STUDIAISLAIIIKA IND0NESIAN JouRNAL FoR rsLAMrc sTUDTES
Ismv Iru
Volume 2, Number 4, 1995
AND DEMOCRACY:
STnncH OF A VIABLE SYNTHESIS Bahtiar Effendy
MODERNITY AND THE CTIRLITruCT OF PLURALISM:
soME ltrtoorurstRtt Lrssoms Robert W. Hefner
lsmurc PolrrrcRl Tnoucrr
AND CULTURRI
Rrvtvnt
lN M0DERN ltrlporuesn
M. Din Syamsuddin
WeSreRru STUOITS Or SOUTUTAST ASIAN ISLAM: PR0BLEM oF THEORY AND PRACTICE
John R. Bowen tssN 0215-0492
STUDIA ISIAilIIKA lndonesian Journal for lslamic Studies Volume 2, Number 3, 1995 EDITORIAT BOARD:
Harun Nasution Mastubu M. Quraisb Sbibab A,Aziz Dablan M. Satria Effendi
Nabilab Lubis M. YunanYusuf Komaruddin Hidayat M. Din Syatnsuddin Muslim Nasution Wabib Mu'tbi EDITOR.IN.CHIEF:
Azyumardi Azra EDITON: Saiful Muzani Hendro Prasetyo Johan H. Meuleman
Nurul Fajri
BadriYatim ASSISTANTS TO TTIE EDITOR;
Arief Subban Heni Nuroni ENGLISH I.ANGUAGE ADVISOR: Juditb M. Dmt
AMBIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR: Fuad M. Facbruddin
COVER DESIGNER: S.
Prinka
STUDTA ISI"{MIKA (ISSN 0215.0492) is a journal published quarterly by the /nstitut Agama Islam Negen (IAIN, The State Institute for Islamic Studies) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. (STT DEPPEN No. 129,61(IDITJEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Department of Religious Affairs of the
Republic of Indonesia. It specialDes in Indonesian Islamic studies, and is intended to communicate original researches and current issues on the subject. This lournal warmly welcomes
conffibutions from scholars of related disciplines. All artides published do not necessarily represent the views of the journal, or other insdrutions to which it is afiiliated. They are solely the views the authors.
Suuito & Muhbib Abdul Wabab
Majlis al-'UlamA' al-Ind0ntsi fi MunAdalat alBarnAmij al-SiyAsi Abstract:
The eswblishment of the council of Indonesian 'ulamh'(Majlis
Ukma Indonesia, Mtlr, uas proposed, dmong others, by the Neu Order government of Indonesia. This gooernment proposal was issued in tbe decree of the MinistrT of Religious Affairs, number 108/1969, uhicb ordered tbe esublishment of an Indonesian center for Islamic preacbing (Pusat Dakutah Islam Indonesia, PDII). Conducting a zuorksbop dmong the Islamic preachers of Indonesia uas one of the wsks of tbe center. One
of the recommendations of the uorkshop
Teds a
proposal to esablish the
MUL A requirement for the esablishment of the MUI at the national level uas proposak and the consensus of Indonesian'ulamis fro?n ?nu' nicipal and prooincial leaels. This requiremenr wasfulfilled by the Minister of Home Affairs instructing the goaernmental apparatus at tbese twso leveb to esablisb the council. REresenatiaes of these councils attended tbe first national congress of Indonesian'ulami',from uhich the council of the Indonesian'ulami' (the MUI) utas esablished. Tlte aim of esablishing the MUI is to strengthen tbe national defence and to increase'inw-religion tolerance for the success of the deaelopment. Despite tlte government interest in using the'ulamAs to implement its
policies, the esablishment of the MIJI uas also motioared bJ tbe prior 113
Strdia Ishmiha. Vol, 2, No, 4, 1995
114
Suuito &
M*bib Abdil
lYabab
esublishment of similar organizdtions: the Gredt Council of Indonesian Churches (Majlis Agung Gereja Indonesia, the
MAVI)for
Catholics, and
the Council of Indonesian Churcbes (Dewan Gereja-gereja di Indonesia,
DGI)for
Protestants.
The external influence of the government on the
and subordinates
it.
This is reflected
in
MUI is aery strong,
its ideology, organizational struc-
tures, personnel, programs, and legal opinions related to Islamic mdtters
(fatw|s/
The
MUI
has accepted Pancasila (the Five Principles) as its ideol-
ogy. Accepting Pancasila and being loyal to it are requirements
for
one to
MUI committee.In spite ofreligious dffirences, It bas also chosen the President and vice-president as pdtrons dt the national level, and gopernors and regents dt the provincial and municipal levels respectiztely. The Minister of Religious Affairs, the Minister of Home Affairs, the Minister of Information Affairs, outsanding 'ulamls, and become amember of the
leaders of peruasive Muslim mass organizdtions, haoe also been chosen to a.ct as
ex-ofrcio chairmen of
tbe Adztisoryt Board.
The influence of government cdn also be rneasured
frorn
the
MUI\
goals: strengthening the national defence and increasing inter-religion tolerance
for
tbe sake of developmental success. This goal is implemented
through its f.atwis . The majority of
the faruAs produced are ansa)ers to
uithin the government sector. In line uith government policies, the MUI has issued afatui allowingfrogs to be exported,
problems issuedfrom
ahhough this is commonly considered by the majority of Indonesian Mus-
lims to be forbidden ftaram) This aroused d controversial debare among the Muslim communiry. Another controversial fatw|, is related rc aking
part in celebrating Christmas day. Since then a new regulation has been issued to preeent the issuing of conflicring fatwXs in front of the public. Any fatwis made publicly, particularly those ubich are potentially contropersial have to be passed through the collectiae body inaolving different'Ukmisfrom Muslim communities. This regulation is seen ds responsible for decreasing the number offatuh. Nou, the opinion of the MUI are expressed in the form of recommendations uhich is more political in its nature. such tbat of urging Muslim communities to ake part in deoelopm e n a I pr o gr dm s o r in fi gh tin g again st p orn o gr dplry, a lc o h o lic drin k, s adism and lotteries.
Sttdia Ishmiba, Vol, 2, No 4, 1995
Suuito & Mubbib Abdul \y/ahab
Majlis al-'UlamA' al-Indrinisi fi MunAdalat alBarnAmij al-SiyAst
Abstraksi: Kelahiran Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) antara lain diprakarsai Pemerintah Orde Baru. Menteri Agama, melalui SKNo. 108 Th. 1969 membentuk Pusat Dakuah klam Indonesia (PDII)yang bertugas menye lengarakan Lo kakarya Muballi gh se-Indone sia pada an ggal 2 6' 29 Nopember 1974, Di anara konsensus Lokakarya tersebut ialah pembentukan MUL Sebagai tindak lanjutnya, pemerintah meklui Menteri Dakm Negeri menginstruksikan babwa paling lambat Mei 1975 di se' tiap Daerah Tingkat I dan II telah didirikan Majelis Ulama karena pusat telah menyiapkan penyelengaraan Munas I Majelis Ulama seluruh In' yang bertema: Den gan Memperko koh Ketah anan N asional dan gkatkan Menin Kerukun an Hidup Ber agama, Maj e lis U lama Mensukse skzn Pembanguan. Prakarsa tersebut selain karena pemerintah berkepen' tingan adanya organisasi 'ukmL' untuk menlancarkan pelaksanazn kebijaksana"annya, juga karena perkumpukn sejenis di luar Islam telah ter' benruk. Majelb Agung lY/ali Gereja Indonesia (MAIY/, untuk ummat Katolik telah dibentuk tahun 1924 dan Persekutuan Gereia-gereja di In' donesia (PGI) untuk ummat Protestan didirikan tabun 1950. Studi ini menunjukkzn bahwa hubungan pemerinah Orde Baru de' ngan MUI telah menyebabkzn pihak kedua di bauah pengaruh pihak pertama seperti tercermin dalam organisasi, personalia, program keria do ne sia
dan
115
fatua. Dalam hubungan dengan organisasi, misalnya, hasil Munas
Studia klamiha, VoL 2, No. 4, 1995
11.6
Suztito 0 Mahbib
AH*l
lYabab
III,23 Juli
1985, mencantumkan idiologi nasional Pancasila sebagai azapdddhal sepuluh ahun sebelumnyd orgdniwsi ini tidakpernah mencantumkan azas. Pengdrub yd.ng samd. juga terjadi pada personalianya. Pengurus MUI terdiri pelindung deuan pertimbangan dan deuan pimpsnyd.,
inan. Untuk pelindung diteupkan terdiri pejabar tertingi. Di tinghat pusat adalah Presiden dan Wakil Presiden, di daerah tingkat I Gubernur dan ringkat II Bupati/\Y/alikota Laarbekkang agama mereka tidak ditekankan. Sedang deuan pertimbdngdn tingkat pusdt diketudi secara ex
fficio oleh Menteri Agama ditambah dengan tiga menteri (Menteri Dalam Negeri, Menteri Pendidikan sera Kebudayaan dan Menteri Penerdngan),'ulamh'terhemuka, pucuk pimpinan Ormas Is/am sera rckoh masyarakat. Salah satu slardt menjadi pengurus MUI ialah setia dan taat kepada Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Pengaruh pemerinah tercermin juga pada penentuan program kerja MUL Pada Munas I, 26 Juli 1975, misalnya, telah ditekankan bahua progrdm MUI ialah mensukseskan pembangunan nasional, ketahanan nasional dan kerukunan ummat beragama. Program kerja MUI hasil Munas II dan III pada hakikatnya mengemban tugas pokok yang dileakkan pada saat didirikan. Namun demikian, redaksi Munas III mencerminkan tekanan yang juga besar kepada peninghatan kualias kehidupan beragama. Hasil Munas III, misalnya, menyatdkan bahua tujuan program MUI ialah menanamkan kesadaran hidup beragama masyarakat dalam uadah negara RI yang berfalsafah Pancasila. Men urut penulis, dalam bal perumusan tujuan pa.da periode terakhir, cdmpur angan pemerinah aus MUI kurangbegitunampak. Keberada^dn pemerinah ydng tidak kalah pentingnya dalam mempengaruhi MUI tercermin melalui fatua/rekomendasi yang dikeluarkannya. Sampai ahhir ahun 1984, MUI telah mengeluarkan sebanyak 33 fatua. Limafatuta diajukan oleh indipidu/lembaga suasta dan 25 oleb insunsi pemerinuh sedang sisanya aws iniatif MUI sendiri. Di antara fatana kontroversial ialah s o al diperbo leh kannya pembudidayaan kodok, dan soal perayazn natal bersama- Mmgingatfatua-faruta semlrcam itu tckh menimbulkan ptrtmtangdn pmdapat di kzlangan 'ukmL' sendiri maka sekarang diatur bahua fatwa tentdng isyu-iryu kontroversial disampaikan setelab diadakan pembahasan bersama dari berbagai pihak. Akibatnya, menurut penulis, prkembangan fatua tidak sedinamis masamasa sebelumnya. Yang justru menonjol bekkangan ini ialah rekomendasi, sryrti seruan untuk berperdn strta secdra aktif dakm pembangunan, meningkatkan peranan kontrol sosial berupa pemberantasan sadisme, pornografi., minuman keras dan perjudian. Studia Islamika, Vol. 2, No. a, i,995
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