh) Modal: 1. Must not → Present Future Examples : -
You must not smoke in the class when class begins They mustn’t go to Bandung now.
9. Necessary (Keinginan yang kuat, harus) Modal : 1. Must →present, future 2. Have to → present 3. Had to → past Examples : -
If you want to pass in your test, you must study harder. They had to forgive their patient teacher.
10. Suggestion (nasehat, sebaiknya, seharusnya) Modal : 1. Could Example: (It is often used to give more than one solution). Rini is confused to choose her major subject in University. I say, “you could choose in a departement that is proper with what you want or you would share to your teacher to see your talent”. 11. Advisability (nasehat, sebaiknya) Modal: 50
1. Should Future) 2. Ought to Future) 3. Had Better
=
seharusnya/sebaiknya
(Past,
Present,
=
seharusnya/sebaiknya
(Past,
Present,
= lebih baik
Should digunakan untuk ; -
You should respect your parent You ought to practice what has you gotten
12. Expectation (Pengharapan) Modal : 1. Be to = Harus 2. Be supposed to = Seharusnya Be to dan Be Supposed to sering digunakan untuk menyatakan aktifitas yang sudah terjadwal. Be Supposed to digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa orang pertama meminta orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Example : -
Our headmaster is supposed to give a naughty boy punishment.
13. Preference (Kesukaan, lebih suka) Modal : 1. Would Rather If the sentence compares between two things -
(S + Would Rather + V1...........than V1............= formal) She would rather write a novel than plag the guster (S + Would rather + V1............than to.............= informal) I would rather hurt my self than to ever make you cry. (S + Prefer + O to O) I prefer Rambutan to Banana 51
(S + Prefer + V ing .............to V ing) She prefer drinking coffee to drinking tea (S + Prefer + to Infinitive ............. (to) to Infinitive .................) - My father prefers to watch TV to wash a car 14. Semi Modal -
A. Need 1. As Noun Meaning : Kebutuhan - Eating is human basic need 2. As Verb (need, needed, needed) Meaning : Kebutuhan - They need you - I need an Umbrella 3. As Modal Auxilary Meaning : membutuhkan, memerlukan - You needn’t visit your naughty friend B. Dare 1. As Noun Meaning : tantangan - Don’t care their dare 2. As Verb (dare, dared, dared) Meaning : menantang - Muhammad Ali dares Hollifield to fight 3. As Modal Meaning : Berani, menantang - I dare dare you - The man dare pass the area himself at night.
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PASSIVE VOICE A. PENGERTIAN DAN POLA PASSIVE VOICE Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang di dalam Bahasa Indonesia menggunakan kata kerja berawalan “di” (dipanggil, ditulis, dijual dan sebagainya). Passive Voice ini tidak akan pernah lepas dari bahan percakapan sehari-hari meupun di dalam buku-buku bacaan. Dalam Bahasa Inggris kalimat pasif menggunakan pola : TO BE + VERB-III Pola ini berlaku untuk semua tenses yang ada. Tentu saja “To Be” dalam kalimat harus disesuaikan dengan tenses dan subjek yang dipergunakan. Namun demikian bentuk pasif “been being” dan “be being” jarang sekali dipakai. Aturan-aturannya merubah kalimat dari aktif ke pasif (The rules of Passive Voice) adalah : 1. The sentence must have oject (transitive verb). It must have question word which asks object. 2. Object in active will be subject in passive. 3. Subject in active will be object in passive. 4. We must use past participle (verb-III). 5. The arrange of sentence depends on tenses. I). SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Pattern : Is, Are, Am, + Verb-III For Example : 1. I write a letter (active) A letteris written by me (passive). 2. I don’t write a letter 53
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
A letter is not written by me. Do you write a letter? Is a letter written by you? Who writes a letter? By whom is a letter wtitten? What do you write? What is written by you? What do you do? What is done by you? Whom do you miss? Who is missed by you? Why do you miss me? Why am I missed by you? Where do you write a letter? Where is a letter written by you? When does he cook a noodle? When is a noodle cooked by him?
II). PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Is, Am, Are + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. I am reading a book A book is being read by me 2. I am not reading a book A book isn’t being read by me 3. Are you reading a book? Is a book being read by you? 4. Who is reading a book? By whom is a book being read? 5. What are you reading? 54
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
What is being read by you? What are you doing? What is being done by you? Whom are they looking at? Who is being looked at by them? When are you taking a book? When is a book being taken by you? How many students is she teaching? How many students are being tought by her? Whose aunt are you helping? Whose aunt is being helped by you?
III). PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Pattern : Have/Has + been + Verb-III For Example : 1. They have brought a pen A pen has been brought by them 2. They haven’t brought a pen A pen hasn’t been brought by them 3. Have they brought a pen? Has a pen been brought by them? 4. Who has brought a pen? By whom has a pen been brought? 5. What have they brought? What has been brought by them? 6. What have they done? What has been done by them? 7. What has eaten grass? By What has grass been eaten? 8. Whom has she seen? Who has been seen by her? 55
9. How long have you spoken Arabic? How long has Arabic been spoken by you? IV). PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Have/Has + Been + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. We have been cutting grass Grass has been being cut by me 2. I haven’t been cutting grass Grass hasn’t been being cut by me 3. Have I been cutting grass? Has grass been being cut by me? 4. Who has been cutting grass? By whom has grass been being cut? 5. What have I been cutting? What has been being cut by me? 6. What have you been doing? What has been being done by you? 7. Whom have you been killing? Who has been being killed by you? 8. How long have you been watching television? How long has television been being watched by you? V). SIMPLE PAST TENSE Pattern : Was/were + Verb-III For Example : 1. I took money Money was taken by me 2. I didn’t take money Money wasn’t taken by me 56
3. Did you take money? Was money taken by you? 4. Who took money? By whom was money taken? 5. What did you take? What was taken by you? 6. What did you do? What was done by you? 7. What ate a mouse? By what was a mouse seaten? 8. Whom did you see? Who was seen by you? 9. Whose child did you help? Whose child was helped by you? 10. Whose father helped you? By whose father were you helped? 11. Which girl loved him? By which girl was he loved? 12. Which girl did he love? Which girl was loved by him? VI). PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Was/Were + being + Verb-III For Example : 1. She was telling story Story was being told by her 2. She wasn’t telling story Story wasn’t being told by her 3. Was she telling story? Was story being told by her? 4. Who was telling story? 57
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
By whome was story being told? What was she telling? What was being told by her? What was she doing? What was being done by her? What was killing a dog? By what was a dog being killed? Whom were you looking at? Who was being looked at by you? Whose father was helping him? By whose father was he being helped? Whose father were you helping? Whose father was being helped by you? How many teachers were teaching us? By how many teachers were we being tought? How many teachers was she looking at? How many teachers were being looked at by her?
VII). PAST PERFECT TENSE Pattern : Had + Been + Verb-III For Example : 1. He had studied English English had been studied by him 2. He hadn’t studied English English hadn’t been studied by him 3. Had he studied English? Had English been studied by him? 4. Who had studied English? By whom had English been studied? 5. What had he studied? What had been studied by him? 58
6. What had he done? What had been done by him? 7. What had eaten rice? By what had rice been eaten? 8. Whom had they seen? Who had been seen by them? 9. What for had you bought a knife? What for had a knife been bought by you? VIII). PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern: Had + Been + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. They had been studying English English had been being studied by them 2. They hadn’t been studied English English hadn’t been being studied by them 3. Had they been studying English? Had English been being studied by them? 4. Who had been studying English? By whom English been being studied? 5. What had they been studying? What had been being studied by them? 6. What had they been doing? What had been being done by them? 7. What had been cassava eating? By what had cassava been being eaten? 8. Whom had they been waiting for? Who had been being waited for by them? 9. How had you been studying English? How had English been being studied by you? 59
IX). SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE Pattern : Will + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. I will buy a pen A pen will be bought by me 2. I won’t buy a pen A pen won’t be bought by me 3. Will you buy a pen? Will a pen be bought by you? 4. Who will buy a pen? By whom will a pen be bought? 5. What will you buy? What will be bought by you? 6. What will you do? What will be done by you? 7. What will kill her? By what will she be killed? 8. Whom will you love? Who will be love by you? X). FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Will + Be + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. I will be speaking Sundanese Sundanese will be being spoken by me 2. I won’t be speaking Sundanese Sundanese won’t be being spoken by me 3. Will you be speaking Sundanese? Will Sundanese be being spoken by you? 60
XI). FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Pattern : Will + Have + Been + Verb-III For Example : 1. You will have sung a song A song will have been sung by you 2. You won’t have sung a song A song won’t have been sung by you 3. Will you have sung a song? Will a song have been sung by you? XII). FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Will + Have + Been + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. She will have been reading magazine Magazine will have been being read by her 2. She won’t have been reading magazine Magazine won’t have been being read by her 3. Will she have been reading magazine? Will magazine have been being read by her? XIII). SIMPLE PAST FUTURE Pattern : Would + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. We would solve this problem This problem would be solved by us 2. We wouldn’t solve this problem This problem wouldn’t be solved by us 3. Would we solve this problem? Would this problem be solved by us? 61
XIV). PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Would + Be + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. I would be doing homework Homework would be being done by me 2. I wouldn’t be doing homework Homework wouldn’t be being done by me 3. Would you be doing homework? Would homework be being done by you? XV). PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Pattern : Would + Have + Been + Verb-III For Example : 1. You would have seen flower Flower would have been seen by you 2. You wouldn’t have seen flower Flower wouldn’t have been seen by you 3. Would I have seen flower? Would have flower been seen by you? XVI). PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Would + Have + Been + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. They would have been killing a cow A cow would have been being killed by them 2. They wouldn’t have been killing a cow A cow wouldn’t have been being killed by them 3. Would they have been killing a cow ? Would a cow have been being killed by them ? 62
B. MODAL PASSIVE VOICE 1). Present Modal Pattern : Will, Shall, Can, May, Must, Have to + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. I will speak Japanese Japanese will be spoken by me 2. I can speak Japanese Japanese can be spoken by me 3. I can’t speak Japanese Japanese can’t be spoken by me 4. Can you speak Japanese? Can Japanese be spoken by you? 5. Who can speak Japanese? By whom can Japanese be spoken? 6. What can you speak? What can be spoken by you? 7. What can you do? What can be done by you? 8. You may take a bag A bag may be taken by you 9. I must study Arabic Arabic must be studied by me 10. What must you study? What must be studied by you? 11. Who must study Arabic? By whom must Arabic be studied ? 12. What must you do ? What must be done by you? 13. I have to speak Arabic Arabic has to be spoken by me 14. I don’t have to speak Arabic 63
Arabic doesn’t have to be spoken by me 15. Do you have to speak Arabic? Does Arabic have to be spoken by you ? 16. Who has to speak Arabic ? By whom does Arabic have to be spoken ? 17. What do you have to speak ? What has to be spoken by you ? 18. What do you have to do ? What has to be done by you ? 19. What has to eat rice ? By what does rice have to be eaten ? 20. Whom do you have to see ? Who has to be seen by you ? 21. To Be Going To Pattern : To be going to + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. I am going to speak english (active) English is going to be spoken by me (passive) 22. To Be Able To Pattern : To Be Able To + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. I am able to speak Arabic Arabic is able to be spoken by me 2. I will be able to spppeeeak Chinese Chinese will be able to be spoken by me 2). PAST MODAL Pattern : Would, Should, Could, Might, Had To + Be + Verb-III For Example : 64
1. I would see you You would be seen by me 2. You would study English English would be studied by you 3. He could sing a song A song could be sung by him 4. You might take an umbrella An umbrella might be taken by you 5. I had to sell a book A book had to be sold by me 6. I didn’t have to sell a book A book didn’t have to be sold by me 7. Did you have to sell a book ? Did a book have to be sold by you? 8. Who had to sell a book ? By whom did a book have to be sold ? 9. What did you have to sell ? What had to be sold by you ? 10. What did you have to do ? What had to be done by you ? 11. What had to kill me ? By what did I have to be killed ? 12. Whom did you have to kill ? Who had to be killed by you ? Notes : 1) Bentuk pasif biasanya juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dilakukan tidak dengan sengaja, atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia sepadan dengan arti “TER” dalam kalimat berikut ini : a. I was woken up by that noise ( Saya terbangnkan oleh suara gaduh itu ) b. I was surprised to see him ( saya terkejut melihat dia ) 65
c. I am interested in foreign language ( saya tertarik pada bahasa asing ) d. The door is locked ( pintu itu terkunci ) e. The window is opened ( jendela itu terbuka ) f. The room is closed ( kamar itu tertutup ) 2) Kadang-kadang bentuk aktif (terutama infinitive) sering mempunyai arti atau dimaksudkan untuk menyatakan pasif. Contoh : a. This book is easy to understand ( buku ini mudah untuk difahami ) b. He has a large family to support ( Dia mempunyai keluarga besar yang harus dibantu ) c. I have bought a new book to read ( Saya telah membeli sebuah buku baru untu dibaca ) d. There are many problems to solve ( Terdapat banyak masalah untuk dipecahkan ) e. There are many difficult to overcome ( Terdapat banyak kesulitan untuk diatasi ) 3) Jika kita melarang melakukan sesuatu kepada orang lain dengan melibatkan kata kerja “di”, maka setelah kata “don’t” harus diletakan “be”. Contoh : a. Don’t be killded ! ( jangan dibunuh ) b. Don’t be thrown ! ( Jangan dibuang ) c. Don’t be hurt ! ( Jangan disakiti ) d. Don’t be locked down ! ( Jangan dihina ) e. Don’t be written ! ( Jangan ditulis ) f. Don’t be heard ! ( Jangan didengar ) 66
4) Jika dalam kalimat aktif terdapat dua objek, maka kedua-duanya dapat dijadikan subjek dalam kalimat pasif. Contoh : a. Aktif : He gave me a book ( I was given a book by him ) passive ( a book was given to me by him ) passive b. Aktif : She was bringing them a parcel ( They were being brought a parcel by her ) passive ( a parcel was being brought to them by her ) passive c. Aktif : they lend me a pen ( I am lent a pen by them ) passive ( a pen is lent to me by them ) passive
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THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE Qualitative Adjective adalah suatu adjective yang menerangkan bentuk atau keadaan suatu benda Qualitative Adjective mempunyai tiga tingkatan yang disebut Degree of Comparison. 1. Positive Degree of Comparison = Setara 2. Comparative Degree of Comparison = Lebih 3. Superlative Degree of Comparison = Paling/ter... A. Positive Degree of Comparison Digunakan untuk membanndingkan dua hal yang setara dan bila dua hal yang dibandingkan tersebut tidak setara maka ketidaksetaraannya dinyatakan dalam kalimat negatif. Conjuction : As .......................... as = (kalimat + , -) Perbandingannya kata sifat So .......................... as = (kalimat -) Artinya : sama ...........................nya dengan / se .......................... Example : She is as beautiful as Desy Ratnasari (is) Namun bila perbandingannya berupa kata benda seperti : length, weight, age, color, etc. Maka konjuctionnya kalimat (+,-) : the same.............as Example : My ruler is the same length as her ruler (is). B. Comparative Degree of Comparison : Lebih Formula : Comparative + Than = Lebih ........................... Dari Much / Far + Comparative + Than = Jauh Lebih ................... Dari Example : Sinta is 20 years old = Sinta is younger than Santi Santi is 25 years old = Santi is older than Sinta □ Double Compara ve 1. General Double Comparative Formula : The Comparative ........................., the comparative .......................... Artinya : Semakin ........................, Semakin ....................................... 68
Ciri-
▪ Adjective yang digunakan berbeda ▪ Terletak di depan
cirinya : Examples : ◌ Semakin dalam, semakin sempit = The deeper, the narrower ◌ Semakin jauh kuberjalan, semakin lelah kurasakan = The farher I walk, the more tired I feel. 2. Gradual Degree of Comparison Formula : Comparative and Comparative Artinya : Semakin lama semakin ........................... Ciri-cirinya : ▪ Adjective yang digunakan selalu sama ▪ Terletak dalam kalimat Examples : Dian semakin lama semakin kurus = Dian is Thinner and Thinner C. superlative Formula : The + Superlative + in /of/ among Artinya : Paling / ter ...... di / diantara .................. Examples : Name Age Andi is the youngest among them, ani is the Andi 18 oldest among them Ali 20 Ani 22 ATURAN MEMBUAT TINGKAT PERBANDINGAN A. Penambahan Er untuk tingkat Komparatif (lebih) dan Est untuk tingkat Superlatif (paling) digunakan bila : 1. Kata-kata sifat yang memiliki satu suku kata Cheap Cheaper Cheapest Murah Short Shorter Shortest Pendek Rich Richer Richest Kaya Great Greater Greatest Besar 2. Kata-kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang tekanan suaranya jatuh pada suku kata kedua Polite Politer Politest Sopan Impolite Impoliter Impolitest Tidak sopan Sincere Sincerer Sincerest Tulus 69
3. Kata-kata sifat yang berakhir dengan huruf mati dan didahului oleh satu huruf hidup, maka huruf mati (konsonan) terakhir ditulis double (ganda). Big Bigger Biggest Besar Fat Fatter Fattest Gemuk Sad Sadder Saddest Sedih Glad Gladder Gladdest Gembira/Suka Thin Thinner Thinnest Kurus 4. Kata-kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf ER, LE, OW, SOME, dan Y (dibelakang konsonan). Clever Cleverer Cleverest Pandai Simple Simpler Simplest Sederhana Shallow Shallower Shallowest Dangkal Handsome Handsomer Handsomest Ganteng 5. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf – Y dan sebelum huruf –Y itu huruf mati, maka huruf –Y itu ditukar menjadi huruf –i sebelum ditambah ER dan EST. Pretty Prettier Prettiest Cantik Dry Drier Driest Kering Holy Holier Holiest Suci Heavy Heavier Heaviest Ringan 6. Tetapi bila sebelum huruf –Y pada kata sifat itu adalah uruf hidup, maka hanya langsung ditambah ER dan EST. Gay gayer Gayest Gray Grayer Grayest 7. Jika kata-kata sifat beraturan berakhir dengan huruf –E, maka langsung ditambah dengan –R atau ST. Large Larger Largest Besar Able Abler Ablest Dapat Strange Stranger Strangest Asing PENGECUALIAN : Pleased More Pleased Most Pleased Tired More Tire Most Tired Fond More Fond Most Fond Glad More Glad Most Glad 70
B. Pemakaian MORE dan MOST di depan kata sifat sebagai berikut : 1. Kata Sifat yang terdiri dari 3 suku kata atau lebih. Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful Difficult More Difficult Most Difficult Careful More Careful Most Careful Diligent More Diligent Most Diligent Expensive More Expensive Most Expensive 2. Kata Sifat yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata dengan tekanan suara jatuh pada suku kata pertama. Modern More Modern Most Modern Famous More Famous Most Famous Modest More Modest Most Modest Perfect More Perfect Most Perfect C. Tingkat perbandingan dari kata-kata sifat yang tak beraturan (Irregular degree of comparison). Positive Comparative Superlative Good Better Best Bad (ill, evil) Worse Worst Fore (depan) Former Foremost, First Hind (belakang) Hinder Hindmost Late Later, Latter Latest, Last Little (kecil) Smaller Smallest Much (quantity) More Most Many (number) More Most Nigh (dekat, hampir) Nigher Nighest, Next Old Older, Elder Oldest, Eldest Near (dekat) Nearer Nearest, Next
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NOUN CLAUSES INTRODUCTION A noun is used as a subject or an object A noun clauses is used as a subject or an object, in other word, a noun clause is used in the same ways as a noun. a. His Story was interesting n (a) : story is a noun, it is as the b. What he said was interesting subject of the sentence In (b) : what He said is a noun clause. It is used as the subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own subject (he) and verb (said). c. I heard his story d. I heard what he said In (c) : story is a noun. It is as the object of the verb heard In (d) : what he said is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the verb heard. WORD USED TO INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSES 1. Question words 2. Wheter 3. That When Who Whose If Where Whom Why What How Which NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH A QUESTION WORD QUESTION (a) I don’t know In (a) : Where she lives Where does she live? where She lives. is the object of the What did He say? (b) I couldn’t hear verb know. Don’t use what He said. question word order When do they arrive? (c) Do you know in a noun clause, the when they arrive? subject precedes the 72
verb. Notice : does, did an do are used in question but not in noun clauses. S V Who lives there? What happened? Who is at the door?
S V (d) (e) (f)
S V Who is she? Who are those men? Whose house is that?
(g) (h) (i)
▪ Compare : who is at the door? who are those men? plural.
In (d) : the word order I don’t know who is the same in both lives there the question and the Please tell me noun clause because what happened who is the subject in I wonder who is at both the door. S V I don’t know who In (g) : she is the she is subject of the I don’t know who question, so it is those men are placed in front of the I wonder whose verb be in the noun house that is clause.▪
= who is the subject of he question = those men is the subject of the question, so be is
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ADVERB CLAUSE Adverb clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (keterangan) dalam kalimat majemuk, jadi dapat menggantikan adverb dalam kalimat tunggal. Adverb Clause mempunyai banyak ragam seperti halnya adverb, yaitu : A. Adverbial Clause of Time Adverbial Clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after, before, when, as, as soon as, untill, while. After a. After she graduates, she will get a job. b. After she (had) graduated, she got a job. Before c. I will leave before he comes. d. I (had) left before he come. When e. When I arrived, he was talking on the phone. f. When I got there, he had already left. g. When t began to rain, I stood under a tree. h. When I was in Chicago, I visited the museums. i. When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him Whille As j. While I was walking home, it began to rain. k. As I was walking home, it began to rain. By the Time l. By the time he arrived, we had already left. m. By the times he comes, we will already have left. Since n. I haven’t seen him since he left this mornin. Untill o. We stayed there untill we finished our work. Till p. We stayed there till we finished our work. As soon as q. As soon as it stops rainin, we will leave. Once r. Once it stops raining, we will leave. As long as s. I will never speak to him again as long as I live. So long as t. I will never speak to him again so long as I live. Whenever u. Whenever I see her, I say hello. Every time v. Every time I see her, I say hello. The first time w. The first time I went to New York, I went to an The last time opera. The next time x. I saw two plays the last time I went to New York. 74
y. The next time I go to New York, I’m going to see a ballet. B. Adverbial Clause of Place Adverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau whenever Contoh : Siska lives where she was born C. Adverbial Clause of Reason Because a. Because he was sleepy, he went to bed b. He went to bed because he was sleepy Since c. Since he is not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert Now That d. Now that the semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and then take a trip. As e. As she had nothing in particular to do, she call up a friend and ask her if she wanted to take in a movie. As long as/so f. As long as (so lon as) you are not busy. Could you long as help me with this work? In as much as g. In as much as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote. D. Adverbial Clause Of Purpose and Result Adverbial clause of purpose and result diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that, in order that. Contoh : Tony studies hard so that he would pass admission test. E. Adverbial Clause of Concession Adverbial clause of concession diawali dengan konjungsi though, although, eventhough. Contoh : Although it was raining, they went to the party. Eventhough a. Even though it was cold, I went swimming Although b. Although it was cold, I went swimming though c. Though it was cold, I went swimming F. Adverbial Clause of Condition Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if, unless, providing/provided that, on condition that. 75
Contoh : we will not be able to answer the question if we do not read the text. G. Adverbial Clause of Contrast Adverbial clause of contrast diawali dengan konjungsi while, whereas, but, however, on the other hand. Whereas a. Mary is rich, whereas Jhon is poor While b. Mary is rich, while Jhon is poor c. Jhon is poor. While mary is rich d. Whereas Mary is rich, Jhon is poor But e. Mary is rich, but Jhon is poor f. Jhon is poor, but Mary is rich However g. Mary is rich, however jhon is poor On the other h. Jhon is poor, however, Mary is rich hand i. Mary is rich, on the other hand Jhon is poor j. Jhon is poor. Mary, on the other hand is rich H. Adverbial Clause of Cause and Effect Adverbial clause of cause and effect diawali dengan konjungsi so, such... 1. S + Verb + So + Adjective + sentence Adverb Terry run so fast that he could be the winner 2. S + Verb + So + Man’s + plural count noun + that + sentence Few I had so few job offers that it was not difficult to select one. 3. S + Verb + So + Much + non = count noun + sentence Little 4. S + Verb + Such + Adjective Singular count noun + that + sentence Atau S + Verb + So + adjective Singular count noun + that + sentence a/an + It was such a hot day that we go swimming It was so hot a day that we go swimming 5. S + Verb + Such + Adjective + (plural count noun) + Non = count noun) + that + subject + Verb This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it. 76
PARTICIPLE Participle adalah V-ing dan V-3 yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja dan kata sifat dalam kalimat. Participle dibedakan : 1. Present Participle (V-ing) a. Sebagai kata kerja Present Participle sebagai kata kera terdapat dalam semua tenses continuous. Example: - They had been finishing their duty when you came - I am sleeping b. Sebagai kata sifat Karena Present Participle ini berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, maka bisa membentuk kalimat nominal dan fhrase kata benda. Example : Kalimat Nominal Kalimat Phrase - The book is interesting - Interesting book - The girl is charming - Charming girl - The boy is confusing, etc - Boiling water, etc
2. Past Participle (V-3) a. Sebagai kata kerja Past Participle sebagai kata kerja terdapat dalam semua tenses perfect dan passive voice. Example : - I have finished my duty for 3 hours. - She was given money by her mother.
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b. Sebagai kata sifat Seperti halnya Present Participle, maka past participle juga bisa membentuk kalimat nominal dan phrase kata benda. Examples : Kalimat Nominal Kalimat phrase -
He is confused They are worried I am tired, etc
-
Fried chicken Roasted corn Polluted water, etc
Present Participle after Special Verbs a. Verb of Sensation (notice, observe, find, smell, fel, hear, listen. (to), watch, see). Form : S + V + O + Present Participle Example : - I smell something burning - He saw me passing b. After Spend / waste Form : S + Spend / Waste + time/money + Present Participle Examples : -
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I want to spend my life time loving you Don’t waste your time doing nothing!
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Nama NIP/NIK Tempat dan Tanggal Lahir Alamat Kantor Alamat Telp / Faks Alamat Rumah Telp / Faks Alamat E-mail
Tahun Lulus
1998 2003
Tahun 2008
82
: Wawan Kurniawan, M.Ag : 19721031 200710 1 001 : Bandung, 31 Oktober 1972 : : : :
UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Jl. A.H. Nasution No. 105 Cibiru Bandung 022-7802278, 7802844 Gg. Budi I No. 14 RT 01 RW 04 KEL. Cipadung KEC. Cibiru Kota Bandung : 085294483322/(022) 92747273 :
[email protected]
RIWAYAT PENDIDIKAN PERGURUAN TINGGI Program Pendidikan Perguruan Tinggi Jurusan/ (diploma, Sarjana, Program Studi Magister, Spesialis, dan Doktor) Program Pendidikan IAIN SGD Perdata Pidana Sarjana (S1) Bandung Islam Program Pendidikan IAIN SGD Konsentrasi Magister (S2) Bandung Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Islam PELATIHAN PROFESIONAL Jenis Pelatihan ( Dalam/Luar Penyelenggara Negeri) Diklat Prajabatan Golongan III Balai Diklat dan Ketenagaan (Dalam Negeri) Departemen Agama Propinsi Jawa Barat
Jangka Waktu 1 Bulan
2009
Mata Kuliah Filsafat Hukum Islam Bahasa Inggris
Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris 1 Bahasa Inggris 2
Desain Pembelajaran
Lembaga Penelitian UIN SGD Bandung
PENGALAMAN MENGAJAR Program Institusi/Jurusan/Program Pendidikan Studi Sarjana (S1) UIN SGD Bandung
Sarjana (S1)`
UIN SGD Bandung
PRODUK BAHAN AJAR Program Jenis Bahan Ajar (Cetak Pendidikan dan Noncetak) Sarjana (S1) Buku—Cetak Sarjana (S1)
Buku—Cetak
PENGALAMAN PENELITIAN Tahun Judul Penelitian Ketua / anggota Tim 1998 Mekanisme kependudukan pribadi kelurahan Cipadung Kecamatan Cibiru Kota Bandung ditinjau dari fiqh Dusturiyah 2003 Reformasi Hukum Pribadi Kewarisan dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia KARYA ILMIAH* A. Buku/Bab Buku/Jurnal
20 Jam
Sem/Tahun Akademik 2005 s/d sekarang 2005 s/d sekarang
Sem / Tahun Akademik 2007 s/d sekarang 2008 s/d sekarang
Sumber Dana pribadi
Pribadi
83
Tahun 2007 2008
Judul English for The Islamic Economy Studies English Writing Skills
B. Makalah / Poster Tahun Judul 2009 Makalah : Filsafat dan Metodologi Hukum Islam 2009 Makalah : Metodologi Hukum Islam dan Ilmu Ushul Fiqh 2010 Makalah : Metode Kasyfiyah 2010 Makalah : Metodologi Hukum Islam Sunni
Tahun
2007
2009
2009
Penerbit / Jurnal Sunan Gunung Djati Press Sunan Gunung Djati Press
penyelenggara Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum
KONFERENSI / SEMINAR / LOKAKARYA / SIMPOSIUM Judul Kegiatan Penyelenggara Panitia / Peserta / Pembicara Peserta Workshop Strategi Pusat Bahasa UIN Pembelajaran Bahasa SGD Bandung Inggris di PTAI Peserta Seminar Internasional Fakultas Syari’ah Hukum Islam dalam dan Hukum UIN Konteks Persaudaraan SGD Bandung dan Bangsa Serumpun UKM Malaysia International Seminar peserta Fakultas Syari’ah Pembangunan Manusia dan Hukum UIN Di Indonesia SGD Bandung
KEGIATAN PROFESIONAL / PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT Tahun Jenis / Nama Kegiatan tempat 2009 Bedah Rumah Warga miskin RT 04 RW 04 Kelurahan 84
2009
Mendirikan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) Bhakti Mandiri
Cipadung Kecamatan Cibiru Kota Bandung RT 02 RW 03 Kelurahan Cipadung Kecamatan Cibiru Kota Bandung
JABATAN DALAM PENGELOLAAN INSTITUSI Peran / Jabatan Institusi (Univ, Fak, Jurusan, Lab, Tahun ........... Studio, Manajemen Sistem Informasi s.d ............. Akademik dll) Staf Ahli/Sekpri Dekan Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum 2008 - 2009 Staf Jurusan Jurusan PMH Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum 2010 -2011
Tahun 2007
2008
PERAN DALAM KEGIATAN KEMAHASISWAAN Jenis / Nama Kegiatan Peran tempat Narasumber Diskusi Pengembangan Auditorium UIN Wirausaha Mahasiswa, SGD Bandung LIKM KBM UIN SGD Bandung Narasumber Seminar Nasional Auditorium UIN Revitalisasi SGD Bandung Pengembangan Lembaga Keuangan Syari’ah di Indonesia, HMJ Muamalah UIN SGD Bandung Bandung, Juni 2011 (Wawan Kurniawan, M.Ag) NIP: 19721031 200710 1 001
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