ABSTRACT
Ray Goldton Susilo (04320080072) Arab Spring and Factors that Promoting Democracy in Egypt and Tunisia (xi + 100 pages; 4 appendices) Keywords: Arab Spring, Democracy, Globalization, The role of social media In globalization era, the development of democracy has increase rapidly. Arab Spring revolutions are a set of example of democracy in Middle East. Tunisia and Egypt are countries that experienced turmoil in Arab Spring and managed to bring democracy in its region. The purpose of this thesis is to answer the main question, “Does democracy in Arab Spring comes from internal or external actors?” The sub question that must be answered are, “Does Arab Spring Revolution in Egypt and Tunisia intertwined in the cause and effect of democracy?” and “How effective does the social media stands in the Arab Spring revolution in both Egypt and Tunisia?” Concepts that will be used in this thesis are Globalization, Democracy, Social media, and dependence. This research used Qualitative method. Data will be obtained through documentation, newspaper articles, journals, books that are used as references, and official website browsing Result over the comprehensive analysis over the data, prove that democracy in Middle East, Arab Spring revolutions happened because internal actors such as unsatisfied people, opposition parties, and Islamic fundamentalist. Besides that, there is external actor such as United States that brought early democracy to Middle East. Revolutions in Egypt and Tunisia are intertwined between factors that promote democracy in Arab Spring. Without the role of social media, the revolutions will not be succeed. References: 15 books (1984 – 2011), 8 journals, 13 websites, 1 mass media
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ABSTRAK
Ray Goldton Susilo (04320080072) Arab Spring dan Faktor yang Mendorong Demokrasi di Mesir dan Tunisia (xi + 100 halaman; 4 lampiran) Kata kunci: Arab Spring, Demokrasi, globalisasi, peran media massa. Dalam era globalisasi, pertumbuhan demokrasi telah meningkat cukup pesat. Revolusi musim semi di Arab merupakan sebuah contoh dari demokrasi di Timur Tengah. Tunisia dan Mesir adalah negara yang mengalami gejolak dari revolusi musim semi dan berhasil membawa demokrasi ke dalam kawasan Timur Tengah. Tujuan dari skripsi adalah untuk menjawab pertanyaan utama yang adalah, “Apakah revolusi musim semi di Arab disebabkan oleh aktor internal atau aktor eksternal?” Sub pertanyaan yang harus dijawab adalah, “Apakah revolusi Arab Spring di Mesir dan Tunisia saling berkaitan dalam sebab dan akibatnya dari demokrasi?” dan “ Seberapa efektifnya social media dalam revolusi Arab Spring di Mesir dan Tunisia?” Konsep yang akan digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah globalisasi, demokrasi, media massa, dan konsep ketergantungan. Penelitian ini akan memakai metode kualitatif. Data akan didapat melalui dokumentasi, artikel surat kabar, jurnal, buku sebagai referensi, dan melalui penjelajahan internet. Sebagai hasil dari penelitian yang komprehensif dari data, membuktikan bahwa demokrasi di Timur Tengah disebabkan oleh faktor internal seperti masyarakat yang tidak puas, kaum oposisi, dan kaum Muslim fundamental. Selain itu ada aktor eksternal seperti Amerika Serikat yang membawa awal dari demokrasi di Timur Tengah. Revolusi di Mesir dan Tunisia juga saling berkaitan dengan adanya kesamaan faktor dalam penyebab terjadinya revolusi musim semi. Tanpa adanya peran dari media massa, revolusi tidak akan berhasil. Referensi: 15 buku (1984 – 2011), 8 jurnal, 13 situs internet, 1 media massa.
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PREFACE
Praise Budha, the Almighty God, for His blessings and love that made it possible for this thesis, which entitled “Arab Spring and Factors that Promoting Democracy in Egypt and Tunisia”, to be completed well and in accord with His guidance. This thesis consists of the combination of knowledge, efforts and experiences that were obtained through the four and a half years of studies in Universitas Pelita Harapan and it is intended to attain the Bachelor’s Degree in Social Sciences at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Universitas Pelita Harapan, Lippo Village, Tangerang, Banten. The process of compiling this thesis will not be possible without the guidance, support and prayers from the people around the writer. In this opportunity, the writer would like to dedicate her gratitude and give the highest respect for those whose names will be written in the following: 1. Mr. Indra V. K., S.Sos, M. Asian St. as the supervisor of this thesis for his time, advice, guidance, patience, critics and input, and also for sharing his remarkable knowledge to help completing this thesis in a well and timely manner. 2. Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Ph.D. as the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Pelita Harapan, for his guidance and fruitful knowledge.
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3. Mr. Roy Vincentius Pratikno, B.Sc., M.M. as the Head of International Relations Department for his support, guidance and concern throughout the four years of writer’s undergraduate studies. 4. Dr. Victor Silaen, M.A. as the Coordinator of the Final Projects. 5. Drs. Ignatius Ismanto, M.Si., Mr. Jerry Sambuaga, Mr. Bhatara Ibnu Reza, Mr. Irman Gumilang Lanti, Mrs. Desideria Lumongga, Mr. Tobias Basuki, Ms. Sylvia Maladi, Mr. Rully Mangunsong, Mr. Valentinus Edy Hermawan, Mr. Ian Cosh, and all the lecturers that names have not been mentioned, for their guidance and valuable knowledge for the four years of writer’s undergraduate study in International Relations, Universitas Pelita Harapan. 6. Mrs. Fransisca Endah, Mr. Nalkukuh, Mrs. Helen Diana, Mrs. Esther Taruli, and other staff of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Pelita Harapan, for their administrational support during the writer’s studies in Universitas Pelita Harapan. 7. Tjie Siet Lan, Greysia Junus, Cesterine Susilo, Yoana Gunawan, and Gina Perris Susilo as writer’s beloved mother and sisters for their unrequited love, prayers, care, support and guidance throughout the writer’s life, especially during the process of compiling this thesis. This thesis is dedicated for them although the writer realizes it will not be enough if being compared to what they had given.
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8. Lia Salim, Lia Gusthiana Buna Certina, Della Caroline Soeltanong, Martinus Wijaya, and Natardi Tribuana as member of the Cocoon Group that support, encouragement and for the refreshing times to give for finishing the thesis. Hopefully our friendship will last forever and stays whether in good and bad times. 9. Pierre Mauritz, Jessica Angkasa, Ivan, Citra, Vonny, Michelle, Eva, Ben, Desi, Putri, Fardy, Achmed, Ricky, Mirza, Niken, Junita, Petra, Rudy, Cynthia, Chris, Luccian Pammela, Ricky Gunawan, Nathan Wijaya as fellow students of International Relations Department, and also Hellen Paramitha, Nico Castello and the rest of writer’s friends in Universitas Pelita Harapan whose names have not been mentioned, for their kindness, friendship and support. 10. Lastly, the writer would like to express her gratitude for those who have helped and supported during the process of the completion of this thesis but names have not been mentioned. The writer realizes that this thesis is still far from perfection, and by that the writer would gladly receive any critics, suggestions and comments, which would become a very useful input for the writer. Lippo Village, 19 February 2013
Ray Goldton Susilo
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page COVER STATEMENT OF THESIS ORIGINALITY THESIS SUPERVISOR APPROVAL EXAMINATION BOARD APPROVAL ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................v PREFACE .............................................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................... ix LIST OF APPENDICES ..........................................................................................x CHAPTER I ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1 Background .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Research Question ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Purpose ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.4 Research Purposes ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5 The Organization of the Thesis .................... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER II.......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.1 Review of Literature..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2 Theory Framework ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3 Concept Framework ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER III ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.1 Scope of Research: ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.2 Approach ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.3 Source of data ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4 Data Collecting Techniques ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.5 Data Analysis Technique ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.6 Systematic of The Writing .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. ix
CHAPTER IV ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. ANALYSIS ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1 Timeline of Arab Spring .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2 History of government and political power in Middle EastError! Bookmark not defined. 4.3 Factors that promote democracy in Arab SpringError! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.1 Imperial Legacy ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.2 Oil and Economic Decline ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.3 Unemployment and Education Rate ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.4 Radical Islamic Fundamentalists ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.4.4 Interference of External Actors ............. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.4 Intertwined connection between turmoil in Egypt and TunisiaError! Bookmark not defined. 4.5 Media powers as main actors of Arab SpringError! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER V ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1 Conclusion.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2 Recommendations ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 100 APPENDICES
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page Appendix A Monitoring List ................................................................................................... A-1 Proofread Approval ............................................................................................. A-2 Proofreader’s Curriculum Vitae .......................................................................... A-3
Appendix B Civil movement: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter ...................................... B-1 Parliamentary Reform after the Arab Spring ...................................................... B-2 Appeal to the National Army of Egypt ............................................................... B-3 United Nations Official Response to Arab Spring ...............................................B-4
Appendix C Curriculum Vitae .................................................................................................C-1
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