PERSEPSI (DEFINSI) (1) Perception is the process through which people select, receive, organize, & interpret information from their environment (Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn)
PERSEPSI (DEFINSI) (2) • Situasi yang sama bisa dipersepsikan secara berbeda oleh orang yang berlainan. • Setiap individu memiliki pandangan yang berbeda tentang dunia nyata. • Informasi yang diperoleh dianalisa dan yang tidak berharga dibuang, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa persepsi adalah akar dari perilaku organisasi, karena berbagai situasi dapat dianalisa dalam terminologi atau konotasi berbeda.
PERSEPSI Manajer Memiliki persepsi tentang realitas & adanya perbedaan persepsi diantara individu yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya masalah dalam organisasi.
PERSEPSI • Faktor yang mempengaruhi persepsi: – Situation Context: physical setting, social setting, organinazional setting
– Characteristics of the Perceived: appearence, behavior
– Characteristics of the Perceiver: needs, experience, values, attitudes, personality.
PERSEPSI FA K TO R - FA K TO R Y A N G M EM PEN G A RU H I PERSEPSI
K O N T E K S S IT U A S I S IT U A S I F IS IK S IT U A S I S O S IA L S IT U A S I O R G A N IS A S I
K A R A K T E R IS T IK D A R I O RANG YANG M ELA K U K A N PESEPSI
K A R A K T E R IS T IK D A R I O B JE K P E S E P S I
S IT U A S I F IS IK S IT U A S I S O S IA L S IT U A S I O R G A N IS A S I
P E N A M P IL A N P E R IL A K U
D E F IN IS I IN D IV ID U T E R H A D A P S IT U A S I
PERSEPSI
PERSEPSI (Perceptual Selectivity) (1) • A. External Attention Factors: – – – – – –
Intensity Size Contrast Repetition Motion Novelty & Familiarity
PERSEPSI (Perceptual Selectivity) (2) • B. Internal set Factors: – Learning & Perception – Motivation & Perception – Personality & Perception
PERSEPSI (Organizing Perceptual Data) • 1. Figure – Ground • 2. Perceptual Grouping: – – – –
Closure (Gestalt) Continuity Proximity Similarity
• 3. Perceptual Constancy • 4. Perceptual Context • 5. Perceptual Defense: bila dihadapkan pada fakta yang tidak konsisten dengan gagasan/pikiran/ide yang sudah dimilikinya
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PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS (1) • Stereotypes: Generating attributes of a group to an individual group member. – Sex-role stereotypes: secretary vs boss – Age stereotypes: resistant to change, lack creativity, risk avoider, cautions, weak (declined physical strength)
• Hallo-effects: Using one trait to create a total evaluation of the individual/situation – Attendance record: responsibility, intelligence
PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS (2) • Selective Perception: The tendency to single out for attention those aspects of a situation or person which reinforce (consistent) with the existing beliefs, values and needs.
– Marketing Manager vs Production Manager
• Projection: The assignment of personal attributes to their individuals.
– Manager’s needs vs subordinate’s needs (dapat diatasi dengan empaty)
PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS (3) • Expenctancy: Anticipating the presence of something and then creating it by a self-fulfilling prophecy. – Sebaiknya Manager mendekati bawahan secara optimistic (positive).
PERSEPSI & ATRIBUSI (1) Atribusi: • Merupakan suatu elemen dari proses persepsi yang bisa sangat mempengaruhi sikap/tingkah laku seseorang (menduga penyebab). • Suatu elemen persepsi yang dapat diartikan sebagai suatu proses bagaimana seseorang mencari kejelasan terhadap sebab akibat dari perilaku orang lain.
• Event Ö Attribution of Causality Ö Response
PERSEPSI & ATRIBUSI (2)
PERSEPSI & ATRIBUSI (3) • I received a promotion Ö … because I developed special relatinship with the «boss» Ö I will continue to seek out « special » relationships with higher level persons. • I received a promotion Ö … because I am a high performer Ö I will continue to work hard.
Managing the Perception Process (1) • Have a high level of self-awareness. • Seek information from various sources to confirm (or discorfirm) personal impressions of a decision situation. • Be empathetic – that is be able to see a situation as it perceived by other people.
Managing the Perception Process (2) • Influence the perceptions of other people when they are drawing incorrects or incomplete impressions of events in the work setting. • Avoid common perceptual distortions that bias our views of people and situation. • Avoid in-appropriate atributions.
