P A R T
T W O
Pioneering Approaches over
Tujuh Tahun Berkiprah
Seven Years of Work
Fase I (2006-2008) Menanam Benih di atas Jejak Tsunami
Phase I (2006-2008) Planting Seeds in the Tsunami's Trail of Destruction
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he ILO entered Aceh and Nias during the period when disaster relief was being carried out. The crucial mission at that time was restoring the capacity and confidence of the local communities, government and business. The Cash for Work program was the opening move. Cash was distributed in the form of wages for clearing the debris. Gradually, the ILO moved to a more substantive program that led to job creation and the strengthening of local community, government and business capacities: using a local resource-based approach in rehabilitating the destroyed infrastructure .
PROLOGUE
LO memasuki Aceh dan Nias pada masa darurat bencana. Misi krusial saat itu adalah bagaimana memulihkan kembali kapasitas dan kepercayaan diri masyarakat-pemerintah-bisnis setempat. Program Cash for Work menjadi langkah pembuka. Uang tunai disalurkan dalam bentuk upah kerja membersihkan puing-puing. Berangsur-angsur, ILO beranjak ke program yang lebih substantif yang bermuara pada penciptaan lapangan kerja dan penguatan kapasitas masyarakat-pemerintah-bisnis lokal: pembangunan infrastruktur berbasis sumber daya lokal.
PART TWO
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PART THREE
Jejak Rintisan dari
EPILOGUE
D U A
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B A G I A N
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EPILOG • BAGIAN TIGA • BAGIAN DUA • BAGIAN SATU • PROLOG
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Cash for Work dalam Masa Darurat
Cash for Work, Work for Self-Esteem: Restoring Workers’ Confidence
BAGI para pekerja bantuan, masa-masa awal setelah bencana tsunami melanda adalah masa-masa yang penuh dengan pergulatan emosi yang melelahkan. Direktur ILO untuk Indonesia dan Timor Leste, Peter van Rooij, yang tiba di wilayah Aceh tujuh pekan setelah tsunami 26 Desember 2004, merasakan dahsyatnya keguncangan psikis yang mendera para korban bencana. Berhadapan dengan trauma mendalam yang dialami para korban membuat para pekerja bantuan tak selalu mampu berpijak kokoh pada pertimbanganpertimbangan idealis-rasional. Itu sebabnya, pada fase awal, dalam mengimplementasikan inisiatifnya ILO harus menempuh metode penyaluran bantuan yang sesuai dengan kondisi darurat masa itu, bahkan setelah satu tahun lebih tsunami berlalu.
FOR THE aid workers, the early days after the tsunami hit was a time of exhausting emotional turmoil. ILO Director for Indonesia and Timor Leste, Peter van Rooij, who arrived in the Aceh seven weeks after the tsunami on December 26, 2004, felt the enormity of the psychological shock that had overwhelmed the disaster victims. Faced with the profound trauma experienced by the victims, the aid workers were not always able to stand strong on idealist-rational considerations. During the initial phase, in order to implement the initiatives, the ILO had to adopt measures for delivering assistance that were appropriate for an emergency situation, even one year after the tsunami.
Secara sederhana bisa dikatakan, penyaluran bantuan pada fase itu adalah penyaluran bantuan uang langsung kepada masyarakat korban bencana. Walau demikian, dalam praktiknya penyaluran itu tetap
Assistance during this phase took the form of cash transfers to the disaster victims. However, these transfers needed to be delivered in a way that would help restore the spirit and self-esteem of the victims as
EPILOGUE • PART THREE • PART TWO
PHOTO | Doc. TEMPO
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The tons of food aid for earthquake and tsunami victims Aceh
PART ONE
After a while, a problem surfaced: some workers were just sitting idly waiting for the work day to end. Modifications were made, and the Cash for Work model became ‘project-based‘. Workers were organised into groups and given collective daily projects to complete before the wages could be paid. Once the project was finished, the workers could go home, no matter what time of day it was. It was effective. The workers were motivated. The clean-up went efficient. And, of course, Cash for Work gave a boost to the victims’ self-esteem, as they were productive citizens once again.
Tumpukan bantuan bahan makanan untuk korban gempa dan tsunami Aceh.
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Belakangan muncul masalah, karena pola itu membuat sebagian pekerja hanya duduk-duduk sampai waktu kerja berakhir. Maka dilakukan modifikasi di mana penyaluran Cash for Work menjadi “berbasis proyek”. Pekerja dibagi berkelompok dan diberi tanggungjawab proyek harian kolektif. Jam berapapun, jika proyek tuntas, pekerja boleh pulang. Manjur. Para pekerja bersemangat. Pekerjaan-pekerjaan membersihkan puing-puing pun berjalan efisien. Dan, tentu saja, Cash for Work mulai mengangkat harga diri para korban bencana, bahwa mereka kembali menjadi orang yang produktif.
productive members of society. Thus, the Cash for Work model was introduced. Money was spent not as donations, but paid out as wages. As recalled by Yusrizal, an ILO District Engineer who was involved in ILO projects in Aceh throughout the reconstruction period, each worker earned a daily wage of Rp 50,000 (US$5) for cleaning up debris.
PROLOGUE
diupayakan agar dapat membawa efek psikologis yang memulihkan semangat dan harga diri para korban bencana sebagai orang yang produktif. Maka ditempuhlah model Cash for Work. Uang tidak dibagikan begitu saja, tetapi diberikan sebagai upah bekerja. Mulamula, seperti dikisahkan Yusrizal, insinyur teknik ILO di Kabupaten yang terlibat dalam proyek ILO di Aceh sejak awal sampai akhir, upah harian sebesar Rp. 50.000 diberikan kepada setiap pekerja untuk membersihkan puing-puing.
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EPILOG • BAGIAN TIGA • BAGIAN DUA • BAGIAN SATU • PROLOG
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Penduduk lokal disela musim tunggu panen yang mendapat penghasilan sementara dari rehabilitasi jalan. Kegiatan memplester parit di pekerjaan jalan di Pidie, Aceh. During low season of harvest, the local communities still can earn temporary income from the road rehabilitation works. Plastering the drainage during road works in Pidie, Aceh. PHOTO | Doc. TEMPO
Sebelum mengajukan nilai anggaran ke penyelenggara tender, Aziz harus mengerahkan timnya terjun ke medan proyek, mengukur jalan, menaksir kesulitan sampai melakukan kalkulasi anggaran. Sebab, dia tidak mendapat informasi secuilpun tentang pagu anggaran proyek yang diincarnya. “Tapi, justru itu yang menarik,” kata Aziz.
Saiful Anhar, yang memenangkan dua kontrak pembangunan jalan di Kabupaten Bireuen, sependapat dengan Aziz. Menurut dia, pola seperti itu benar-benar baru dijumpainya selama bertahun-tahun menekuni kerja sebagai kontraktor.
Saiful Anhar, who won two contracts to construct roads in Bireuen District, agreed with Aziz. According to Anhar, this was the first time he had encountered such an approach in his many years working as a contractor.
EPILOGUE • PART THREE • PART TWO •
“It was not complicated and nothing was covered up,” said Aziz. However, he did not receive even a shred of information from the ILO on the budget ceiling of the project he was targeting, so before submitting his proposal for the bids, Aziz had to send his team into the field to measure the routes, estimate difficulties and calculate budgets. “But that made it interesting,” said Azis.
PART ONE
“Tidak rumit, dan tidak ada yang ditutup-tutupi,” ujar Aziz. Namun, jika menilik kisahnya saat melalui proses tender, sesungguhnya ada juga yang dirahasiakan ILO. Sebelum mengajukan nilai anggaran ke penyelenggara tender, Aziz harus mengerahkan timnya terjun ke medan proyek, mengukur jalan, menaksir kesulitan sampai melakukan kalkulasi anggaran. Sebab, dia tidak mendapat informasi secuilpun tentang pagu anggaran proyek yang diincarnya. “Tapi, justru itu yang menarik,” kata Aziz.
ABDUL Aziz, 34, initially had little hope of getting one of the road building contracts from the ILO in Bireuen District. When he put in his bid, he was impressed by how straightforward and transparent the ILO tender process was. So he was quite overwhelmed when his proposal was selected. Moreover, his luck continued: due to his good performance, he won another three contracts to build a total of four kilometres of road.
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ABDUL Aziz (34 tahun) tadinya tak terlalu berharap kebagian kue kontrak pembangunan jalan dari ILO di Kabupaten Bireuen Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Saat maju ke ajang tender, dia terpikat pada polanya yang menarik, tidak memberatkan, dan transparan. Maka, Aziz sangat bersuka cita ketika proposal tendernya lolos seleksi. Bahkan, dia beruntung karena mendapatkan tiga kali kontrak dengan total panjang jalan empat kilometer.
Business and Knowledge Benefits for Local Contractors
PROLOGUE
Rezeki Bisnis Rezeki Ilmu Buat Kontraktor Lokal
Abdul Aziz. PHOTO | Doc. TEMPO
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EPILOG
Local workers gone through a field training and closely supervised by the Mobile Contruction Trainers from the ILO.
• PART TWO • PART ONE
When asked about special provisions in the ILO contracts, such as optimizing the use of labor and ensuring that 30 per cent of the workers were women, neither Anhar nor Aziz had encountered any difficulties, from either a business or a social perspective. As they said, the communities in the project locations were generally enthusiastic about participating in the infrastructure works, and had no objections to the provisions on gender equality.
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Ketika ditanya tentang ketentuan-ketentuan khusus yang dibuat ILO, seperti pemakaian banyak tenaga kerja lokal dan penyertaan 30 persen tenaga perempuan, Anhar mupun Aziz mengaku tidak masalah baik dari segi bisnis maupun sosialnya. Umumnya, menurut mereka, masyarakat di tempat proyek yang mereka kerjakan antusias untuk berpartisipasi dalam pembangunan infrastruktur, dan tidak mempersoalkan ketentuan soal kesetaraan gender.
Both Anhar and Aziz underlined the unique benefits of the contracts they were awarded by the ILO. Aside from the business, they also gained new knowledge. This was because the ILO Mobile Construction Trainer (MCT) staff were always standing by to give onsite training on proper infrastructure building techniques, organizing large work crews, and using new technologies.
PROLOGUE
Anhar dan Aziz sama-sama menggarisbawahi keunikan lain dalam kontrak yang mereka peroleh dari ILO. Selain rezeki bisnis, dia juga beroleh rezeki ilmu. Sebab, tenaga-tenaga MCT ILO selalu siap di tengah para pekerja untuk memberikan pelatihan di tempat tentang bagaimana mengerjakan pembangunan infrastruktur yang benar, mengorganisir kelompok kerja yang besar dan memperkenalkan teknologi baru seperti pemanfaatan aspal dingin (cold-mix asphalt).
PART THREE
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PHOTO | Doc. TEMPO
EPILOGUE
Pekerja lokal dilatih langsung di lapangan dan diawasi dengan ketat oleh Pelatih Keliling dari ILO.
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SEBAGAI petani karet, penghasilan suami istri Anotona Zebua dan Marniwati Waruwu bisa dikatakan hanya cukup buat makan seharihari. Maka, sewaktu kesempatan langka itu datang untuk menambah penghasilan keluarga, mereka tak menyia-nyiakannya. Mereka mendapat kesempatan bekerja dalam program rehabilitasi dan pemeliharaan jalan di Desa Gada, Kecamatan Gunungsitoli Barat, Kabupaten Nias, pada 2007.
ANOTONA Zebua and Marniwati Waruwu’s income as rubber farmers was only enough to fulfil their daily needs. So when the ILO came and offered them a job, the married couple accepted it immediately. They worked on a road rehabilitation and maintenance project in Gada Village in Western Gunungsitoli Sub-district, Nias, in 2007.
EPILOGUE
Building Their Own Good Fortune
Program itu meliputi pemeliharaan rutin jalan antara Desa Tumori dan Desa Gada sepanjang 1,6 kilometer. Jalan itu sendiri menghubungkan empat desa, yaitu Ononamelo Lot II, Gada, Orahili
The project included routine maintenance of the 1.6-kilometre road between Tumori Village and Gada Village. The road actually linked four villages, the others being Ononamelo Lot II and Orahili Tumori. Most of the villagers worked as rubber and cocoa farmers.
• PART TWO • PART ONE
PHOTO | Doc. TEMPO
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Marniwati, a 28-year-old woman, was able to work because the project put a high priority on gender equality. She worked on the road maintenance project for 30 days and was paid Rp 45,000 per day. That extra income was very helpful, and went towards the school fees of their four children. Marniwati also used the money to pay for medical treatment for her disabled child.
Easier access for the Rubber farmers in Nias.
PROLOGUE
Berkat proyek yang juga membawa misi mendorong kesetaraan gender itu, Marniwati (28 tahun), bisa terlibat dalam pekerjaan pemeliharaan jalan selama 30 hari. Waktu itu upahnya Rp. 45.000 per hari. Upah itu sangat berarti buat mencukupi kebutuhan sekolah keempat anak mereka, bahkan untuk pengobatan salah satu anaknya yang menderita disabilitas.
Akses yang lebih mudah bagi petani penyadap karet di Nias
PART THREE
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Lebih Mudah Menjual Karet
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Teknik menyadap karet. Rubber tapping technique
Tumori, dan Tumori. Warga di keempat desa yang mencapai 3.492 jiwa itu umumnya bekerja sebagai petani karet dan cokelat.
PHOTO | Doc. TEMPO
Kelompok untuk Pemeliharaan Rutin Jalan di Nias.
PROLOG
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BAGIAN TIGA
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EPILOG
Marniwati, a 28-year-old woman, was able to work because the project put a high priority on gender equality. She worked on the road maintenance project for 30 days and was paid Rp 45,000 per day. That extra income was very helpful, and went towards the school fees of their four children. Marniwati also used the money to pay for medical treatment for her disabled child.
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Selain berkah penghasilan tambahan, Anotona dan Marniwati juga merasakan manfaat langsung dari perbaikan jalan, yaitu akses yang mudah, cepat dan murah ke pusat kota. Sebelumnya, untuk menuju ke pusat kota, mereka harus berjalan kaki selama 1,5 jam, dilanjutkan dengan naik sepeda motor selama 1,5 jam. Sekarang, mereka dapat langsung naik ojek sepeda motor hanya dalam waktu 15 menit dengan ongkos Rp. 10.000 sampai Rp. 15.000. Harga bahan kebutuhan pokok pun menjadi lebih murah dan beragam daripada sebelumnya.
The workers group for road routine maintenance in Nias. PHOTO | Doc. TEMPO
Manfaat lainnya adalah Marniwati dan suaminya kini lebih mudah menjual hasil kebun karet. Sebab, para pembeli kini datang langsung ke desanya. “Kami tidak lagi harus menggotong karet ke pusat kota Gunungsitoli atau ke Desa Hilogodu,” kata Marniwati menyebut nama desa tetangga yang dulu menjadi tempat pengepul karet.
Besides the extra income, Anotona and Marniwati also received another benefit from the road rehabilitation: easy, fast and cheap access to the town. Before the road was built, they had to walk for one-and-a-half hours, followed by another one-and-a-half hours by motorbike, to reach the town. Now, it only takes 15 minutes and costs Rp 10,000 - 15,000 by ojek or rental motorbike. That’s why their daily needs now cost less. Another advantage is that Marniwati and her husband can sell their rubber more easily. Unlike before, the buyers now come straight to their village. “We no longer need to carry the rubber to the city of Gunungsitoli or Hilogodu Village,” Marniwati said cheerfully.
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PART TWO
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PART THREE
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EPILOGUE
EPILOG • BAGIAN TIGA • BAGIAN DUA • BAGIAN SATU • PROLOG
Jalan yang telah direhabilitasi membelah kebun Pinang di Padang Tiji, Aceh.
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Rehabilitated road in Areca Nut Plantation in Padang Tiji, Aceh. PHOTO | Doc. TEMPO
EPILOGUE • PART THREE • PART TWO • PART ONE • PROLOGUE
After Sunday services, the local communities enjoy better access from the newly constructed Oyo river suspension bridge, West Nias.
Sehabis misa di Minggu pagi, penduduk menikmati mudahnya akses dengan adanya jembatan sungai Oyo di Nias Barat. PHOTO | Doc. ILO
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Jalan yang lebih baik berarti akses yang lebih baik untuk kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat. Truk dan angkutan umum yang digunakan oleh penduduk lokal untuk mengangkut hasil bumi. Better road means better access for the local economic activities. Truck and public transportation used by the local to transport their agriculture products. PHOTO | Doc. TEMPO
