Organization Theory and Design Modul ke:
CH-07 Managing Organizations International Environment
Fakultas
Ekonomi
Program Studi
Magister managemet www.mercubuana.ac.id
Nama Dosen : Dr. M. Ali Iqbal, M.Sc
Bagian Isi • Apa itu Template? – Template merupakan salah satu bahan dokumen atau file yang sangat di butuhkan dalam hal pembuatan bahan presentase. – Template rupakan dokumen atau file yang berisikan model-model tambahan yang akan muncul pada saat proses pembuatan dokumen lain. – Dari pengertian 2 kata diatas, Pengertian template itu tu adalah sebuah desain tampilan halaman dengan berisikan dokumen file modelmodel tambahan yang dikodekan dalam bahasa program dan siap pakai.
Bagian Isi • Mengapa Template? – Karena template banyak untuk membantu kita membuat presentasi yang efektif. Kita dapat memilih template khusus untuk presentasi sehingga hal ini membantu audiens terhubung dengan cara yang lebih efektif dan efisien. – Jika kita memilih template, sedemikian rupa
Judul Sub Bahasan Entering the Global Arena Stages of International Development Global Expansion through International Strategic Alliances Designing Structure to fit Global Strategy Template Modul Pembuatan Template Powerpoint untuk digunakan sebagai template standar modul-modul yang digunakan dalam perkuliahan
Entering the Global Arena
• Motivation for Global Expansion – Economic of Scale: • Building a global presence expands an organizational scale of operations, enabling its to realized economic of scale.
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Entering the Global Arena •
Motivation for Global Expansion – Economic of Scope: •
•
Dua jenis output di produksi dalam satu perusahaan menghasilkan output yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan jika masing-masing perusahaan menghasilkan masing-masing outputnya. Contoh : –
Perusahaan Automobile – mobil dan truk
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Entering the Global Arena
• Motivation for Global Expansion – Low cost of production factors: • Motivation for US companies to invest abroad is the opportunity to obtain raw materials, labor and other sources at lowest possible cost.
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Stages of International Development I. Domestic
II. International
III. Multinational
IV. Global
Strategic Orientation
Domestically oriented
Export-oriented, multidomestic
Multinational
Global
Stage of Development
Initial foreign involvement
Competitive positioning
Explosion
Global
Structure
Domestic structure plus export department
Domestic structure plus international division
Worldwide geographic, product
Matrix, transnational
Market Potential
Moderate, mostly domestic
Large, multidomestic
Very large, multinational
Whole world
Sources: Based on Nancy J. Adler, International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior (Boston: PWS-KENT, 1991), 7-8; and Theodore T. Herbert, “Strategy and Multinational Organization Structure: An Interorganizational Relationships Perspective,” Academy of Management Review 9 (1984): 259-71.
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Interorganizational Strategies for Managing Resource Dependencies •
Two basic types of interdependencies cause uncertainty. – Symbiotic interdependencies: interdependencies that exist between an organization and its suppliers and distributors (Levi’s and Sears)
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Interorganizational Strategies for Managing Resource Dependencies •
Two basic types of interdependencies cause uncertainty. – Competitive interdependencies: interdependencies that exist among organizations that compete for scare inputs and outputs – E.g. Compaq to protect its future supply chips, sign a contract with Intel to use only Intel Chips.
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Strategies for Managing Symbiotic Resource Interdependencies • Developing a good reputation – Reputation: a state in which an organization is held in high regard and trusted by other parties because of its fair and honest business practices – For example • If a car repair shop has a reputation for excellence repair work and fair price for parts, customer will return to the shop.
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Strategies for Managing Symbiotic Resource Interdependencies • Co-optation: a strategy that manages symbiotic interdependencies by neutralizing problematic forces in the specific environment – Examples: • •
Make outside stakeholders (customers) inside stakeholders Pharmaceutical companies co-opt physicians by sponsoring medical conferences, giving away free sample of drugs. 12
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Global Expansion through International Strategic Alliances •
Strategic alliances: an agreement that commits two or more companies to share their resources to develop joint new business opportunities
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Figure 3-4: Types of Strategic Alliances
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Types of Strategic Alliances • Long-term contracts – The purpose of these contracts is usually to reduce costs by sharing resources or by sharing the risk of R&D, marketing, etc. – E.g. Kellogg Company, the breakfast cereal manufacturer, enters into written contracts with farmers who supply the corn and rice it need.
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Types of Strategic Alliances •
Networks: –
–
–
A cluster of different organizations whose actions are coordinated by contracts and agreements rather than through a formal hierarchy of authority The Networks is more formal than contract because more ties link member organizations and there is greater formal coordination of activities. AT&T electronically sends designs for new component parts for new products to its network partner to produce component in desired quantity.
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Types of Strategic Alliances •
Minority ownership • Keiretsu- a group of organizations, each of which owns shares in the other organizations in the group, that work together to further the group’s interests
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Figure 3-5: The Fuyo Keiretsu
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Types of Strategic Alliances •
Joint venture –
•
a strategic alliance among two or more organizations that agree to jointly establish and share the ownership of a new business
Merger and takeover –
Results in resource exchanges taking place within one organization rather than between organizations
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Matching Organizational Structure to International Advantage When Forces for Global Integration are . . .
And Forces for National Responsiveness are . . .
Low
Strategy
Structure
Low
Export
International Division
High
Low
Globalization
Global Product Structure
Low
High
Multidomestic
Global Geographic Structure
High
High
Globalization and Multidomestic
Global Matrix Structure
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Terima Kasih Dr. M. Ali Iqbal, M.Sc
