The Solor and Alor Islands

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report

1

The Solor and Alor Islands Survey Results 26 July to 11 August 2007

Funded by: The David and Lucille Packard Foundation. DANIDA, Denmark.

By Julien Fudge For WWF Indonesia, September 2007.


2

Acknowledgements The survey was made possible as a result of financial assistance from DANIDA and The David and Lucille Packard Foundation whose continued support is greatly appreciated. Gratitude is expressed to the crew of the WWF vessel, K.M. Kotekelema that operates around the Sawu Sea area. The crew’s willingness, flexibility and expertise ensured that the survey proceeded effectively and safely. Many thanks go the Captain, Pak Juhal; the Engineer, Pak Yohannes and the Deckhands Ronnie, Iknasius and Markus. Markus’s culinary skill is particularly noted as he temporarily took on the task of cooking in addition to his usual duties. The survey particularly benefited from the contribution made by Mr. Agustinus Kedang, a local Government Fisheries Officer that originates from Lamalera, Lembata. He joined the survey from 27 till 31 July and had been asked by Lembata’s Fishery Office to ascertain the locations for promoting agar farming. His extensive knowledge of the local fisheries was an invaluable source of information. Both he and Lembata’s Fishery Office are thanked for their close cooperation. Thanks go to Mr. Albert from the NGO, Photovoices who helped the survey by obtaining data from three villages in south Lembata. The tenacity and enthusiasm of the team made the survey a success. Sincere thanks go to Ayi Ardisastra, Solor-Alor Project Coordinator; Zakarias Atapada, Solor-Alor Outreach Officer; Santos Kopong Ola and S.F. Hayati, S.Si, ‘Yati’, who kindly offered their services as volunteers. Additionally, the essential administrative support provided by the staff at WWF offices in Lewoleba, Lembata; Bali and Jakarta are gratefully acknowledged. All photos in this report were made available by the Author unless stated otherwise.

Denpasar, 10 September 2007


3

Table of Contents Acknowledgements

2

0

Executive summary

5

1.0 1.1

INTRODUCTION Expedition objectives

7 8

2.0 2.1 2.2

METHODS Expedition team Main exercise

9 9 9

3.0 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.3.1 3.2.3.2 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.3

RESULTS GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ISLANDS Climate Demography Infrastructure SURVEY OVERVIEW Sea Turtles Marine Mammals Dugong Cetaceans Fisheries production NTT province fishery statistics Fishery data by village Seaweed farming Mangroves COASTAL VILLAGE SOCIOECONOMIC DATA East Flores regency Kec. Ile Boleng, Desa Boleng Kel. Waiwerang, Desa Lamahala Jaya Kel. Waiwerang, Desa Terong Kel. Waiwerang, Desa Waiburak Kampung Lamakera, Desa Moton Wutun Kampung Lamakera, Desa Watubuku Kec. Solor timur, Desa Watohari Lembata regency Kampung Baopukang - Desa Babokerong Kec. Nubatukan, Desa Waijarang Kel. Lewoleba Tengah, Kampung Nyamuk Kel. Rayuan Kelapa Barat, Kampung Bajo Kec. Lebatukan, Desa Tapolangu Kec. Ile Api, Kampung Koligaran, Desa Waimatan Kec. Omesuri, Desa Balauring Kec. Wulandoni, Desa Lamalera A & B Alor regency Kel. Baranusa, Desa Blangmerang Kec. Pantar, Desa Kabir Kec. Pantar Barat Laut, Desa Kayan

11 11 14 15 16 17 21 26 26 30 31 34 37 45 49 51

3.3.1 3.3.1.1 3.3.1.2 3.3.1.3 3.3.1.4 3.3.1.5 3.3.1.6 3.3.1.7 3.3.2 3.3.2.1 3.3.2.2 3.3.2.3 3.3.2.4 3.3.2.5 3.3.2.6 3.3.2.7 3.3.2.8 3.3.3 3.3.3.1 3.3.3.2 3.3.3.3

51 51 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 61 63 63 64 66 68 69 71 72 72 73 76

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 3.3.3.4 3.3.3.5 3.3.3.6 3.3.3.7 3.3.3.8 3.3.3.9 3.3.3.10 3.3.3.11 3.3.3.12

4 76 77 79 81 82 84 86 87 88

3.3.3.13 3.3.3.14 3.3.3.15 3.3.3.16 3.4

Pulau Lapan Kec. Pantar Barat Laut, Desa Marisa Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Pulau Buaya Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Ternate Kec. Pura, Desa Solangbali Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Alor Besar Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Alor Kecil Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Ampera Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Lewalu Tanjung Harapan Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Kelurahan Kokar Kec. Kabola, Desa Alila Timur Kel. Kabola, Kec. Kabola Kec. Alor Tengah Utara, Desa Likwatang SURVEY VESSEL

4.0 4.1 4.2

DISCUSSION Key locations for conservation strategies Data gaps

107 109 111

5.0

Concluding remark

112

6.0

References Annexes

113 114

90 92 93 94 96


5

0. Executive Summary The Solor-Alor islands in East Nusa Tenggara are part of the BandaFlores Marine Eco-region and the four marine corridors between Flores and Alor are sensitive bottlenecks where intense local fishing activities can have regional impacts on the populations of various marine life forms. Results from the preliminary expedition conducted by TNC and WWF in 2001 and 2002 highlighted the fact that this area of Nusa Tenggara is rich in large marine life; whales and dolphins are especially abundant. Furthermore, the combined effect of scant ecological data, fishery records and marine resource management effort resulted in, as far as could be assessed, generally dwindling fish stocks and the status of the reefs in very bad condition at some locations (The Solor and Alor Islands expedition results report, 2001-2; compiled by Dr. Lida PetSoede, WWF Wallacea Bioregional Program). The objective for the 2007 survey aimed to complement the first expedition and had two components. Firstly, visit selected coastal villages to introduce the WWF marine program and conduct interviews in support of an assessment of natural marine resources, exploitation levels and patterns including the socio-economic conditions of coastal fisher communities. Secondly, to map the status of the coastal and marine resources and identify areas that need special status and zonation as part of a MPA network across the region. Principal results from this survey revealed that: - Lembata Island is far richer than previously thought with dugong, or sea cow sightings occurring around the island particularly over the west monsoon period (October to May). - Lembata Island has vast stretches of isolated beaches that turtles continue to use as rookeries. Turtle eggs remain a favored source of protein and are consumed locally. - Evidence suggests that the number of motorized boats and mono filament gill nets utilized by Fishers continues to increase as an overall trend. - Economic dependence of local communities on coastal and reef products remains high with sea weed farming becoming more popular. - Migrating Fishers from Wakatobi (Bajo and Binongko Island especially) are located in Lembata, Pantar and Alor Islands. - Sawu Sea Fishers claim that pelagic species such as tuna remain plentiful particularly between May and October (east monsoon).

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report -

6

In 2006, the Alor Government declared the northern part of Pantar Strait a marine protected area (KKLD–Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah) that is regularly patrolled by speedboat. Fisher interviews indicated that destructive fishing practices continue throughout the islands at a diminished level compared to two years ago. It is widely acknowledged that blast and poison fishing activities are illegal.

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 1.0

7

Introduction

The Solor and Alor area has become known to the world as the home of Indonesia’s traditional whale hunters. This specialty, set within the geographic feature of relatively narrow straits channeling vast amounts of water from major oceans has shown to be significantly important for large migratory species populations. However, sensible development and management of the marine resources are frustrated by inefficient linkages between the small islands and regional, national and international markets. This is compounded by the relatively low human population that has a limited system of governance as well as modest access to technology and capital. A first priority after the release of the 2002 expedition report was to elaborate the survey findings to local, regional and national Indonesian government and put the area under the attention of capable conservation groups and donors as a major target for the establishment of a new marine protected area (MPA). The aim is for decentralised management, working closely with the fisheries management authority, which has adopted MPAs as a fisheries management strategy. Subsequent positive responses allowed WWF in 2006 to commence the socialisation process in six coastal villages that received focused attention. Outreach and awareness activities took place with local stakeholders in four Solor Island villages and in two other villages on Lembata Island. All were economically dependant on marine resources. Community based fisheries monitoring commenced at four of these villages1 that actively hunt mantas and whales. The WWF Solor-Alor Project office located in Lewoleba, Lembata was established in February 2007 and from a logistical perspective, centrally located to conveniently reach the other islands. The survey commenced during the easterly monsoon period that is associated with strong winds and high seas. The exposed southern and south-eastern sections of the islands were avoided for safety reasons. No diving or Cetacean related surveys were undertaken over the period as the newly commissioned vessel was not yet equipped for diving and Cetaceans were the focus of the 2001-2 expedition and thereafter (Kahn, 2002, 2004 and 2005). ________________________________________________________ 1. Desa’s Moton Wutun and Watubuku, Kampung Lamakera, Solor and Desa’s Lamalera A and B, Kampung Lamalera, Lembata.


8

Expedition Objectives

The objective for the 2007 survey had two components. Firstly, visit selected coastal villages to introduce WWF and the marine program for the area; conduct interviews in support of an assessment of natural marine resources, exploitation levels and patterns including the socioeconomic conditions of coastal fisher communities. Secondly, to map the status of the coastal and marine resources and identify areas that need special status and zonation as part of a MPA network across the region. Information was collected daily by the team through personal observations and structured interviews using standard methods giving both qualitative and quantative data that was entered into the computer and discussed among the team each evening. The survey vessel was utilized throughout the survey period and occasional over land trips were conducted when deemed suitable to do so. This reports aims to present the findings and initiate discussions on the threats and opportunities for management of reefs, fisheries and cetaceans in the Lesser Sunda Islands from Solor to Alor.

Photo 1. The WWF survey vessel K.M. Kotekelema.


9

2.0 Survey methods. 2.1 Survey team The team comprised of Mr Ayi Ardisastra, Solor-Alor Project Coordinator; Mr Zakarias Atapada, Solor-Alor Outreach Officer. Mr Santos Kopong Ola, a volunteer that previously had assisted WWF during a Scout outing and Mrs S.F. Hayati, S.Si, ‘Yati’, also a volunteer that had formerly worked at the WWF Kupang field office. Mr Julien Fudge (Solor-Alor Survey Leader).

Photos 2 & 3. The survey team (from left to right – Zaka, Julien, Yati, Santos & Ayi). The adjacent photograph shows the field office at Lewoleba, Lembata. 2.2 Main Exercise. A crucial part and probably one of the most important steps on entering a village and meeting village leaders and fishers for the first time was to make a good impression. The preliminary introduction had to explain clearly WWF aims and where WWF operate. In particular, how WWF can assist the villages in the area to improve the environment and livelihoods. Data collection activities conducted during the expedition included: - Assessment of existing information (statistics and reports). - Assessment of the area cover for different types of coastal habitats (visuals and from maps). - Assessment of patterns in coastal and marine resource use. The annex of this report includes brief descriptions of the methods used for above water visual assessment of habitat variety and location


10

using simple mapping techniques; and (in) formal interviews and direct observations on resource use. The survey commenced in the west as the strait between Adonara/Solor and Lembata had been ear marked by the Government as a potential marine protected area and therefore a priority area for the survey. Also, as the vessel’s engine had recently been serviced, it was deemed sensible to initially remain close to the field office and populated areas before moving on to more remote locations further east. Villages were selected based on previously gathered data that pointed to coastal villages with a high dependence on their marine resources whose habitats were under pressure from excessive exploitation and the households generally had low level incomes.


11

3.0 RESULTS 3.1 General description of the area. The Solor-Lembata-Alor islands are part of the volcanic inner Banda Island arc located in the Flores-Banda Marine Eco-region east of Flores Island and part of the East Nusa Tenggara province (Fig. 1). These islands have three administrative districts. Adonara and Solor Islands are governed by East Flores. Lembata Island became a district in its own right back in 2003. Alor district covers both Pantar Island and Alor Island.

Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Solor-Alor Islands. Variations in nomenclature for both islands and villages can be confusing for example Lembata Island is also called Lomblen, or Kawula even Kawoela depending on the information source. Lembata is about 25 miles (40 km) east of Flores and just east of Adonara Island. The island is irregular in shape, with a southwestnortheast length of about 50 miles (80 km) and a width east-west of about 20 miles (32 km). It covers an area of 499 square miles (1,292 square km). Lembata is mountainous, rising to 5,394 feet (1,644 m) in the northeast; the coastal areas have patches of fertile soil as a result of volcanic ash deposits. There is one river called Waikomo that is 41 km long and enters the sea at 08o 22.80’S, 123o 22.50’ E. Black beach


12

sand commences north of this point to Tj. Tuak at the northwest corner of the island. Lembata’s warm and humid climate and prolonged rainy season favour the cultivation of corn (maize), bananas, papayas, and rice. There are coconut plantations along the coasts, and the population engages in deep-sea fishing and some whaling. The island is densely inhabited by the Solorese peoples and the main town is Lewoleba. Belts of mangal stretch around the west and north coast of Lembata. From the end of the mangrove belt on north east corner of Lembata heading south to Tg. Belkodi (08o 17.00’S, 123o 47.00’ E) is one long stretch of white sand beach broken only by Tg. Batumerah.

Photo 4. Southern side of northeast Lembata Island A tsunami occurred here as consequence of an erupting volcano further south in 1979. The villages subsequently moved to higher ground. Team observed only one small settlement set inland along the coast around ten km from the far eastern point of Lembata. Apart from a couple of huts on the beach (used by fishers and/or coconut farmers) and further south again two fishers in canoes, the place was unpopulated. Set back inland coconut plantations were recorded. Consequently, the hills had good foliage cover and beach undisturbed. Waves around 1m high crashed almost on reaching the beach that appeared to be steeply inclined. Thus the dinghy was not able to land anywhere along the coastline surveyed. Pantar Island, also called Pandai Island, lies about 45 miles (72 km) north of Timor, across the Ombai Strait. It is 30 miles (50 km) long north-south and 7 to 18 miles (11 to 29 km) wide east-west, and it has an area of 281 square miles (728 square km). Most of the island is flat except for a hilly area in the northeast that rises to a height of about 3,000 feet (900 m). The highest point is south of the island, Mount Delaki 4,324 feet (1,318 metres) Most of the population is engaged in agriculture, producing rice, corn (maize), and cotton. There are coconut plantations along the coast. Livestock is raised on the grasslands that cover much of the island, and there is much deep-sea fishing. Industry includes batik printing, wood carving, and the making of musical instruments. The population


13

is mostly Muslim, together with a few Christians. The chief towns are Kabir and Kayan. The largest island is Alor (900 square miles [2,330 square km]) and Kalabahi is the main town. The two major mountains, Kolana (5,791 feet [1,765 metres]) and Muna (4,724 feet [1,440 metres]) are both old volcanoes. Alor is broken up by steep ravines, with only one plateau and some small coastal plains. Alor Island has two rivers, the longer one Waelombur is 30 km long and the other, Bukapiting is 25 km long. Most of the people practice traditional religions, except for some Christian communities along the coasts and some Muslims. Festive occasions often involve exchanges of pigs, gongs, and mokos, cast-bronze kettle drums of unknown origin. The waters around the islands are known for their strong currents, particularly in the relatively narrow strait between Pantar and Alor and also between Lembata and Pantar. With each tide large water masses are pushed through the straits causing strong upwelling and treacherous currents of six knots and above. Sea water flows from north to south on a rising tide and in the opposite direction when the tide ebbs. There are 14 languages used in the island group. At present, however all people are also literate in Bahasa Indonesia. The level of basic education is considered high and Alor has the highest level of literacy in NTT. Languages used in the area are derived from the Austronesian and Trans New Guinea language families (Malayo-Polynesian) and include: Solorese and Lamaholot (Solor), Kedang and Solor (Lembata), Larantuka or Ende Malay and Solor and Blager or Belager or Tarang and Lamma and Nedebang and Tewa (Pantar), Solor and Abui and Kabola and Kafoa and Kelon or Kelong and Kolana or Kolana-wersin and Kui and Tanglapu and Woisika (Alor) (Monk et al, 1997).


14

3.1.1 Climate Similar to most of Indonesia, there are two main seasons each year. The dry season (<50 mm rain month ¯¹) from May to October and the wet season (>100 mm rain month¯¹) from November to April2. Generally speaking, there are five or six month’s consecutive wet months and three or less consecutive completely dry months. However, Alor’s annual rainfall is higher and rains intermittingly every month due to the mountainous topography. The small islands on the other hand may remain dry for as long as eight or nine months of the year. The periods March to June plus October and November are considered periods of relatively calm weather. Average minimum air temperature ranges between 19-24°C with a peak diurnal temperature of 34°C during October and November, the hottest months of the year. Average humidity ranges from 65% during the dry season and 85% during the wet season. Northerly winds indicate the onset of the wet season with strong westerly winds occurring in December and January. Strong easterly winds take place during July, August and September

Photo 5. Teluk Kebala, Alor, August 2007 – raining in the dry season.

__________________________________________________ 2. Source – Kupang climatology station, 2005


15

3.1.2 Demography The 2001-2 survey report quoted Monk et al (1997) where estimates were based on pre-census population data with a total for the Solor and Alor group of 243,665; Solor: 24,116 people; Adonara: 82,222 people; Pantar: 31,718 people and Alor: 103,609 people. Annual percentage growth rates were reported for the Alor regency at 0.98 for 1971- 1980 and 1.36 for 1980-1985. Population density for the Alor regency also increased from 44 per km2 in 1980 to 47 per km2 in 1985 (Monk et al, 1997). For 2005, the population density for East Flores was 121.79 people per km2., though on Solor and Adonara islands this figure would be much less. The 2005 population density for the Lembata district was 85 people per km2 and Alor, 61 people per km2 (NTT Government, 2005) Regency E. Flores

Island Solor Adonara

Lembata

Alor

Lembata

Pantar

Alor

Pura

District Solor Barat Solor Timur Ile Boleng Wotanulumado Adonara Barat Adonara Timur Nagawutung Wulandoni Atadei Ile Ape Lebatukan Nubatukan Omesuri Buyasuri Pantar Pantar Barat Pantar Timur Pantar Brt Laut Pantar Tengah Alor Barat Daya Mataru Alor Selatan Alor Timur Alor Timur Laut Pureman Teluk Mutiara Kabola Alor Barat Laut Alor Tengah Ut. Lembur Pulau Pura

Main town Ritaebang Menanga Senadan Baniona Waiwadan Waiwerang Loang Wulandoni Kalikasa Waipukang Hadakewa Lewoleba Balauring Wairiang Kabir Baranusa Bakalang Marica Maliang Moru Kalunan Apui Maritaing Bukapiting Peitoko Kalabahi Wolibang Kokar Mebung Alemba Bolamelang

Villages 18 19 16 12 28 19 13 12 13 22 15 14 20 19 11 7 11 7 10 20 7 14 10 8 4 16 5 19 14 6 6

Households 1,952 1.263 2,326 815 2,012 4,175 1,080 2,101 1,630 1,947 794 8,540 1,657 4,543 2,499 919 1,275

Population 12,453 14,185 13.753 7,545 21,273 24,604

107,199

174,608

Table 1. Settlements & population data for the Solor-Alor Islands. (source: 2005 NTT Province Inter census population survey).


16

The 2005 NTT Province Inter census population survey also gives information regarding population age groups. For East Flores 43.54% of the population are aged below 20 years old. Lembata’s population contains 40.48% below the age of 20 years and for Alor the percentage is 44.49%. Percentages are consistently 3 to 5% higher for this age range than all other age groups below 55 years. These figures illustrate that the population is increasing possibly in relation to better health services and standards. 3.1.3

Infrastructure

Flight carriers Merpati and Transnusa fly to both Lembata and Alor islands at least three times a week from Kupang, Timor Island. Boats however, are the dominant transport mode in the area with large ferries such as the PELNI and truck ferry fleets visiting ports across East Nusa Tenggara and beyond. Access to all the smaller coastal villages on the islands can be achieved using the numerous interisland ferries or smaller wooden vessels from one of principal island ports such as Larantuka (east Flores), Menanga (Solor), Terong (Adonara), Lewoleba (Lembata), Balauring (Lembata), Baranusa (Pantar) and Kalabahi (Alor). Roads in the centre of principal settlements on each of the islands have been asphalted to an extent and the road condition generally deteriorates on leaving. Motorbikes are the preferred mode of transport, small public vehicles serve the villages and occasionally large trucks will carry passengers. Constant power supply and cellular hand phone signal is available in all main towns with only the remotest villages without telecommunication capabilities and continue to utilize generators for electricity each evening.

Photo 6. Menanga port, Solor Island

Photo 7. Kupang ferry, Alor Island (photo-Zaka Atapada)


3.2 SURVEY OVERVIEW

Date 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul 30-Jul 31-Jul 01-Aug 02-Aug 03-Aug 04-Aug 05-Aug 06-Aug 07-Aug 08-Aug 09-Aug 10-Aug 11-Aug 12-Aug 13-Aug TOTAL

Survey day

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

17

Survey effort (hours)

13.75 12 12 14 13 16 9 8.75 11.25 12.75 7.75 11.5 10.5 8 12 11 12

Cumulative survey effort (hours)

13.75 25.75 37.75 51.75 64.75 80.75 89.75 98.5 109.75 122.5 130.25 141.75 152.25 160.25 172.25 183.25 195.25

195.25

Engine running (hours)

Cumulative engine running (hours)

Daily start to end position.

20 0 0 6 4 5.5 0 0 11 5.5 8.75 8.5 8.75 7.45 0 0 0 7 8.25 0 0 13

20 20 20 26 30 35.5 35.5 35.5 46.5 52 60.75 69.25 78 85.45 85.45 85.45 85.45 92.45 101 101 101 114

Kupang - Lewoleba Lewoleba Lewoleba Lewoleba - Lamakera Lamakera - Baupakan Baupakan - Lewoleba Lewoleba Lewoleba Lewoleba - Tapolangu,Tk. Waihingi Tapolangu - Balauring Balauring - Baranusa Baranusa - Baranusa Baranusa - Kabir Kabir - Kalabahi Kalabahi Kalabahi Kalabahi Kalabahi - Alila timur Alila timur - Kalabahi Kalabahi Kalabahi Kalabahi - Lewoleba

114

Distance 114 x 6 kn = 684 nm

Table 2. Overview of survey effort time, route and distance.

17


18

The survey took place over seventeen days, travelling an estimated 684 nautical miles and actual survey effort over this period was 195.25 hours. This includes the time spent entering the data and discussing the days findings each evening. The total survey effort time would be very much higher to include the period preparing for the survey and the time incurred writing the report. The vessel’s safety and well-being of everyone on board was paramount during the survey. One stipulation adhered to continuously was that the vessel was securely moored by sunset each day, no night sailing. A schedule had been organised beforehand indicating the route, target villages to be visited and duration. In practice though, there was an element of flexibility built into the program to allow for adverse sea/weather conditions or extraordinary findings. This worked well and each evening the next day’s itinerary was planned, a joint decision between the Captain and survey team. The survey commenced in the west as the strait between Adonara/Solor and Lembata had been suggested by the Government as a potential marine protected and therefore a priority for the survey. Also, as the vessel’s engine had recently been serviced, it was deemed sensible to initially remain close to the field office and populated areas before moving on to more remote locations further east. Villages were selected based on previously gathered data that pointed to coastal villages with a high dependence on their marine resources whose habitats were under pressure from excessive exploitation and the households generally had low level incomes. Table 3 on the following page gives an overview of the villages visited, primary data status and GPS points of jetties where applicable.


19

Region

Island

Position

Area/District

Village name

Jetty

Primary Data status

GPS point

Kab. Flores timur

Adonara

E

Kec. Ile Boleng

Desa Boleng

Small

Done

Jetty - 08o 23.00’ S, 123o 17.67’ E

S

Kel.Waiwerang

No

Pending

S S

Kel.Waiwerang Kel.Waiwerang

Medium No

Done Done

NNE

Kampung Lamakera

No

Done

NNE NE NE

Kampung Lamakera Kec. Solor timur Kec. Solor timur

Small No No

Done Done Zaka

Solor

Desa Lamahala Jaya Desa Terong Desa Waiburak Desa Moton Wutun Desa Watubuku Desa Watohari Desa Lamawai

Terong Port - 08o 23.50’S, 123o 07.79’ E

Jetty - 08o 25.22’ S, 123o 10.00’ E

Menanga Port - 08o 25.90’S, 123o 05.43’ E Kab. Lembata

Lembata

08o 29.41’S, 123o 14.94’ E

SW

Kampung Baopukang

Desa Babokerong

No

Done

SW W NW NW N

Kampung Baopukang Kec. Nubatukan Kel. Lewoleba Tengah Kel Rayuan Kelapa Barat Kec. Lebatukan Kec. Ile Api, Kamp.Koligaran Kec. Omesuri Kec. Wulandoni Kec. Wulandoni Kec. Wulandoni

Desa Baubolak Desa Waijarang Kampung Nyamuk Kampung Bajo Desa Tapolangu

No No No No No

Pending Done Done Done Done

Desa Waimatan

No

Done

08o 14.27’S, 123o 30.52’ E

Desa Balauring Desa Labala Desa Lamalera A Desa Lamalera B

Medium No No No

Done Pending Pending Pending

Jetty - 08o 14.17’S, 123o 42.33’ E

N NNE SSE S S

08o 23.80’S, 123o 19.20’ E Lewoleba Port - 08o 22.21’ S, 123o 24.24’ E 08o 18.00’S, 123o 37.05’ E


Jetty

Primary Data status

GPS point

Medium

Done

Baranusa Jetty - 08o 21.75’S, 124o 05.83’ E

No Small

Done Done

08o 14.75’S, 124o 12.60’ E Jetty - 08o 21.16’S, 124o 57.73’ E

Pulau Lapan

No

Done

Unhibated

Unhibated

No

N/A

Kec. Pantar Barat Laut

Pulau Kange/Marisa

Small

Done

Jetty - 08o 21.38’S, 123o 57.22’ E

Unhibated

Unhibated

No

N/A

Kalabahi port - 08o 13.48’S, 124o 31.00’ E

Kec. Alor Barat Laut

Desa Pulau Buaya

No

Done

08o 11.01’S, 124o 22.45’ E


Desa Ternate

No

Done

08o 12.63’S, 124o 22.79’ E

Kec. Pura

Desa Solangbali

Small

Done

Jetty - 08o 16.45’S, 124o 21.23’ E

Kec. Alor Barat Laut Kec. Alor Barat Laut Kec. Alor Barat Laut

Desa Alor Besar Desa Alor Kecil Desa Ampera Desa Lewalu Tanjung Harapan Kelurahan Adang/Kokar Desa Alila Timur Kec. Kabola Desa Likwatang

No No No

Done Done Done

08o 16.28’S, 124o 24.70’ E

No

Done

No

Done

08o 09.89’S, 124o 26.55’ E

No No No

Done Done Done

08o 07.13’S, 124o 32.50’ E

Region

Island

Position

Area/District

Kab. Alor

Pantar

N

Kel. Baranusa

W W

Kec. Pantar Kec. Pantar Barat Laut

Desa Belangmeran Desa Kabir Desa Kayan

Pulau Lapan

Alor Alor Alor

Alor strait Alor strait Alor strait Alor strait Pantar strait Pantar strait Pantar strait W W W

Alor

W


Alor

NW


Alor Alor Alor

N N N

Kec. Kabola Kel. Kabola Kec. Alor Tengah Utara

Lapan Batang Marisa Rusa & Kambing Ternate Umapura Pura

20

Village name

Table 3. Villages visited, primary data status, jetty & ports.

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 3.2.1

21

Sea turtles.

Sea turtle eggs continue to be a favoured source of protein according to responses from interviewees in small coastal villages. Usually, the eggs are collected the following morning after being laid the previous night and consumed locally. If a large settlement or town is nearby, turtle eggs are taken to the local market and sold. In Kalabahi, Alor, turtle eggs are purchased by the Chinese community mainly who can buy three eggs for Rp1.000. Only Pulau Marisa, Pantar has implemented a policy whereby the islands residents are not allowed to disturb either turtles or their nests. Desa Watuhari, Solor Island continues to take eggs but do not disturb the turtles following efforts by WWF during the socialisation program in 2006. During the survey when visiting villages and houses no evidence such as turtle carapaces, bones or meat were observed. Additionally, it was unclear whether the reason for this was that no turtles had been taken or simply all parts of the animal had been either consumed or sold. The Bajo people of Desa Kabir, NW Pantar Island and the Fishers of Pulau Marisa, Pantar used to supply Bali with turtles and no longer do so. Clear species identification by interviewees proved problematic even when shown illustrations (see annexes). Figure 2 and table 5 on the following pages display the information collected from interviews. Additional information was obtained suggesting turtle catching locations and nesting sites though no species were identified (see table 4). Northeast side of Lembata has a notable extensive white sand beach that appears almost deserted from sea between 08o 11.00’ S, 123o 48.32’ E and 08o 15.23’ S, 123o 50.89’ E. Closer inspection was not possible due to the surf however, this location seemed very promising indeed. The only conclusive evidence obtained from the survey were old nest sites along Desa Watohari’s beach, east Solor Island (GPS point 08o 26.22’ S, 123o 05.59’ E) and the recorded turtle hatching episode at Sabah beach, Desa Baobolak, SW Lembata Island (GPS point 08o 30.48’ S, 123o 14.13’ E).


22

The recorded hatching event occurred on 30 July 2007 between 01.00 and 02.00 at high tide with a clear full moon. One hundred and thirty-three turtles were observed independently entering the sea without being disturbed by the survey team, the Head of the village (Kepala Desa) or his associates. At that time, the team’s initial assumption was that the turtle hatchlings were Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) due to the dark colouration on both sides of the animal. However, later using two turtle identification keys3 indicated that the hatchlings were probably Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) from the arrangement and number of carapace shields. Due to the uncertainty and the importance to correctly identify the species, photos have been sent to specialists for their input. At the time of writing no further news regarding the hatchlings identity has been received.

Photos 8 - 10. Recorded turtle hatching event.

3.Queensland Department of Environment & Heritage, 1995/Sea Turtles, R. Bustard, 1972

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report Table 4. Turtle catching locations, unidentified species. Village (information source)

Species Turtle Catching Location

Nesting sites

Kampung Bajo, Lewoleba, Lembata

Tk. Lebaleba

No information

Desa Tapolangu, Tk. Lemaling, Lembata

Tk. Lemaling

No information

Desa Kabir, NW Pantar

Pulau Batang

Pulau Batang

SW Pantar, Pulau Rusa, Pulau Kambing, Desa Kayan

SW Pantar, Pulau Rusa, Pulau Kambing, Desa Marisa, Desa Kayan

Pulau Ternate

Pulau Ternate

No information

Pulau Mapura (source: Desa Alor Besar)

Desa Kayan & Desa Marisa, W Pantar Desa Pulau Buaya, Pulau Ternate Desa Ternate, Pulau Mapura Desa Watabuka, Adonara

Pulau Adonara

Pantai Longot, Desa Ria Wale (just a few km east of Waiwerang,

Not identified

23


Figure 2. Turtle nesting sites around Solor-Alor Islands (from Fisher interviews, August 2007)

24


English

Indonesia

Scientific

Location

Hawksbill

Penyu Sisik

Eretmochelys imbricata

East Pulau Solor

SW Pulau Lembata Pulau Marisa, West Pantar Kec. Kabola, NW Alor Tk. Benlelang, NW Alor Olive Ridley

Penyu Lekang

Lepidochelys olivacea

Observation frequency Regular nesting almost every full moon. Particularly when there is a ring round the moon. Regular nesting almost every full moon Regular almost moon

nesting every full

Regular almost moon Regular almost moon

nesting every full nesting every full

Information Source

Eggs are still consumed, turtles used to be taken as well. Since 2006 turtles are not disturbed due to WWF socialisation efforts.

Desa Watohari

Eggs are still consumed, turtles are also taken occasionally. Hawksbills are the most common species here.

Desa Babokerong

Used to supply Bali. Total ban by village now to disturb or catch turtles and nests.

Desa Marisa

Certainly eggs are taken and sold at Kalabahi

Kel. Kabola

Certainly eggs are taken and sold at Kalabahi Rp 1,000 for 3 eggs to Chinese community.

Desa Likwatang


Desa Watohari

East Pulau Solor

Occasional usually July September

Pulau Marisa, West Pantar

Not ascertained

Used to supply Bali. Total ban by village now to disturb or catch turtles and nests.

Desa Marisa


Desa Watohari

Not caught

Desa Babokerong

Green

Penyu Hijau

Chelonia mydas

East Pulau Solor

Not ascertained

Leatherback

Penyu Belimbing

Dermochelys coriacea

SW Pulau Lembata

Only occasionally

seen to

Comment

25

seen

Table 5. Anecdotal Fisher evidence of turtle species around the Solor-Alor Island group.

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 3.2.2 3.2.2 1

26

Marine mammals Dugong (Dugong dugon).

Fisher evidence suggests that these mammals are observed around Lembata Island’s irregular coastline during the wet season from October to April each year. The Bajo Fishers of Desa Kabir, Pantar Island also mentioned sightings of Dugong though the location remains to be confirmed whether the encounters were around Pantar or during one of their regular fishing trips to east Lembata Island. Physical evidence was found on Lembata Island at two locations. The first occasion at Desa Babokerong, southwest Lembata were the teeth had been taken from a Dugong that had drowned in a net somepoint in 2005. The second piece of evidence at Desa Tapolangu, north Lembata was a complete skeleton of a young Dugong that had been caught early 2007.

Photo 11. Dugong teeth, Desa Babokerong, south west Lembata Island.


27

Photo 12. Young Dugong skeleton at Desa Tapolangu, Lembata Island. Anecdotal evidence collected suggests that Dugongs are not targeted but are caught as by-catch in four or five inch mesh nets targeting sharks. The flesh is rarely eaten and certain body parts are more valuable for traditional medicinal use. Often the tears are collected by tissue and sold to be either rubbed on a desired person or placed in their drink to win their heart. Price quoted was Rp 300,000 once the product could be verified as genuine. Fishers say sightings occur around May and again October when parts of sea grass can be seen floating on the sea surface. The animals have been known to bow ride small boats leaving Babokerong village, Lembata. One other Babokerong fisher estimated that around 30 individuals had been caught in total, as far as he could remember.


Figure 3. Anecdotal evidence suggesting dugong range around Lembata Island.

28


Lembata Island

Position start

GPS point

Position end

GPS point

29

Information source

SW

Tg Naga

08 31.00’S, 123 13.00’ E

Tg Lowukuma

08 23.98’S, 123 20.31’ E

Fishers of Desa Babokerong - sightings often occur in conjunction with floatsam, May and October. Noted behaviour: bow riding with boats and rubbing against canoe hulls.

W

Tg Lowukuma

08o 23.98’S, 123o 20.31’ E

TgTuak

08o 18.23’S, 123o 20.61’ E

Fishers of Kampung Bajo, Lewoleba

N

Tg Tuak

08o 18.23’S, 123o 20.61’ E

Tg Leur

08o 15.33’S, 123o 55.34’ E

Fishers from Desa Tapolangu, Tk. Lemaling. Hear Dugong snort while night fishing.

E

Tg Leur

08o 15.33’S, 123o 55.34’ E

Tg Paugora

08o 30.23’S, 123o 34.71’ E

Fishers from Pulau Marisa, Kab. Alor Barat Laut, Pantar and Bajo fishers, Desa Kabir, Pantar

S

Tg Paugora

08o 30.23’S, 123o 34.71’ E

Tg Naga

08o 31.00’S, 123o 13.00’ E

No evidence to frequent this area.

o

o

o

o

Table 6. Anecdotal evidence of Dugong distribution around Pulau Lembata.

suggest

that

dugongs

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 3.2.2.2

30

Cetaceans

Cetaceans were not the focus of this survey however it should be noted that during the 114 hours of vessel based effort time there was only one encounter with an unidentified whale. The event occurred on 4 August 2007 at 11.30 in the morning, witnessed by the K.M. Kotekelema crew while the survey team were ashore on Pulau Marisa. There was one whale several hundred metres away from the boat that was observed swimming normally through the narrow strait between Marisa and Pantar Islands from the south and headed north east diving on entering deeper water. GPS point 080 20.57’ S, 1230 57.68’ E. The lack of observations over the survey period does comply with previous studies (Kahn 2005) that show most encounters occurring south of the islands in the Sawu Sea around July and August. The survey route was predominantly north of the islands.


31

3.2.3 Fisheries production. Over the survey period the team had to rely heavily on anecdotal evidence as principal fishing effort occurred overnight in almost every location making direct observations impossible. The only exceptions were those line fishing at dawn for a short period or people attending to traps or agar lines. Consequently, when trying to ascertain the fishing pressure or intensity proved to be problematic because hardly any fishing took place. Furthermore, being the middle of the dry season many fishers do not regularly or as intensely go to sea compared to the period during the wet season. Strong prevailing winds and high waves between May and September tend to hinder fishing activities and it is commonly known that the catch rates are much better during the wet season. Terms for catch gear and targets also varied from island to island so where no clear distinction was made the report gives the local name in order that it can be checked at a later stage when the opportunity arises. Principal fishing times were 05.00 to 10.00 for small pelagics like sardines and from late afternoon around 17.00 through to the following morning 07.00 for other types of effort. ‘Bubu’ fish traps are popular catch gear seen in almost every village visited. They are placed in shallow reef areas or in shallow water in front of mangroves. Four different types of bamboo traps were observed a) the box variety b) the barrel variety c) the barrel variety on a frame, and d) the pillow shaped variety with no door. Reef gleaning is widespread as well either day or night at low tide. Small coastal villages that fish as a secondary pursuit remain close to the village and utilised traps, spear, spear gun, hook & line as well as small mesh nets (1”-2.5”). More dedicated fisher communities though not necessarily larger, incorporated this gear plus large mesh nets (3”-5”); large nets with small mesh size (10mm) as used on bagan boats; FADs and thick gauge line utilised with a flying kite to catch pelagic species such as tuna.


32

Table 7. Fish Attracting Devices (FADs) recorded during survey period. No of FADs

Location

6

North Lembata

6 10 1

Tk. Waihinga, Lembata Tk. Lemaling, Lembata Tk. Kabala, Alor

GPS Points 08o 13.60’S, 123o 29.60’ E to 08o 13.67’S, 123o 32.00’ E. 08o 15.98’S, 123o 35.80’ E to 08o 18.00’S, 123o 37.05’ E 08o 18.42’S, 123o 33.70’ E to 08o 20.17’S, 123o 34.43’ E 08o 17.00’S, 124o 24.35’ E

Orientation W-E N-S NW -SE -

Entering Tk. Lemaling bay there are 10 ‘rompongs’ or fish attracting devices (FADs) starting at 08o 15.98’S, 123o 35.80’ E at the bay mouth orientated towards the village of Desa Tapolangu (08o 18.00’S, 123o 37.05’ E). On entering Tk. Waihinga there is a continuous mature mangrove belt along the eastern side i.e Tj. Nera (west). In the bay are 6 FADs in the southeast corner. At the base of Ili Api volcano, north Lembata are three or four fishing villages. In front of these villages are 6 FADs beginning from west to east starting at 08o 13.60’S, 123o 29.60’ E to 08o 13.67’S, 123o 32.00’E. 23 FADs were counted over the survey and apart from one FAD in Kabala Bay, Alor, all were located along north Lembata Island and 16 of those in one large bay. The 2002 survey report counted a total of 40 and although the survey route would have varied the drop in the total FAD number counted could be a result of: declining stocks; the cost of maintaining the FADs every year just too prohibitive; the FADs are placed in the water for the wet season only. Over the survey period the majority of landed fish observed were small pelagic and pelagic/deep sea species with mangrove and demersal species dominant near mangal areas. Very few reef species were recorded and no napoleon wrasse at all.


33

Table 8. Frequently recorded Fish species landed around the Solor-Alor Island group over July and August 2007. Group Mangrove fish

Reef fish

Demersal fish Small pelagics

Pelagics

Indonesian / NTT Name Belanak/ Melus Kurisi Paparek Ikan Gerotgerot Ikan Merah Kerapu Lencam Ikan putih/ Kembung/ Kombong Biji nanka Kulit pasir Belang kuning

English Name

Scientific Name

Mullets

Mugil spp

Threadfin breams Common slipmouth

Nemipterus spp. Leiognathus equulus

Grunts

Pomadasys spp.

Red Snappers Groupers Emperors

Lutjanus spp. Epinephelus spp. Lethrinus spp.

Jacks/ Trevallies

Caranx spp.

Spotted Goatfish Surgeonfish Fusiliers

Cucut/ Hiu

Sharks

Pari

Rays

Pseudupeneus maculatus Acanthurus spp. Caesio spp. Carcharhinidae / Sphyrnidae / Dasyathidae

Ikan Layang

Scads

Decapterus spp.

Sunglir Ikan Terbang Cendro/ Julung/ Lember Teri Tembang Lemuru/ Lamoru Belo-Belo Tenggiri papan

Rainbow runners Flying fishes

Elagatis bipinnulatus Cypselurus spp.

Needle fishes

Tylosurus spp. / Hermirhamphus spp.

Anchovies Fringescale sardinella

Stolephorus spp. Sardinella fimbriata

Indian oil sardinella

Sardinella longiceps

Striped Mackerel Indo Pacific King Mackerel Narrow-barred Spanish Mackerel Tunas - Big eye / Yellowfin, Dog tooth Skipjack Tuna Eastern Little Tunas Swordfish / Indo Pacific Marlin

Rastelliger kanagurta

Tenggiri Tuna Cakalang Tongkol Layaran

Scomberomorus guttatus Scomberomorus commersoni Thunnus spp. /Gymnosarda spp. Katsuwonus pelamis Euthynnus spp. Xiphias spp, Makaira spp

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 3.2.3.1

34

NTT REGENCY GOVERNMENT FISHERIES DATA 2005

Source: Nusa Tenggara Timur Fishery Service, 2005. Table 9. Number of marine fishing boats and type.

Regency East Flores Lembata Alor

Dugout canoe

Wood panelled boat

Outboard motor boat

1870

449

498

Inboard boat 0 – 5 GT 201

558 2309

372 900

212 120

780 120

motor

1 17

>6 GT 344

Table 10. Number of marine fishing households and categories.


No boat

Dugout canoe

Wood panelled boat

Outboard motor boat

539

1588

436

465

Inboard motor boat 0 – 5 >6 GT GT 198 320

1237 499

550 2296

364 900

184 114

724 116

1 9

Table 11 . Number of marine fishing gears and types. Regency East Flores Lembata Alor

Payang (lampara)

Beach seine

Purse seine

Gill net

32

0

170

2007

4 14

11 3

41 0

2789 2195

0

Pole & line 296

Tonda pole & line 1248

Other pole & line 2966

Other (bubu, spear) 1311

31 0

5 0

614 1793

2928 2842

1141 3914

Bagan


35

Table 12a. Sea fisheries production, type landed (tonnes).


Slipmouths (Ponyfish)

Red snapper

Grouper

Bream

0

328.6

99.4

0

Yellow tails (fusiliers) 318.2

0 70.6

90.1 318.1

122.4 770.1

29.9 243.9

95.1 475.5

Indian mackerel

Ray

Trevallies

Flying fish

0

230.8

4674

238.3

Garfish & halfbeaks 521.2

276.4 971

88.5 25.8

251.4 130.7

214.8 183.5

165.5 823.1

Table 12b. Sea fisheries production, type landed (tonnes) - continued.

Regency

Anchovies

Narrow barred Spanish mackerel

Skipjack Tuna

Eastern little Tuna

Spotted Goatfish

Sailfish

Fringescale sardinella

Tunas

Other

East Flores Lembata Alor

508.1

0

0

835.5

15.6

0

1631.4

37.6

12,326.2

230.2 1034.9

58.5 933.5

104.6 1005.6

162.7 5798.2

52.3 277.6

328 152.7

867.1 1381.3

253.6 700.2

504.3 5558.7

Table 12c. Sea fisheries production, type landed (tonnes) - continued. Regency

Prawn

Shrimp

Squid

Sea Cucumber

Other

East Flores Lembata Alor

0 28.7 10.8

0 0 0

540.2 164.7 50.7

0 0 0

0 0 16.1


36

Table 13. Fisheries production (tonnes) by fisheries group. Regency East Flores Lembata Alor

Sea Fishery

Open water

22305

0

Terrestrial fisheries Brackish Fresh ponds ponds 0 0

4089 20933

0 0

2.4 6.5

water

Wet lands 0

0.7 2

0 0

Table 14. Number of households engaged in fisheries. Regency East Flores Lembata Alor

Sea Fishery

Open water

3546

0

Terrestrial fisheries Brackish Fresh ponds ponds 0 0

3060 3934

0 0

0 8

5 40

water

Wet lands 0 0 0


3.2.3.2 No

Village

Fishery data by village. Tables 15 & 16 Flores Timur. District

Gear type

ARMADA

Species landed

Fishing effort (24 hour)

Point of sale

FLORES TIMUR

1

2

3

4

Boleng

Terong

Waiburak

Lamahala Jaya

37

Loose bundle

sampan, jukung, ketinting, bagan, motor dalam

kerapu tikus, kerapu macan, sunu, tuna, cakalang, kombong, tongkol, pari, cumi-cumi, ikan merah, ikan batu

05.00 11.00 and 17.00 07.00

Keliha (local market); Senada; Waiwerang; Lewoleba

pancing, jaring, pukat hanyut

sampan, jukung

kerapu, pari, tongkol, tuna, tembang, tripang, cakalang, teri

15.00 08.00

pasar lokal; Larantuka; Lewoleba; Kupang

Adonara Timur, Flores Timur

pancing, pukat senar, longline, Pukat nilon

sampan, motor tanpa mesin dan motor mesin dalam

kerapu, sunu, tuna, cakalang, tongkol, pari, kombong, siput, teripang kima

06.00 10.00 17.00 - 08.00

pasar lokal; Senadan; Lagaloe; Waiwerang; Wetampao

Adonara, Flores Timur

pancing, pukat senar, longline, Pukat nilon, mini pursein, bagan, pursein, lampara

sampan, bagan, ketinting, motor dalam

tongkol, tuna dan cakalang

03.00 19.00/20.00; 15.00 20.00

pasar lokal, Waiwerang, Larantuka

Ile Boleng, Adonara, Flores Timur

Adonara, Flores Timur

Price (IDR)

Jaring, pancing, pukat nilon dan pukat senar

Kg

Individual

small: 2000, average: 5000 large: 10.00045.000 large grouper 75.000

Sea cucumber Rp 15,000

small: 5000, large: 10.000

melus 1.000; tongkol 5.000 - 10.000; kombong 5.000 - 7.000

Tied (string)

Per slice


No

Village

District

Gear type

ARMADA

Species landed


Point of sale

FLORES TIMUR

5

6

7

Motonwutun

Solor Timur, Adonara

sampan, jukung, motor dalam, bagan

kerapu tikus, kerapu macan, pari, paus,tongkol, ikan merah, ikan batu, kombong

Watohari

Solor Timur, Flores Timur

Pancing, pukat nilon, Pukat senar, bubu

sampan, motor dalam

tuna, cakalang, lumbalumba, pari, kombong

sampan, jukung, motor dalam, bagan

kerapu macam, pari,kerapu tikus, paus, tembang, tuna, tongkol, kombong, ikan merah,ikan batu

Watubuku

Solor Timur/ Flotim

Price (IDR) Loose bundle

Jaring, pancing, pukat hanyut, long line, tombak/ tempulin (for whaling), bubu

Jaring, pancing, pukat hanyut, longline, tombak

03.00 19.00/20.00 15.00 08.00

38

Local market/ Lewoleba, Larantuka

Kg

Individual

Tied (string)

Manta: gills Rp 4050,000 wet; Rp 340,000 dried. Skin Rp 10,000 dry & cartilage Rp 5000 dried

2.000 10.000; kerapu besar 400.000

pari : 25.000

pari 20.000 40.000; tuna 50.000 175.000

pasar Waiwerang & Lamakera

03.00 19.00/20.00; 15.00 08.00

Table 16. Fishery data by village-Flores Timur (continued)

pasar lokal, Lewoleba, Larantuka

Reef fish in village Rp 45,000. At local market Rp 15,000

2.000 10.000

Per slice

lumba lumba 10.000 -25.000


No.

Village

District

Gear type

ARMADA

Species landed

Point of sale


8

9

10

11

Babokerong

Waijarang

Kampung Nyamuk

Kampung Bajo

Nagawutung Lembata

Nagawutung Lembata

Lewoleba Tengah, Lembata

Kel. Rayuan Kelapa Barat, Lewoleba


LEMBATA pancing, pukat hanyut, pukat ikan hiu, pukat, mini pursein

pancing, pukat hanyut



sampan, jukung

sampan, jukung

kerapu, tuna, pari, tongkol, cakalang, kombong, tuda, teri, hiu, tembang kerapu, tembang, ikan merah, penyu, ikan putih, tuna, tuda

sampan, jukung

kerapu, ikan merah, kombong, tembang, teri, cakalang, kima, melus, kerang

sampan, jukung

kerapu, ikan merah, kombong, tembang, teri, cakalang, cumi2, kepiting, melus, pari

pasar lokal, Loang and Pada in Lewoleba

06.00 10.00; 17.00 22.00; 17.00 08.00

pasar lokal, Lewoleba

06.00 10.00; 17.00 22.00; 17.00 08.00

pasar Lewoleba dan Lamahora

pasar Lewoleba, Larantuka (sold on), Atambua and Kupang

39

19.00 03.00/ 06.00 15.00 00.00

19.00 03.00/ 06.00 15.00 00.00

Kg

Individual

Tied (string)

2.500 5.00010.000

20 strips of dried ray Rp 45.000

Rumput Laut 4.500 5.200

Sardines 10 fish for Rp 40.000

melus sedang 10.000/ 15; melus besar 10.00015.000/ 10

melus sedang Rp 5.000; melus besar 10.000

Dry squid Rp 8,000; dry teri Rp 5,000; red snapper Rp 2550,000/ 10

Med. Squid Rp 5,000; lge. Squid Rp 10,000

per slice

Bucket


No.

Village

District

Gear type

ARMADA

Species landed

Point of sale


LEMBATA

12

13

14

Tapolangu

Waimatan

Balauring

Hadakewa, Lembata

pancing, pukat

Ile Ape, Lembata

panah, tombak, pukat, senar dan pancing

Omesuri, Lembata

Pancing, pukat, porsein, mini porsein, rumpon, lampara.

sampan,bodi

beduk, kerapu, melus, teripang, mamalia duyung

sampan, motor dalam

kerapu, ikan batu, belo belo,

sampan, motor dalam

Tuna, cakalang, belo-belo, rumput laut, hiu, teripang, tembang.

pasar hadakewa; Pada, Lewoleba

pasar lokal

pasar lokal, Lewoleba

Above: Tables 17 and 18. Fishery data by village - Lembata

40


Kg

sardines 5.000/12; Sm Trevally 5.000/3 Sqiud 5.000/3

teripang 200.000 dry

07.00 10.00

belobelo 7.500

15.0008.00; 17.0008.00

tuna 11.500; cakalang 11.500; belobelo 4.000; Agar 4.750.

Individual

kerapu 10.000; ikan merah/ ikan batu 5.000

Tied (string)

per slice

Bucket


No.

Village

District

Gear type

ARMADA

Species landed

Point of sale


15

16

17

18

Kabir

Pantar, Alor

Sampan, bodi, motor dalam

Cumicumi, belo-belo, lamoru , tuna, ikan batu, ikan merah

Kalabahi, Baranusa; Wairiang (Lembata)

15.0008.00; 17.0008.00

belo-belo 7.000/5-7

Ikan puti, cakalang, teripang, penyu, tuna, siput, rumput laut

pasar lokal, Kalabahi, Wairiang (Lembata)

05.0008.00

ikan puti 10.000 / 3-4

Wairiang (Lembata); Lewoleba

05.0008.00

5.00010.000

Wairiang (Lembata), Lewoleba

05.0008.00

Baranusa, Alor

Pancing, pukat, bubu, mini pursein


Marisa

Pantar Barat Laut, Alor

Pancing, pukat, bubu, panah, tombak


Kayang

Pantar Barat Laut, Alor

Pancing, pukat, panah, bubu, tombak


Blangmerang


ALOR Pancing, pukat senar, pukat nilon, lampara, kompresor, bubu

Ikan merah, raja, bawo kerapu, belo-belo Ikan batu, merah, sunu, kombong, ikan puti, udang lopster, kerapu

41

Kg

Individual

Rumput Laut 3.500

cumi-cumi 1.000 3.000, tuna 9.000, lamoru 13.000

Tables 19 (above) and 20 (below). Fishery data by village - Alor

kerapu 5.000, sunu 15.000

Tied (string)

per slice

Bucket


No.

Village

District

Gear type

ARMADA

Species landed

Point of sale


19

20

21

22

Desa Pulau Buaya

Desa Ternate


ALOR

Alor Barat Laut, Alor

Pancing, pukat, panah, tombak, bubu


Penyu, cakalang, tuna, kerapu, kombong

Kalabahi

05.0008.00


Pukat, pancing, panah, bubu

Motor dalam, sampan

Kulit pasir, tongkol, tuna, cakalang, belo- belo

Kalabahi

05.0008.00

Alor Besar


tombak, panah, pukat, pancing, bubu

Motor dalam, sampan

Cumicumi, cakalang, tuna, kombong, raja, belo-belo, siput, pari

Alor Kecil


pancing tonda, pukat senar, bubu

Motor dalam, sampan

belo-belo, ikan dasar, lamoru

Kalabahi

05.0008.00; 17.0008.00

Kalabahi

05.00 07.00; 17.00 20.00

42

Kg

Individual tuna 200.000 300.000; cakalang 15.000 20.000

Rumut laut Rp 3.500

belo-belo 10.000/3

kulit pasir 5.000

cumi-cumi 10.000 25.000; tuna 100.000 250.000; kombong 10.000; cakalang 25.000 30.000; raja 50.000 70.000; lamoru 10.000; belo - belo 3.000

Tied (string)

per slice

Bucket


No.

Village

District

Gear type

ARMADA

Species landed

Point of sale


23

24

25

26

Ampera

Lewalu Tanjung, Harapan

Pura

Adang, Kokar



ALOR tuna, ikan merah, hiu, lamoru, tembang, belo-belo, sirip hiu

Pancing, pukat senar, pukat nilon, tombak,


bubu, panah, pancing, pukat, bagan

sampan, bagan, motor dalam

tuna, hiu, hiu sirip, kerapu, belo-belo, tembang, cumicumi, sunu

Pura, Alor


Motor dalam, sampan

ikan batu, belo-belo, lamoru


pancing, bubu, rumpong, pukat, jala lumpo, Mini pursein

Motor dalam, sampan, bagan

tongkol, tembang, belang kuning, tuna

Kalabahi, sirip hiu di jual ke Makassar

Kalabahi

05.00 07.00; 17.00 20.00

pasar lokal, Kalabahi

07.00 12.00; 17.00 07.00


04.00 10.00; 16.00 08.00

43

tembang 5.000

Kg

Individual

tuna 8.000; sirip hiu 100.000

ikan merah 100.000; daging hiu 150.000 200.000

Tied (string)

per slice

Bucket

tuna 300.000 350.000; hiu (daging) 250.000; hiu sirip (daging) 300.000; kerapu 50.000; cumi cumi 5.000

tembang 35.000, belo-belo 35.000, lamoru 35.000

tongkol 5.000; belang kuning 5.000; tuna 150.000 500.000

tembang 25.000 35.000


44

Tables 21 (above) and 22 (below). Fishery data by village – Alor (continued) No.

Village

District

Gear type

ARMADA

Species landed

Point of sale

Fishing effort (24 hour) Loose bundle

ALOR

27

28

29

Alila Timur

Kabola

Likwatang

Motor dalam, sampan

ikan terbang, belang, kuning, tongkol, lember, tuna


07.00 12.00; 17.00 07.00

Kabola, Alor


Motor dalam, sampan

ikan batu, belo-belo, lamoru, tongkol, kakap, kerapu, kembung, cumicumi, teripang, udang, siput


07.00 12.00; 17.00 07.00

Mebung, Alor

bubu, panah, pancing, pukat

Motor dalam, sampan

lamoru, kembung, ikan batu, kerapu, belo-belo


07.00 12.00; 17.00 07.00

Kabola, Alor

Price (IDR)

pancing, bubu, pukat, rumpong

ikan terbang 5.000/10; tongkol 10.000/3; lember 5.000/10

Kg

Individual

Tied (string)

per slice

Bucket

belang kuning 15.00025.000; tuna 300.000

tongkol 5.000

5,000

lamoru 35.000; belo-belo 35.000; kembung 45.000


45

3.2.4 Seaweed farming Lembata is main producer of agar in the region. There are two reasons for this. Primarily, the long irregular coastline allows a good flow of sea water and protection from adverse sea conditions that would destroy the crops. The west and north coasts are particularly suitable for agar cultivation. Secondly, the dried agar can be transported by boat direct to Surabaya from Lewoleba. In Lewoleba there are reportedly, just two or three middlemen with strong business links to the processing factories. Consequently, these middlemen purchase all the seaweed produced for a higher price than elsewhere. Seaweed farmers can receive between Rp4.800 to Rp5.800 per kilo of dried agar.

Photo 13. Agar, Euchema cottoni In contrast, Alor regency currently produces fewer agars than Lembata and East Flores regencies for both geographical and economic reasons. Alor Island’s coastline, in particular the north, east and south facing coasts are mostly exposed with little shelter during either the dry or wet season. Kabala on the north coast being the exception where seaweed can be grown during the wet season as the area is sheltered from the westerly winds. This is an important point, seasonal sea conditions and weather variations do have a controlling effect on the location and the duration for agar production. Even on Alor’s west


46

coast and in Kebala Bay agar crops have been destroyed by wave action or disease (source-Fisher interview, Desa Alor besar). Transport costs to Surabaya are higher than say, from Lembata. Therefore, Alor’s agar farmers can expect to receive between Rp3.500 and Rp4.200 per kilo of dried agar. Allegedly, there is only one main agar purchaser that monopolises this trade in Alor, keeping prices low, however this statement requires verification. Across the islands, the most common species grown is Euchema cottoni and to a lesser extent Euchema spinosa.

Photo 14. Euchema cottoni drying (background-wet, foregroundpartially dry and on the left, dried agar) Table 23, shows the proposed growth of seaweed farming across NTT, produced by the provincial Fishery Department. From an ecological and conservation perspective, growth of this sector is good news. Seaweed farming is suitable for small coastal communities providing an alternative income. Moreover, agar beds stretching along sea grass beds and patch reefs are guarded by the villagers. As a consequence, that has as a very positive knock on effect. • Local community management of marine coastal resources improves. • Work is done by both men and women. • Small investment required. • Fishing activities are hindered and in particular, destructive fishing practices (blast and poison fishing) are no longer


• •

47

tolerated in the shallow water areas that once were the favoured sites. With less human disturbance, habitats such as sea grass beds and patch reefs have an improved chance of recovery enlarging the biota and strengthening the resilience of the coral reef. Better chance for fish populations to return to optimal levels.

Swisscontact is a Swiss NGO operating internationally and has been active in Indonesia for nearly 30 years. As far as NTT is concerned, their focus was local economic development for farming in 2004 and medical/shelter assistance following the earthquake in 2005. Swisscontact and DKP together officially launched the ‘Forum Rumput Laut’ and office opening, Wednesday 8 August in Kalabahi, Alor, NTT. Attending the opening was Alor’s Bupati Pak Ans. Takalapeta, Head of Alor’s DPRD Pak Drs. Jhon Thomas Blegur and DKP Head Ibu Erna Dasilva. The forum has three aims: 1. To provide technical assistance to sea weed farmers (DKP has Rp 1M available for this) 2. To develop marketing strategies. 3. To facilitate micro finance schemes in conjunction with Bank BRI and spur on sea weed farmer’s applications.


Table 23. East Nusa Tenggara’s government prediction for seaweed production to 2009.

48


49

Mangroves

The principal mangal areas of the Solor-Alor Islands are located in areas sheltered from extreme sea conditions either on the open coast or inside bays. The formation was thin belts (estimated width approximately 50-100m) on gently sloping accreting sea shores of sand or silt. Forest canopy height generally was consistent at around ten metres with occasional trees being much higher. A detailed study was not possible and exact GPS points of start and end of a mangrove in many circumstances was not practically feasible. However, visual observations were conducted and visits made when convenient to do so. The mangrove forest in the Solor Strait along the north side of the Solor Island coast was composed primarily of stilt root systems as found in Rhizophora spp. The mangrove forest at this location had evolved around a creek and the mangrove was deepest at that point. At the furthest point inland human disturbance was evident where tree felling had been conducted and also sided there was a small scale salt production facility. Local residents remarked that they often see three crocodiles basking on the mud flats at low tide. On Pantar Island, north of Kabir the mangrove forest there had spiked root systems as found in Sonneratia spp or Avicennia spp.

Photo 15. Stilt root system, Solor.

Photo 16.Spiked root type, Pantar

There are small, fragmented isolated patches on coastlines. These thin belts are regularly intersected by narrow white sand beaches or rock shorelines.


50

Exact positions were undetermined yet located as follows: • • • • • • • •

Southwest Adonara to Waiwerang village. The northeast corner of Adonara Island. Along north Pantar Island. Blangmerang Bay and Baranusa, Pantar Island. Northwest Pantar Island (north of Kabir to Tg. Watupuhon) Teluk Mutiara, Kalabahi, Alor Island. Around Tg. Sika/ Sika island, north Alor Island. Northwest Alor Island (Tg. Watubalu to Tg. Matari).

Photo 17-Mangrove forest, N Solor. Photo 18-Tk.Lemaling, N Lembata Island Solor

Lembata

Start point 08o 25.86’S, 123o 06.40’ E. 08o 30.76’S, 123o 13.72’ E

Lembata

08o 23.00’S, 123o 22.00’ E

Lembata

08o 11.00’S, 123o 48.32’

Alor

08o 12.82’S, 124o 24.08’ E

End point 08o 25.89’S, 123o 05.67’E

Deepest point 08o 26.38’S, 123o 05.68’ E

Tj. Naga - 08o 31.00’S, E known 123o 13.00’Not 08o 31.00’S, o o 123 13.00’ 08E 22.40’S, 123o 22.40’ E o 08 22.40’S, 123o 22.40’ E Not known 08o 15.23’S, 123o 50.89’ 08o 09.89’S, 124o 26.55’ E

Not known Not known

Table 24. GPS points for principal mangrove forest areas.


51

The highest number of mangal areas occurs on Lembata Island, especially in the four northern bays as well as furthest northwest and northeast corners of the island. Entering Tk. Waihinga there is a continuous mature mangrove belt along the eastern side i.e Tj. Nera (west). In the bay are 6 FAD’s in the southeast corner. At the village, Pasarhadakewa, (08o 22.04’S, 123o 33.00’ E) were 11 bagan boats, 3 beached and 8 others anchored in the shallows. The 3 beached bagans were being repaired and four others were observed leaving at nightfall operating in the southwest (which has patch reefs) and the north part of the bay. Mangal on the western side of Waihinga bay is fragmented irregularly, occurring in small patches between Tg Horegala and Tg Watuwara. South of Tj. Watuwara, no mangroves until a continuous mangrove belt commences in the bay’s southwest corner below Ili Lolong volcano that stretches around the bottom of the bay to Pasarhadakewa and beyond to the north of Nera peninsula and the mangal of Tj. Lemaling. The continuous belt of mangrove that began further south (Tj. Watubalu) on the west side of Alor Island ends here at Kokar but does continue sporadically to Tj. Matari interspersed with short white sand beaches in the main or by rock promontories. After Tj. Matari a rocky shoreline with occasional white sand beaches stretches eastwards until mangrove begins again at Tj. Sika.


52

COASTAL VILLAGE SOCIOECONOMIC DATA.

3.3.1 FLORES TIMUR REGENCY ADONARA ISLAND 3.3.1.1 Kec. Ile Boleng, Desa Boleng (east Adonara) Interviewee: Ramli Lanan Soge, Kepala Desa since May 2007. Contact number supplied. He stated that there were 393 families and 1066 persons living in 3 Dusun, RW 6, RT 12. Three quarters of the population are traditional Fishers; farmers and public servants make up the other 25%. The village is Islam with one Mosque and one 1 primary school (SD). There is a short unfinished jetty for small vessels only, water depth around 1m at high tide. Electricity runs from 17.00 till 07.00 only. Drinking water from one well, others are brackish. Women & girls undertake house duties and sarong production. Many young men go to Malaysia to find work or work locally as ‘ojek’ drivers (hired motorcycle transport). He had never seen the navy or marine police patrolling the coastal waters. There are no mangrove or tourism sites located in the vicinity. Regarding catch gear, the vast majority of Fishers use small mesh nets (2 inch or smaller), hand lines with hook size 10-15, targeting Groupers (especially mouse), Snapper and Porgies (Sparidae). The other popular type of gear is a small meshed net (10mm) known as a ‘bagan’, placed under or around a floating hurricane lamp at night. Tuna numbers have decreased through bombing since 2000. During the 1980’s and 1990’s there were much tuna. Once every 3 to 4 years a red coloured squid (species unknown) appears over the wet season and catches up to 100’s kg from one fishing trip are possible. The village used to harvest Acropora spp. corals for lime production. However, since the Government banned the practice he feels that the coral cover has generally decreased because cropping the coral accelerated regeneration. No Agar farmed in the immediate area due to strong winds and wave action. However, the next villages north, Nele Lamawangi and Dua Blolon, do have extensive agar beds as that area is sheltered.


53

Two fisher groups exist in the village - Sinar Adonara and Paptum yet there are no leaders or links with the Government Fisheries Department. Armada consists of mainly small boats with outboard engines (6-12 hp). Otherwise there are canoes, ‘bagan’ (large wooden canoes or canoe shaped boats that support a bamboo frame to hold the nets) and small inboard vessels. Fishing time: between 15.00 to 20.00 hours depending on the weather conditions and the amount of bait available. Usually the constraint is the bait i.e. small fish from the ‘bagans’ and sand worms. Fish prices: small reef species Rp 2000, medium size Rp 5000 and large Rp 10,000 up to Rp 20,000. Sold at local markets along with the sarongs at Waiwerang, Senadan, Lewoleba, Keliha (closest to Boleng). Average Income per day is Rp 50,000.

Photo 19. Boleng ‘bagan’ boat.

Photo 20. Boleng interview.

Principal factors hindering fishing activity or large catches include: • Bad weather • Strong currents • Insufficient bait. • Effect from inconsiderate Fishers from outside the area using large gear such as trawls that over exploit stock levels. • Visiting vessels utilising diving equipment in conjunction with blast and poison fishing, notably from e.g. Maumere, Ende, Sinjai, Bima, Palu and Lamahelan (next village south). • Insufficient support from the Fisheries Department. • No monitoring or surveillance activities by Government. Second interview with Pak Hasan bin Mahdet (contact number supplied), Kepala Urusan permanen Desa and Sarifudin Maleng, a fisher, who mentioned that to catch groupers (hook size 5) are hard


54

to find and hard to catch as they hide causing the line to break. Jellyfish industry does not exist there but plenty over wet season. Squid do not reliably appear and difficult to predict when. The third interview with Pak Moh. Iksan and Sarifudin, Mr Iksan’s son described their disappointment regarding government aid to fisher groups 7-8 years ago. One fibre glass fishing boat was given to the village but the Fishers were unable to agree working arrangements among themselves thereby causing resentment. He felt that that fish stock levels had steadily decreased over the last five years. The fourth interviewee, Pak Alwan Ola has a small boat and fishes around Boleng, Pada (a likely spawning, aggregation site - SPAG), Lewoleba, Mekko. He catches around 10 to 40 fish per effort using line and hook size 15. He did join the fisher group but eventually dropped out, disappointed.

Photo 21-Sarong production.

Photo 22. Boleng village, Adonara.

3.3.1.2 Kel.Waiwerang, Desa Lamahala Jaya (sth) Kel.Waiwerang is the largest settlement on Adunara’s south coast. Primary data for this part of the town is scant due to the Friday sholat (Islamic prayer service). However, it was established that there is a main Fisher group in the village. Gear types include line, gill nets, seine nets (mesh 2”–5”), mini pursein (target kombong), pursein (for cakalang, usually smaller mesh, 1-2”), bagan (using mini pursein, mesh size 10mm) dan lampara (usually green, long 100m for tonkol). The small mesh size nets (10mm) predominate. The composition of the fleet is similar to that of larger settlements elsewhere having canoes, small boats with petrol outboard motors and


55

larger vessels (<3GT) with inboard diesel motor types (16-24 hp). The inboard diesel motor types were the most numerous from the survey. Mackerels and Tunas are targeted sold either in the village or at Waiwerang and Larantuka markets. Prices were not obtained. Fishing effort centres near to the village in the Solor Strait and as far as Larantuka, Flores in the west to Tj. Naga, Sawu Sea in the east. 3.3.1.3 Kel.Waiwerang, Desa Terong (south Adonara) There is no large jetty only the original small one named Pelabuhan Terong that small cargo boats and the Lewoleba to Larantuka public ferries use. East of this town is a pearl farm at 08o 25.04’S, 123o 03.58’ E and agar beds at 08o 24.36’S, 123o 06.21’ E. Interviewee: Bapak Amir, Kepala Desa (contact number supplied) The community is Muslim, there are ± 359 heads of households with a total population of ± 1522 people. 65% are Fishers, 30% subsistence farmers and 5% business operators. Public facilities include 5 mosques, 1 kindergarten school, 1 primary school, a police office and a village warehouse. Electricity runs from 17.00 to 07.00 each day and there is piped water supply. Fishery vessels consist of 50 sampans and 8 outboard motor boats Hook and line, nets and especially ‘pukat hanyut’ are utilised. The latter being 100m long, 70m wide with 1” mesh size. This type of net apparently originates from Jeneponto, South Sulawesi and is laid perpendicular to reef slope or wall. Lamakera Strait and Pulau Tiga (south Solor) are the main fishing locations targeting groupers, rays, mackerels, tunas, sea cucumber and anchovies. Fishing effort takes place between 15.00 and 08.00 and the catch is sold at the local market by the womenfolk who will also travel to Lewoleba, Larantuka or Kupang. Prices given are Rp 5,000 per fish for a small pelagic species, Rp 10,000 for a larger one. Sea cucumbers are sold at Rp 15,000 per kg (unclear whether this is wet or dry weight).


56

A fisher group has been created though currently not active and without leadership. Difficulties mentioned include destructive fishing practices by visiting fishers that destroy juvenile fish and corals. Corals are also smothered by terrestrial run-off from Ile Boleng volcano after rain events. Fishers would like to know more how to manage their marine resources more effectively. 3.3.1.4 Kel.Waiwerang, Desa Waiburak (south Adonara) Interviewees: Bpk Yosep Sili, PLT Desa Waiburak (contact number supplied) Bpk. Sale Bada , Kaur masya (contact number supplied) Bpk. Muhammad Sale Corebima, Kepala Dusun and Fisher There are 4 small villages and 12 RT. Population around 2507 people. 50% are business operators, 30% fishers and 20% farmers. Gear types used include hook and line, gill nets (<2” mesh size), shark nets (3.5” to 5” mesh size), long line and large nets (pukat hanyut). Canoes, sail boats and small inboard motor vessels are utilised. Fishing locations are sited around Waiburak to Asmara beach; tanjung Naga; Waijarang; Lamakera Strait; around Boleng dan Larantuka, Tanjung Gemuk Frequently landed fish are groupers, mackerels, tunas and rays. Besides these, shell fish, clams, sea cucumber are also sought. Fishing effort usually begins afternoons till the following morning though dawn to noon fishing occurs as well. Landed Lagaloe Boleng, ranging

catch is sold within the village; at Pasar Waiwerang, Pasar which is inland from the coast, Pasar Senadan, Kecamatan Ile Pasar Wetampao, west Solor. Fish are sold as individuals from Rp 1,000 for ‘melus’ to Rp 7,000 for ‘kombong’.

There are nine fisher groups, six of these groups possess sail vessels. 1. Kelompok Sunggu Sayang 2. Kelompok Atlas (Ata Lambahi Anak Sayang) 3. Kelompok Pas 4. Kelompok Sederhana 5. Kelompok Andita 6. Kelompok Kabedore


57

Below are groups with powered vessels 7. Kelompok Atahala (Hanya Kita-kita saja) 8. Kelompok Galang 9. Kelompok Tunas Mudah Fishers report seeing nesting turtles on a beach just a few km east of Waiwerang, SE Adonara at Pantai Longot, desa Ria Wale. Difficulties faced include visiting fishers using destructive fishing practices and the Larantuka-Waiwerang-Lewoleba publc ferries that often hit both nets and the sail craft. The fishers at this village always report incidents such as blast fishing to the Government and would actively support the Government in tackling the problem. SOLOR ISLAND 3.3.1.5 Kampung Lamakera, Desa Moton Wutun (NE Solor) The two villages in Lamakera are part of WWF’s socialisation program and primary data has already been obtained. The purpose of this visit was social and to see the progress made with catch records, ± 1,200 people live in the village Interviewee: Pak M. Hayon Songkee, Kepala Desa Moton Wutun (contact number supplied). Fresh water is brought by boat from Waiwerang otherwise there are two brackish wells in the village. Electricity runs from 17.00 to 07.00 each day. The main town, Menanga is 11 km away. A junior school is located at the adjoining village, Watobuku but the high school is at Menanga or further away at Larantuka. Mr Hayon, the village chief, is a conservation minded man and has met Govt. Heads of Fisheries e.g. Pak Adi and Pak Yaya while attending WWF/TNC/DKP Prop NTT workshop 2006 in Kupang. He keeps diligent notes on catch rates and fishers in the village since then. Requests help to eradicate destructive fishing and lobbying for control on Indonesian fishing vessels from outside the area and control on foreign vessels violating their license by encroaching beyond the 3 mile coastal water limit. An old short jetty exists here (Moton Wutun) for shallow draft boats.


58

Both of the two villages in Lamakera are 100% fisher communities. They use canoes and boats under 3GT though most are the latter with inboard engines. 33 boats in total with 27 of them suited to catch manta rays that are a major target. Other targets include reef fish, pelagics as well as dolphins, mola-mola and whales. Manta gills reach a high price Rp 340,000 kg/dry and if wet Rp 40-50,000 kg. Current local prices for the skin are Rp 10,000 kg dry and the cartilage Rp 5,000 kg dry. The catch is sold at Larantuka and Waiwerang markets. Women prepare the fish for drying and sell at the market and within the village itself. Squid fishing diminished between 1996 and 1999 and since ’99 squid fishing has been non profitable. Favoured fishing sites are Selat Lamakera, Tj. Naga; mantas & whales in Laut Sawu. Activity starts at 15,00 till 08,00 especially for reef fish; 03,00 till 19,00 for manta and whales. Mantas caught since April to June 2007 – 26. No whales caught over this period4.

Photo 23. Lamakera villages, Solor Photo 24. Building jetty, Lamakera

4. Lamalera, the traditional whaling village on Lembata Island, has caught 39 whales over four months between May and August 2007.


59

3.3.1.6 Kampung Lamakera, Desa Watubuku (NE Solor) Interviewee: Pak Thoib, Kepala Desa. The fleet and fishing activities are similar to Moton Wutun except that this Desa does not catch whales because of human fatalities in the past. There have been irregular navy patrols from Kupang. Reef fish fetch Rp4-5,000 per kg locally; sell at markets for Rp15.000 per kg. The village chiefs from both the two villages are conservation minded and requests WWF assistance with the socialisation program and thus change fishing behaviour. The Watubuka chief has been effective in eradicating blast fishing from in front of this village5. Watubuku is in the process of making a jetty with construction funds from the local Government. The agreement is that the construction materials are bought by the village.

________________________________________________________ 5. No survey undertaken to record status. Recommend that this is conducted yearly and results shared with the community.


60

3.3.1.7 Kec. Solor timur, Desa Watohari (E Solor) This village also is one of the six villages participating in WWF’s socialisation program and primary data has already been obtained. The purpose of this visit was social and to see the progress made. Interviewee: Pak Muktadir Mahlin (younger brother of Pak Hayon, Kepala Desa Desa Moton Wutun) and Ahmad M.R, both Fishers. 186 Heads of households and ± 700 people living in 4 hamlets, (8 RT, 4 RW). Islam prevails and all are subsistence farmers 80%, 20% of which are fishers part-time. That is, these are farmers that have time/interest to go fishing. Main crops are cashew nuts, maize, rice, peanuts and coconuts. There are 8 fisher groups totalling 18 male Fishers. These groups were created by themselves and only one group to date has received DKP Flores Timor funding i.e. one fibre glass boat for the group, Jakawala. In total there are five sampans and three inboard motor boats. Target species include rays, tuna and dolphin. Active effort between 06,00 till 18,00 for reef fish. The rays and dolphins between 07,00 till 15,00. Main gear types are hook and line and drift nets, mesh size 3 or 3.5 inch. Points of sale are within the village, Waiwerang or Lamakera. Main fishing location is in front of the village, Sawu Sea. There is a SE facing white sand beach, stretching for approx 2 km (08o 26.22’ S, 123o 05. 59’ E) near central point along beach at Watuhari village. All turtle eggs are taken and consumed locally, the turtles are free to go. Unconfirmed report suggests Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nest here and Olive Ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea) visit around August. Tourism potential exists with white sand, turtle nesting beaches. Sundays are popular for local (Solor) picnics. Very occasional foreign vessels moor in front and visit village. No plans yet with regard to alternative income generating.

Photo 25. Dolphin meat.

Photo 26. Turtle nesting beach


61

LEMBATA REGENCY

3.3.2.1

Kampung Baopukang - Desa Babokerong & Desa Baubolak (SW Lembata). Interviewees: 1. Muhamad Syarifudin, Kepala Desa (contact number supplied) 2. Mustafa Ola (contact number supplied) 3. Usman Bunga 4. Blasius Balawara 5. Marta 6. Maimuna 7. Jamila 8. Roja 9. Muhamad Soge (contact number supplied) 10. Syamsudin This is a Muslim community whose village stretches along the low lying sand coastline. The fleet of fishing vessels comprise of 100 canoes and 9 inboard boats. Fishing and agar farming are major activities. Gear includes nets with mesh sizes ranging from 1” to 5”. Line fishing also dominates with 21 wooden canoes counted in front of village at sunrise line fishing for small pelagics (one line with 10 hooks that had red material tied to each hook). Notably sardines, Sardinella spp. were landed and sold for Rp 5,000 per 10 fish in the village. The catch from one fishing trip lasting two to three hours easily filled one black shallow bucket.

Photo 27. Pak Agus at Babokerong. Photo 28. Babokerong village head Targeted fish include needlefish, grouper, mackerel, tuna and rays. Turtles are caught while nesting and Dugong although not a target species are caught as by-catch in shark nets (4-5” mesh size). This invariably occurs at night and the animal has drowned before the fisher attends to the net. Turtle species identified include Hawksbill


62

(Eretmochelys imbricata) the most frequently encountered species, Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) and Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). The latter has been observed, never taken. When turtles nest, villagers stroll along the beach early morning looking for tell tale signs such as turtle tracks or excavations made by the turtle to mislead predators and protect the real nest’s location. All eggs (± 100–150) are collected and consumed within the village. Fishing locations include Baopukang, Loang, Lamalera, Labala and Lamakera. Effort times range from 06.00 to 10.00 for fishers using canoes and 17.00 to 22.00 or later for those with inboard motor vessels. The landed catch is sold within the village, Loang market and Pada market in Lewoleba. Price for individual fish varies between Rp 2,500 and Rp 10,000 depending on size. Twenty dried strips of ray tied on string are sold for Rp 45,000. There are four inactive fisher groups. Women usually attend to the agar and will also sell the landed catch. Desa Baubolak. This village is sited south of Desa Babokerong and used to be administratively part of Babokerong till Baubolak became a Desa in its own right. Baubolak was not initially a focus of attention until the extraordinary finding of the turtles hatching on Sabah beach. Additionally, that whole length of beach is undisturbed apart from one household who owns the land. The occupants of that house are the parents of Desa Babokerong’s village head.

Photo 29. Needlefish drying.

Photo 30. The mornings landed catch.


63

3.3.2.2 Kec. Nubatukan, Desa Waijarang (west Lembata) Desa Waijarang is the next village northeast of Desa Babokerong and approximately 17 miles of isolated sand beach lie between the two. Farming is the main activity here and much of the population are Christians. The fishery fleet is comprised of 30 canoes and six small vessels with inboard motors. Nets with mesh sizes from 1 to 5” are utilised along with hook and line. Target fish are red snapper, grouper, trevally, sardines and turtle. However, the unidentified respondent claimed that the last turtle he caught was in 2005. Fishing sites are close to the village and Loang nearby. Effort times range from 06.00 to 10.00 for fishers using canoes and 17.00 to 22.00 or later for those with inboard motor vessels. The landed catch is sold within the village, Loang market and Pada market in Lewoleba. Ten sardines are tied on string and sold for Rp. 40.000 at the markets. 3.3.2.3 Kel. Lewoleba Tengah, Kampung Nyamuk This village is relatively young and promoted by the Government as a new housing district. It lies just a few kilometres north of the Lewoleba port and Kampung Bajo (see below). Extensive agar beds are situated here and continue north around the bay. There is also mature mangrove observed from the seaward side however mangrove wood is extracted from the land side for cooking and boat building purposes. This mangrove belt extends north around the bay to the foot of Ili Api volcano where rocks dominate the shoreline and mangrove recommences once again until the Tj. Tuak promontory. Several small inland villages are situated behind the mangroves along this section of coastline. Interviewees: 1. Bpk. Ahmad Yani, Shopkeeper (contact number supplied) 2. Bpk. Linus Tapa, Fisher 3. Bpk. M. Saluran, Fisher (contact number supplied) 4. Riswan Api, Fisher The fishing fleet here consists of two canoes and four inboard motor vessels. Hook and line as well as nets with mesh sizes from 1” to 5” are utilised mainly and fish within the vicinity of Lebaleba bay. Catch targets include red snapper, grouper, anchovies, tuna, clams and


64

bivalves. Effort times vary according to tidal fluctuations though generally from 06.00 to 10.00 for fishers using canoes and 17.00 to 22.00 for the motored vessels. The landed catch is sold within the village, Lamahora market and Pada market in Lewoleba by the fishers wives. Price for individual fish such as mullets Mugil spp. varies between Rp 10,000 to Rp 15,000 depending on the size. Over one fishing trip between 10 and 15 individuals are landed. Problems encountered by the fishers include: • How to effectively eradicate destructive fishing practices. • How to upgrade catch gear from traditional types thereby increase income level. • Lack of leadership and socialisation effort in general to support their cause. 3.3.2.4 Kel. Rayuan Kelapa Barat, Kampung Bajo (NW Lembata) This community has a blend of ethnicity (Lembata, Bugis, Bajo) and religion (Christian and Islam) and is located in Lewoleba, north of the port. Destructive fishing practices were blatantly admitted by civil servants and fishers alike. A method for poison fishing describes mixing the cyanide based compound with sea water in a 5 litre plastic container then tying the container to the boat’s hull. The boat travels slowly along the reef releasing a constant stream of toxic liquid. Interviewees: 1. Bpk. Iwan 2. Bpk. Nurdin 3. Bpk. A.S. Hadung Boleng 4. Yusuf Kasim The fishing community of Lewoleba resides here and the fleet is comprised of around 100 canoes, 5 inboard motor vessels (<3 GT), and 20 ‘bagan’ boats. Hook and line as well as nets with mesh sizes from 1” to 5” are utilised mainly and fish within the vicinity of Lebaleba bay though may be further depending on the boat used. Catch targets include red snapper, grouper, sardines, tuna, anchovies, squid, shrimp, crab, mullets, turtle, rays. Effort times vary according to tidal fluctuations though generally from 19.00 to 03.00-06.00 or 15.00 to 00.00 for those fishing with lamps.


65

The landed catch is sold by the fisher’s wives within the village, Pada market in Lewoleba and dried fish sold at Atambua and Kupang. Mackerels and tuna especially are sold at Larantuka by middlemen. Prices: • Small sardines and mullets Rp. 5.000 (for several fish). • Large sardines and mullets Rp. 10.000 (for several fish). • Small squid Rp. 5.000 for 3 individuals. • Medium size squid Rp. 5.000 per individual. • Large size squid Rp. 10.000 per individual. • Dried squid Rp. 8.000 per kg. • Dried anchovies Rp. 5.000/kg • Dried red snapper Rp. 25.000-50.000 for 10. • Tuna Rp. 5.500 per kg (then sold on). • Mackerels Rp. 3.500 per kg (then sold on). • Small rays Rp. 20.000 for 10. Problems encountered by the fishers include: • Government assistance for fishers in the past did not reach the intended recipients. • How to effectively combat destructive fishing practices through enforcement and legislation.

Photo 31. Kampung Bajo, interview. Photo 32. Traditional cargo boat.


66

3.3.2.5 Kec. Lebatukan, Desa Tapolangu (north Lembata) Entering Tk. Lemaling bay there are 10 ‘rompongs’ or fish attracting devices (FADs) starting at 08o 15.98’S, 123o 35.80’ E at the bay mouth orientated towards the village of Desa Tapolangu (08o 18.00’S, 123o 37.05’ E). The dugong skeleton seen in the village was by-catch from net fishing (shark) some point during December 2006 and January 2007, caught in the furthest south western part of the bay. This site (08o 18.50’S, 123o 36.65’ E) has mature mangal and patch reef extends for 200m before reaching the reef crest. Coral cover in the bay appeared to be good with many mature hard coral colonies at a depth of 3 to 5m seen from the surface. Entering Tk. Waihinga there is a continuous mature mangrove belt along the eastern side i.e Tj. Nera (west). In the bay are 6 FAD’s in the southeast corner. At the village, Pasarhadakewa, (08o 22.04’S, 123o 33.00’ E) were 11 bagan boats, 3 beached and 8 others anchored in the shallows. The 3 beached bagans were being repaired and four others were observed leaving at nightfall operating in the southwest (which has patch reefs) and the north part of the bay. The survey vessel moored in front of Pasarhadakewa for one night and it was observed that no small fish congregated beneath the vessel’s stern halogen light that evening which one normally sees elsewhere. Mangal on the western side of Waihinga bay is irregularly fragmented, occurring in small patches between Tg Horegala and Tg Watuwara. South of Tj. Watuwara, no mangroves until a continuous mangrove belt commences in the bay’s southwest corner below Ili Lolong volcano that stretches around the bottom of the bay to Pasarhadakewa and beyond to the north of Nera peninsula and the mangal of Tj. Lemaling. Interviewees: 1. Bpk.Rafael Nele Raring,Kepala Desa 2. Bpk.Muhamad Daud (contact number supplied) 3. Jamaludin Hasim, Ketua Umum Kelompok Nelayan 4. Sdr. Rell, Baranusa Bajo fisher Desa Tapolangu has a population of 428 people with 117 heads of households within three hamlets (RT.8 RW.4): 1. Dusun Budi Dike 2. Dusun Tite Hena. 3. Dusun Alan Sare


67

75% are fishers and the other 25% are composed of farmers, business operators and civil servants. The majority are Christian (Catholics) and the remainder Muslim. The fishery fleet consists of around 100 canoes and 13 small inboard motor vessels. Additionally, there are 10 FAD’s and 2 bagan boats operating. Hook & line as well as nets are the primary gear types. Targeted fish include grouper, trevally, sardines, mackerels, mullets, occasionally tuna, sea cucumber (seasonal), occasionally turtle, shark, stonefish and dugong (as by-catch).Principal fishing sites are in front of the village and within Lemaling Bay. The type of vessel used controlling the distance travelled. Tj. Bacatan noted as a particularly productive fishing location. Fishing effort depends both on the moon phase and the season. During new moons fishers commence 17.00 returning home 07.00 the next morning. Full moon, fishers start at 22.00 and return 08.00 the following day. Landed catch is sold by the fisher’s wives at the village market and at Pada market, Lewoleba. Typical prices: • Trevally Rp.5.000 for 3 • Sardines Rp.5.000 for 12 • Sea cucumber Rp.200.000 per kg dry • Squid Rp. 5.000 for 3 Local fishery issues described: • Control over visiting fishing vessels using destructive fishing practices. For several years the local government banned these practices that local fishers have been complied with to date. • Visiting fishing vessels also over exploit marine resources. • Existing gear types is a limiting factor on income levels.

Photo 33. Ds. Tapolangu meeting.

Photo 34. Pasahadakewu beach.

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 3.3.2.6 Kec. Ile Api, Lembata).

Kamp.

Koligaran,

Ds.

Waimatan

68 (north

At the base of Ili Api volcano, north Lembata are five fishing villages (from west to east) Atawatu, Amanipo, Bolimotin, Waimatan and Lamagute. In front of these villages are 6 FAD’s beginning from west to east starting at 08o 13.60’S, 123o 29.60’ E to 08o 13.67’S, 123o 32.00’ E. No jetties here at any of the four villages. Public ferries only stop if necessary. Bombing intensity reduced over the past few years though poison continues. It was noted that blast fishing is prevalent at Batutara Island (volcano) north of Lembata. Whales pass north Lembata, west to east around November each year. Interviewees; 1 Bapak Kewa Ama, Fisher 2. Bapak Bobi Langkari, Fisher 3. Patrik Preto, Fisher 4. Karolus Lewoleba, Fisher Desa Waimatan is adjacent to desa Lamagute. Both farming and fishing activities are conducted at Waimatan depending on the season. Crops grown include corn, rice, nuts and various fruits. Fishing gear types at this village are rudimentary utilising spear, spear gun, line and small mesh nets. Canoes are mainly used though there are literally one or two inboard motor vessels. Consequently, fishing effort is concentrated close to the village. The inboard motor vessels are used to fish 4 FAD’s that Waimatan fishers placed back in 2003. Most of the landed catch is consumed by the family or within the village. Fish are sold at markets such as pasar Toka Jaeng and Desa Kolibara. Prices for Stonefish and red snapper are Rp 5,000 per individual, grouper Rp 10,000 per individual and striped mackerel Rp7.500 per kg. ‘Pesta kacang’ is a blessing ceremony conducted each year around July or August for two days when no one is allowed to fish. After this period a blessing is made for good catches and to safeguard the fishers, known as ‘awai’. The fishers described their concerns about visiting fishers from Flores and Sulawesi using destructive fishing practices and compressors.


69

They thought that the Government should be doing more to stop it. Finally, the lack of transport prevented them from selling fish beyond the villages nearby.

Photo 35. Waimatan interview.

Photo 36. Waimatan Fishers.

3.3.2.7 Kec. Omesuri, Desa Balauring (northeast Lembata) Entering the Balurin bay were 6 FAD’s at position 08o 13.35’S, 123o 40.00’ E. Mangrove situated in the south and southeast part of the bay only that was sporadically broken by short stretches of white sand beach. Both dugong and turtle nesting have been observed in this area. There is however a recently established camp in the far south east corner of Balurin Bay housing Ambonese refugees. Their activities in that immediate area would undoubtedly be a disturbance. Balauring village has a jetty. Moored at the jetty were a couple of Makassar cargo boats bringing rice to the island. One Balinese boat buying tuna and grouper and one other large steel hulled vessel anchored close to the jetty. This is a freezer boat, Japanese owned and operating across NTT purchasing tuna only at Rp 12,000 kg. Balauring was the first village during the survey that fishers from Wakatobi were found to be residing there. In particular, people from Binongko Island and the Bajo communities of Kampong Mola, WangiWangi Island; Desa Mantigola and Desa Sampela, Kaledupa Island. The Bajo community of Balauring live close to the port; an area called Kampong Baru. The Bajo commented that ‘cyanide’ was easily available in Balauring for Rp 5,000 per pellet. The Bajo here fish for


70

tuna during July and August using kites and sell to the Japanese freezer ship. Apparently Balinese ornamental fishers (for the aquarium trade) pass through Balauring in September each year collecting live fish and live corals. Interviewees: 1. Bapak Enci 2. Muh. Safari (Kepala dusun) 3. Pak Senti Keraf (Aparat kecamatan) Balauring is the main town of Kecamatan Omesuri with a population of 900 people and around 400 heads of households. The majority of people are Muslim though there are some Christians (Protestant and Catholic). 90% are fishers with the remaining 10% as business operators, civil servants or involved in cottage industries. Public facilities include kindergarten, primary and junior schools; medical centre, mosques, churches and Government buildings. The fishery fleet here are mainly canoes and inboard motor (16-28 hp) vessels using gear types like: FADs, traps, hook & line plus various nets (mini pursein, seine, lampara, and hand held snare variety). Fishing times are principally between 15.00 in the afternoon to 08.00 the next morning. For the FADs (rompongs) start time is 17.00 to light the hurricane lamp(s) returning back home afterwards. At 23.00 hours fishers go back to the FADs to attend to the nets, hauling the nets in at dawn and returning to the village before 08.00. Main fishing location is around Balurin Bay though tuna boats will travel to Batutara volcano. Main landed catch types are: Tuna, mackerel, sardines, shark and sea cucumber. Prices fetched at Balauring market are: • Yellow fin tuna Rp.11.500/kg • Skipjack tuna Rp. 11.500/kg • Striped mackerel Rp.4000/kg


Photo 37. Tuna freezer ship.

71

Photo 38. Balauring jetty.

The catch from a ‘rompong’ or FAD can be between Rp 600.000 – 700.000 per effort. Otherwise, the catch is sold for Rp 5.000/2 fish. Sea weed is farmed here and sold to a middleman for Rp.4.750/kg. 3.3.2.8 Kec. Wulandoni, Desa Lamalera A & B, Desa Labala (south Lembata). The two villages of Lamalera A and B are the traditional whaling communities that WWF began socialisation activities in 2006. Recently, the NGO, Photovoices has been working with the community so that they can record village events themselves as a pictorial record. Photovoices has kindly offered to collect updated information from these villages and to collect primary data from the adjacent village called Labala. At the time of writing, this information is being compiled. However, news recently received mentioned that Lamalera had caught a total of 39 whales over a four month period between May and August 2007.


72

ALOR REGENCY

PANTAR ISLAND 3.3.3.1. Kel. Baranusa, Desa Blangmerang (north Pantar) Baranusa port - 08o 21.75’S, 124o 05.83’ E Entering Blangmerang bay there are mangroves on the eastern side and almost none on the western side yet the whole area experiences constant human activity from agar beds at the back of the bay’s two branches and around the jetty that has constant traffic e.g. local fishers and small boat ferries. Mangrove close to settlements seemed disturbed with evidence of cutting and lack of mature trees. Interviewees: 1. Bapak L.K.Ulumando 2. Being Lileng Timu 3. Bapak Majrit Pito 4. Mama Sumiyati Pito Population of 1437 people and 313 heads of households; Islam is the principal religion and almost all occupations are involved with fishing. Public facilities include 8 mosques, one high school, one Islamic school and four primary schools. The armada is mainly canoes and a number of inboard motor vessels. Gear types used include: hook & line, nets and traps and preferred target types are Trevally Rp.10.000.-/3-4 fish (depending on size), tuna, mackerels, turtle, sea cucumber, snails. The catch is sold by the fisher’s wives. Agar is also farmed. Principal times for fishing activities are between Effort is located within Blangmerang Bay or Lapan venture as far as Lapan Island will spend between month there or until the fresh water brought with Lapan Island results for further details).

17.00 and 08.00. Island. Those who one week and one them finishes (see

Landed catch is sold within the village, Wairiang market, east Lembata or Kalabahi market on Alor. Sea cucumbers are bought by middlemen in Kampung Labuan Bajo, Kabir (Bpk. Haji Lamoru dan Bpk. Kharudin) who then sell the stock in Makassar.


Photo 39. Blangmerang’s canoes

73

Photo 40. Baranusa’s port

Fishers mentioned that destructive fishing practices are commonly employed, sea cucumbers are collected using compressors; the fishing fleet and gear types remain traditional and very simple. 3.3.3.2

Kec. Pantar, Desa Kabir (west Pantar)

This Kampung stretches along the coast (no jetties) with Kabir’s Christian community at the southern end and the Bajo community (Labuan Bajo) in the north. Kabir is the main town of Pantar Island. The Bajau settled here over 40 years ago and many originated from Kep. Wakatobi, Sultra (Mola, Pulau Wangi-Wangi; Sampela and Mantigola, Pulau Kaledupa) and Pulau Rajuni, Kep. Take Bone Rate, Sulsel. Both communities have boat builders but the Bajo community are the principal fishers. Interviewees: 1. Bapak Kharudin 2. Bapak Jumadi Witak 3. Mahdin Ahmad 4. Jenat Mara 5. Dik The Bajo sell fresh fish locally at Kabir’s market, Baranusa and Wairiang, east Lembata; dried fish sold at Kalabahi market (Rp12.500 per kg). Squid Rp 1-3,000 per individual, tuna Rp 9,000 per fish, striped mackerel Rp 7,000 for 5-7 fish and Lamoru Rp 13,000 per fish. Bpk. Haji Lamoru is the Bajau village co-ordinator, originally from Mantigola (Pulau Kaledupa, Kep. Wakatobi, Sultra). He was one of the first settlers at the northern end of Kabir. He purchases all other sea


74

products from the Bajo fishers such as agar (Rp 3.500 per kg dry). Sea cucumbers and shellfish are subsequently sold in Makassar. Nets are favoured and were abundant in the village from mesh sizes 10mm to 120mm. Compressors are actively used. Bubu traps are left in the water for two days and can catch up to 30 reef fish. The armada comprises of canoes, outboard and inboard motor vessels (8 to 28 hp) plus one to two larger vessels (no details provided)

Photo 41. Bajo armada, Kabir.

Photo 42. Net repair, Bajo, Kabir.

Destructive fishing practices were vocally disapproved of, though this may be a result of recent Govt. socialisation programs and news from the Wakatobi area. The real picture may well reveal that destructive fishing practices continue though at a reduced level than before and Fishers are wiser when answering such questions. The cyanide (‘buis’) arrives from Flores. The Bajo related that catch rates have declined and optimum levels for agar farming not yet reached. No turtle shells were evident and apparently uncommon. Dugong had been caught (5” mesh nets and/or with spear gun) in the past (Pak Sahudin and Pak Ile, two named fishers) and animals were seen in shallow water passing by the village during the wet season. Bajo claimed that the Dugong were at sea during the dry season. Tuna freezer ships regularly stop at Kabir for a few days each time to buy fresh Tuna (caught using a kite). Ships like the Japanese owned vessel seen in Balauring port. Balinese vessels purchase live reef fish and corals from the Bajo around September and October each year. These ‘roving collector’ boats will spend approximately two weeks at sea before returning to Bali or Banyuwangi where the stock is sold to aquarium trade exporters.


75

Kabir’s Bajo community is the focus of a Government (Kab. Alor) initiative to develop local economies (BEL–Bangun Ekonomi Lokal) organised jointly by the BAPPEDA and a Lecturer from Bali’s University, Universitas Unidaya. There is also an agricultural component for vanilla production on Alor Island. Pak Ibrahim is the leader for the Fisher business co-operative ‘Nelayan Pasilele’ (contact number supplied).

Photo 43. Kabir fisher cooperative.

Photo 44. Boat building at Kabir.

Kabir snorkel swim 4/8/07 pm – From southern end of the kampong 400m north to Telkom tower (just before the Bajo village begins) along reef crest and back along sea grass to boat; total distance 800m for 90 minutes at high tide. Around 80% to 95% of the reef completely destroyed, only whitened rock and rubble remaining. Fish and coral assemblage and variety absent, the overall condition was very poor. Strong evidence of bombing, poisoning and anchor damage on reef and sea grass beds however, the practices have apparently dramatically decreased since 2005 as no fish were caught anymore and socialisation/monitoring activities by the Government. Evidence of young coral colonies maybe 1 or 2 yrs of age support this. Only four patches of coral each around 5m2 remained in pristine condition at 8 to 10m depth on reef crest Leaving Kabir early morning, 7 Bajo fisher canoes were counted in deep water away from the reef. Two of these boats had 3-5 fishers, nets and small inboard motors. Mangrove began immediately after the Bajo village (north) and continued right around until the midpoint of north Pantar coastline.


76

3.3.3.3 Kec. Pantar Barat Laut, Desa Kayan (west Pantar) Kayan jetty - 08o 21.16’S, 124o 57.73’ E (very small) Interviewees: 1. Fatmawati Ata (Ibu dusun II) 2. Abas Goran (Pak Sekdes) There are just 609 people here with 147 heads of households. The village is split into two ‘dusun’, 4 RW and 8 RT. Islam is the main religion and most people are subsistence farmers and/or fishers. Agar is grown and sold for Rp 4,750 per kg dry. Grouper sold Rp 5,000 for 2 and Sunu (Cephalopholis spp.) Rp 15.000 per kg. Gear types are traditional that include spear, spear gun, hook & line and nets (<3” mesh size). There are approximately 60 canoes and 5 small boats with inboard motors. Fishing is concentrated around Kayan and Marisa. Turtles nest on the beaches close to Kayan and further south west. Dolphins and whales occasionally pass through the strait beteewn Kayan and Pulau Marisa. While the survey team were visiting one whale passed throught he strait heading north. Details are provided separately in another section of the results.

LAPAN ISLAND 3.3.3.4 Pulau Lapan & Batang (uninhabited), Alor Strait Lapan Island had around 20 small temporary huts at the far northeast promontory. Approximately five fisher families (one family comprised of 3 generations) from Baranusa lived there for one week up to one month or basically till the fresh water depletes. They had goats that remained on the island, no chickens. The whole area surrounding the settlement contained piles of shells, comprising of clams, conches, spider conches and other bivalves. The armada of 30 boats were mostly canoes with less than five small inboard motor boats. Agar farming seemed a dominant activity with only a small number of fish drying on the racks by the huts. No turtles and dugong apparently. Bomb and poison blamed for the lack of fish now. Mangrove situated on the southwest side of the cove, north of the island.


77

Batang Island, east of Lapan, is uninhabited. Bajo fishers from Kabir claim that turtles nest though high tide was seen to reach the vegetation at the top of the beach on the south and west sides of the island. Not a suitable location for a turtle rookery unless a beach not noticed has higher sand banks to allow eggs to remain dry. The southwest corner is marked by a ‘pill box’ and the reef there slopes gently for over 100m, estimated depth while passing this point was less than 20m. Reefs and beach profiles along the north and western sides of the island were not observed.

Photo 45. Lapan Island’s huts.

Photo 46. 3 generations on Lapan.

MARISA ISLAND 3.3.3.5 Kec. Pantar Barat Laut, Pulau Kange/Marisa, Desa Marisa (Rusa & Kambing Islands nearby are uninhabited) Interviewees: 1.Darsono (Sekdes) (contact number supplied) 2.Sudarmono 3.Sartono Marisa jetty - 08o 21.38’S, 123o 57.22’ E (long with blue roofed hut at end of jetty). 1,030 people live on the island with 230 heads of households. Main income derived from fishing activities and the dominant religion is Islam. There are 3 primary schools, and 2 Islamic schools (the MT opened in 2007). Fresh water is delivered to the island from Kayan village, Pantar, sited across a small but treacherous strait from Marisa. The strong current that runs through the strait is called ‘apuiling’ and


78

is locally noted as the main reason for the very productive fishing around the island. In 1989, this village was known as the centre for the lobster fishery with a Kupang business located there. However, the business failed and lobster fishers went without wages for some time beforehand. This was repeated once again in 1995–1997 when a Javanese business tried with groupers. Not clear whether both businesses failed due to over exploitation of those resources. Marisa used to trade with Bali selling turtle eggs, meat and shell though not anymore and the Desa now ensures that turtles and their nests are left undisturbed. The island is not included in Alor’s KKLD (Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah) even after the island representatives attended a DKP socialisation meeting. Hawksbill and Olive Ridley known to nest on the island with turtles nesting on Rusa and Kambing (species not identified). Landed catch is sold in the village or sent to Lembata (Wairiang (Buyasuri/Kedang), Balauring and Lewoleba) for a better price. This also includes agar that is farmed around the island. Nothing is sold at either Baranusa or Kalabahi. Main fishing grounds are southwest Pantar (Marisa, Kambing and Rusa islands) and east Lembata. Interviewees claim that Kambing and Rusa islands are fish spawning areas. Hook & line plus nets (2-3” mesh size) are principally used by fishers in canoes or small inboard motor (12 hp) boats. Fishers here claim that the area is very productive and it is the cost of transporting the catch to the point of sale that is prohibitive. Target types include groupers, red snappers and mackerels. Dried fish sold fetches Rp. 10.000/Kg for large sizes, Rp. 7.500/kg medium and Rp. 5.000/Kg for small dried fish. During the wet season dried fish sell for Rp 10,000 for 2 large.


79

TERNATE ISLAND 3.3.3.6 Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Pantar Strait, Desa Pulau Buaya.

Photo 47. Ternate Island. Desa P. Buaya, Pulau Ternate - 08o 11.01’S, 124o 22.45’ E – no jetty. Interviewees: 1.Bapak Sudirman Busa, Kepala Desa. (Contact number supplied) 2.Bapak Nurdin (kepala Dusun 2) Population of 1317 people and 307 heads of households; Islam is the principal religion and almost all occupations are involved with fishing. Public facilities include TPA (Taman Pengajian Al-Quran), medical centre and a non-functioning desalination plant. Fresh water is brought to the island from Pulau Umapura. The armada is mainly canoes and a number of inboard motor vessels. Gear types used include: traps, hook & line, spear, spear gun and nets. Preferred target types are trevally, grouper, skipjack tuna (Rp 15-20,000 per fish, depending on size), yellow fin tuna (Rp 200300,000 for large). Landed catch is sold within the village and Pasar Kadelang, Kalabahi dan Pasar Inpres, Kalabahi. Principal times for fishing activities are between 17.00 and 08.00. Effort is located around the island, Pulau Umapura, Pantar Strait and north of Ternate Island. Six canoes under sail were observed northwest of Ternate Island around 10.00 returning to Desa Pulau Buaya village located on the south side of the island.

Photo 48. Desa Buaya, P. Ternata

Photo 49. Sarong production.


80

Green turtles are caught particularly during the wet season and Hawksbills all year round. Turtles nest on the sand beaches around the island including the beach in front of the village. Rock shoreline occurs along the island’s west side. There is one local NGO, Yayasan Lendola active on the island assisting the community to prepare for natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Women are active helping with landed catches and participate in cottage industries such as scarf, sarong and blanket making. This sarong production group works with the Government (Dewan Kerajinan Nasional Daerah Kabupaten Alor (DEKRANASDA)) that is led by the Bupati’s wife (ketua TIM PKK). Products are sold to tourists in Kalabahi and Kupang. Prices range from Rp. 25.000 – 350.000. Photo 50. Pulau Ternate lies at the northern end of the Alor Government’s marine protected area (KKLD – Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah) whose southern boundary lies south of Pura Island in the Pantar Strait.


81

UMAPURA ISLAND 3.3.3.7 Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Pantar Strait, Desa Ternate (Pantar Strait) Desa Ternate, Pulau Umapura (‘Reta’) 08o 12.63’ S, 124o 22.79’ E – no jetty

Photo 51. Umapura Island.

Photo 52. Desa Ternate shoreline

Interviewee: 1.Bapak Ramlan Alaba (pak.sekdes) (contact number supplied) There are two villages on this island, Desa Ternate and Desa Ternate Selatan. The island has a population of 1054 people and 286 heads of households Both the population and fishery is similar to Desa Pulau Buaya, Ternate Island. Canoes and 20 inboard motor vessels are used to fish for tuna, mackerel, surgeon fish (sold for Rp 5,000 per ‘ikat’ which is several fish tied on a piece of string. Gear types used include: traps, hook & line, spear, spear gun and nets. Landed catch is sold within the village and Pasar Kadelang, Kalabahi dan Pasar Inpres, Kalabahi. Women on this island also participate with landed catches and the cottage industries such as scarf, sarong and blanket making. This sarong production group works with the Government (Dewan Kerajinan Nasional Daerah Kabupaten Alor (DEKRANASDA)) that is led by the Bupati’s wife (ketua TIM PKK). Products are sold to tourists in Kalabahi and Kupang. Prices range from Rp. 25.000 – 350.000


82

PURA ISLAND 3.3.3.8 Kec. Pura, Desa Solangbali (Pantar Strait) GPS point 08o 16.45’S, 124o 21.23’ E, small broken jetty. Pura Island has five suitable landing areas and Solangbali is the main one. The island is cone shaped with Gunung Maru in the centre and the island is split into six desa’s. Villages are around the base of the cone. The shoreline is mostly rocky with small white sand beaches on the northeast and north sides. Originally, villages were set further up the volcanic cone in the forest. A very large anchor of unknown origin had been brought down from top of the mountain some time ago and set in cement beneath a tree in the village.

Photo 53-Large anchor, P. Pura.

Photo 54-Distilling Lontar palm juice

Pulau Pura is the main ‘sope’ producer for Kalabahi and surrounds. Several villages on the island do this and supplements income from fishing and farming. Juice from the Lontar palm is tapped from the base of the palm leaf stem into bamboo containers. Between 5 and 7 litres of Lontar juice is distilled to make one bottle of sope (620 ml). Every bottle of sope produced is then diluted seven times with fresh water, transported to Kalabahi and sold for Rp 10.000 per bottle (620ml). 2007 apparently has not been a good year for Lontar juice. This is a regular occurrence with some years producing more than others. Interviewees: 1. Dematrius Lapikama 2. Nikolaus Dopon 3. Fedrik Dakewetan 4. Atalia latigahi (aparat Kelurahan) 5. Yohanes (aparat Kelurahan)


83

6. Noh Datemoli S.H (Kaise. Pembangunan) (contact number supplied) This island has a population of 1312 people with 304 heads of households. Administratively, the island is comprised of 2 Lingkungan, 5 RW and 11 RT. The population is mixed with both Christian and Islam religious denominations. There is a medical centre, 1 primary school (GMIT), 1 Protestant church, Mosque and five jetties. Both farming and fishing activities are conducted depending on the season and/or moon phase. Crops grown include corn, bananas, peanuts, rice, coconuts, cashew nuts and Lontar trees which are tapped to for the juice to make the traditional alcoholic drink ‘sope’. The community supports the marine protected area and is proactive reporting destructive fishing incidents to the patrol vessel that daily monitors the area. ‘Bubu’ fish traps are popular catch gear along with nets (1”-2” mesh size), hook & line and spear gun. Four different types of bamboo traps are used a) the box variety b) the barrel variety c) the barrel variety on a frame, and d) the pillow shaped variety with no door. Fishing effort times vary 17.00 – 05.00 or 07.00 – 12.00.

Photo 55 & 56. Pura’s bubu traps: round type on a frame and the box type. Canoes and small inboard motor boats are utilised for fishing and transport to Alor Island. Fishing areas include around Pura Island, Treweng Island and in the Pantar Strait. Bubu traps often catch stonefish, nets for various reef fish and striped mackerel. Landed catch


84

is sold to the woman’s group ‘papalele’ who sell the fish at Desa Alor Kecil and Kalabahi markets. Cottage industry on the island works with the Government (Dewan Kerajinan Nasional Daerah Kabupaten Alor (DEKRANASDA)) that is led by the Bupati’s wife (ketua TIM PKK). There is the pre mentioned ‘papalele’ group and others making bags, plates, small boxes and models from Lontar palm leaves. These tourist products are franchised with a product label and motif.

Photo 57 & 58. Alor regency cottage industry products at the Expo VI, 2007. Kalabahi.

ALOR ISLAND 3.3.3.9 Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Alor Besar (west Alor) Close to this village is a small island called Kepa (not marked on the map) located just north of the Tk. Kebala bay entrance. This island is home to the ‘La Petite’ diving resort (Swiss owned) who have had a permanent presence in Alor for nearly twenty years. Sedric runs the dive operations while his wife Anne Boucard-Lechat is a consultant for ‘Swisscontact’. Email [email protected]; a Swiss foundation for technical cooperation creating opportunities for coastal villages. This is the only tourism operation seen throughout the survey. There is however one other that is based in Kupang, ‘Dive Alor’, run by an Australian, Donavan Whitford [email protected] who is also familiar with the area. Interviewees: 1 Bpk. Isak Koda (Ketua RT 06) 2.Bpk. Ahmad Maleng (fisher)


85

Desa Alor Besar consists of 2 dusun (4 RW and 9 RT) with 260 heads of households (population not given). Income derived mainly from farming and fishing activities. Fishing activity is concentrated close to the village, Pulau Kepa (though not in front of the resort), Pulau Ternate and Pulau Umapura. Most of the landed catch is dealt with the local ‘papalele’ for sale at Kalabahi otherwise the rest is sold within the village. Snails are consumed and not sold. Traps are popular catch gear along with nets (1”-2.5” mesh size), hook & line and spear gun. Fishing effort times vary 17.00 – 05.00 or 07.00 – 12.00. Prices for landed catch (fresh) are: • Large squid (Sepia) Rp. 15.000-25.000 per individual • Large squid (Sepia) Rp. 10.000 per individual • Large tuna Rp. 100.000-250.000 per individual • Trevally Rp. 10.000 per individual • Skipjack tuna Rp. 25.000-30.000 per individual • Striped mackerel Rp. 10.000/3 fish • Ikan raja Rp. 50.000 – 70.000 per individual Whales, dolphins and turtles are often sighted in Pantar Strait. Dugong have never been seen while fishing. Turtles nest on Ternate and Umapura islands. Since 2001 destructive fishing practices and fishers from Flores and Sulawesi have been banned from the regency. The Fisheries Department and District Government regularly communicate these points to local villagers in the area. The fishing fleet and catch gear remains simple and traditional controlling exploitation. Fishers were concerned that too much live coral is taken to weigh down and cover the bubu traps.


86

3.3.3.10 Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Alor Kecil (west Alor) Interviewees: 1 Bpk. Jafar Tufon (Sekdes) 2.Bpk. Jouh Masan (Ketua Kelompok Cinta Bahari) (contact number supplied) The population of this village is 1,676 people with 384 heads of households and two high schools (SDN and SMP). Only around 25% by profession are fishers and 75% are business operators or civil servants. Although this village is sited within the KKLD since 2006 fishers feel that there has not been enough communication by the Fisheries Department regarding what the KKLD means and what fishers should or not do. The ‘Cinta Bahari’ fisher group received materials and agar several years ago from the Fisheries and Social/Transmigration Departments though the agar crops failed because of disease, strong currents and big waves. The group feels that the marine protected area has yet to make a positive impact on their income and wish to seek a solution. Landed catch is sold fresh to either the local ‘papalele’ or at Kalabahi market. Striped mackerel is sold for Rp. 3.000 per fish and ‘ikan lamoru’ Rp. 10.000 per fish. Fishing areas are around Desa Alor Kecil and Pulau Kepa (though not close to the diving resort) using nets (2” mesh size) and towed line from a moving vessel. Fishing effort times depend on the tide and moon phase but in general 05.00 – 07.00 and 17.00 – 20.00. October gives the best catches when fish congregate during cold currents. The problem is that every fisher lands a good catch and the market price plummets leaving the fisher no choice but to throw the dead fish away. Bak Jouh Masan being one of the most experienced fishers in the area worries that young fishers do not bother to learn the finer points of their trade preferring to use whatever method to catch as much as possible in the quickest time. He suggests that more should be done to teach young fishers. Examples include: •

Traditional fishing skills training – These are being lost (fish habits, seasons, when and how to catch certain species) as


•

•

87

fishers today look for profits quickly e.g. wanting to purchase larger and more efficient catch gear such as nets and motor engines to reach remote areas that remain stocked. In other words ‘chasing the last fish’. Fishers need to diversify and modify techniques to ensure continuous income e.g. growing agar in the right season, weighting ‘bubu’ traps with land rock, small ‘backyard’ aquaculture e.g. mangrove crab. Set aside areas understanding the concept, working with other stakeholders to reach an agreement and complying with the conditions set.

Photo 59. Anne selling vanilla honey.

Photo 60. Trad. Alor costume

3.3.3.11 Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Ampera (west Alor) Interviewee: 1 Bpk. Muh. Roi (Bpk.Sekdes) This village has a population of 900 people with 160 heads of households. Administratively, the island is comprised of 2 dusun, 4 RW and 8 RT. The population is Muslim. There is a kindergarten school, 1 primary school (GMIT), and a Mosque. Both farming and fishing activities are conducted depending on the season and/or moon phase. Additionally, there is an active earthenware pottery industry undertaken by the women. ‘Bubu’ fish traps are popular catch gear along with nets (1”-2” and 5” mesh size), hook & line and spear gun. No specific fishing times were stated. Locations for fishing are Mulut Kumbang, between Pulau Kepa and Ternate, between Pulau Ternate and Pulau Pura, Treweng and


88

Teluk Mutiara/Kamboja. The armada consists of around 100 canoes, 2 bagans and 20 inboard motor (16-25 hp) vessels. Landed catch is sold fresh to the ‘papalele’ who then sell the fish at Kalabahi market. Occasionally, shark and shark fins are sold in Makassar. Some prices for landed catch are: • Tuna Rp 8.000 per kg • Large red snapper Rp 100.000 per fish • Shark Rp 150–200.000 per fish • Sardines Rp 35.000 per medium size bucket • Ikan lamoru Rp 35.000 per medium size bucket • Striped mackerel Rp 35.000 per medium size bucket • Shark fins Rp 100.000 per pair There are two fisher groups in the village ‘Naga Laut’ and ‘Putri Laut’. 3 – 5 July 2007, fishers attended a tuna catching workshop organised by Dinas Naketras Propinsi and Yayasan Bangun Karya (Jhon Bethan). Additionally, fishers from the next village, Desa Lewatu Tanjung Harapan also attended the workshop (Muh. Djamil, Shalul Muring, Karim Usman, Ajiz Salama, Racman Amakae, Djafar Haji, Ibrahim Jhou, Rajab Bella, Jafar Amakae). Fishers from Desa Ampera commented that they were conderned about the following issues: • Income potential is controlled by the simple, traditional gear types they use. • Assistance offered be it financial or materials has a tendency not to reach the desired target(s). • Adonara fishers use lampara nets (10mm mesh size) around the Ampera area 3.3.3.12 Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Desa Lewalu Tanjung Harapan (west Alor) Interviewees : 1. Bpk. Safruddin (Kepala Desa) 2. Bpk. Achmad (Kaur Pembangunan) 3. Bpk. Jawar Amakae 4. Bpk. Rachman Amakae 5. Bpk. Amrul Moka Desa Lewalu Tanjung Harapan has a population of 670 people with

170 heads of households. Administratively, the island is comprised of 2


89

2 dusun, 4 RW dan 8 RT. The population is Muslim. There is a kindergarten school, 1 primary school (GMIT), and a Mosque.

Both farming and fishing activities are conducted depending on the season and/or moon phase. Additionally, there is an active earthenware pottery industry undertaken by the women. ‘Bubu’ fish traps, nets (1”-2” and 5” mesh size), hook & line and spear gun. No specific fishing times were stated. Locations for fishing are Mulut Kumbang, between Pulau Kepa and Ternate, between Pulau Ternate and Pulau Pura, Treweng and Teluk Mutiara/Kamboja. The armada consists of around 15 canoes, 4 inboard motor (16-25 hp) vessels and 2 broken outboard motor boats. Landed catch is sold fresh to the ‘papalele’ who then sell the fish at Kalabahi market. Occasionally, shark and shark fins are sold. • • • • • •

Tuna, up to Rp 300–350.000 per fish Shark, up to Rp 250.000 per fish Shark fin Rp. 300.000 per set Grouper Rp 50.000 per fish Sardines Rp. 25.000-30.000 per medium size bucket Large squid Rp. 5.000 per individual

Fishers from Desa Lewalu Tanjung Harapan also gave the same concerns as fishers from Desa Ampera: • Income potential is controlled by the simple, traditional gear types they use. • Assistance offered whether financial or materials have a tendency not to reach the desired target(s). • Adonara fishers use lampara nets (10mm mesh size) around the Lewalu Tanjung Harapan area.


90

3.3.3.13 Kec. Alor Barat Laut, Kelurahan Adang & Kokar (northwest Alor) Desa Kokar, Kel. Adang 08o 09.89’S, 124o 26.55’ E, no jetty. The continuous belt of mangrove that began further south (Tj. Watubalu) ends here at Kokar but does continue sporadically to Tj. Matari interspersed with short white sand beaches in the main or by rock promontories. After Tj. Matari a rocky shoreline with occasional white sand beaches stretches eastwards until mangrove begins again at Tj. Sika. In Kampung Bajo there are many people from Wakatobi (Bajo villages and Binongko Island) living as fishers and shopkeepers. There is a large reef flat area north of the village where residents glean the reef at low tide. Interviewees: 1. Ibu Lurah Getrida E.Lahal. (contact number 2. Alimudin (staf Kelurahan) (contact number supplied) 3. Bpk.Ibrahim 4. Bpk.Jafarudin

supplied)

This village has a population of 2287 people with 558 heads of households. Administratively, the town is comprised of 2 Lingkungan, 9 RT, 4 RW. The population is Muslim and Christian (Protestant). Both farming and fishing activities are conducted depending on the season and/or moon phase. Other occupations include businesses and civil servants. Public facilities include: 1. Church : 2 buah 2. Mosque : 2 buah 3. Schools : 2 buah 4. Medical centre : 1 buah 5. Market : 1 buah Fishers are concentrated in an area named Kampung Bajo. Canoes and inboard motor (16-28 hp) vessels are used to fish for tuna and mackerel. Gear types used include: FADs (none operational at the time), bagan, traps, hook & line, and nets. Landed catch is sold within the village and Kokar’s market as well as Kalabahi.


Landed catch includes: 1. Mackerel 2. Rainbow runner 3. Sardines 4. Tuna

: : : :

Rp Rp Rp Rp

91

5.000 per fish 5.000 per fish 5.000 for 10 (tied on string) 150.000 to Rp 500.000 per fish.

Tuna weighing around 50 kg are sold for Rp 150.000 each and those tuna weighing 80 kg fetch Rp 500.000. Locations include around Kokar, Kabir and Pulau Sika. Usually, fishing effort begins at 04.00 to 10.00 then for inboard motor vessels and bagans, times are 16.00 through to 08.00. Fishers comment that prices fetched in the market place are too low and in the wet season when catch rates are high there is no fish business to receive the catch and market places are saturated with fish. Consequently, fishers just throw away fish as the catch can not be sold.

Photo 61. Kokar respondent.

Photo 62 . Kokar at low tide.


92

3.3.3.14 Kec. Kabola, Desa Alila Timur (north Alor) Desa Alila, Tk. Kelemai 08o 07.13’S, 124o 32.50’ E, no jetty Interviewees: 1. Bpk. Buhran Lan, Kepala Desa 2. Mahdil 3. Turam Desa Alila Timur has a population of 607 people with 105 heads of

households. The population is Muslim. There is a kindergarten school, mediacal centre and a Mosque. Farming is the dominant activity and fishing activities secondary, conducted depending on the season and/or moon phase. ‘Bubu’ fish traps, nets (1”- 2” and 3” mesh size), hook & line and FADs (no FADs operational at that time). No specific fishing times were stated. Locations for fishing are in front of the village only as there are still plenty available. The two inch mesh nets catch 100-200 fish each fishing trip though it was not known how times the net was hauled during the period. The armada consists of around 20 canoes, 12 inboard motor (16-25 hp) vessels. Landed catch includes 1. Flying fish 2. Mackerel 3. Rainbow runner 4. Halfbeaks 5. Tuna

: : : : :

Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp

5.000 for 10 10.000 for 3 15,000 up to Rp 25.000 per fish 5.000 for 10 300.000 per fish (60-70 kg)

Gear types remain simple and traditional. Fishers thought they could catch more if they had the necessary skills. Catch gear often breaks which is expensive to replace.

Photo 63. Composition of Alila’s beach. Photo 64. Alila beach activities.


93

3.3.3.15 Kel. Kabola, Kec. Kabola (north Alor) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Bpk Ishak Djaha, Camat Kabola (contact number supplied) Bpk. Yonas Maulimau, Lurah Kabola (contact number supplied) Bpk. Salman Kiko, Maimol fisher Bpk. Masyur, Maimol fisher

There are a number of villages making up Keluhuran Kabola: Kelurahan Kabola, Desa Mali, Desa Pantai Daerah dan Desa Alila Timur. From the 2006 census the population comprised of 2866 people with 713 heads of households (2 Lingkungan, 4 RW and 9 RT). Public facilities include 3 primary schools, 1 junior and 1 high school, 1 medical centre and a church. Electricity runs around the clock and water supply is piped throughout the area. Farming dominates growing crops such as corn, bananas, peanuts, cashew nuts, rice and coconuts. Fishers are from Wetabua, Kalabahi living in an area called Maimol since 1974 have been involved with fishing activities in and around Tj. Benlelang. Fishing effort is conducted between 17.00 and 07.00 or 07.00 to 12.00 depending on the season. During the dry season from May to October fishers do not regularly go to sea because of strong currents and big waves. However, November to April the sea is much quieter as the bay is protected from the westerly winds and catch rates are much higher over this period anyway. Catch gear include: box and barrel type traps, spear gun, hook & line and nets (1” – 2” mesh size) from canoes and inboard motor vessels. Target types are: sardines (Rp 35,000 per bucket), stonefish, mackerel (Rp 45,000 per bucket), striped mackerel (Rp 5,000 per fish), lamoru, groupers, trevallies (Rp 35,000 per bucket) Emperors, squid, sea cucumber and snails. The landed catch is sold to the ‘papalele’ (woman’s group) of Kabola who then sell at Kadelang market, Kalabahi. Dolphins and whales are often sighted. Turtle nests (Hawksbill) are disturbed, eggs taken and sold in Kalabahi to the Chinese community (Rp 1,000 for 3). Not clear whether the turtles are caught and Dugong have never been seen in this area.


94

Fishers comment that their techniques and gear are simplistic. When assistance has been given in the past such as catch gear; it has gone to farmers or part-time fishers rather than to the dedicated fishers.

3.3.3.16 Kec. Alor Tengah Utara, Desa Likwatang (north Alor) Interviewees: 1. Bpk. Adrianus Boy (Ketua RT 03) 2. Bpk Cristian M. Kafelkai 3. Bpk.Boy 4. Bpk. Iskadar Lakamau (Camat ATU) There 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

are four coastal villages in the north central Alor district: Desa Likwatang Desa Fungafeng Desa Nur Benlelang Desa Benlelang

Usually, these people live in village amongst the hills and come down to the coast for short periods of time to fish or collect sand/stone for construction purposes (subsequently sold in Kalabahi). Only Likwatang village has dedicated fishers that originate from Pulau Buaya village, Ternate Island in the Pantar Strait. Likwatang has 2 hamlets (4 RW and 8 RT). Population status unclear yet there is a primary and junior school and a medical centre. Recently, communication towers have been erected and the village receives a strong signal for cellular phone use. Both farming and fishing activities are conducted depending on the season and/or moon phase. Crops grown include corn, rice, cassava and nuts. There are two fisher groups operating: 1. From Pulau Buaya village, Ternate Island in the Pantar Strait 3% of the population in the village and fish mostly. 2. From Likwatang - 2% of the population in the village and fish occasionally. Fishers comment that their techniques and gear are simplistic using traps, spear gun, hook & line and nets (1” – 2” mesh size) from canoes and outboard motor (5 hp) vessels. Fishing close to Likwatang village only. Target types are: stonefish, striped mackerel, lamoru,


95

groupers and trevallies. The landed catch is sold to the ‘papalele’ (woman’s group) Rp 5,000 for a few fish tied on string. The women then sell the catch at the local market or at Kadelang market, Kalabahi. Fishing effort is conducted between 17.00 and 07.00 or 07.00 to 12.00 depending on the season. During the dry season from May to October fishers do not regularly go to sea because of strong currents and big waves. However, November to April the sea is much quieter as the bay is protected from the westerly winds and catch rates are much higher over this period anyway. Dolphins and whales are often sighted. Turtle nests (Hawksbill) are disturbed, eggs taken and sold in Kalabahi to the Chinese community (Rp 1,000 for 3). Not clear whether the turtles are caught and Dugong have never been seen in this area. Fishers comment that they would like to learn how to dive, repair their boat hulls, nets and engines. Fishers in this village have received assistance in the past, an engine and catch gear from Yayasan ADP and the Social Department. However, when that equipment broke down they could not service or repair it. Observations for Kebala Bay and Kalabahi. This bay offers the best protection for vessels around Alor Island. Strong winds remain a problem for vessels moored at one of the three jetties at Kalabahi. Opposite the town on the other side of the bay is a pearl farm and at the rear of the bay is a small mangrove bay called Tk. Mutiara where small boats are moored and patches of agar are farmed. Within Kebala Bay seven bagans were noted though the design being somewhat different from those seen elsewhere. These bagans are bamboo rafts with a superstructure of bamboo. During the day they are towed to one side of the bay. Over a new moon the bagans are towed to the mid point, anchored and a hurricane lamp lighted. The ‘lampara’ nets (mesh size 10mm) are tied to the sides of the raft and the bottom end weighted. Small fish such as anchovies are targeted and over one night the nets are raised two or three times. Income from one night’s effort can be between Rp 1 to 1.5 million rupiah.


96

Survey vessel

Photo 65. K.M. Kotekelema with Pulau Ternate’s reef in foreground WWF Indonesia’s fine survey vessel, K.M. Kotekelema, was built in south Sulawesi and the maiden voyage to Nusa Tenggara Timor was made mid 2007. The hull is wooden and in strong condition. The boat is powered by 150 hp, six cylinder diesel engine. The engine had been purchased second hand and installed as part of the contract to build the boat. Since the first sailing, the engine has required repairs on several occasions. This was the case in Kupang as the survey was due to start. The injector block had to be replaced. A substitute was sought and purchased delaying the departure from Kupang by one week. Incidentally, that period coincided with strong winds and four to six metre waves. The port authority refused to issue sailing permits so the delay was of no consequence. Otherwise, the survey proceeded unhindered only once did the engine fault, two weeks later, due to a minor fault when a broken waste water hose caused the engine to over heat. For any new vessel it would be expected that modifications take place before there is general contentment with the vessels condition. Recommendations have been made which are presented below in tabular format. It should be noted that many of the recommendations have been completed or complied with. Other more complicated tasks have been addressed and currently are in the preparation stage that will be implemented soon.


97

There are two hand held radios on the boat that are designed for use on the land. Marine VHF radios are different in that they have internationally accepted preset channels (frequencies). Each channel has a different purpose e.g. a calling channel (16), safety (6), search and rescue – SAR (17) and port operations (20). The two types of radios can communicate with each other by setting the following frequencies on the terrestrial hand held radio. Marine radio channel 16

Terrestrial frequency 156.80

14

156.70

12

156.60

Purpose Calling another boat VTS-General communication VTS-General communication

Table 25. Marine and terrestrial radio settings. In summary, there are three priorities that require urgent attention and details are provided in the table: • • •

Radio registration and call sign. Change the hoist system for the tender Full engine service.

The crew’s willingness, flexibility and expertise ensured that the survey proceeded effectively and safely.

Photo 66. K.M. Kotekelema crew, August 2007. (from left to right). Yohannes (Engineer), Iknasius (Deckhand), Juhal (Captain), in front Ronnie (Deckhand) and Markus (Deckhand and temporary Master Chef).


98

Photos 67 & 68. K.M Kotekelema tender’s rim damage resulting from current hoist system.

Photo 69. Discussing the day’s findings on the K.M Kotekelema. Table 26. (below) outlines 30 motions suggested to improve the vessel’s effectiveness and provides an update for each point correct at the time of writing.

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report No.

Motion

1

Standard operating (SOPs) required.

2

Outcome

procedures Completed -during the planning stage for this survey the SOPs written for the Wakatobi armada were amended for use in the Solor-Alor area. Soft copies were given to the Project Coordinator and a hard copy given to both the boat’s Captain and crew. Brief guests on arrival Completed – as stated in SOP

Comment SOPs cover: Health & Safety; Vessel operation procedures; Accident & Emergency Evacuation and activity protocols. (see annexes)

99 Further action required These SOPs are in English and the Captain has been briefed verbally. However, the documents in Indonesian would be more effectual

Either the Captain or None designated Leader clearly informs guests how to safely move around the vessel. Where fire extinguishers, life vests/rings and 1st Aid kit are located. Use of fresh water etc. Guests told regularly concerning the route or plan changes.


Motion

3

Rules regarding no purchase of Complied with dried fish especially manta or mammal meat such as whale and dolphin. Rules for rubbish disposal (place Complied with rubbish bins & avoid plastics)

4

Outcome

5

Self catering

Complied with

6

Keep toilets clean and put soap Complied with and towel there

7

Regularly clean guest room

Accepted

8

Get curtains for guest rooms

Complied with

Comment

100 Further required no None are for

action

Additionally, grouper purchased consumption. A large plastic sack None tied at the stern for all plastics and metal cans - Land disposal. Organic waste thrown into the sea. Fully functional A full time cook will kitchen be hired in September 2007. Cleaned daily Towels will need to be changed more regularly Boat crew not Crew to ask guest encouraged to enter or Captain’s berth areas. permission beforehand each time None


Motion

Outcome

9

Care where anchor dropped

Complied with

10 11

Comment

101 Further required

action

Recommend: 1) Replacing existing metal anchor chain and the anchor rope metal ‘eye & bolt’ with stainless steel components. 2) Install hoist mechanism to lift the 100kg anchor. Big fenders required Purchase order Old tyres were Urgently needed (4 placed bought in Alor as minimum) temporary measure. Protection on back platform for Stern landing Still high chance of Recommend: 1) dinghy docking/launching platform has been dinghy damage and Install electronic cut back. safety risk for the hoist system, or 2) operator(s) during Add a third pulley this operation unless that prevents the conducted in very dinghy swinging and calm sea conditions hitting the vessel. 3) All metal parts to be stainless steel.

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report Comment

102

No.

Motion

Outcome

12

Replace chains for dinghy hoists

Purchase placed

13

Strengthen roof rail for people to Not yet sit

14

Water dispenser and mugs

Completed

15

More pots and pans

Completed

None

16

Nautical maps

Completed

None

17

Loudspeakers and microphones

Completed

None

18

TV & DVD

Completed

None

order Currently rusted, very dirty. Dingy needs washing after handling the pulley chains.

The roof itself is composed of thin wood planks that have been fibre glass painted. This ‘floor’ would also have to be strengthened as well if people were to walk on it. Plastic mugs

Further action required Urgent: Change existing system before serious damage occurs to dinghy and/or operator. All metal parts to be stainless steel. Recommend: 1) The roof is a ‘no go area’ for guest groups especially school parties. 2) Guests have access to the roof only when the vessel is stationary i.e. moored. None


Motion

Outcome

19

Cover fitting for stern internal light Not done yet

20

Safety equipment: life raft(s)

Not done yet

21 22

Emergency operated). Life ring

Completed

23

Satellite phone

light

Comment An obstruction for anyone taller than 1.7m. Sufficient capacity to accommodate maximum number of pax on board. There are 35 life vests.

(battery Completed

Now obsolete

One good quality life ring positioned at boat’s stern Service provider will be introducing a new system in the near future

103 Further action required Change the fitting to the inset type with halogen bulb. Recommend: Consider 200 litre sealed drums within wooden frames and rope line attached as cheaper alternative to custom made life rafts. None None Suspended until further news of the new system.


Motion

Outcome

24

Variable frequency registration and call sign.

25

Paint non-slip surface on deck Pending surface

radio Pending

Comment

104 Further action required Urgent: Both the Boat Captain & office administrator together report to the appropriate Govt office(s) in Kupang, NTT with complete documents (Captain’s qualifications & WWF registration papers) and the radio(s) in order to commence the registration process.

Requires close coordination and must be in place before the next sailing. Consider who will be the boat’s 24 hour contact in the event of an emergency such as the police or SAR. If not, another radio should be purchased for the office to monitor vessel movements and assist when necessary. Materials have been This job will be purchased completed during the first week of September 2007


Motion

Outcome

26

Introduce rolling schedule for crew Pending – hiring additional crew and permanent contracts.

27

Polaroid sunglasses for skipper

28

Water pourers separated toilet and kitchen areas.

Not yet

from Completed

105

Comment

Further required

action

This system works well to ensure that crew get their time off the vessel. However, the Captain needs to know well in advance the sailing schedule in order that the vessel will be able to operate effectively. There were two occasions during the survey when the boat entered shallow water because the rising sun blinded the helmsman. Additional water pourers were purchased for kitchen use only, a different colour than those found in the toilets for health reasons.

To be prepared and implemented by the Captain. Captain to liaise with the field office regarding sailing schedules.

Purchase as soon as possible

None


106

No.

Motion

Outcome

Comment

Further required

action

29

Engine service

Not yet

During the survey the Recommend average speed was 5- inspection 6 knots when 8 knots service or above would have been expected. Due to earlier problems it would be pertinent to examine the engine fully.

30

Upgrade for diving

Planned

Hire equipment too Need to consider: expensive for habitat Upgrading the and fish surveys. generator to 15KW. Purchase a dynamo driven compressor (placed within the hull), assoc. piping and dive equipment to complete five dive sets (currently possess ad hock items from another project site).

full and


4.0

107

DISCUSSION

Interviews were conducted without a pre-arranged appointment and always the first interview in a village would be with the head of the village or someone with similar standing. Subsequent interviews and tour of the village only occurred after permission had been granted. Each interview provided a glimpse of the facts and lasted no longer than one hour. Value of the data was determined by the interviewee’s experience as a Fisher, knowledge of surrounding issues and willingness to respond. The survey team were well received in every village visited. More encouragingly respondents agreed with WWF’s intentions, openly discussed marine resource management and how measures could be implemented. Initially, this was considered as a polite response however it soon was apparent that interviewees were sincere and topics discussed were particularly relevant for them. In almost every interview it was commented that catch rates had generally declined since 2000. The notable exception was Alila Timur, Kel. Kabala, north Alor where farming activities dominate and fishing remains a peripheral pursuit with simple gear. Destructive fishing practices were commonly accepted as a major contributing factor for the diminishing resources. The alleged perpetrators were always from Flores, Sulawesi or the next village but never from within the village where the interview was taking place. Moreover, respondents stated that they wanted to see these activities controlled or curtailed with proactive monitoring. Certainly, the Fishery Service should be inspecting visiting vessels and gear before issuing the fishing licence to operate in an area. The growing concern and the need for action expressed in the interviews have been precipitated to some extent by the rises in living costs over the past few years in response to fuel price increases. Furthermore, around 40% of the population in each of the three regencies is aged between 5 and 20 years old, growing up in an environment where health and education standards are constantly improving. The Government continues to implement developmental policies to improve public amenities across the archipelago; as an example, ten years ago most small coastal villages would have had just one or two generators providing enough electricity for simple street lighting and typically, the village’s one television. During the survey it was observed that many households in small coastal villages had items such as a television, music centre and to a lesser extent a motorbike and cellular hand phone (or access to one). These items


108

along with the prolific number of fishing nets seen and the small diesel engines for boats have been obtainable due to cheap imported products from China principally but also easier access to credit facilities and the expanding network of telecommunication service providers. Consequently there is a growing number of Fishers that see catch rates diminishing while financial obligations and materialistic aspirations of the family increases. Inevitably there will be more young people moving to urban areas seeking employment or further education for lengthy periods. Sea weed or ‘agar’ farming has proved to be a respite for coastal marine habitats and rustic communities alike by providing an alternative income to fishing while allowing ecological restoration of sea grass and patch reef areas. Fishery Services in each of the three regencies are actively encouraging agar farming and the provincial department has initiated a program to promote the aquaculture of lobster, abalone and grouper.


109

4.1 Key locations for conservation strategies. One of the survey objectives has been to ascertain locations across the islands that deserve more focused attention. Criteria for selection are a combination based on the status and exploitation levels of natural marine resources as well as socioeconomic conditions. The northern half of Pantar Strait between Alor and Pantar Islands has been a marine protected area in 2006. The Head of Alor regency’s Fishery Service, Ibu Erna Dasilva stated that she would be willing to extend the area even to take in Pantar Island which would mean that a large part of the regency would be included. Photo 70. Ibu Erna Dasilva, Head of the Fishery Service, Alor regency.

Certainly villages such as Marisa, Kayan, Kabir and Blangmerang on Pantar are worthy targets as fishers from these villages regularly fish the extremely isolated areas of east and southeast Lembata Island as well as the uninhabited islands of Alor Strait and isolated areas of west and south Pantar Island. Kokar requires further socialisation as the village has a large fisher population and the fleet reaches as far as Kabola, Kabir and beyond targeting reef and pelagic species. Lamakera/Boling Strait. Before the survey commenced the Governor of NTT had previously wished to see another marine protected area established and the Lamakera/Boling Strait was suggested because cetaceans pass through the strait and the two whaling communities Lamakera (northeast Solor) and Lamalera (south Lembata) are situated at the southern end.


110

Lembata’s Fishery Service also intends to make the Tj. Naga peninsula a ‘no take area’ for dugong, turtle and napoleon wrasse from the promontory south Lembata 08o 33.00’S, 123o 15.00’ E right the way round to Lembata’s west side to Tj. Luwukuma, 08o 24.00’S, 123o 19.20’ E. This would incorporate the Suangi area south of Tj. Naga, a manta aggregation site. Therefore, this area was a priority for the survey. Evidence of turtle rookeries and dugong were found along Lembata’s southwest coastline. This area has a low population level. Further north towards Lebableba bay human activity increases due to Lembata’s main town, Lewoleba sited at the bay’s southern end. Mangrove starts here and continues north around the coastline being particularly prolific around the northern part of the bay. On the west side of the strait are the two islands Adonara and Solor separated by the Solor Strait. Adonara’s north east corner has mangroves and extensive patch reefs. Small fishing villages occur on east sides of both Adonara and Solor with a prominent fishing community on Adonara’s south coast, Kel. Waiwerang. Turtle rookeries exist on the east side of Solor Island. Consequently, the Lamakera/Boling Strait has a range of marine habitats, evidence of flagship species including cetaceans, mantas, dugong and turtle rookeries. Shorelines remain relatively undisturbed and there are succinct fishing communities that WWF already has links with (Adonara-3, Solor-4 and Lembata-6) and relations with which, can be strengthened. Additionally, WWF has an outstanding relationship with the Lembata Government and in particular with the Fishery Service. The Fishery Service incidentally has a large speed boat, ‘Torani 2’ available for hire that could be utilised for monitoring and surveillance purposes.

Photos 71 & 72. Lembata’s Fishery Service speedboat ‘Torani 2’.


111

With the field office located at Lewoleba, good telecommunication coverage and regular transport services, this area and potentially Lembata Island can be considered as a principal contender for special status. Other Lembata villages cited for closer ties with are the fishing villages of Desa Tapolangu and Desa Balauring in the two bays on the north coast because of turtle rookeries and dugong encounters. Additionally, the area is particularly rich with mangroves and fringing reefs. The volcanoes as a backdrop make the north coast of Lembata especially scenic. Desa Wairiang on the east coast unfortunately not visited during the survey deserves closer attention as that village lies on the isolated east side. 4.2 Data gaps. From the outset it should be noted that the task undertaken during the survey has resulted in more questions than answers. The 2001-2 survey of the islands focused on cetacean and in water surveys whereas this survey with a small team and limited resources concentrated on introducing WWF’s marine program to targeted fishing communities across three regencies. The interviews gave an insight to the current socioeconomic status and fisheries. Natural marine resource data was derived from local knowledge and supported by the team’s observations. A thorough investigation with exhaustive enquiries would have required several days at one location which was not feasible unless an extraordinary finding made it pertinent to do so. Consequently there are many instances where specific details or measurements would have been preferred to validate findings and an expression of regret goes to any specialist frustrated by the lack of attributes relating to a topic covered in this report. That aside sufficient solid information has been obtained to prepare for subsequent in-depth investigations. In relation to this point there are number of notable gaps that need to be addressed in order for a better understanding of natural marine resource status and exploitation levels across the Solor-Alor Islands. 1. Sea Turtles – need intensive survey to find out which species are nesting on particular beaches. There are likely to be other rookeries not mentioned in this report e.g. east Lembata Island. 2. Dugong – Wet season survey of Lembata Island to obtain further evidence concerning dugong distribution, numbers and behaviour.


112

3. In water surveys to measure coral cover and fish assemblages/numbers at sites monitored during the 2002 survey. 4. Wet season survey of natural marine resource status and exploitation levels along southeast coasts of Lembata, Pantar, Solor; Tk. Benlelang, Alor and possibly west sides of Adonara and Solor as well as the north and south coasts of Alor Island. 5. Fisheries- detailed survey to monitor catch rates, especially for pelagic species and to encourage community based surveys recording e.g. catch per unit effort, price sold, point of sale etc.

5.0

Concluding remark

The Solor-Alor Islands and Lembata Island particularly, are clearly significant internationally with a rich marine biodiversity. Cetaceans, turtles, dugong, manta rays and a prominent tuna fishery that are all becoming increasingly rare, are present around these islands. The nationally important cultural heritage and traditional practices remain intact. Local communities as well as district and regional authorities have expressed enthusiasm for managing coastal marine resources sensibly and WWF has commenced establishing strategic and meaningful partnerships. Together, these facets make the islands very appealing for support.


6.0

113

References

Bustard. R, Sea Turtles-their natural history & conservation, Collins 1972

Press,

Kahn. B, Indonesian oceanic cetacean program activity report for The Nature Conservancy, May 2004 Queensland Department of Environment & Heritage, Indo-Pacific turtle identification key, 1995. Whitten. T et al, The Ecology of Sulawesi, Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd, 2002. WWF Wallacea Bioregional Program, The Solor and Alor Islands expedition results report, 2001-2. Compiled by Dr. Lida Pet-Soede.


114

ANNEXES Operational. 1. 2. 3.

Personal details form Voluntary travel release, waiver and assumption of risk– English. Voluntary travel release, waiver and assumption of risk – Indonesian. First aid and accident procedure. Emergency evacuation protocol. Accident report form (non-diving). Basic first aid kit contents list. Risk assessment procedure. Risk assessment form. Vessel operating procedure. Vessel employment log. Daily event log.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Survey 13. a. b. c. d. 14. 15. 16.

CORAL – Good practice guidelines (Bahasa Indonesia) Turtle watching. Snorkelling. Whale and dolphin watching. Diving. Turtle identification guide. Interview structure (by Zaka Atapada) Assessment of patterns and characteristics of the coastal resources utilization – fisheries.


115

WWF Indonesia – Sawu Seas Appendix 2004 – B05a Personal Details Form Name:

………………..……………………………………………………

Staff Position / Guest: ………………..…………………………………………………… Date of Birth: …………………………………………………. Address: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. Telephone: Email:

……………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………. …………………………………………………..

Emergency Contact Information: Name & Relationship:………………………………………………………………………………….. Address:

……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

Tel: (DAY):

…………………………………………………

Tel: (EVE):

…………………………………………………

Insurance Details: Company: ……………………………………………Tel/Fax………………….………. Policy No. / Place of Issue ………………………………………………… Expiry date: ………………………………………………… Diving Emergency Service Tel. No.: ………………………………………………… Non-Diving Emergency Service Tel. No.: …………………………………………………. Medical Issues: Blood type: ……………………………………………… Medication(s): …………………………………………………………………………………. Allergies: ………………………………………………………………………………….. Dietary Requirements: ………………………………………….. Diving: Qualification: No. of Dives: Last dive:

…………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………


116

VOLUNTARY TRAVEL RELEASE, WAIVER AND ASSUMPTION OF RISK WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE-INDONESIA Jl Petitenget 22, Seminyak, Kuta. Bali, Indonesia. Telp. / Fax: 62-361-730185 Please read carefully and fill in all blanks before signing. I ___________________ (name) hereby affirm that I am voluntarily engaging in marine activities with, or for, the World Wide Fund for NatureIndonesia:(destination/purpose) Sawu Seas – Solor-Alor Project, which activities may include, but are not limited to, scuba diving, snorkeling, boating, and_____________________. If I am engaged in scuba diving, I affirm that I am a certified diver and that I thoroughly understand the hazards of scuba diving. I further affirm that I am thoroughly familiar with the hazards of boating, whether or not said boating involves scuba diving or snorkeling activities. By signing this release, I certify that I am fully aware of, and expressly assume all risks involved in scuba diving, snorkeling, boating and ______________________. I understand and agree that neither World Wide Fund for Nature-Indonesia, nor the directors, officers, employees, boat captains, agents, or assigns of the above listed individuals and/ or entities (hereinafter called the "Release parties") may be held liable or responsible in any way for any occurrence on this trip which may result in personal injury, property damaged, wrongful death or other damage to me or my family, heirs, or assigns that may occur as a result of my participation in this trip, or as a result of the negligence of any party, including the Released Parties, whether passive or active. I further state that I am of lawful age and legally competent to sign this liability release, or that I have obtained the written consent of my parent or guardian. I ___________________(name), BY THIS INSTRUMENT, DO HEREBY EXEMPT AND RELEASE ALL THE ABOVE LISTED ENTITIES AND/OR INDIVIDUALS FROM ALL LIABILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR PERSONAL INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE OR WRONGFUL DEATH, HOWEVER CAUSED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PRODUCT LIABILITY OR THE NEGLIGENCE OF THE RELEASED PARTIES, WHETHER PASSIVE OR ACTIVE. I ACKNOWLEDGE THAT I HAVE READ THE FOREGOING PARAGRAPH, FULLY UNDERSTAND THE POTENTIAL DANGER INCIDENTAL TO THIS TRIP AND ACTIVITY(IES), AM FULLY AWARE OF THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF SIGNING THIS INSTRUMENT, AND THAT I UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS LEGALLY BINDING AND WILL PRECLUDE ME FROM RECOVERING MONETARY DAMAGES FROM THE ABOVE LISTED ENTITIES AND/OR INDIVIDUALS, WHETHER SPECIFICALLY NAMED OR NOT, FOR PERSONAL INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE OR WRONGFUL DEATH CAUSED BY PRODUCT LIABILITY OR THE NEGLIGENCE OF THE RELEASED PARTIES, WHETHER PASSIVE OR ACTIVE. PRINTED NAME___________________________________________________ SIGNED ___________________________________________, DATE ________________________


117

VOLUNTARY TRAVEL RELEASE, WAIVER AND ASSUMPTION OF RISK WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE-INDONESIA Jl Petitenget 22 Seminyak, Kuta, Bali, Indonesia Telp. / Fax: 62-361- 730185 Harap baca dengan baik sebelum menandatangani Saya, ____________________ (nama) dengan ini menyatakan bahwa saya dengan sukarela ikut serta dalam aktivitas kelautan dengan atau untuk, WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE – INDONESIA ke/melakukan Laut Sawu – Solor/Alor Projek, dimana aktifitas tersebut dapat termasuk, tapi tidak terbatas pada, menyelam scuba, snorkeling, naik kapal, dan _____________________. Bila saya ikut serta dalam aktifitas menyelam scuba, saya nyatakan bahwa saya adalah penyelam bersertifikat dan telah secara menyeluruh memahami bahaya dari menyelam scuba. Saya lebih lanjut menyatakan bahwa saya secara menyeluruh mengetahui bahaya perjalanan dengan kapal, baik dinyatakan atau tidak termasuk aktifitas menyelam scuba atau snorkeling. Dengan menandatangani pernyataan ini, saya menyatakan bahwa dengan penuh menyadari dan dengan jelas mengetahui segala resiko yang terkait dengan menyelam scuba, snorkeling, perjalanan dengan kapal dan ______________________. Saya memahami dan menyetujui bahwa baik WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE – INDONESIA , direktur, oficer, pegawai, kapten kapal, agen atau yang ditunjuk oleh individu yang tersebut diatas dan atau badan (yang selanjutnya disebut sebagai “pihak yang terbebas dari tuntutan”) tidak bertanggungjawab secara hukum atau dalam bentuk bagaimanapun untuk kecelakaan apapun pada perjalanan ini yang dapat menyebabkan cidera pribadi, kerusakan hak milik, kematian atau kerusakan lainnya pada saya atau keluarga saya, ahli waris, atau yang ditunjuk yang dapat muncul sebagai akibat dari keterlibatan saya dalam perjalanan ini, atau sebagai akibat dari keteledoran pihak manapun, termasuk “pihak yang terbebas dari tuntutan”, baik pasif maupun aktif. Saya lebih lanjut menyatakan bahwa saya sudah cukup umur dan secara hukum mampu untuk menandatangani surat pembebasan tanggungjawab, atau bahwa saya telah memperoleh izin tertulis dari orang tua atau wali. SAYA ___________________ (nama), DENGAN DOKUMEN INI, MENYATAKAN MEMBEBASKAN SEMUA BADAN YANG TERSEBUT DIATAS DAN ATAU INDIVIDU DARI SEMUA TANGGUNGJAWAB HUKUM DAN WEWENANG ATAS CIDERA PERSONAL, KERUSAKAN HAK MILIK ATAU KEMATIAN, APAPUN PENYEBABNYA, TERMASUK, TAPI TIDAK TERBATAS PADA TANGGUNGJAWAB PRODUK ATAU KETELEDORAN PIHAK YANG BEBAS TANGGUNGJAWAB, BAIK PASIF MAUPUN AKTIF. SAYA MENGETAHUI BAHWA SAYA TELAH MEMBACA PARAGRAF-PARAGRAF DIATAS, DENGAN PENUH MEMAHAMI BAHAYA KECELAKAAN YANG POTENSIAL DARI PERJALANAN DAN AKTIFITAS INI, DENGAN PENUH MENYADARI AKIBAT HUKUM DARI PENANDATANGANAN DOKUMEN INI, DAN BAHWA SAYA MEMAHAMI DAN MENYETUJUI BAHWA DOKUMEN INI SECARA HUKUM MENGIKAT DAN MENCEGAH SAYA DARI MENGAMBIL KEMBALI KERUGIAN UANG DARI BADAN YANG TERSEBUT DIATAS ATAU INDIVIDU, BAIK YANG SECARA SPESIFIK NAMANYA DISEBUT ATAU TIDAK, UNTUK CIDERA PRIBADI, KERUSAKAN HAK MILIK ATAU KEMATIAN YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH TANGGUNGJAWAB PRODUK ATAU KETELEDORAN PIHAK YANG BEBAS TANGGUNGJAWAB, BAIK PASIF MAUPUN AKTIF. NAMA JELAS _______________________________________________________________________ TANDA TANGAN ___________________________,TANGGAL ________________________

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 2004 – B04

118

FIRST AID AND ACCIDENT PROCEDURE

1. Apart from minor cuts and mild aches, any illness or an accident requiring medical attention needs to be treated by qualified personnel such as a Doctor or Nurse. The main function of first aid is to increase the causality’s chance of survival in the interim time between an accident and professional attention. 2. In a situation where neither Doctor nor Nurse is immediately available then a qualified Emergency Responder (ideally, an individual who has completed a supplementary training course in suturing, injections and installing IV drips) should act appropriately. 3. A record of every accident must be completed. The form (Appendix, 2004 – B04b) can be found in the Standard Operating Procedures file. Located either with the Captain on the vessel or at the Field Office with the Admin. Officer. 4. An accident record relating to one of the descriptions listed on page 2 and three of this document must also be followed up with a report stating the corrective action(s) taken. 5. The recommended medical supplies stock list (Appendix 2004 – B04c) is comprehensive because Doctors have inadequate supplies in remote areas, such as the outer Wakatobi islands. Consequently, a sealable plastic box containing the recommended supplies needs to be kept on the Floating Ranger Station. An accident is more likely to occur away from the Field Office in Lembata. 6. A basic first aid kit (Appendix 2004 – B04a) clearly labelled with a sealable lid will be kept at the Field Office (as Doctors, chemists and a clinic are in close proximity) and on every supporting vessel such as charters and the speedboat. 7. The Floating Ranger Station Captain is responsible for the medical supplies onboard the vessel, their issuance and recording all medicines taken, illnesses and injuries to either staff or visitors. 8. The Admin. Officer has overall responsibility for all medical stock, issuance, audits, ordering, accident recording (except boat related incidents), collation of all accident records and annual reporting. 9. Regular audits (bimonthly) are required to keep track of any items that have been used, or are out of date and need restocking.


119

10. At least one member of staff trained as an Emergency Responder will be present onboard the Floating Ranger Station at all times and one Emergency Responder at the Field Office when occupied. 11. Each Emergency Responder must be aware of the location and contents of the First Aid Kits. Suggested locations are: the FRS wheelhouse and the Admin. Office at the Field Office. 12. The main medical supply box will contain either a reference book or application guidelines for each medicine unless clearly stated on the packaging. Definitions of major injuries, dangerous occurrences and diseases Reportable major injuries are: • • • • • • • • • •

fracture other than to fingers, thumbs or toes; amputation; dislocation of the shoulder, hip, knee or spine; loss of sight (temporary or permanent); chemical or hot metal burn to the eye or any penetrating injury to the eye; injury resulting from an electric shock or electrical burn leading to unconsciousness or requiring resuscitation or admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours; any other injury: leading to hypothermia, heat-induced illness or unconsciousness; or requiring resuscitation; or requiring admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours; unconsciousness caused by asphyxia or exposure to harmful substance or biological agent; acute illness requiring medical treatment, or loss of consciousness arising from absorption of any substance by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin; acute illness requiring medical treatment where there is reason to believe that this resulted from exposure to a biological agent or its toxins or infected material.

Reportable dangerous occurrences are: This list summarizes each of the dangerous occurrences • •

collapse, overturning or failure of load-bearing parts of lifts and lifting equipment; explosion, collapse or bursting of any closed vessel or associated pipe work;

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report • • • •

• •

• • • • • • •

120

failure of any freight container in any of its load-bearing parts plant or equipment coming into contact with overhead power lines; electrical short circuit or overload causing fire or explosion; any unintentional explosion, misfire, failure of demolition to cause the intended collapse, projection of material beyond a site boundary, injury caused by an explosion; accidental release of a biological agent likely to cause severe human illness; failure of industrial radiography or irradiation equipment to deenergise or return to its safe position after the intended exposure period; malfunction of breathing apparatus while in use or during testing immediately before use; failure or endangering of diving equipment, the trapping of a diver, an explosion near a diver, or an uncontrolled ascent; collapse or partial collapse of a scaffold over five metres high, or erected near water where there could be a risk of drowning after a fall; dangerous occurrence at a well (other than a water well); dangerous occurrence at a pipeline; a road tanker carrying a dangerous substance overturns, suffers serious damage, catches fire or the substance is released; a dangerous substance being conveyed by road is involved in a fire or released;

The following dangerous occurrences are reportable except in relation to offshore workplaces: •

• • • •

unintended collapse of: any building or structure under construction, alteration or demolition where over five tonnes of material falls; a wall or floor in a place of work; any false-work; explosion or fire causing suspension of normal work for over 24 hours; sudden, uncontrolled release in a building of: 100 kg or more of flammable liquid; 10 kg of flammable liquid above its boiling point; 10 kg or more of flammable gas; or of 500 kg of these substances if the release is in the open air; accidental release of any substance which may damage health.

Reportable diseases include: • • •

certain poisonings; some skin diseases such as occupational dermatitis, skin cancer, chrome ulcer, oil folliculitis/acne; lung diseases including: occupational asthma, farmer's lung, pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma;

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report • •

121

infections such as: leptospirosis; hepatitis; tuberculosis; anthrax; legionellosis and tetanus; other conditions such as: occupational cancer; certain musculoskeletal disorders; decompression illness and hand-arm vibration syndrome. 2007 – B05 EMERGENCY EVACUATION PROTOCOL

Lembata Island and surrounds 13. In the event of an accident occurring anywhere within the Project area i.e. from Solor Island to Alor Island that requires emergency evacuation back to the nearest medical centre or beyond, then the most senior staff member available at that time is responsible for the initial decision to initiate the process. From remoter parts, the first action is to determine the quickest route to return the patient to a suitable medical facility and this should be done in consultation with the field staff, so that there is no delay in getting this part of the process underway. 14. All senior staff must be familiar with this protocol; be prepared and able to implement evacuation at any time. 15. The first priority is to seek immediate professional medical assistance and if required, stabilise the casualty’s condition for transportation to medical facilities. The latter can only be conducted by trained and qualified Emergency Responders. Medical opinion (and the insurance company) will classify the emergency into one of the following categories: • • • •

Grade 1 emergency - requires high standard hospital facilities or repatriation, if necessary, by the quickest route possible because the patients life is in danger. Grade 2 emergencies - requires high standard hospital facilities or repatriation, if necessary, by the quickest route possible using scheduled flight/boat connections. Grade 3 emergencies - requires evacuation to Kupang using scheduled flight/boat connections. Grade 4 emergencies - requires evacuation to Lewaleba, Kalabahi or Kupang.

16. Following a medical decision classifying the emergency as either Grade 1 or 2, the injured person or the Doctor by request must immediately contact the Insurance Company and/or notify Senior Management at the Head Office (in the case of nationals). If senior


122

personnel from the Head Office cannot be immediately contacted then he/she will be the lead person and proceed with the evacuation process. 17. Unless directed otherwise by the Head Office, the senior staff member is responsible for speaking to the Insurance Company directly if the evacuation relates to a Grade 1 emergency for non-Indonesian personnel. Specific approval from the Insurance Company would be required in advance before this could be set in motion. 18. If the patient has a personal insurance policy then the emergency contact details for their insurer will be likely held on their person and certainly filed on the Floating Ranger Station ‘FRS’ and at the Field Office. 19. In cases for Indonesian Nationals where there is no insurance policy, approval must be given by authorised personnel from the Head Office before evacuation (Grade 1 and 2 emergencies only). 20. If it is a Grade 1 emergency then the Insurer should organise a plane straight the nearest suitable airport with medical assistance. If it is a lower level of emergency then the evacuated patient should be moved as quickly as possible consistent with their condition to the location stated by the Head Office or Insurance Company. Qualified medical personnel must accompany and stay with the patient until received at the designated hospital or handed over to other medical staff for evacuation. 21. All staff involved in the emergency must keep detailed notes of all their actions and conversations and the details collated into a final report for the Head Office and insurance company. Recommendations for accidents in extremely remote areas. 22. The procedures stated above apply. The only difference is the greater distance and longer time to reach medical attention and facilities. 23. Basic medical facilities are located in the main villages on each of the islands. Each clinic has trained nurses that are easily contactable. Doctors are usually available though on very small islands this may not be the case. The Doctor is initially responsible for determining whether evacuation of a patient is required and the level of emergency (see above).


123

24. For Grade 2 - 4 emergencies, field staffs are responsible for organising the casualty’s journey to the nearest suitable medical facility as quick and safely as practically possible. The exact method and route out will be dependent on the injury and weather conditions. 25. For Grade 1 emergency, the quickest route out might be to consider liaising an operation that utilises an air strip or has fast speed boats available and travel direct to a main airport such as Kupang with medical supervision. If the patient has a diving related illness additional oxygen cylinders must be available for use during the journey.

EMERGENCY CONTACT INFORMATION Radio Frequencies SAR, Kendari

13.545 usb

Telephone Numbers WWF – Indonesia Head Office: 021 576 1070 Fax. 1080 Bali Office: 0361 730185 Wawan Ridwan - Marine Program Director Lida Pet-Soede - Coral Triangle Centre

HP XXXXXXXXXXXXX HP XXXXXXXXXXXXX

Lembata Field Office 0383 41675 Trans Lembata RT 15A, RW 07, Kel. Lewoleba Timur, Kec. Nubatukan, Kab. Lembata, NTT Ayi Hidayat HP XXXXXXXXXXXXX Julien Fudge (Survey Leader) HP XXXXXXXXXXXXX Kupang Emergency Services (telephone code: 0380)

Police Hotline: 110 City Police (POLRESTA): 826-688 Regional Police (POLDA): 821-896

Hotline: 113 Fire Station: 821-467


124

Hotline: 833-119 Public Hospital: 823-426

Hotline: 115 Office: 881-111

Pak Abner is the Station Chief, his handphone is: 081-339-000-789. General Practioner:

IMMEDIATE ACTIONS 1. Appropriate Senior Staff to read and approve this document. 2. All Field Office staffs are required to complete the Personal Details Form providing their Insurance details, if available. 3. Personal & Insurance details to be attached to this document. 4. This document with insurance details to be translated into Bahasa Indonesian. 5. Complete copies of both English and Indonesian versions to be kept: • 1 x on the Floating Ranger Station, with the Captain. • 1 x at the Field Office (placed conveniently for easy access) IMPORTANT This document must be reviewed regularly and kept up to date.

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 2004 – B04b Persons involved

WWF Indonesia

Date

125

Accident Report Form (NON-DIVING)

Details of accident or near miss

Actions required


2004 - B04a Appendix Basic First Aid kit Contents Form Iodine Various dressings Plasters Tape Paracetomol or Ibuprofen Piriton (antihistamine) Amoxycillin 500 mg (antibiotic) Erythromycin 500 mg (antibiotic) Fucidin antibiotic cream Steristrips Loperamide 2mg Cinnarazine 15 mg Stemetil (for nausea) Tramadol (strong painkillers) Antifungal cream Various bandages Forceps Scissors Written Guidelines (English & Indonesian)

Signed: Position: Date:

2 bottles 20 50 1 15 15 15 15 1 5 15 5 10 2 1 5 1 1 1

Stocktake Date:

Order

126

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report 2004 – A02

127

RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE

1. The production of risk assessments and integration of the results of these assessments into the standard operating procedures to reduce risk is a fundamental part of field operational management. Three types of risk assessment are produced: a) those for field offices, b) those for generic types of activities (e.g. inter island transport) and c) project specific activities. 2. The nominated Safety Officer e.g. the Administration Officer at each Field Office is responsible for ensuring that each Coordinator completes appropriate risk assessments and that copies of these assessments are kept for access by any staff member. Copies of all the risk assessments should be kept on the network and on file. The Safety Officer is responsible for ensuring that updates to the risk assessments are on the network and a hard copy is filed. 3. For a better understanding and the relevant reference guidelines, available upon request, that relate to risk assessment requirements and the step by step implementation process respectively. 4. The initial safety briefing to staff and guests arriving at a Field Office should make reference to the site and generic activity risk assessments. Each of the Project Coordinators should also go through project specific activity risks before personnel join their project(s). 5. All new staff (contract or volunteer) should be shown copies of the existing risk assessments and safety procedures and asked to complete their own risk assessment for their specific project if necessary. 6. All risk assessments and safety procedures produced will be reviewed once a year at a Health & Safety meeting organised by the nominated Officer.

Risk Assessment form Site, General Activity or Project activity: Date: Hazard

Name: Control Measures

VESSEL OPERATION PROCEDURE Overview This operating procedure pertains towards an efficient and properly maintained fleet of inboard- and outboard-powered vessels to conduct the marine conservation program. The fleet owned by WWF includes outboardpowered speedboats, inboard-powered local boats (floating ranger stations) and outboard-powered dinghies. The Solor/Alor Project on skilled sea-going personnel to ensure seaworthiness of the fleet and to maintain safety on board at the highest level. This procedure therefore concentrates on operational activities that partly coincide with the Captain’s responsibilities for the vessel and abidance with international nautical/seamanship laws. The Captain of each vessel has overall responsibility for efficient maintenance and safety of the vessel including the souls on board. Sortie plans will be superseded by the Captain in situations that endanger the vessel or life while at sea. Additionally, the Captain also ensures the boat has a full compliment of skilled crewmembers that work well together as a team. The Floating Ranger Station (FRS) Captain has overall responsibility for the fleet at the project site. Attention to health, safety and a high level of professionalism is paramount. Invariably, accidents occur when a collection of disregarded minor issues accumulate thereby increasing the risk and likelihood of an accident occurring. This Standard Operating Procedure therefore is relative to the other operational procedures that together promote the desired outcome with applied diligence. Risk assessments and regular audits maintain a high standard. Vessel allocation The demands to use a vessel vary among marine project sites, the budget available and expected results. The annual work plan takes these points in to consideration and usually dictates the number of working days per period for a vessel. The Operations Manager monitors the usage (Appendix, 2004 – B02d) and availability of each vessel in the fleet. However, there are certain occasions when additional support craft are required e.g. to apprehend a violator at sea or to transport visiting

dignitaries. Permission is required beforehand from the Project Leader and/or Operations Manager in these cases. Good planning, preparation and communication are instrumental for operational success. The Captain requires notification well in advance and allowed sufficient time to prepare a sortie. The Operation Manager coordinates the program with the relevant parties who in turn, should first inform the Operation Manager to arrange a vessel booking. Field communications At all times vessels must be contactable, the combination of SSB, VHF radios (Channel 8), satellite and cell phones permit 24-hour communication. For any situation, key personnel arrange and confirm the communication links (method and times) also ensuring that the equipment employed can operate effectively for the duration. Both the Captain and Operations Manager to double-check equipment and sufficient back-up supplies e.g. phone cards, batteries, recharging units. Maintenance Each vessel has a maintenance timetable to plan docking dates. These standardized times are to optimize operational demands. Attention is paid to the hull and servicing the engines while in dock though in practice this is an ongoing practice (Appendix 2004 – B02c). Closely monitored are fuel, oil and spare part consumption (Appendix, 2004 – B02b). Both fuel and oil usages are gauged by inspecting purchase orders against the Captain’s log and the vessel employment log (Appendix, 2004 – B02d). Fuel consumption however is not consistent, varying due to engine and environmental conditions. Hence, standardizing rates of fuel consumption can be a misleading management tool. Inventories Each vessel has an inventory of the equipment on board (Appendix, 2004 – B02a) and recommended audits occurring twice yearly. Particular attention must be paid to diving apparatus and compressor. Spare parts held on each vessel are also monitored and reconciled with the stock held at the Field Office.

Staffing The Floating Ranger Station (FRS) ideally would have a crew of seven that at any one time will have at least five on duty. The FRS Captain who also supervises staffing for the support vessels will organize crew duties (24hour) and movements. On the FRS both the Captain’s and First Engineer’s position must have counterparts to takeover when the need arises. The speedboats each have a Captain and Deckhand and a second Deckhand to alternate the duties, especially the vessels security nightly. All crew will undertake when available in house and external courses to improve their skills and understanding of health and safety issues.

WWF Indonesia – Sawu Seas 2004 – B02d Appendix, Vessel Employment Log Vessel name:

………………………………………………………………

Allocated Budget:

………………………………………………………………

Period commencing (dd/mm/yy):………………………………………………………….. Logbook checked by:………………………………… Date:……………………………. DATE

FROM (Site &/or GPS)

TO (Site &/or GPS)

ENGINE RUNNING (HOURS)

TOTAL HOURS

CUMULATIVE TIME (HOURS)

SIGNE D

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report DAILY EVENT LOG – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Survey Day…….. (days)………. Date…………………

Moon Age Weather………………………………………………….

Survey times: Route taken:

Overnight:

Villages visited (GPS points): Population Access Major income source

Fisheries information: Jetty GPS point Jetty size & description No. of fishers (daily average) Gear type(s) – Target species Favoured site(s) Intensity Low: <25 small boats; Medium: 25-50 small boats; High: >50 small boats Anecdotal evidence -

Notable events & comments:

133


134

CORAL (The Coral Reef Alliance) GOOD PRACTICE GUIDELINES. Mengikuti program pengamatan penyu dapat membantu pelestarian penyu dengan menginkatkan kesadaran. Mencarilah informasi jelas tentang peraturan lokal, yang mungkin berbeda dengan petunjuk-petunjuk umum ini PANDUAN PENGAMATAN PENYU ® Penyu hidup di alam samudra selama 150 juta tahun lebih. Sayangnya, sekarang reptile kuno ini sudah terancam punah di seluruh dunia. Penyebab penurunan populasi populasi tertentu akibat pemburuan yang berlebihan, pembangunan di wilayah pesisir, penangkapan tidak sengaja oleh alat perikanan, degradasi dan kerusakan pantai untuk bertelur, dan polusi kelautan. Anda dapat membantu pelestarian penyu dengan mengikuti petunjuk-petunjuk yang sederhana berikut ini. Panduan ini dirancang bekerjasama dengan jaringan WIDECAST (Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network – Jaringan Konservasi Penyu Wilayah Karibea dan sekitarnya), dan hanya bertujuan memberikan saransaran yang sifatnya umum – perlu mengetahui juga hukum dan peraturan lokal. FAKTA-FAKTA TENTANG PENYU Semua jenis penyu sudah terancam punah dan membutuhkan pelindungan dari kita Penyu juga mempunyai paru-paru dan menghirup udara seperti kita, sehingga akan mati jika tidak dapat naik ke permukaan laut Sampah dapat membahayakan penyu, terutama kantong plastik yang menyerupai ubur-ubur - salah satu makanan favorit buat sang penyu Seekor penyu sering menetap pada satu wilayah bertahun-tahun, dan pada saat dewasa berulang-ulang mengunjungi tempat bertelur yang sama – jika suatu koloni yang bertelur musnah, barangkali tidak akan pernah ada lagi penyu yang naik. BAGAIMANA CARA ANDA DAPAT MEMBANTU Mendukung upaya pelestarian penyu local – lebih baik lagi, berpartisipasi! Berpartisipasi dalam jaringan pengamatan penyu lokal, dan mengisi/mengirim formulir-formulir pengamatan Jangan membeli atau menjual penyu atau barang yang berasal dari penyu – semua jenis penyu sudah dilindungi dalam CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora – Konvensi internasional khusus perdagangan jenis satwa dan flora liar yang terancam), serta dalam UU nasional di hampir semua negara.


135

SEDANG MELAUT Jika menggunakan perahu, berhati-hatilah – tabrakan dengan perahu dapat mematikan penyu Jika menemukan penyu dalam air, jangan mengganggu atau kasih kaget, terutama jika penyu sedang istirahat atau makan Jika ingin mendekati seekor penyu, bergerak secara berlahan-lahan dan tenang, jika sang penyu kelihatan terganggu, Jangan pernah memanah, mengganggu, menangkap atau “naik” penyu Menurut para ahli, sebaiknya jangan menyentuh atau memberikan makanan pada penyu liar Bawahlah pulang semua sampah anda. Sampah dapat mematikan, terutama jika dianggap sebagai makanan oleh sang. SEDANG DI PANTAI Pada musim bertelur, pantai tempat bertelur penyu perlu perhatian khusus Menghindari gangguan terhadap sarang – misalnya jangan lewat di tempat sarang dengan kendaraan, termasuk kendaraan bermotor dan kendaraan tradisional seperti grobak; dan jangan menggunakan pantai-pantai ini untuk acara – acara keramaian, seperti bakar ikan, berkemah, menyanyi sambil menyalakan api unggun, dll. Jangan meninggalkan benda besar di pantai pada saat malam, yang dapat menghalangi perjalanan sang penyu dari laut ke tempat bertelur (sarang); jika menemukan benda yang dapat mengganggu penyu (seperti kayu log hanyut besar, sampah besar lainya) sebaiknya berusahalah untuk dibersikan Jangan membiarkan saja hewan peliharaan, terutama angin, di pantai tersebut, karena mereka dapat mengganggu telur dan anak penyu yang baru menetas Meminimalisir lampu-lampu dekat pantai bertelur – cahaya non-alami dapat membingungkan penyu, sehingga tidak tahu arah yang benar, terutama anak baru menetas, dan dapat menakuti sang induk Menutupi ke arah laut atau memadamkan lampu yang kelihatan dari pantai PENGEMATAN PENYU YANG BERTELUR Melihat induk penyu yang mendarat untuk bertelur merupakan suatu pengalaman yang tak terlupakan. Tetapi, perlu diingat bahwa seekor penyu sangat tak berdaya terhadap gangguan di darat, dan jika kaget, atau tegang, kemungkinan besar sang induk akan kembali ke laut tanpa berhasil betelur. Jika ingin mengamati penyu yang bertelur, ikutilah petunjuk sederhana berikut: Menghindari semua yang dapat mengganggu – berdiam dan bergerak perlahanlahan Jangan mendekati seekor penyu yang baru datang dari laut, dia akan gampang takut


136

Biarkan sendirian penyu yang belum bertelur Menghindari pemakaian senter – jangan pernah mengarah Menghindari “menjerat” penyu (penyu rasa terjerat, tertangkap) – mendekatilah sang penyu dari belakang, dan menjaga postur tubuh rendah Mundur jika penyu memperlihatkan tanda stres Jangan mengganggu telur atau anak penyu yang menetas Sebaiknya membatasi pengamatan pada 30 menit satu kali FOTOGRAFI Mengabil gambar dengan blitz merupakan hal yang kontroversial. Di beberapa wilayah diangkap sebagai gangguan, dan sesuatu yang ilegal. Jika memakai blitz, jangan berlebihan dan: Jangan pernah memakai blitz sebelum penyu bertelur Selalu mengambil potret blitz dari belakang sang penyu – cahayanya akan menibulkan gejala “buta sementara” pada sang penyu, yang dapat sangat menyulitkan pulangnya ke laut ANAK PENYU YANG BARU MENETAS Jika anak penyu kelihatan salah arah karena terganggu oleh lampu-lampu dekat pantai, anda dapat menolong dengan berdiri antara mereka dan sumber Cahaya tersebut, dan meminta agar lampu dipadamkan sampai anak penyu sudah sampai ke laut Jangan mengintervensikan dalam perjalanan mereka ke laut, meskipun ingin membantu, karena dapat membahayahkan kelangsungan kehidupan mereka nanti Jangan pernah memotret anak penyu dengan blitz – mereka sangat sensitif terhadap Cahaya. © CORAL. Petunjuk ini diperbolehkan untuk diperbanyak dan didistribusikan secara bebas, asal diperbanyak secara lengkap dan bersama copyright CORAL. Usulan untuk menyempurnakan petunjuk-petunjuk ini dapat dikirim pada [email protected] CORAL RP-102:2002 Kunjungilah web-sitenya WIDECAST (Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network – Jaringan Konservasi Penyu di Karibea dan Sekitarnya) CORAL (The Coral Reef Alliance – Alliansi Terumbu Karang) adalah sebuah lembaga beranggotta non-profit internsional, yang bertujuan melestarikan terumbu karang sedunia. Kunjungilah website kami: http://www.coral.org ® PANDUAN PENGAMATAN PENYU


137

PERILAKU YANG BAIK UNTUK LINGKUNGAN SNORKELING Terumbu karang merupakan sebuah ekosistim yang spektakuler dan snorkeling merupakan salah satu cara yang paling baik untuk mengekplorasinya. Terumbu karang tengah menghadapi masa depan yang serba tidak menentu, para snorkelers maupun para pengunjung terumbu karang dapat memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam melindungi keberadaan habitat ekosistem ini. Ikuti petunjuk sederhana mengenai bagaimana menjadi seorang snorkler yang baik berikut ini: SEBELUM ANDA MERENCANAKAN UNTUK MENGEKSPLORASI KARANG

Untuk memilih tempat berlibur, pilihlah tempat atau hotel yang ramah lingkungan; yakni tempat-tempat yang senantiasa melihat pentingya akan konservasi, mendaur ulang limbahnya, mengolah sampah padatnya dengan cara-cara yang bertanggung jawab. Bayarlah iuran atau berikan sumbangan untuk mendukung pengelolaan bila hendak memasuki wilayah karang atau wilayah-wilayah konservasi lainnya. Dapatkan instruksi snorkeling sebaik mungkin. Pastikan anda melatih ilmu snorkeling jauh dari daerah karang. Pastikan peralatan anda harus pas betul sebelum melakukan snorkeling dekat karang akan sangat sulit sekali menyesuaikan diri di dalam air. Bila anda merasa kurang yakin, atau anda merasa belum menjadi seorang snorkler yang berpengalaman, gunakan pemberat sebagai untuk membantu menjaga keseimbangan. Pelajari secara seksama mengenai seluk-beluk terumbu karang – terumbu karang sangat menarik namun perlu disadari bahwa terumbu karang merupakan sebuah lingkungan yang mudah rusak juga.

DI DALAM AIR

Jangan pernah menyentuh karang-karang; meskipun hendak memegangnya secara perlahan. Ada beberapa jenis karang yang dapat menusuk bahkan melukai anda. Pilihlah tempat jalan masuk maupun jalan keluar untuk mengindari berjalan di atas karang. Menjaga jarak yang aman dengan karang sehingga mampu menghindari sentuhan dengan karang. Ketahui dengan benar dimana posisi penyeimbang anda dan upayakan jangan sampai menyentuh pasir.


138

Tetaplah pada posisi datar di dalam air ketika anda berada dekat atau di atas karang. Belajarlah berenang tanpa menggunakan kedua tangan terlebih dahulu. Bergerak secara perlahan – lahan dan dengan hati – hati di dalam air, santai saat anda berenang dan manfaatkan waktu anda dengan baik. Ingat, waktu anda di dalam air cukup mengamati saja tetapi jangan pernah menyentuh.

(Postscript on page 1, Snorkelling) Seorang Snorkler yang baik adalah snorkler yang tahu saat yang paling baik untuk menikmati terumbu karang dengan tenang, santai dan pada saat menikmati keindahannya selayaknya seorang pencipta karang, menyelam dan membiarkan karang-karang tersebut tidak terganggu. Cari tahulah mengenai aturan-aturan dan hukum-hukum adat yang mungkin berbeda dengan panduan umum ini. (Page 2) PERILAKU YANG BAIK UNTUK LINGKUNGAN SNORKELING MEMPERKECIL KONTAK DENGAN KEHIDUPAN LAUT

Jangan membawa makhluk yang masih hidup ataupun yang sudah mati keluar dari air terkecuali kotoran- kotoran yang tidak terdapat organisme hidup dalam kotoran tersebut. Jangan pernah mengusir atau mencoba mengendalikan kehidupan laut. Jangan pernah menyentuh, menangani atau memberi makan kehidupan laut kecuali dibawah bimbingan pakar, dan patuhilah semua petunjuk yang telah dibuat secara lokal. Hindari penggunaan kaos tangan didalam lingkungan karang.

DI ATAS KAPAL Pilihlah usaha snorkeling yang kapalnya menggunakan tempat penambatan tali (mooring) yang benar – jangkar dan rantai tidak merusak karang-karang yang mudah hancur. Pastikan bahwa sampah-sampahnya disimpan dengan baik, khususnya sampah-sampah plastik.


139

Pastikan bahwa benda-benda yang anda bawa seperti kardus, baterai yang sudah terpakai serta botol-botol minuman dibawa turun dari kapal untuk di buang dengan benar.

DI TEPI PANTAI Bantulah taman-taman karang maupun upaya-upaya konservasi lainnya dengan: o Mengunjungi taman-taman karang yang telah ditetapkan serta membayar uang iuran masuk untuk mendukung kegiatan konservasi kelautan. o Dukung dan bantu penggunaan tempat penambatan kapal. o Berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan yang diprakarsai masyarakat setempat dalam memonitor lingkungan laut. o Berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan pembersihan o Bekerja sebagai relawan dalam mendukung taman karang. Misalnya, anda dapat turut serta dalam survey terumbu karang, melakukan program penjangkauan, atau memberikan pendidikan bagi mereka yang membutuhkan mengenai pelestarian terumbu karang. o Menyumbangkan alat-alat seperti kamera, peralatan selam atau buku identifikasi terumbu karang Hindari pembelian cindera mata yang terbuat dari karang, penyu maupun hewan-hewan laut lainnya – karena hal ini dapat dikategorikan sebagai kegiatan ilegal, dan dianggap tidak ramah terhadap lingkungan. Suarakan dengan lantang. Pastikan bahwa orang-orang yang melakukan snorkeling tersebut paham hal-hal sederhana namun penting dalam latihan pelestarian lingkungan. (Postscript page 2, Snorkelling)

The Coral Reef Aliance (CORAL) merupakan anggota lembaga internasional ynon-profit yang memeliki dedikasi untuk melindungi terumbu karang agar tetap lestari di muka bumi ini. Kunjungilah website kami http://www.coral.org Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai upaya perlindungan lingkungan air, kunjungilah website Project AWARE Foundation di www.projectaware.org © Panduan CORAL ini boleh diproduksi ulang serta dapat disebarluaskan secara cuma-cuma dengan menyertakan hak cipta dari CORAL. Perubahan dan saran-saran mengenai panduan ini harus dialamatkan ke [email protected].


140

PERILAKU YANG BAIK UNTUK LINGKUNGAN PENGAMATAN PAUS DAN LUMBA-LUMBA Mengamati paus maupun lumba-lumba merupakan sebuah inspirasi tersendiri serta merupakan sebuah pengalaman yang tak akan terlupakan. Perjalanan selama mengamati paus dan lumba-lumba haruslah tenang, terkendali, dan dipandu oleh mereka-mereka yang yang sangat peduli akan keselamatan hewan-hewan ini. HAL-HAL UMUM YANG BOLEH DAN TIDAK BOLEH DILAKUKAN

Saat bertemu dengan hewan – hewan ini biarkan mereka menentukan sikapnya dan lamanya pertemuan itu Jangan sekali-sekali mengejar dan menyakiti paus dan lumba-lumba Bila mereka muncul dengan perasaan gelisah dan terganggu oleh kehadiran anda, segera tinggalkan tempat tersebut. Jaga jarak pandang untuk menghindari tabrakan dengan mereka. Berhati-hatilah berada di sekitar induk paus dan lumba-lumba yang baru melahirkan – tetap jaga jarak dan jangan sekali-sekali memisahkan mereka dengan anak-anaknya. Jangan bersuara terlalu gaduh. Para pakar menyarankan untuk tidak menyentuh maupun memberi makan paus dan lumba-lumba. Limbah sesungguhnya dapat membunuh mereka, oleh karena itu buanglah limbah pada tempatnya dan secara aman demi keselamatan mereka. Jangan pernah membeli hasil dan membeli paus – keberadaan mereka sangat dilindungi melalui ketetapan dari CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora/ Konvensi mengenai Perdagangan Internasional untuk Jenis Fauna dan Flora yang dilindungi)

TANDA-TANDA PAUS DAN LUMBA-LUMBA YANG SEDANG GELISAH

Kecepatan dan arah jalannya berubah dengan pesat Perilakunya tidak lazim Berusaha untuk melarikan diri seperti halnya menyelam lebih dalam dan lama. Ekornya dikibas-kibaskan.


141

BERENANG BERSAMA PAUS DAN LUMBA-LUMBA Perilaku paus dan lumba-lumba tidak seluruhnya dapat dimengerti. Para pakar menyarankan yang paling baik dalam melakukan pengamatan maupun mengagumi keberadaan hewan-hewan ini adalah dengan tidak perlu masuk kedalam air dengan tujuan untuk melindungi diri anda sekaligus melindungi binatang itu sendiri. (Postscript page 1) Berpartisipasi dengan penuh rasa tanggung jawab dalam program pengamatan paus dapat membantu melindungi - paus dengan meningkatakan kesadaran serta menyediakan sumber pendapatan bagi masyarakat lokal.. Cari tahulah mengenai aturan-aturan dan hukum-hukum adat yang mungkin berbeda dengan panduan umum ini. (Page 2) PERILAKU YANG BAIK UNTUK LINGKUNGAN PENGAMATAN PAUS DAN LUMBA-LUMBA PETUNJUK MENGGUNAKAN KAPAL Jangan sekali-sekali mengejar dan menggiring paus dan lumba-lumba dengan kapal. Jalankan kapal anda dengan cara yang benar. Misalnya: Berjalan dengan kecepatan rendah dan jangan sekali-sekali hendak menyusul paus dan lumba-lumba. Hindari pergantian kecepatan, arah atau bunyi secara mendadak. Jangan mengitari, mengejar atau memisahkan mereka dari kelompoknya dan selalu memberikan jalan keluar untuk mereka. Jangan pernah mendekati paus dan lumba-lumba tepat di hadapan mereka, menghindarlah dari arah jalan mereka sehingga mereka tidak berubah haluan karena kehadiran anda. Jangan pernah melompat di hadapan paus dan lumba-lumba untuk memaksakan pengamatan atau pertemuan dengan mereka. DI ZONA PEMANTAUAN Berdiamlah sekurang-kurangnya hingga jarak 100 meter Berhenti atau jalankan kapal secara perlahan-lahan. Koordinasi dengan kapal-kapal yang lain bila hendak mendekat ke zona pemantauan untuk menghindari memerangkap paus dan lumba-lumba. Batasi waktu pemantauan yakni sekitar 30 menit per kapal Batasi jumlah kapal yang akan melakukan pemantauan, maksimum dua kapal pada waktu yang bersamaan.


142

Tinggallah pada posisi yang sejajar dengan paus dan lumba-lumba

BILA PAUS DAN LUMBA-LUMBA MENDEKAT Berjalanlah secara perlahan atau berhenti, biarkan mesin kapal tetap hidup dalam keadaan netral.

LUMBA-LUMBA DAN BOW RIDING (KEBIASAAN LUMBA – LUMBA BERENANG DEKAT HALUAN PERAHU). Jangan mengarahkan perahu melewati kelompok lumba-lumba agar mendorong mereka untuk berenang dekat haluan perahu – tidak semua lumba-lumba menghendaki berenang dekat haluan perahu (bow riding) yang jalan dan justru banyak diantaranya stress karenanya. Bila lumba-lumba mendekat oleh karena ombak dekat haluan perahu yang sedang berjalan, jaga kecepatan yang sama atau dengan perlahan pelankan mesin kapal untuk berhenti dan biarkan mereka lewat. PERINGATAN – BIARKANLAH PAUS DAN LUMBA-LUMBA TAHU DIMANA ANDA BERADA . Tetap hidupkan mesin kapal walaupun hanya secara perlahan-lahan. Hal ini penting bagi keselamatan anda serta hewan-hewan tersebut. - paus sering menabrak kapal-kapal layar karena mereka tidak mendengar bunyi mesin.

(Postscript page 2)

The Coral Reef Aliance (CORAL) merupakan anggota lembaga internasional non-profit yang memeliki dedikasi untuk melindungi terumbu karang agar tetap lestari di muka bumi ini. Kunjungilah website kami http://www.coral.org Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai pelestarian paus dan lumba-lumba, kunjungilah website International for Animal Welfare di http://www.ifaw.org. © Panduan CORAL ini boleh diproduksi ulang serta dapat disebarluaskan secara cuma-cuma dengan menyertakan hak cipta dari CORAL. Perubahan dan saran-saran mengenai panduan ini harus dialamatkan ke [email protected].


143

PERILAKU YANG BAIK UNTUK LINGKUNGAN MENYELAM Para penyelam merupakan sebahagian orang yang paling berperan dalam menyuarakan dan meng-advokasi pelestarian terumbu karang. Patuhilah beberapa panduan-panduan sederhana mengenai bagaimana menjadi seorang penyelam yang ramah terhadap terumbu karang berikut ini. SEORANG PENGUNJUNG YANG BERTANGGUNG JAWAB Dalam memilih tempat berlibur, pilihlah tempat atau hotel yang ramah lingkungan; yakni tempat-tempat yang senantiasa mengutamakan semangat konservasi, mendaur ulang limbahnya, mengolah sampah padatnya dengan cara-cara bertanggung jawab. Pilihlah perusahaan selam yang menerapkan pelestarian terumbu karang diantaranya: o Memberikan pengetahuan lingkungan o Menyelenggarakan lokakarya bagaimana mengatur keseimbangan o Menggunakan tempat penambatan kapal yang tersedia o Menggunakan fasilitas saluran pembuangan air yang telah disediakan o Secara aktif mendukung taman-taman terumbu karang setempat o Berpartisipasi dalam proyek pelestarian lingkungan setempat Bayarlah iuran tanda masuk di taman-taman karang serta daerah-daerah konservasi kelautan lainnya. Hindari membeli cindera mata yang terbuat dari batu-batu karang, penyu serta makhluk-makhluk laut lainnya – hal tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai kegiatan ilegal, serta dianggap kurang bersahabat terhadap lingkungan. Pelajari secara seksama mengenai seluk-beluk terumbu karang – terumbu karang sangat menarik namun perlu disadari bahwa terumbu karang merupakan sebuah lingkungan yang mudah rusak pula. DI DALAM AIR Jangan pernah menyentuh karang-karang; meskipun hendak memegangnya secara perlahan. Ada beberapa jenis karang yang dapat menusuk bahkan melukai anda. Pilihlah tempat jalan masuk maupun jalan keluar untuk mengindari berjalan di atas karang. Pastikan bahwa peralatan yang anda gunakan benar-benar aman. Pastikan bahwa anda benar-benar anda berada dalam posisi stabil sepanjang waktu Jaga jarak yang aman dan nyaman dengan karang


144

Latihlah kontrol keseimbangan tubuh untuk menghindari benturan dengan karang. Jagalah keseimbangan dan jangan sekali-sekali berdiri atau beristirahat di atas terumbu karang. Hindari penggunaaan sarung tangan dan pelindung lutut di lingkungan batu karang. Jangan membawa makhluk yang hidup atau yang mati keluar dari air terkecuali kotoran- kotoran yang tidak terdapat organisme hidup pada kotoran tersebut.

(Postscript page 1, Diving) Penyelam yang baik adalah penyelam yang tahu saat yang paling baik untuk menikmati terumbu karang adalah dengan tenang dan membiarkan semua mahluk yang ada di karang-karang tersebut tidak terganggu. Cari tahulah mengenai aturan-aturan dan hukum-hukum adat yang mungkin berbeda dengan panduan umum ini. (page 2) PERILAKU YANG BAIK UNTUK LINGKUNGAN MENYELAM MEMPERKECIL KONTAK DENGAN KEHIDUPAN LAUT Jangan pernah mengejar, mengintimidasi atau coba menunggangi binatang di laut. Jangan pernah menyentuh, menangani atau memberi makan mahluk laut kecuali dibawah bimbingan pakar dan patuhilah semua petunjuk yang telah dibuat. FOTOGRAFI & VIDEOGRAFI Para penyelam membutuhkan keahlian selam tingkat tinggi agar dapat mengambil foto dan gambar ataupun merekam video di bawah air. Peralatan fotografi maupun video tidak praktis dan bahkan dapat mempengaruhi keseimbangan serta ruang gerak penyelam di dalam air. Dalam kondisi seperti ini, sangatlah mudah menyentuh maupun menghancurkan biota laut pada saat perhatian terpusat pada pengambilan gambar. DI ATAS PERAHU SELAM Pilihlah usaha snorkeling yang kapalnya menggunakan tempat penambatan tali yang benar – jangkar dan rantai tidak merusak karang-karang yang mudah hancur.


145

Pastikan bahwa sampah-sampahnya disimpan dengan baik, khususnya sampah-sampah plastik Pastikan bahwa benda-benda yang anda bawa seperti kardus, baterai yang sudah terpakai serta botol-botol minuman dibawa turun dari kapal untuk di buang dengan benar.

DI TEPI PANTAI Dukunglah kegiatan taman-taman karang maupun upaya-upaya konservasi lainnya seperti: o Mengunjungi taman-taman karang yang telah ditetapkan serta membayar uang iuran masuk untuk mendukung kegiatan konservasi kelautan. o Dukung dan bantu penggunaan tempat penambatan kapal o Berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan yang diprakarsai masyarakat setempat dalam memonitor lingkungan laut. o Berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan pembersihan. o Bekerja sebagai relawan dalam mendukung taman karang. Misalnya, anda dapat turut serta dalam survey terumbu, melakukan program penjangkauan, atau memberikan pendidikan bagi mereka yang membutuhkan mengenai pelestarian terumbu karang o Menyumbangkan alat-alat seperti kamera, peralatan selam atau buku identifikasi terumbu karang. o Hindari pembelian cendera mata yang terbuat dari batu-batu karang, penyu maupun hewan-hewan laut lainnya – sebab hal tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai kegiatan ilegal, dan juga dianggap tidak ramah terhadap lingkungan. Suarakan dengan keras. Pastikan bahwa orang-orang yang akan melakukan menyelam tersebut paham hal-hal sederhana ini karena ini penting bagi latihan pelestarian alam. (Postscript Page 2, Diving)

The Coral Reef Aliance (CORAL) merupakan anggota lembaga internasional non-profit yang memeliki dedikasi untuk melindungi terumbu karang agar tetap lestari di muka bumi ini. Kunjungilah website kami http://www.coral.org Kunjungilah website Project AWARE Foundation di www.projectaware.org untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai perlindungan lingkungan air. © Panduan CORAL ini boleh diproduksi ulang serta dapat disebarluaskan secara cuma-cuma dengan menyertakan hak cipta dari CORAL. Perubahan dan saran-saran mengenai panduan ini harus dialamatkan ke [email protected].


146


147


148

Kerangka Acuan Survey Potensi Sumberdaya Alam Laut dan Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat di Wilayah Flores Timur, Lembata dan Alor. Oleh Zaka Atapada, Outreach Officer, WWF Solor-Alor Project Pendahuluan Kawasan perairan Solor, Lemabata dan Alor terbentang luas yang diapit oleh dua pulau besar dan dua lautan dalam, yaitu pulau Flores dan pulau Timor serta Laut Banda dan Laut Sawu yang merupakan terusan dari perairan Australia. Kawasan ini termasuk ke dalam salah satu kawasan ruaya jenisjenis mamalia laut yang paling tinggi terutama keanekaragaman jenisnya di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Selain mamalia, kawasan ini juga memiliki berbagai macam keanekaraman hayati baik flora maupun fauna seperti terumbu karang, ikan hias, hamparan mangrove dan lain-lain. Dengan tingginya keanekaragaman hayati tersebut, perlu mendapat perhatian yang khusus, mengingat banyaknya kegiatan-kegiatan perikanan yang merusak lingkungan serta sumber daya alam hayatinya. Salah satu kegiatan untuk melindungi keanekaragaman hayati tersebut adalah dengan membentuk suatu Kawasan Konservasi Laut (Marine Protected Area), seperti yang tertuang dalam UU No. 31 tahun 2004 pasal 1 tentang konservasi sumber daya ikan, UU No. 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemmnya. Untuk mencapai maksud dan tujuan diatas, maka perlu dilakukan langkahlangkah atau kegiatan kongkrit yang mendukung rencana pembentukan dan pengelolaan kawasan konservasi laut Solor-Alor kedepan. Salah satu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan dalam bulan Juli – Agustus 2007 adalah “SURVEY POTENSI SUMBERDAYA ALAM LAUT DAN POLA PEMANFAATAN SDA LAUT DI WILAYAH PERAIRAN FLORES TIMUR, LEMBATA DAN ALOR” Maksud dan Tujuan 1. Untuk mengetahui potensi sumberdaya alam laut Solor-Alor 2. Mengetahui gambaran pola pemanfaatan SDA oleh masyarakat pesisir kepulauan Solor-Alor 3. Mengetahui permasalahan dan potensi pengembangan SDA di kepulauan Solor-Alor 4. Informasi dasar untuk pengelolaan KKL di kepulauan Solor-Alor


149

Output 1. Data potensi Sumberdaya Laut (daerah karang, mamalia laut, tempat bertelur penyu, mangrove dll) 2. Data perikanan (mata pencaharian masyarakat, jenis tangkapan, jenis sumberdaya ikan dan non ikan yang dimanfaatkan nelayan, lokasi penangkapan, jenis alat tangkap, kategori nelayan dll Semua data ini akan dimasukan kedalam program MARXAN dan dianalisa oleh Julien. Metode Metode yang digunakan dalam pengambilan data sumberdaya alam laut dan perikanan di desa-desa target adalah wawancara, survey dan PRA. Ruang Lingkup Kegitan Kegiatan ini akan dilaksanakan pada lokasi perairan Solor-Alor dan desadesa pantai yang ada di Flotim Solor-Alor. Desa desa yang dimaksud adalah: P. Solor: (desa Watohari, Moton Wutun, Watubuku P. Adonara (Desa Waiwerang dan Boleng Lembata Barat Lembata: Desa Baubolak Selatan Lembata : Desa Lamalera A, B dan Labala Utara Lembata : Kelurahan Lewoleba Utara, Ds Kolipada, Wakateha, Watudiri, Wairiang, Walangsawa, Beang. Alor P. Lapa, Desa Marica, Kayan, Baranusa, Kabir, P. Buaya, Ternate, Alor Kecil, Kokar da, Alor Besar Peserta Keseluruhan tim sebanyak 12 yang terdiri dari 1. Cru Kapal (Juhal, Markus, Yohanes, 2 tenaga pembantu) = 5 orang 2. Tim Laut ( Julien, Ayi ) = 2 orang 3. Tim Darat ( Zaka, pak Agus, 1 orang LSM , Yati, Santos)=5 orang


150

Pertanyaan Kunci Perikanan Desa : Nama Responden : Nama Pewawancara Hari/Tanggal

: :

Pertanyaan 1. Jenis Sumberdaya alam laut apa saja yang ada di daerah/perairan bapak/Ibu (baik ikan maupun non ikan)? sebutkan: 2. Kira-kira jenis hasil laut yang paling sering ditangkap oleh nelayan ? sebutkan 3. Lokasi mencari/penangkapan hasil laut dimana saja? Sebutkan 4. Mengapa lokasi tersebut yang diprioritaskan ? jelaskan 5. Mengapa jenis hasil laut tertentu yang diutamakan? Jelaskan 6. Bagaimana hasil pendapatan dalam sehari? ( ikat, nato atau Kg) 7. Pemasaran hasil laut kemana saja? Pasar yang terdekat dan terjauh 8. Berapa harga per Kg/Nato/Ikat? 9. Kapan bapak melaut? 10. Berapa lama melaut? (waktu turun jam berapa dan pulang jam berapa) 11. Pernakah Bapak/Ibu melihat penyu bertelur? Dimana lokasi? Sebutkan 12. Jenis armada/perahu apa saja yang ada di desa Bapak? 13 Jenis alat tangkap apa saja yang ada di desa Bapak? 14. Kira-kira menurut bapak/ibu, bagaiman dengan hasil laut yang didapat? (Kurang, Cukup, Banyak) sebutkan alasannya… 15. Pernakah Bapak/Ibu melihat atau mendengar Bom? Kira-kira darimana saja? Berapa kali dalam sehari? 16. Pernakah orang luar datang mencari ikan di wilayah bapak? Dan menurut bapak, apakah dengan adanya kegiatan bom, potassium dan kehadiran orang luar mengganggu aktifitas bapak di laut? Mengapa? 17. Apakah ada aturan adat yang mengatur tentang perlindungan lokasilokasi tertentu? Kalau ada dimana saja dan sejak kapan aturan itu diberlakukan? Pemasaran hasil laut 18 bagaimana pembagian peran dalam keluarga (bapak, ibu, anak-anak) dalam mencari dan mengelola hasil laut? Jelaskan 19. selain melaut, kegiatan apa saja yang dilakukan oleh keluarga? sebutkan


151

Data Monografi Desa (bisa ambil di pemerintah desa sempat) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Berapa Sarana Berapa Sarana Sarana Sarana

Jumlah penduduk (KK. Jiwa) –prasarana apa saja yang ada di desa? sekolah, Masjid, Gereja, Puskesmas, komunikasi apa saja yang ada di desa? peberaangan transportasi

Assessment of patterns and characteristics of the coastal resources utilization - fisheries Spatial and temporal patterns in the allocation of fishing effort are of particular interest for assessing the impact of fishing effort on resources and for the evaluation of management options and their consequences. Following patterns of effort distribution, management measures regulating this effort can be confined to areas or seasons where they have the most wanted effect on fish stocks and the least consequences for fisher communities that are engaged in non-harmful fishing activities. Socioeconomics of a fishery are important to understand the reason why fishers start or continue fishing and to discuss what would be needed before fishers would/could change their fishing behavior. The following information is preferred for this purpose: • Where do fishers fish with different gears? • How many fishers are fishing in the different areas on average? • Is there a seasonal difference in use of fishing grounds? • What is the perception of fishers on the status of the fish stocks at their fishing grounds? • What is the average catch per fishing trip for different gears? • What types of fish are caught by different gears? • What is the average price for different fish categories? • What are the costs for the different fishing boats (new)? • How long can fishers use the fishing boats before buying a new one? • What are costs of maintenance and repair of a boat per year? • What are the costs for different fishing gears (new)? • How long can fishers use the gear before buying new gear? • What are costs of maintenance and repair of gear per month? • What are costs of operation per day fishing (how many liters of gasoline, fish bait, cigarettes, wage for labourers?

The Solor and Alor Islands, NTT – 2007 Survey Report • • • • • • • • •

152

Where are the major fishing markets? When are the hours of landing (once or twice per day)? Do fishers land or do collectors land the fish? How many fishers come to each market to land fish? Are statistics available on the amount of fish landed at the market? How much fish is landed per day on average on each market? Is there a difference in the fish categories that are landed between markets? What is the most important fish category for each fish market (% of total landing)? Which route does the fish follow from ocean to consumer?

To collect this information we used a combination of approaches: 2. Interviews on location of fishing grounds and on socio-economics 3. Official catch/landing and fishing effort statistics Direct sampling at sea would also have been useful though unable to be conducted on this survey. Yet information from interviews did supply data such as type of fishing they are conducting, where, when, duration, location of point of sale and price Direct sampling at landing sites For several locations information of fish landings was collected at markets. The major markets are indicated on a map of the area and specifics are described. An estimate of the average amount of landed fish per day is given together with an indication of the species composition of the landings. From interviews, the marketing system is described, basically the route of fish from the place where captured until it is sold to a consumer. How many steps does the fish follow, how does its price change at each step in the trade chain. Is there a role for women particularly? How much of the catch is sold and how much is taken home for auto consumption. What is the sharing system of the catch if the crew consists of more than one person. Interviews on the socio-economics of the fishery To find information on socio-economics of the fishery a combination of methods can be used: Personal set interviews are conducted with representatives of all fishing gears that are commonly used in the focal area. The major objective of conducting these interviews is to assess costs of operation and some estimate of average gross income. These interviews also include questions regarding the perception of fishers on the trends in their fishery. Also some of the other stakeholders that conduct reef related activities are interviewed (forms in the annexes).


153

Informal discussions with source persons are held with fishers, buyers, scientists, government officials and other people. The objective of these interviews is to obtain price information, background information to area development, legislation and distribution of fishing patterns. Direct observations are conducted at major fish landing sites to study the marketing system. Official catch and effort statistics Although official fisheries data are often not of high quality, any statistical information that is available for some years back can be useful to depict overall general trends. These statistics must be collected as well whenever possible. Management capacity During the expedition qualitative assessments of the status of the terrestrial and coastal and marine resources around the Alor islands were conducted as well as assessments of the type and intensity of threats to these resources and of the existing capacity to manage these resources.

The Solor and Alor Islands

Recommend Documents