MENDULANG EMAS DARI KURSUS PRIVAT

MENDULANG EMAS DARI KURSUS PRIVAT Rahasia Mengelola Kursus Privat BAHASA INGGRIS ARIEF DERMAWAN, S.S.

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PENGANTAR SEBUAH PERSEMBAHAN BAGI YANG BERJIWA WIRAUSAHA Anda seorang ibu rumah tangga yang jenuh karena hanya berkutat di rumah? Atau seorang pencari kerja yang tak kenal lelah? Bahkan mungkin seorang yang telah mapan namun ingin membuka usaha sampingan? Siapa pun Anda, buku ini akan membeberkan rahasia mengelola

sebuah

peluang

usaha

yang

akan

memberikan penghasilan ekstra besar hanya dengan modal kecil dan sedikit keberanian! Tidak hanya sistem, buku ini juga memberikan materi kursus yang bisa langsung Anda pergunakan! SEMUA BISA MELAKUKANNYA! TERMASUK ANDA!!

Arief Dermawan, S.S.

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DAFTAR ISI CHAPTER ONE – MENGAPA KURSUS PRIVAT? a. Privat v.s. Lembaga b. Usaha Sampingan CHAPTER TWO – PASAR TAK TERBATAS (MARKET REVIEW) a. Analogi Persentase Pasar b. Kompetisi c. Pemasaran CHAPTER THREE – MANAJEMEN LEMBAGA/ OPERASIONAL a. Personel b. Pembukuan c. Rekruitmen Pengajar d. Pengelolaan Operasional -

Sistem Pengajaran

-

Alat Bantu Pengajaran

CHAPTER FOUR – MANAJEMEN KELAS a. Segmentasi Kelas -

Pelajar

-

Umum

-

Special Purposes/ Kelas Khusus

b. Pengenalan Karakter Kelas/ Siswa CHAPTER FIVE – MATERI KURSUS

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CHAPTER ONE MENGAPA KURSUS PRIVAT? a. Privat v.s. Lembaga Jika Anda telah siap dalam segi pembiayaan, materi pelajaran dan alat bantu lainnya, dan personel Anda dapat saja langsung mendirikan sebuah lembaga. Tampaknya hal tersebut mudah dijalankan tetapi jika Anda kaji lebih jauh, langkah tersebut menjadi sebuah pilihan yang sangat beresiko jika tidak dipersiapkan secara matang. Selain memerlukan langkah-langkah protokoler semisal pengurusan perijinan yang seringkali memakan waktu, biaya, dan pikiran, Anda juga harus mempertimbangkan kalkulasi break even point terutama saat pendanaan berasal bukan hanya dari saku Anda saja. Biaya perijinan, asumsi sewa tempat, operasional kelas, staf, pemasaran, dll. jelas sangat besar dan jika kantong Anda tidak cukup tebal untuk menanggung kerugian minimal selama asumsi satu tahun, pendirian lembaga jelas sangat memberatkan perekonomian Anda. Bukannya Anda tidak boleh mendirikan sebuah lembaga kursus, justru setelah menerapkan petunjuk di buku ini suatu saat Anda akan memiliki lembaga kursus tanpa harus mengeluarkan biaya awal yang besar! Menarik bukan? Semua bisa melakukannya termasuk Anda! Memang, sebagian konsumen menginginkan sebuah tanda legalisasi dari proses pembelajaran mereka, yaitu sebuah sertifikat atau ijazah, namun banyak yang tidak mempedulikan itu karena pada prakteknya yang mereka butuhkan adalah ilmu dari pelajaran yang mereka ingin kuasai. Selain itu, kebutuhan ekonomi yang semakin membengkak akan memaksa mereka untuk memilih layanan atau komoditas yang berharga ‘miring’ tetapi berkualitas! Saya tidak lantas mengisyaratkan bahwa kursus privat/ non lembaga harga jualnya lebih murah dari kursus lembaga, buang jauh-jauh pikiran seperti itu; Anda akan terkejut jika membaca fakta harga yang dapat Anda tentukan nantinya, saya membahasnya dalam Chapter Two.

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Jika sebuah lembaga kursus dituntut memiliki sebuah sistem manajemen yang solid untuk menangani bisnis pendidikan ini, kursus privat juga memerlukannya. Bedanya, berbagai posisi manajerial dalam sebuah lembaga harus dipegang oleh banyak personel, dalam sebuah usaha kursus privat, posisi tersebut tetap ada tetapi bisa dijalankan oleh sedikit orang saja, bahkan Anda seorang diri pun dapat mengelolanya! Tentu saja kondisi ini akan sangat menekan biaya operasional usaha Anda. Berbagai posisi manajerial tersebut akan dibahas dalam Chapter Three. Dengan memberikan kursus di tempat/ rumah konsumen, Anda sebagai pengelola tidak akan mengeluarkan biaya tambahan untuk sewa tempat dan listrik. Pengajar pun biasanya akan mendapatkan layanan tambahan dari tuan rumah, berupa suguhan minuman dan cemilan yang lezat, tentu saja sebagai pengelola Anda tidak boleh iri dengan pengajar. Jemput-bola merupakan sebuah istilah populer yang sejak lama dikenal. Dengan adanya alat telekomunikasi dan modernisasi sarana, konsumen semakin menuntut untuk dimanjakan. Aktivitas sehari-hari yang padat dan berbagai kesibukan lainnya membuat sebagian dari kita merasa enggan keluar rumah kecuali untuk sekedar bersosialisasi dan having fun memanjakan diri, apalagi di kota-kota besar yang semakin padat dan menjemukan, ditambah lagi saat cuaca tidak bersahabat. Anda dan pengajar Anda yang handal akan dengan senang hati mengantarkan hidangan hangat pengetahuan ke peraduan mereka, bahkan hingga ke sudut-sudut kota yang jauh, selama harga telah disepakati dan kepuasan konsumen dijaga. Intinya di sini adalah, dengan layanan kursus privat, Anda akan mampu menjangkau konsumen yang berada jauh dari Anda. Dengan sebuah sistem rekruitmen pengajar yang taktis Anda tidak akan mengeluarkan biaya sepeser pun untuk gaji bulanan mereka (kecuali jika Anda ingin memberikan bonus sebagai perangsang kinerja mereka). Sistem ini akan kita bahas dalam Chapter Three.

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b. Usaha Sampingan Sekali mendayung, dua-tiga pulau terlampaui. Tidak hanya memberikan layanan pengajaran bahasa Inggris, Anda juga dapat mengembangkannya menjadi layanan lain yang juga sangat diperlukan konsumen. Layanan tersebut misalnya adalah jasa terjemahan dan konsultasi. Selalu terdapat banyak peluang dan konsumen untuk usaha ini jadi Anda hanya tinggal mempersiapkan diri untuk sebuah keberhasilan. Semua bisa melakukannya termasuk Anda!

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CHAPTER TWO PASAR TAK TERBATAS (MARKET REVIEW) a. Analogi Persentase Pasar Anda tidak perlu memikirkan persentase dari total penduduk Indonesia yang lebih dari 200 juta jiwa tersebut. Cukup kita buka pintu rumah dan mari kita tengok sekitar kita. Apa yang Anda lihat? Sebuah rumah di sisi kiri, sebuah lagi di sisi kanan, depan, dan masing-masing memiliki anggota keluarga yang haus ilmu pengetahuan! Sebuah kelompok masyarakat yang akan membeli jasa Anda! Kita perkirakan sebuah kompleks perumahan yang terdiri dari ratusan bahkan ribuan Kepala Keluarga pastilah memiliki persentase anggota keluarga bersekolah yang cukup signifikan dan mereka memerlukan sebuah layanan pembelajaran yang praktis dan berkualitas. Di sini sebenarnya yang harus Anda miliki hanya pengajar yang HANDAL dan sistem layanan yang berpihak pada konsumen. Perubahan pola pikir masyarakat yang lebih mengutamakan keahlian untuk bertahan hidup membuat peluang kursus bahasa Inggris menjadi semakin tinggi dalam urutan prioritas pembelajaran mereka, apalagi bahasa Inggris merupakan salah satu mandatory subject of study yang harus memenuhi batas nilai minimal untuk persyaratan kelulusan sekolah. Instansi pemerintah dan sebagian besar perusahaan swasta juga mempersyaratkan penguasaan bahasa Inggris bagi mereka yang ingin diterima bekerja. Jelas kondisi ini akan sangat menguntungkan pengelola kursus karena pasar sangat terbuka untuk disegmentasi. b. Kompetisi Berbicara masalah kompetisi, tentunya kita harus merujuk pada segmentasi layanan yang kita berikan. Jika Anda telah menentukan segmen

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kursus bahasa Inggris maka Anda akan segera mengenali tingkat kesulitan kompetisi dan peluang yang bisa Anda rebut di sana. Seperti yang telah dijabarkan sebelumnya, sebuah lembaga kursus bahasa Inggris memang memiliki peluang besar untuk menarik konsumen tetapi jelas biaya dan manajemen yang diperlukan tidaklah kecil dan sederhana. Kita akan lebih fokus pada kekuatan dan langkah-langkah yang dapat Anda ambil untuk mengambil peluang yang tidak bisa diraih oleh lembaga kursus bahasa. Pertama, Anda tidak perlu mengeluarkan biaya besar untuk menjalankan usaha kursus privat dan ini akan memperkecil resiko kerugian finansial nantinya. Sebuah lembaga akan memecah konsentrasi mereka untuk berbagai alokasi dana sedangkan Anda bisa fokus pada kualitas pengajar dan materi pelajaran. Lembaga akan mengeluarkan biaya besar untuk promosi, misalnya, dan mereka memiliki target ketat agar investasi tersebut menguntungkan mereka. Dengan kondisi seperti itu, mereka biasanya akan membuka kelas untuk semua segmen dan tingkatan. Anda yang tidak memiliki beban berat BEP (Break Even Point) akan lebih santai dan dapat berfikir secara taktis untuk memilih segmentasi pasar yang belum dikuasai lembaga. Anda tidak dibebani dengan biaya promosi dan gaji karyawan yang tinggi sehingga target income dan spesialisasi layanan dapat Anda sesuaikan dengan kondisi pasar (Ingat, usaha Anda adalah usaha sampingan). Jika sebuah lembaga akan berat untuk mengkondisikan sebuah pasar, disebabkan oleh variatifnya segmen mereka, Anda justru akan lebih mudah membangun brand image di mata konsumen. Dalam hal ini, yang Anda perlukan adalah tim pengajar yang berkompeten di bidangnya dan cenderung memiliki spesialisasi pengajaran. Dalam sebuah lembaga, seorang pengajar biasanya dituntut mampu mengajar beberapa atau bahkan semua segmen kelas untuk menghemat pengeluaran lembaga. Waktu yang Anda sediakan sebagai pengelola kursus privat sangat fleksibel sehingga akan mampu menjawab permintaan pasar yang diajukan oleh konsumen yang memiliki preferensi waktu tertentu. Sebuah lembaga

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biasanya telah menentukan jadwal waktu di lokasi mereka sehingga mau tidak mau konsumen harus mengikuti jadwal tersebut. Sebuah lembaga mungkin menarik biaya yang lebih mahal kepada siswanya dan Anda menarik sedikit di bawah biaya tersebut. Tetapi paling tidak, biaya yang Anda tarik tersebut hanya Anda bagi dengan pengajar dan sedikit alokasi untuk hal lainnya, bukan untuk perhitungan sewa tempat, perijinan, dll. yang sangat mahal tersebut! Di surat kabar, Anda sering menjumpai iklan mini yang mengiklankan layanan kursus privat seperti yang Anda tawarkan, tidak perlu khawatir, jasa kursus privat semacam ini akan selalu mendapatkan pasar yang tak terduga, tergantung pada kemampuan Anda menentukan segmentasi, pemasaran, dan peningkatan kualitas dan layanan. Semua bisa melakukannya termasuk Anda! c. Pemasaran Perbaruan dalam sistem pendidikan di Indonesia yang semakin menekankan pada kualitas lulusan disambut dengan berbagai macam tanggapan publik. Sebagian mendukung dan sebagian lainnya menolak sistem yang diajukan. Pengetatan batas nilai bawah untuk mata pelajaran tertentu sebagai persyaratan kelulusan membuat sebagian besar orang tua yang merasa anak mereka kurang mampu mengikuti pelajaran kelabakan. Tetapi kita tidak akan membahas itu lebih jauh, ibarat memancing di air keruh, sebagai seorang wirausahawan-wirausahawati kita harus mampu mengambil keuntungan dari itu semua. Ehm, jika Anda kurang suka dengan ungkapan di atas, kita ubah saja retorikanya sebagai, “membantu (dengan imbalan secukupnya) mereka yang kurang mampu mengikuti pelajaran agar dapat mencapai target nilai kelulusan!” Lebih manusiawi bukan? Bahasa Inggris adalah salah satu materi pelajaran yang menjadi monster yang menakutkan bagi sebagian besar siswa, terutama bagi mereka yang kurang memiliki motivasi dan yang tidak mengetahui kompetensi pelajaran ini di dunia kerja nantinya. Bagi mereka mata pelajaran ini adalah bencana tetapi bagi kita justru merupakan sebuah simfoni indah yang memberikan sebuah

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celah peluang wirausaha. Tidak hanya para pelajar setingkat SLPT-SLTA, para mahasiswa yang mahasibuk pun membutuhkan bahasa Inggris! Bukan semata sebagai prasyarat kelulusan tetapi lebih sebagai bekal mereka untuk bersaing dalam mencari pekerjaan. Dari mereka, kita tidak hanya akan mendapatkan peluang memberikan kursus tetapi juga memberikan jasa terjemahan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia atau sebaliknya; bukankah sebagian besar sumber primer dan sekunder perkuliahan mereka menggunakan literatur berbahasa Inggris? Dunia kerja juga membuka peluang untuk bisnis ini. Tidak hanya bagi mereka yang sedang mencari pekerjaan, para karyawan mapan dan pejabat pemerintahan pun banyak yang memerlukan layanan kursus bahasa Inggris dan mereka cenderung memilih kursus privat karena alasan kenyamanan. Karyawan tersebut akan berusaha meningkatkan performa kerja mereka untuk mendapatkan promosi jabatan atau pun peningkatan pendidikan ke jenjang selanjutnya misalnya. Banyak pula perusahaan yang mengeluarkan kebijakan peningkatan SDM mereka dengan menyertakan karyawan mereka ke dalam sebuah kelas bahasa. Tidak hanya itu, perusahaan juga memiliki banyak dokumen penting untuk diterjemahkan dan untungnya mereka tidak memiliki SDM yang cukup handal untuk menangani pekerjaan ini. Berapa pun biaya yang Anda ajukan biasanya akan disetujui karena yang membayar pengeluaran itu adalah institusi bukan individu. Universitas dan sekolah tinggi lainnya juga menjadi peluang Anda. Banyak dosen yang dituntut mampu berbahasa Inggris secara formal untuk keperluan presentasi, riset, dan pendidikan mereka baik di dalam maupun luar negeri. Mereka bersedia membayar mahal untuk layanan yang Anda berikan. Selain itu, salah satu persyaratan lulus mahasiswa universitas adalah nilai TOEFL dengan standar tertentu. Jika Anda hendak menyasar pasar ini pengajar harus menguasai bahasa Inggris akademis dan memiliki nilai TOEFL tinggi. Setelah mengetahui segmen dan pangsa pasar, Anda tidak lantas harus mengeluarkan biaya besar untuk promosi. Anda bisa menggunakan media

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murah sebagai alat promosi. Iklan koran merupakan alternatif pertama yang biasa dipergunakan baik oleh sebuah lembaga maupun usaha kursus privat. Selain itu Anda dapat juga menggunakan brosur sederhana yang Anda titipkan kepada peloper koran untuk dibagikan kepada pelanggan mereka. Teknologi jelas memberikan

kemudahan bagi Anda dalam memasarkan

jasa.

Telemarketing dan multimedia services semisal email dapat pula Anda pergunakan, tergantung pada skala pasar yang Anda sasar tentunya. Rata-rata pemberi kursus privat bahasa Inggris membebankan biaya rendah kepada konsumen mereka karena mereka khawatir konsumen akan merasa keberatan dengan harga tinggi. Di sini segmentasi pasar akan sangat menentukan harga yang Anda patok. Jangan berpikir pasar kursus privat tidak mau membayar tinggi untuk jasa Anda! Sebaliknya, berfikirlah secara profesional, dengan memberikan kursus privat kepada konsumen berarti Anda dan tim pengajar memerlukan lebih banyak kemampuan karena harus selalu siap menjawab dengan tepat semua pertanyaan siswa. Konsumen yang memiliki uang dan orientasi pada ilmu tidak akan segan membayar mahal untuk jasa kurus privat yang Anda tawarkan. Jika mereka puas dengan layanan Anda, dengan cepat Anda akan mendapatkan efek domino untuk promosi Anda begitu pula sebaliknya. Semakin sulit materi yang diminta dan semakin tinggi wawasan siswa Anda maka semakin tinggikan pula biaya yang harus mereka bayar. Deferensiasi harga diperlukan di sini. Untuk klasifikasi kelas akan dibahas dalam Chapter Four. Semua bisa melakukannya termasuk Anda!

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CHAPTER THREE MANAJEMEN LEMBAGA/ OPERASIONAL a. Personel Untuk sebuah usaha kursus privat yang Anda perlukan sebenarnya hanya Anda sebagai manajer, perencana, kolektor, dan bila perlu sebagai pengajar pula dan para pengajar yang berkualitas. Meskipun begitu anda tetap harus memahami beberapa posisi penting dalam sebuah lembaga kursus bahasa (bukankah Anda nantinya juga akn mengembangkannya ke sana?). Secara sederhana susunan organisasi sebuah lembaga pendidikan dapat dibentuk seperti berikut ini:

MANAJER

WAKIL MANAJER

ACCOUNTING (ADMINISTRATION)

PROMOTION & MARKETING

FRONT OFFICE & ADMINISTRATION

EDUCATION

TEACHERS

Bagan Manjerial

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1. Manajer Tugas utama manajer di sini adalah mengontrol dan mengelola lembaga dan memegang keputusan tertinggi dalam menentukan kebijakan dan langkahlangkah lembaga berdasarkan misi dan visi yang telah disepakati. 2. Wakil Manajer Pada dasarnya tugas utama wakil manajer adalah membantu Manajer dalam mengelola lembaga dan personel. 3. Accounting/ Administration Dikepalai oleh seorang Kadiv. Accounting. Tugas utamanya antara lain menyusun administrasi keuangan lembaga, mengestimasi bujet pemasukan dan pengeluaran, membayar tagihan dan fee karyawan, bersama manajer mengelola dana/ kas lembaga via bank, melakukan kontrol atas keluar-masuk keuangan, mengurus perpajakan, dan menentukan harga layanan. 4. Education Dipimpin oleh seorang Kadiv. Education. Tugas utamanya antara lain membuat kurikulum lembaga, merekrut, melatih, dan menyamakan misi-visi pengajar, mencari inovasi pengajaran, dan mengkoordinir pengajaran. 5. Promotion and Marketing Dipimpin oleh seorang Kadiv Promotion & Marketing. Tugasnya antara lain Mensosialisasikan visi perusahaan, melakukan kerjasama dengan pihak lain, melakukan langkah awal promosi dan pemasaran baik kepada konsumen umum, lembaga, atau perusahaan, membentuk dan mencari pasar potensial serta mentukan segmentasi pasar, melakukan pendekatan profesional kepada pasar, dan melakukan follow-up & jemput bola konsumen.

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6. Front Office Merespon order, melakukan follow-up, dan closing atau deal dengan konsumen, membuat administrasi order dan fee, mengatur jadwal pengajar dan kelas, bertindak sebagai pusat informasi lembaga. 7. Teacher Bertanggung jawab menyelenggarakan layanan pengajaran yang profesional, mempelajari karakter, kemampuan, minat, dan bakat siswa. Di dalam menjalankan kewajibannya mengajar, teacher harus kreatif, inovatif dan memberikan suasana yang kondusif di dalam kelas. Di dalam sebuah usaha kursus privat, Anda dapat berperan sekaligus sebagai manajer, Kadiv Akuntansi, Front Office, bahkan pengajar sekalipun. Meskipun begitu, paling tidak Anda harus mengerti tugas dan prosedur sederhana untuk menjalankan sistem kursus nantinya. Secara

sederhana,

setelah

menentukan

segmentasi

pasar

dan

rekruitmen pengajar, Anda harus segera melakukan penawaran layanan baik itu melalui iklan koran maupun media kreatif yang murah lainnya. Setelah ada respon dari konsumen yang berupa order, Anda harus mencatatnya dalam lembaran Buku Respons/ Order agar tertib administrasi. Setelah deal harga Anda kemudian memilih seorang pengajar untuk ditugaskan. Penentuan harga dapat dilakukan berdasarkan segmentasi kelas (misal, pelajar) dan dapat pula setelah dilakukan tes penempatan (placement test) pada hari pertama. Pembayaran dapat Anda tagihkan di awal pertemuan dengan perbandingan 50 - 50 atau terserah sesuai sistem yang Anda buat nantinya. Buku Respons/ Order secara sederhana terdiri dari: Nomor Respons/ Order, Perwaktuan (tanggal, hari, bulan, dan tahun), Nama Perespons/ Pengorder, Alamat Perespons/ Pengorder, Keterangan (berisi catatan khusus jenis respons/ order), dan Penerima Respons/ Order (Bisa petugas Front Office atau Anda sendiri).

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CONTOH LEMBAR RESPONS/ ORDER JANUARI 2008 SENIN, 01 JANUARI 2008 NO

NAMA

ALAMAT

PENGORDER

1.

BADAK

KETERANGAN

PENERIMA

(JENIS ORDER)

ORDER

TOMI

JL.

I/6, Kelas

Pemula, WAHYU

BUDIANTO

SEMARANG

jam

081 XXX XXXXXX

16.00 – 18.00

kursus

2. 3. SELASA, 02 JANUARI 2008 NO

NAMA

ALAMAT

PENGORDER

KETERANGAN

PENERIMA

(JENIS ORDER)

ORDER

1. 2. Lembar Buku Respons/ Order dapat Anda susun sendiri sesuai dengan kenyamanan Anda. Ingat, Anda yang mengelola usaha ini jadi sebaiknya pilih sistem yang memudahkan Anda. b. Pembukuan Semua usaha pasti memerlukan sistem pembukuan untuk menunjang kelancaran bisnis dan pengontrolan aktivitas rugi-laba mereka. Tak kalah pentingnya, pembukuan keuangan suatu kegiatan usaha juga akan sangat vital untuk menentukan berbagai langkah taktis pengembangan usaha dan pembuatan keputusan penting lainnya. Jika Anda merupakan tipe orang yang alergi terhadap Matematika dan akuntansi, Anda tidak perlu berkecil hati atau bahkan membatalkan niat untuk membuka usaha Kursus Privat Bahasa Inggris yang telah direncanakan. Anda tidak perlu menjadi seorang akuntan atau ahli Matematika ulung untuk membuat suatu sistem pembukuan. Berfikirlah kreatif dan simpel! Pada dasarnya apa sih yang dibutuhkan oleh sebuah usaha sederhana dalam

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mengatur dan mencatat keuangannya? Ya, hanya sebuah catatan sederhana tentang pemasukan dan pengeluaran! Selebihnya hanya berupa rincian jenis pemasukan dan pengeluaran tersebut! Anda dapat membuat sebuah pembukuan sederhana yang berupa rincian Aktiva dan Passiva atau istilah yang lebih populer dalam bentuk lajur Debet dan Kredit. Bahkan jika Anda merasa asing dengan keempat istilah di atas, Anda cukup menuliskannya sebagai Pengeluaran dan Pemasukan. Kita anggap saja Anda memilih istilah terakhir. Yang perlu Anda lakukan adalah membuat laporan Pemasukan dan Pengeluaran Harian, Bulanan, dan Tahunan (jika usaha Anda berlangsung bertahun-tahun). Pembagian Laporan menjadi tiga periode kontrol tersebut ditujukan untuk memudahkan Anda menganalisa keuangan Anda nantinya. Pemasukan dan Pengeluaran Harian bisa diisi dengan berbagai aktivitas transaksi keuangan yang terjadi setiap hari atau pada hari tertentu dalam satu bulan kalender, misal, pengeluaran rupa-rupa, pemasukan dari siswa, dan pembayaran berbagai tagihan. Karena dalam hal ini Anda mengelola sebuah kursus privat yang kendali keuangannya berada penuh di tangan perseorangan, sebaiknya Anda mengelompokkan berbagai pengeluaran untuk tagihan yang disebabkan bukan hanya untuk keperluan usaha kursus Anda (misal telfon rumah dan listrik) ke dalam satu kelompok, misalkan yang Anda beri nama “Prive.” Kecuali Anda khusus mengalokasikan sebuah telfon yang dipergunakan hanya untuk keperluan bisnis Kursus Privat Bahsa Inggris tersebut, Anda dapat memberikan satu pos pengeluaran khusus untuk tagihan telfon. Fisik telfonnya sendiri dapat Anda masukkan ke dalam barang inventaris yang memiliki asumsi penyusutan 5-10 tahun. Setiap akhir transaksi pada satu hari harus ditutup dengan perhitungan Saldo. Logikanya tentu saja sangat sederhana, pemasukan dalam satu hari tersebut dikurangi dengan pengeluaran pada hari yang sama. Saldo pada hari pertama akan dituliskan sebagai “Pemasukan” pada hari kedua dan begitu selanjutnya. CONTOH PEMBUKUAN PEMASUKAN DAN PENGELUARAN HARIAN SENIN, 01 JANUARI 2008

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PEMASUKAN Rp. 125.000

Cicilan I, Indahwati

TOTAL Saldo

Rp. 125.000 Rp. 122.500

SELASA, 02 JANUARI 2008 PEMASUKAN Saldo Rp. 122.500 Terjemahan

TOTAL Saldo

Rp. 50.000 Rp. 172.500 Rp. 148.000

PENGELUARAN Fotocopy (20 lbr) Rp. 2.000 Parkir (1 x) TOTAL

Rp. 500 Rp. 2.500

PENGELUARAN

Kertas HVS (1 rim)

Rp. 24.000

Parkir (1 x) TOTAL

Rp. 500 Rp. 24.500

Pemasukan dan Pengeluaran Bulanan merupakan ringkasan dari jumlah akhir Pemasukan dan Pengeluaran Harian dalam satu bulan kalender tertentu. Hal ini ditujukan untuk memudahkan pengelola saat hendak melakukan evaluasi perkembangan usahanya dalam skala bulan. Selain itu pembukuan bulanan dapat digunakan untuk menganalisa fluktuasi pasar sehingga akan sangat bermanfaat saat pengelola hendak merumuskan sebuah strategi pemasaran baru. Laporan ini dibuat sekali setiap tahunnya. CONTOH PEMBUKUAN PEMASUKAN DAN PENGELUARAN BULANAN PEMASUKAN DAN PENGELUARAN 2008 JANUARI PEMASUKAN Saldo

Rp. 2.500.000 Rp. 1.650.000

PENGELUARAN

Rp. 850.000

LANJUTAN FEBRUARI Saldo Januari +

Rp. 4.500.000

PENGELUARAN

Rp. 1.900.000

PEMASUKAN Saldo

Rp. 2.600.000

17

Kedua contoh di atas hanya sebagian kecil dari sistem keuangan yang dapat Anda buat sendiri. Jika Anda ingin lebih detil di dalam mengelola keuangan usaha Anda untuk mempersiapkan ekspansi usaha kursus privat ke bentuk lembaga nantinya, sebaiknya Anda mempelajari lebih jauh pengelolaan keuangan profesional yang melibatkan banyak item keuangan. Jika Anda tidak ingin terlalu bersusah-payah, pekerjakan saja seseorang yang menguasai bidangnya, tetapi paling tidak Anda harus mengerti logika sederhana dari sistem rumit tersebut agar Anda dapat sepenuhnya mengawasi kegiatan keuangan lembaga. Semua bisa melakukannya! Termasuk Anda!! c. Rekruitmen Pengajar Salah satu rahasia sukses sebuah usaha Kursus Privat terletak pada pengelolaan staff Pengajar. Terdapat beberapa kriteria penting saat Anda hendak melakukan rekruitmen pengajar Anda. Pertama, Kualitas selalu menjadi prioritas! Tidak peduli seberapa keras upaya Anda untuk menekan pengeluaran untuk membayar fee pengajar, jangan sekali-kali Anda merekrut Pengajar yang tidak berkualitas baik dari segi keilmuan maupun performa. Merekrut mahasiswa Sastra Inggris atau pendidikan bahasa Inggris lainnya mungkin akan menekan ongkos Anda tetapi jika kualitas mereka memprihatinkan (Ingat, mahasiswa jaman sekarang sedikit yang benar-benar memiliki ilmu dan teknik mengajar) maka pelanggan Anda akan kecewa dan dengan cepat meninggalkan Anda serta mengajak kenalan mereka agar tidak mengambil kursus di tempat Anda! Terutama untuk segmen kelas tertentu yang memerlukan performa khusus (misal perusahaan) dan keahlian khusus (TOEFL, Academic English, dll.) Anda harus berani merekrut pengajar yang memang ahli di bidangnya, dengan harga yang pantas tentunya! Berbicara mengenai harga, jangan khawatir Anda akan mengalami kerugian jika harus membayar lebih tinggi kepada pengajar, karena harga jual kursus Anda juga otomatis akan Anda naikkan! Kabar baiknya, untuk segmen kelas tinggi tersebut, konsumen tidak segan membayar harga mahal per jam pelajarannya asalkan layanan yang mereka terima benar-benar memuaskan.

18

Untuk menekan pengeluaran, Anda tidak perlu memberikan gaji tetap bulanan kepada Pengajar Anda, cukup bayar berdasarkan jam mengajar mereka, all-in termasuk biaya transportasi dan sebagainya. Semakin mereka mengampu banyak kelas, semakin besar penerimaan mereka setiap bulannya. Sistem freelance ini bukannya tidak memiliki resiko, tetapi keuntungan yang akan Anda peroleh jauh lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan resiko tersebut. Memang ada kemungkinan pengajar membajak kelas yang Anda berikan tetapi itu jarang terjadi karena umumnya pengajar tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk mendapatkan kelas mereka sendiri jadi mereka akan berfikir berkali-kali untuk mencurangi Anda. Be a great manager for them. Untuk menekan resiko pembajakan kelas tersebut, dari awal rekruitmen Anda harus benar-benar memahami karakter pengajar Anda dan tentu saja berikan sedikit “Ancaman” kepada yang melakukan kecurangan. Kedua, Mobilitas. Karena kursus privat merupakan sebuah upaya bisnis jemput bola dan tak terbatas area, peran mobilitas sangat penting di sini. Kepemilikan kendaraan bermotor merupakan sebuah prioritas yang tidak boleh diabaikan di sini, meskipun pengajar dapat menggunakan angkutan umum namun hal tersebut tetap beresiko saat ketepatan waktu dan kepadatan jadwal menjadi pedoman Anda. Untuk itulah Anda harus benar-benar mempertimbangkan faktor ini. Jika lokasi pasar Anda tidak terlalu melebar, mungkin Anda dapat merekrut pengajar yang tidak memiliki sarana transportasi sendiri tetapi pilihlah yang benar-benar disiplin dan bertanggungjawab. Ketiga, Dedikasi. Selain untuk menghindari kasus pembajakan kelas, kriteria ini sangat penting untuk mempertahankan ritme pembelajaran dalam sebuah kelas. Seorang pengajar yang memiliki dedikasi tinggi terhadap profesinya tidak akan mengeluh saat menghadapi kendala semisal cuaca buruk dan siswa yang kritis atau bahkan menyebalkan. Mentalitas dan kesabaran mereka harus diuji sebelum benar-benar diserahi tugas mengajar. Apakah mereka mampu menangani siswa yang cerdas, kurang mampu menangkap pelajaran, atau mungkin yang sok tahu? Kurus privat berbeda dari kursus

19

lembaga. Karena sifatnya cenderung perorangan dan kelompok kecil, kemungkinan terjadi hubungan emosional antara pengajar dan siswa sangat tinggi. Meskipun seringkali siswa menjadikan pengajar sebagai tempat berkeluh-kesah mereka, usahakan si pengajar tidak terlalu terpengaruh dengan hal itu dan tetap menggiring siswa mereka ke tujuan semula, yaitu belajar! Mungkin bagi pengajar, berbincang mengenai masalah pribadi siswa akan lebih menyenangkan dan mempercepat berlalunya sesi mengajar mereka, tetapi efeknya akan Anda terima nantinya. Dedikasi sangat diperlukan di sini. Sebagai pengelola, Anda harus mampu mengarahkan pengajar Anda agar tidak terlena dengan hubungan emosional dengan siswanya, demi kemajuan dan keuntungan bersama tentunya. Keempat, Surat Perjanjian/ Kontrak Kerja. Seringkali pengelola kursus privat yang belum berbadan hukum tidak memberikan surat kontrak kerja kepada pengajar mereka. Kontrak Kerja sangat penting karena ia mengikat kedua belah pihak agar tetap berada di dalam satu koridor kesepakatan yang disetujui bersama. Kontrak Kerja juga akan mengurangi resiko kecurangan dan menekan perselisihan yang mungkin terjadi di kemudian hari. Segala sesuatu yang berkenaan dengan pekerjaan dan pembayaran fee harus tertuang secara jelas dalam Kontrak Kerja. Jangan pergunakan kalimat yang bias, pilih diksi yang jelas dan lugas, kecuali jika Anda sendiri ingin kontrak yang Anda buat mudah diterobos secara hukum dari segi kebahasaan. Untuk itulah, selalu pastikan pengajar Anda membaca dan memahami serta menandatangani Kontrak Kerja dengan Anda sebagai pengelola. Agar Kontrak Kerja sempurna, berkonsultasilah kepada seorang ahli hukum. d. Pengelolaan Operasional -

Sistem Pengajaran Anda dapat membuat sebuah sistem pengajaran yang sederhana dan

mudah dijalankan. Contoh, Anda dapat menentukan setiap sesi pelajaran berlangsung selama 1,5 jam dan jika terjadi keterlambatan akan mendapatkan

20

kompensasi. Jika keterlambatan dilakukan oleh pengajar, pengelola akan menambah jam pelajaran sesuai dengan waktu yang terbuang atau menggantinya dengan jam lainnya. Tetapi jika keterlambatan dilakukan oleh siswa, ia tidak akan mendapatkan jam tambahan dan pelajaran akan diakhiri sesuai jadwal yang telah disepakati. Kesepakatan dengan siswa juga harus Anda pastikan dengan sebuah perjanjian yang isinya dapat berupa penjelasan ketentuan kursus, sistem, dan sebagainya. Sebelum proses belajar-mengajar dimulai, atau jika perlu sebelum terjadi pembayaran pertama, Anda telah memastikan siswa menandatangani kesepakatan bersama. Hal ini penting dilakukan untuk menekan potensi perselisihan di masa datang. -

Alat Bantu Pengajaran Terdapat beberapa alat bantu pengajaran yang diperlukan dalam sebuah

usaha kursus privat. Pertama, Surat Tugas yang diberikan kepada siswa melalui pengajarnya untuk memastikan dan meyakinkan siswa bahwa seseorang yang dikirim ke rumah siswa tersebut benar-benar pengajar perwakilan dari Anda. Surat Tugas tersebut dapat berisi pernyataan pengelola kursus (Anda) tentang jadwal kelas, pengajar, dan kesepakatan lain yang Anda rasa perlu cantumkan. Kedua, Lembar Absensi yang berisi jadwal, materi, dan tanggal pelajaran serta yang terpenting adalah tanda tangan siswa dan pengajar yang menunjukkan

transaksi

kegiatan

belajar-mengajar

benar-benar

telah

dilaksanakan. Selain itu, Lembar Absensi ini juga dapat dipergunakan oleh pengelola untuk menghitung jumlah kelas yang telah dijalankan selama satu bulan kalender dan berdasarkan data ini Anda dapat memberikan fee kepada pengajar Anda. DAFTAR HADIR SISWA DAN PENGAJAR

21

NO

NAMA

1

TINA BOOM

2

BUDIANSAH

TANGGAL/ TANDA TANGAN 01/01 02/01 Dst

3 ALICE MATERI

TANDA TANGAN PENGAJAR

CONTOH DAFTAR KEHADIRAN SISWA DAN MATERI Ketiga, Materi Pelajaran. Di dalam memberikan materi pelajaran untuk kursus privat pengajar biasanya menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan siswa yang diajarnya. Materi dapat bervariasi tergantung dari segmen kelas yang berjalan. Meskipun begitu, pengajar tetap harus mengikuti prosedur materi umum yang telah Anda buat. Contoh segmentasi kelas dan pembuatan materi akan kita bahas dalam Chapter Four.

CHAPTER FOUR MANAJEMEN KELAS a. Segmentasi Kelas

22

Secara sederhana kita akan membagi segmentasi kelas ke dalam tiga kelompok, kelas Pelajar, Umum, dan Special Purposes/ Kelas Khusus. Masing-masing dapat kita bagi lagi menjadi beberapa segmen. Pembagian ini dilakukan selain untuk memudahkan Anda menentukan materi pengajaran juga berfungsi sebagai patokan standarisasi harga dan juga penentuan target pasar nantinya. -

Pelajar Segmen Pelajar merupakan segmen yang sangat besar potensinya. Asumsi pelajar di sini kita kelompokkan hanya dari TK hingga SLTA, untuk Mahasiswa akan kita kelompokkan ke dalam segmen umum dan Kelas Khusus. Ciri khas dari segmen ini adalah materi biasanya menyesuaikan dengan kurikulum nasional yang diterapkan oleh sekolah masing-masing. Pengajar harus mengetahui beberapa materi khusus yang diperlukan siswa mereka, misal, pelajaran berbagai konsep tulisan; naratif, deskriptif, dan sebagainya. Meskipun begitu, pada prakteknya, para siswa yang berasal dari segmen pelajar cenderung menginginkan pelajaran standar bahasa Inggris yang berkutat seputar grammar, speaking, reading, writing, dan listening jadi Anda tidak perlu terlalu pusing memikirkannya. Sebagai seorang pengelola kursus privat bahasa Inggris profesional, tentunya Anda perlu juga membekali diri dan pengajar Anda dengan berbagai standar pengajaran nasional yang ada. Contoh penyusunan program dan materi pelajaran dibahas dalam Chapter Five.

-

Umum Segmen Umum terdiri dari berbagai kelompok. Tidak hanya para mahasiswa dan pekerja, segmen ini dapat pula diikuti oleh para pelajar SLTA yang orientasi belajar mereka tidak hanya untuk mengikuti mata pelajaran di sekolah. Menangani segmen umum tidak harus memahami

23

kurikulum sekolah tetapi cenderung harus mengetahui berbagai topik bahasan yang mungkin akan mereka tanyakan dalam sesi kelas. Pada dasarnya jika Anda dan pengajar mampu membatasi dan menggiring kelas ke tujuan awal pelajaran hal ini tidak perlu dikhawatirkan. Pengajar akan dapat fokus ke pembahasan materi yang telah Anda susun dan sesekali memenuhi keinginan siswa mereka dalam sesi speaking, membicarakan topik yang diminati siswa. Contoh penyusunan program dan materi pelajaran dibahas dalam Chapter Five. -

Special Purposes/ Kelas Khusus Inilah kelas yang jarang diminati pengusaha kursus privat karena pengajar mereka kurang handal di bidangnya (mungkin karena mereka hanya mengambil pengajar dari mahasiswa). Jika Anda telah mengetahu kebutuhan dunia bisnis dan akademis lanjut, materi untuk segmen ini tidak terlalu sulit didapatkan. Memang para peminat kelas ini kebanyakan terdiri dari kaum terpelajar dan profesional sehingga pengajar Anda selain harus menguasai bidangnya juga memiliki performa yang tidak asal-asalan. Meskipun begitu, sebagian siswa tidak benar-benar menguasai bahasa Inggris, karena mungkin, mereka terpaksa mengambil kursus TOEFL agar lulus tes TOEFL untuk masuk perguruan tinggi misalnya. Adapula yang memang benar-benar menguasai bahasa Inggris dan yang dibutuhkan adalah teknik penulisan ilmiah. Untuk yang satu ini pengajar Anda tidak semata-mata pintar dalam materi TOEFL, TOEIC, atau IELTS tetapi juga mumpuni dan memahami ketentuan penulisan ilmiah internasional! Contoh penyusunan program dan materi pelajaran dibahas dalam Chapter Five.

b. Pengenalan Karakter Kelas/ Siswa Siapa pun pengajar Anda dan apa pun kelasnya, satu hal vital yang harus dikuasai pengajar adalah kemampuan memahami karakter kelas/ siswa! Berbagai karakter manusia akan pengajar jumpai dalam tugas mereka dan bila

24

ada konsumen yang tidak puas Anda lah yang akan menjadi penengah agar siswa tidak berpaling dari Anda. Modal utama seorang pengajar, selain ilmunya, adalah kesabarannya dalam mengikuti keinginan siswa mereka. Berbeda dari sistem pengajaran di sekolah negeri yang cenderung otoriter; siswa harus patuh pada peraturan, usaha kursus privat justru mengalami hukum yang sebaliknya, pengajar lah yang harus mengikuti kemauan siswa! Di sini lah perjanjian sistem pelayanan berperan penting memberikan batasan hak dan kewajiban pengajar dan siswa! Bahkan jika siswa Anda yang salah tetap saja ada kemungkinan Anda yang dirugikan dengan promosi buruk yang mendiskreditkan usaha Anda di bidang pendidikan. Langkah paling aman di sini adalah kenali karakter kelas/ siswa dan bila menjumpai siswa yang tidak toleran usahakan untuk menggiringnya ke format semula secara halus atu mengganti dengan pengajar yang lebih cocok dengan siswa, dan jika terpaksa pertahankan hingga masa kontrak layanan pengajaran Anda selesai dan jangan lagi menerima siswa tersebut dengan berbagai alasan (misal, jadwal pengajar telah penuh). Sederhana sekali, semua bisa melakukannya! Termasuk Anda!!

CHAPTER FIVE RANCANGAN PROGRAM DAN MATERI KURSUS

25

MATERI 1: RANCANGAN PROGRAM Berikut adalah sebuah contoh perancangan sebuah program perlatihan bahasa Inggris secara menyeluruh. Konsep dan sistem dapat Anda modifikasi sesuai dengan prioritas pasar Anda. A. KID ENGLISH PROGRAM Kid English Program adalah kelas yang diperuntukkan bagi anak sampai dengan kelas VI SD/ sederajat. Program pada level ini didesain sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan usia dan kemampuan anak. Level ini dibagi ke dalam empat kategori berikut ini: I.

Beginner Dirancang bagi anak yang sama sekali belum menerima materi pengajaran bahasa asing. Orientasi kelas hampir sama dengan kurikulum pre school dan Taman Kanak-kanak. Materi yang diajarkan sebatas pengenalan bahasa melalui hal-hal ringan yang dapat dipahami anak, semisal anggota tubuh dan lingkungan terdekat. Selain kemampuan kognitif, anak juga diajarkan untuk mengasah kemampuan motorik dan audio-visualnya. Materi bahasa harus bersifat semitradisional yaitu yang lebih banyak melibatkan gambar dan gerak ketimbang teks dan pemahaman. Pengajar harus benar-benar terampil dan memahami dunia anak.

II.

Kid Talk Dirancang bagi anak yang telah mendapatkan dasar bahasa asing atau anak kelas satu SD sampai dengan kelas tiga SD. Meskipun masih menggunakan

alat

peraga konvensional, namun materi

lebih

ditekankan pada penguasaan kosa-kata, keberanian berbicara, dan pengenalan tata bahasa sederhana. III.

Kid Creative

26

Dirancang untuk mengembangkan penguasaan kosa-kata dasar, tata bahasa, kemampuan berbicara dan mendengar, dan pengenalan dasar kebudayan negara Eropa. IV.

Smart Kid Dirancang untuk anak yang telah memiliki kemampuan pemahaman akademis yang cukup baik. Level ini menitik-beratkan pada pengarahan penggunaan diksi dan tata bahasa secara benar baik verbal maupun tertulis.

B. HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH PROGRAM Diperuntukkan bagi siswa SLTP s.d. SMU. Program pelatihan bahasa dirancang sesuai dengan kurikulum pendidikan formal yang tentu saja menggunakan metode pengajaran yang berbasis fungsi kompetensi dan budaya bahasa sasaran. Program ini membantu siswa menguasai materi bahasa Inggris di sekolah dan menjadikan siswa beberapa langkah lebih maju dalam penguasaan keahlian berbahasa Inggrisnya. I.

Starter (I, II) Dirancang untuk siswa yang kemampuan berbahasa Inggrisnya masih dalam tahap awal. Target level ini adalah penguasan materi dasar semisal tata bahasa dan peningkatan kemampuan mengekspresikan ide secara verbal maupun tertulis.

II.

Inquirer (I, II) Dirancang untuk siswa lanjutan yang telah menguasai diksi dan dasardasar bahasa Inggris cukup baik. Target level ini adalah mendorong siswa semakin ekspresif dan agar memahami fungsi tata bahasa dan

27

diksi sehingga diharapkan siswa mampu mengaplikasikan bahasa Inggris secara benar. C. GENERAL ENGLISH PROGRAM Dirancang bagi peminat bahasa Inggris dari kalangan masyarakat umum. Target pelatihan ini adalah mengembangkan keahlian-keahlian dasar berbahasa baik secara lisan maupun tertulis. I.

Basic (I, II) Dirancang untuk peminat

yang

kemampuan

dasar

berbahasa

Inggrisnya kurang. Target level ini adalah penguasaan materi dasar bahasa semisal grammar, listening, reading, dan speaking. II.

Intermediate (I, II) Dirancang untuk peminat yang kemampuan berbahasa Inggrisnya telah memadai. Target level ini adalah penguasaan kultur tata bahasa, pengembangan penguasaan diksi, keahlian penulisan kalimat majemuk bertingkat dan derivasinya, keahlian penulisan ilmiah maupun non ilmiah, kemampuan penerjemahan, komunikasi dan interpretasi.

I.

Special Purpose Dirancang untuk peminat yang menghendaki pelatihan bahasa berdasarkan tujuan tertentu, kelompok tertentu, dsb.

MATERI PENGAJARAN Berikut ini adalah contoh penentuan materi pelajaran yang akan diterapkan dalam segmen kelas yang telah dirancang sebelumnya. Media pengajaran dapat Anda

28

sesuaikan dengan program Anda sendiri. Untuk kaset dan materi lain dapat Anda peroleh dari berbagai bahan pelajaran yang telah dijual di berbagai toko buku. A. KID ENGLISH PROGRAM I.

Beginner Buku (activity books and material books) -

Buku bergambar yang memvisualisasikan pengenalan abjad, angka, warna, anggota tubuh, binatang, lingkungan sekitar, lagu, sapaan sederhana, dsb.

Kaset -

Berisi panduan pelafalan dan pengucapan materi tulis sederhana dalam buku panduan.

Toys (Mainan Anak) -

Mainan yang digunakan untuk merangsang imajinasi, kreatifitas, dan sebagai sarana pengajaran bahasa.

Pengajar -

Harus yang mampu menjalankan sebagai sosok pengajar dan juga pembimbing yang sabar, kreatif, serta mengerti dunia anak.

II.

Kid Talk Buku (activity books and material books) -

Buku bergambar yang memvisualisasikan pengenalan kata dan kalimat sederhana, angka yang lebih kompleks, warna sebagai bagian dari lingkungan, anggota tubuh dan keluarga, binatang dan kebiasannya, lingkungan sekitar, lagu, dsb.

Kaset

29

-

Berisi panduan pelafalan dan pengucapan materi tulis sederhana dalam buku panduan yang menitik-beratkan pada kemampuan berbicara.



Pengajar -


III.

Kid Creative Buku (activity books and material books) -

Buku bergambar yang memvisualisasikan pengenalan kata dan kalimat sederhana, melatih kecakapan bercerita, drama, angka yang lebih kompleks, warna sebagai bagian dari lingkungan, anggota tubuh dan keluarga, binatang dan kebiasannya, lingkungan sekitar, lagu, hobi, dsb.

Kaset -

Berisi panduan pelafalan dan pengucapan materi tulis yang melatih kemampuan imajinatif dan kognitif dalam buku panduan yang menitik-beratkan pada kemampuan berbicara dan merangkai kalimat.



30

Pengajar -


IV.

Smart Kid Buku (activity books and material books) -

Buku bergambar minimal yang memvisualisasikan pengenalan tenses dan kalimat sederhana, angka yang lebih kompleks, warna sebagai bagian dari penulisan, anggota tubuh dan keluarga, binatang

dan

kebiasannya,

lingkungan

sekitar,

cita-cita,

preferences, hobbies, your friends, dsb. -

Tenses

sederhana

(Simple

Present,

Simple

Past,

Present

Continuous). Kaset -

Berisi panduan pelafalan dan pengucapan materi tulis lebih kompleks dalam buku panduan yang menitik-beratkan pada kemampuan berbicara dan menulis secara baik dan terarah.



Pengajar -


B. HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH PROGRAM I.

(Starter I) -

Tenses: Simple Present, Simple Past, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous.

31

-

Grammar: Word types, Modals, Many-some, (lots of, plenty of, a lot of, much, many, little, a little, few, a few), etc.

(Starter II) -

Tenses: (Future simple, continuous, perfect), (Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous)

-

Grammar: Passive voice, verbal, composition, derivation, general translation,

II.

Inquirer (I, II) -

Tenses: Komposisi Kompleks (compound, compound complex, compound-compound complex sentences)

-

Grammar: Komposisi Penulisan dan Pengucapan

C. GENERAL ENGLISH PROGRAM (UMUM) I.

(Basic I) -

Tenses: Simple Present, Simple Past, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous.

-

Grammar: Word types, Modals, Many-some, (lots of, plenty of, a lot of, much, many, little, a little, few, a few), etc.

(Basic II) -

Tenses: (Future simple, continuous, perfect), (Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous)

-

Grammar: Passive voice, verbal, composition, derivation, general translation,

II.

Intermediate (I, II) -

Tenses: Komposisi Kompleks (compound, compound complex, compound-compound complex sentences)

-

Grammar: Komposisi Penulisan dan Pengucapan

32

III.

Special Purpose Program bimbingan bahasa Inggris profesional semisal TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, Academic English, dsb. Juga Indonesia for Foreigner program.

MATERI 2: BUSINESS ENGLISH Berikut adalah contoh materi pengajaran Business English. Pada intinya materi berkisar pada keperluan bahasa Inggris dalam dunia bisnis. Disertakan pula

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pcontoh penyusunan jadwal kursus Business English yang sebagian materinya telah disertakan dalam buku ini.

A. SAMPEL PRESENTASI Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts : 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BODY 3. CONCLUSION As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden rule about repetition: say what you are going to say, say it, then say what you have just said. In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message. In the introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the body, you tell your audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize what your message was. We will now consider each of these parts in more detail. Introduction The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your presentation. This is the first impression that your audiences have of you. You should concentrate on getting your introduction right. You should use the introduction to: welcome your audiences, introduce your subject, outline the structure of your presentation, and give instructions about questions. The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.

Function

Possible language

Welcoming your audience

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Good morning, gentlemen

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Good

afternoon,

gentleman,

ladies

Good

and

afternoon

everybody Introducing your subject

I am going to talk today about... The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new range of...

Outlining your structure

To start with I'll describe the progress made this year. Then I'll mention some of the problems we've encountered and how we overcame them. After that I'll consider the possibilities for further growth next year. Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (before concluding with some recommendations).

Giving instructions about questions

Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions. I'll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation. I plan to keep some time

for

questions

after

the

presentation.

Body The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident. The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals.

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Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation: do not hurry, be enthusiastic, give time on visuals, maintain eye contact, modulate your voice, look friendly, keep to your structure, use your notes, signpost throughout, remain polite when dealing with difficult questions. Conclusion Use the conclusion to: Sum up (Give recommendations if appropriate), Thank your audience, and Invite questions. The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate. Function

Possible language

Summing up

To conclude,... In conclusion,... Now, to sum up... So let me summarise/recap what I've

said. Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've considered. Giving recommendations

In conclusion, my recommendations are... I

therefore

suggest/

propose/

recommend the following strategy. Thanking your audience

Many thanks for your attention. May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.

Inviting questions

Now I'll try to answer any questions you may have.

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Can I answer any questions? Are there any questions? Do you have any questions? Are there any final questions? Questions Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes you can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even ask for comment from the rest of the audience. B. SAMPEL PROPOSAL Explanation of Who You Are: You are the Director of Marketing at Reyes Corporation. Although you have the authority to approve the proposed project, it is likely that you will also distribute the proposal to the VP of Marketing and Communications, one of the controllers in accounting, and a colleague in the marketing department as well. You requested this proposal. Most contractors are former permanent employees of Reyes and do all the marketing projects, tech manuals, graphic design, etc. This is done through the Creative Services department, which is part of marketing. The part about me working for Reyes both permanently and as a contractor is true, and during my last assignment at Reyes, this standards manual was one of the projects in the queue. However, when a financial situation occurred, priorities shifted and everything was put on hold. I am writing this proposal under the

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make-believe assumption that things are back to normal (they are not) and that the projects that were in queue are once again being considered. MEMORANDUM TO: FROM: DATE: RE:

Dr. David McMurrey, Director of Marketing Robert A. Freundlich, Contractor - Creative Services Department January 6, 1998 Proposal to Develop a Corporate Standards Manual for Reyes Corporation

Thank you for asking me to submit a proposal to develop a corporate standards manual. I have had this project in mind for some time now and have been eagerly waiting for the opportunity to work on it. As we discussed in our meeting on December 7, the changes that Reyes has experienced over the last two years have strongly impacted its identity. Employees, customers, and the market are all trying to define the new Reyes and set it apart from the old Reyes. Both the old and the new Reyes employees are confused about the usage of Reyes brand names, the Reyes logo, and other formatting and style issues. It is the perfect time to reestablish a strong identity for Reyes, starting with a new standards manual. The attached proposal outlines the need for and the benefits of a standards manual. It also includes the method I will use to develop the manual, the contents of the manual, costs, schedules, and my qualifications for review by other colleagues if necessary. Please call me at 770-995-1512 if you have any questions. I look forward to hearing from you. Attachment: Proposal

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PROPOSAL to Develop a Corporate Standards Manual for Reyes Corporation The following is a proposal to develop a Corporate Standards Manual for Reyes Corporation. After reviewing the literature and the outdated standards manual that you gave me at our meeting on December 7, 1998, I developed this proposal to describe to you the process involved in creating your new standards manual. This proposal contains information on the need for a standards manual, the process of developing the standards manual, the contents of the standards manual, the schedule to complete this project, costs to complete this project, and my qualifications to produce a high-quality finished manual. Because I am a former full-time employee of Reyes and have now been working for Reyes on a contract basis for over a year, I am confident that I can create a standards manual that will accurately reflect the new Reyes image and will be a valuable resource for Reyes employees. II.

Need for a Corporate Standards Manual

Since Reyes has used a standards manual before, I know that you understand the importance of having a corporate identity that establishes a consistent impression across all media. Because Reyes has undergone so many changes in the last few years, it is more important then ever to present a consistent image to the media. There has been a large turnover in personnel since emerging from Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1996 and the merger with Access Beyond in 1997. Over the past two years, I have seen numerous examples of inconsistent use of Reyes identity standards. Some of the incorrect usage is due to the lack of training provided to new employees, and some of it is because so many things have changed yet no new standards have been set. I recently saw a copy of a letter sent from a Reyes employee to a customer in which Reyes is referred to three times in three different ways: first as Reyes Microcomputer, then as Reyes Corporation and then the third time as Reyes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Not only can inconsistency confuse

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the customer; it can also leave an impression that Reyes doesn't quite have its act together. Almost everything except the Reyes logo has changed. It is time to re-establish the Reyes look with new standard formats for logo usage, internal and external correspondence, business cards, forms, signage, press releases, and all media formats. There are new product lines, icons associated with those product lines, and Reyes trademarks that need to be used consistently and accurately. Some of the retail cartons, technical manuals, and product literature that I have seen recently do not refer to either the new or the old products consistently. Product names are sometimes written in all caps, sometimes in upper and lower case, and often they are separated from other elements that make up the entire brand name. I have seen usage of the Reyes name with an apostrophe, which has always been unacceptable in any situation. As you can see, it is more important than ever that Reyes presents a positive and organized impression, especially after its recent well-known financial and organizational problems. III.

Benefits of a Corporate Standards Manual

How you visually communicate your company to the world, the market, and your clients is an important part of your success. Consistent usage of style and and identity gives the world an impression that can be remembered. Once an impression is made to a potential customer through various media materials such as marketing collateral, signage, or the World Wide Web, it should be easily recognized a second time. If the identity elements are not used consistently, the impression may be lost. By creating and using identity standards, we can make Reyes more easily recognizable and memorable. IV.

Process of Developing a Corporate Standards Manual

The standards manual that I am proposing to develop will include all identity system elements. I would like to meet with key Reyes personnel to establish clear communication objectives. I will then organize and format the manual and design the cover. No new graphics will need to be created, since all the necessary

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graphics already exist and are archived in the Creative Services Department. New designs will be developed, however, for stationery, presentations, forms and business cards using the current logo with the new Reyes name. I propose to also manage the production and distribution of the standards manual and to prepare a presentation for training employees. A permanent Reyes employee or myself may be considered to conduct the training session. I identified three phases in the process of developing the manual: (1) analysis, (2) design, and (3) production. Below are the steps that will be taken in each phase to ensure accuracy and efficiency: Analysis Phase 1. Research industry visual standards 2. Review competition's standards manuals 3. Attend meetings with key Reyes employees to: 4. Define requirements and establish clear communication objectives 5. Identify application items such as stationery, publications, signage, etc. Design Phase 1. Develop the content and organization of the standards manual 2. Create the format and cover design 3. Finalize basic identity system such as typefaces, colors, etc. 4. Present draft of standards manual for review 5. Incorporate changes as necessary until final approval of standards manual 6. Create presentation material for training session

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Production Phase 1. Choose vendor for print production, determine quantity 2. Prepare camera-ready artwork for printer 3. Review proofs and blue lines 4. Supervise prepress, printing and manufacturing of the standards manual 5. Distribute to all employees and set up training session V.

Description of the Finished Product

This standards manual is for all Reyes employees and Reyes contractors to use. I propose to use three-ring binders with printed covers and printed tab inserts to separate sections. This will be very useful later when only particular pages or sections need to be updated; rather then reprinting an entire book, only the pages that are changed will need to be reprinted and replaced in the binder. I have estimated that the book will contain between 60 - 75 pages. Most of the pages will be black and white text, except for those containing graphics such as logos or icons, examples of presentation layouts, or any other standard design element that includes color. Following is an outline of the sections I plan to include in the standards manual. Some of this may change or sections may be added once I have met with Reyes personnel to determine the content. 1. Introduction: will contain brief history of Reyes and the proper usage of the Reyes name 2. Logo Usage: will contain information on proper usage of the Reyes logo and color schemes 3. Product Lines: will contain subsections with information on each product line and icons associated with those product lines 4. Formats: will contain subsections with information on memo formats, fax formats, business stationery, business cards, etc.

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5. World Wide Web: will contain information on formatting issues for the World Wide Web 6. Marketing Literature: will contain information on formatting issues for promotional items, print and online documentation, signage, etc. 7. Presentations: will contain standard formats for internal and external presentations 8. Glossary of Trademark names: will contain a list of all trademark names 9. Glossary of Acronyms: will contain a list of Reyes and industry acronyms VI.

Project Schedule

The proposed time schedule for this project will be as follows: January 25 Begin work on project February 12 Analysis phase complete; begin design work Present draft copy of the standards manual to Reyes for February 26 review March 8 Incorporate all changes and present 2nd draft for review March 15 Obtain approval of final copy; design phase complete March 16 Begin production; deliver artwork to printer March 22 Proofs from printer reviewed and approved Standards manuals delivered to Reyes and distributed to all March 31 personnel April 5 Presentations and training sessions begin VII.

My Qualifications

My qualifications for this project are as follows: •

I have been employed at Reyes in the Marketing and Communications department as a permanent employee and as a contractor for over five years combined.

•

I have extensive experience and knowledge in all design and print production mediums as well as technical and marketing publications development.

•

I have successfully completed numerous other contract jobs for Reyes.

•

I offer competitive pricing.

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VIII. Costs I have estimated that it will take approximately 250 hours to complete this project, starting from the day I begin work until I receive the final print copies of the manual. As with the last contract I completed for Reyes, my hourly rate is $35 per hour, making the total cost for my services $8,750. The cost of materials to produce the finished standards manuals can vary considerably depending on the vendor we choose and the quality of materials. I have a number of suggestions and price quotes for the production of the manual which we can discuss and decide upon during the initial stages of development. IX.

Closing

Thank you for considering me for this project. I hope that you will approve my proposal and consider beginning this project as soon as possible. I am excited about creating this standards manual and as always, I enjoy working with Reyes.

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C. SAMPEL TES BAGI KARYAWAN PERUSAHAAN ENGLISH PROFICIENCY TEST FOR EMPLOYEES Name Position

: :

Business Expressions 1. I thought this time things were going to be better. Losing the contract was ........ to swallow. a. bottom line b. blue collar c. a bitter pill d. back to the drawing board. e. blow-by-blow 2. We've lost the contract thanks to your incompetence. You really ........ , didn't you? a. back to the drawing board. b. bottlenecks c. bottom line d. blue collar e. blew it 3. I'd be better off stopping my legal job and doing jobs for cash. The ........ is the only way to make money these days. a. blow-by-blow b. back to the drawing board. c. bottlenecks d. black economy e. bottom line 4. The product didn't work in the States. As they say there, it really ........ . a. back to the drawing board. b. bottlenecks c. bombed d. blow-by-blow e. bottom line

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5. However, the same product sold really well in England. As they say there, it ........ . a. back to the drawing board. b. bottlenecks c. bottom line d. blue collar e. went like a bomb 6. He used to work on the factory floor. Yes, he really started out as a ........ worker. a. blue collar b. back to the drawing board. c. bottlenecks d. bottom line e. blow-by-blow 7. There are many reasons why this should be a success. However, the ........ is that it has been a big flop. a. bottom line b. back to the drawing board. c. bottlenecks d. blow-by-blow e. a bitter pill 8. Production has been unable to keep pace with demand. We are doing our best to eliminate the ........ . a. blow-by-blow b. back to the drawing board. c. blew it d. a bitter pill e. bottlenecks 9. We'll have to start again on this one -it's time to go ........ . a. blow-by-blow b. blew it c. black economy d. bombed e. back to the drawing board. 10. Don't leave out any details. I want a full ........ account of what happened in the meeting.

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a. blow-by-blow b. blew it c. black economy d. bombed e. went like a bomb You have …. minutes to translate statements below into appropriate Indonesian Structures.

Developed healthy consumer and commercial loans portfolio through structured loans program such as: car joint financing program, motorcycle joint financing program, dealer and supplier financing program, heavy equipment financing program and secured commercial lending program. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The quality of human resources is no less important asset than that of fleet of airplanes. In fact, the quality of human resources plays an even greater role in creating added value for passengers and has an even more direct effect on their perception of services. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________

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You have 15 minutes to write down your Idea into correct and formal English. 1. What were your dreams and what are they now? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. What efforts have you done to achieve your dreams? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 3. What are your visions to support position you applied? (consider one of these positions: Marketing Executive, Personnel Manager, Creative Manager) ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

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SCORING CRITERIA NAME POSITION

: :

CRITERIA

SCORE

GRAMMAR

(very poor/ poor/ average/ excellent) (sangat kurang/ kurang/ cukup/ memuaskan) (very poor/ poor/ average/ excellent) (sangat kurang/ kurang/ cukup/ memuaskan) (very poor/ poor/ average/ excellent) (sangat kurang/ kurang/ cukup/ memuaskan) (very poor/ poor/ average/ excellent) (sangat kurang/ kurang/ cukup/ memuaskan) (very poor/ poor/ average/ excellent) (sangat kurang/ kurang/ cukup/ memuaskan)

COMPOSITION TEXTUAL COMPREHENSION DICTION MASTERY SPEAKING

CATATAN PENTING BAGI PERUSAHAAN Penguasaan GRAMMAR akan menentukan ketepatan komunikasi tertulis yang sangat penting, misal: korespondensi dan kontrak resmi. Kemampuan KOMPOSISI akan menentukan performa komunikasi semisal intelegensi, imej, dan kredibilitas perusahaan. Kemampuan TEXTUAL COMPREHENSION akan menentukan ketepatan dalam memahami dan merespon berita tertulis maupun terucap. Kemampuan DICTION MASTERY akan menentukan ketepatan maksud yang disampaikan dan juga menentukan citra perusahaan dalam pergaulan kerja. Kemampuan SPEAKING meliputi seluruh poin terbahas di atas yang disampaikan secara oral. Penilaian SPEAKING tidak hanya mengacu pada kelancaran berbicara tapi lebih pada ketepatan penyampaian maksud.

D. SAMPEL Jadwal Materi Pengajaran Business English Meetings

Materials

Objectives

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1st

General Assignment

2nd

3rd

4th 5th and 6th 7th and 8th

To meet qualifications of the business class Language Etiquette: To comprehend words to American English vs. British English, say and not to say polite words, taboo words and swearwords Writing with a purpose: To comprehend jobGeneral concepts on Job opportunity, seeking management general application letter, specific formed application letter Interview: To comprehend general Preparation, interview Etiquette, etiquette in interview Exposition, Argumentation session Speech: To comprehend how to Blunt Eloquent manage speech perfectly Educative business: To comprehend how to Sum up articles, Book translation, make money from Research Methods, research proposal educative materials Creative business 1: To comprehend Advertising (traditional and digital) International concept in advertising and how the implementation in local business is Creative business 2: To comprehend English Broadcasting and multimedia business language concept used in broadcasting business Hotel and Tourism Business: To comprehend English Hotel Etiquette, Table Serving, guiding usage in Hotel and Tourism business Accounting and Banking: To comprehend specific Balance Sheet term, financial report and terminology used in statement Accounting and Banking Shipping business: To comprehend English Shipping document and correspondence in shipping business

9th 10th

and

11th 12th

and

13th 14th

and

15th 16th

and

17th 18th

and

19th 20th

and Certificate, Contract, and Agreement

To comprehend English in the most important component of business

MATERI 3: ACADEMIC WRITING Berikut adalah contoh materi kursus bahasa Inggris untuk Academic Writing. Standar penulisan proposal dan thesis akan bervariasi tergantung pada institusi

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perguruan tinggi tempat siswa belajar, jadi pengajar harus menguasai berbagai jenis penulisan ilmiah dan juga mampu merespons secara cepat berbagai topik bahasan di kelas khusus ini. A. SAMPEL PROPOSAL SKRIPSI SLANG LANGUAGE AND NIGER CULTURE REPRESENTED BY ALI G, THE MAIN CHARACTER OF A COMEDY FILM ENTITLED ‘ALI G INDAHOUSE’: A Socio-linguistics Study on Satire Portrait to English Social and Political Lives in the Recent Decades in a Film Entitled ‘Ali G Indahouse’ Written by: Name Student Number

: :

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study English is a language used as an international communication mean uterred by people in almost all over the world. Thus, it changes rapidly and variously either in its structures, usage, vocabularies, stylistic, etc. (that makes English classified into, for examples, formal, informal, colloquial, idiomatic, and slang). For the people of America and England (people that use English as a mother language), the stylistic seems to be greater and eventually it is used as a trend that affects many English usages in all over the world. One of affecting trends in language stylistic is slang (especially the slang comes from black tongue community), a style of language tends to be used by youngsters and for informal as well as colloquial purposes. The slang represents not only the style of a language but also the culture of people speaking it. It is spoken not only in suburb but much wider also in any class stratum in this modern society especially in Great Britain. According to The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 2003, slang is notable for its liveliness, humor, emphasis, brevity, novelty, and exaggeration (please write the writer 2003: page). According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English it is defined as words, phrases, meanings of words, etc

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commonly used in talk among friends and colleagues, but not suitable for good writing and formal occasion, especially the kind used by and typically of only one class of persons (Hornby et all 1987:163). Most slang is faddish and ephemeral, but some words are retained for long periods and eventually become parts of standard language (e.g. phony, blizzard, movie). Slang comes from the black people who are known as “Negro” that nowadays they are called as “Nigga.” Even for white people, the use of the word Nigga is very common. For example, the film entitled “Ali G Indahouse” shows the main character as well as other characters that are the white men talking slang language and use the word nigga all the time. We cannot deny that the slang language is very popular and becomes a trend for almost all youngsters in all over the world. Let us say in Indonesia, I am, the writer, as an announcer of a teen Radio in Semarang, prefer use the slang language to the standard one, since it becomes a demand of a trend. There is a consideration that having a lot of slang vocabularies is clever that it causes youngsters in Indonesia (and other non English speaking countries) have a big curiosity in getting the vocabularies by watching films and listening to songs. Further, the use of slang language is ultimately specific and is purposed to several other intentions besides dealing with the trend. The comedy film entitled “Ali G Indahouse” takes place in Staines city, England, while Ali G, the main character, is the leader of the gang named West Staines Massive that is sensationally elected to government during the election. Since the election is a kind of tricky political step then it makes Ali G a very intriguing representative when the fact shows that he is accepted by his new surrounding weirdly. He introduces a number of controversial new laws which substantially raise the government’s popularity rating. It is such a great deal of satire picture of the English parliament and society in a broader sense. 1.2 Research Question/ Statement of Problem The first, since English language is changed rapidly and variously then several questions rise based on the ‘Ali G Indahouse’ theme. Why the film uses

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slang language and not the other language styles as its main language style in all of its scenes? The second, slang language is the black people language style and of course it has a very apparent relationship with the black society culture. The next question will be why the main character and his gang are mostly white people not black people? Is there any specific purpose of the director of the film managing any scenes like that? The third, in the film, it is depicted the massive use of slang language by most white people characters, including the main character and his gang, either in social life as well as in the political conduct. The slang language is bombastically employed in informal as well as in many very formal occasions (depicted in parliament activities) and that makes it worst is that the black society culture (specifically referred to bad habits) easily affects the very serious society such as them in the parliament; why it is depicted clearly in the film? Is there any satire toward the English social and political lives in the recent decades? 1.3 Research Objectives This research is extrinsically aimed (1) to give a deep description of social and political lives and condition of England at recent decades along with their implication to all segments and certain communities and intrinsically (2) to serve a surface explanation on the slang language stylistic itself. 1.4 Definition of Terms 1. Slang language According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English slang language is defined as words, phrases, meanings of words, etc commonly used in talk among friends and colleagues, but not suitable for good writing and formal occasion, especially the kind used by and typically of only one class of persons (Hornby et all 1987:163). 2. Culture

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According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English one of culture definitions is all the arts, beliefs, social institutions, etc characteristic of a community, race, etc (Hornby et all 1987:210). 3. Satire According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English it is defined as a form of writing holding up a person or society to ridicule, or showing the foolishness or wickedness of an idea, custom, etc or a piece of writing that does it; something that exposes false pretensions and mocking (Hornby et all 1987:756). 4. Nigga Nigga is impolite and offensive word for Negro, whereas According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Negro is defined as member (or outside Africa, descendant) of one of the black-skinned African peoples south of the Sahara (Hornby et all 1987:565). 1.5 Scope of the Study I, the writer, analyze the film entitled “Ali G Indahouse” based on the socio-linguistics approach to observe satire content of English social and political lives represented in slang language stylistic conducted by Ali G and his gang. The complexity offered by this film makes me, the writer, define specific discussion based on the approach. The discussion will be limited to those mentioned in research objectives. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hornby, A.S., Cowie, A.P., Gimson, A.C. 1987. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. -. 2003. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 2003. -: B. SAMPEL ABSTRACT

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Berikut ini adalah contoh intisari/ abstract yang biasanya diperlukan dalam penulisan ilmiah. Metode penulisan abstract juga bervariasi tergantung pada institusi yang mengesahkannya.

ABSTRACT Nur Safu’ati, 2005, Efforts in Increasing Percentage of Graduates of SLTP Negeri 28 Semarang to be Accepted in State High Schools in Semarang, Thesis, Magistrate Management Program of STIE Mitra Indonesia, Yogyakarta. The purpose of the research tends to increase educational quality signed by community’s appreciation toward the school quality as an educational institution noticed by interest rising of New Students as education service users having implementation of system and business approaches combined into twelve main functions. The research done by careful notifying and comprehending toward institutional networking raises challenges should be faced. Application of management and business systems approach is through several stages. First stage is commenced from survey tended to make thorough out observation toward situation and condition of the institution to be used as research objects. Second stage is execution of twelve main functions combining as assisting tools to determine problems reflecting unprepared functions in supporting achievement of the aims. The functions include transaction and production functions. Third stage is identification of problems by an analysis of the need fulfilling of the goal achievement. To notice all importance abstracted into eight importances for the basic needs fulfillment. Fourth stage is to conduct research on unprepared functions and prepared function level by considering burdening factors either internally or externally. The last stage is to analyze unready functions and factors to be formulated the resolution by decision making in order to increase quality of the institution reflected in rising of the acceptance of new qualified students as the education service users. Thus, the best alternative is that the specific function of marketing management should be structured. All above alternatives enable to give opportunity to students of SLTP N 28 Semarang in the effort in increasing its image in user society, government, as well as connected state/ private instances and the new students to be. Related to this, the writer tends to obtain unready functions then give the solution by using ready factors to show strength and opportunity so that the unready ones will be ready. Derived from the above explanations, the writer believes to be able to increase the institution quality that can be predicted through the percentage rising of graduates of SLTP 28 Semarang to be accepted by state high schools in Semarang distinctively from 47.82% in 2004/2005 to 53.41% in 2006/2007. MATERI 4: STARTER 1 (ELEMENTARY 1)

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Berikut ini adalah contoh materi Elementary 1 yang telah dirancang dalam Rancangan Program pada awal bab ini. Komposisi materi dapat Anda ubah sesuai dengan kondisi. UNIT 1 WORD TYPES I Types of word are important for those who learn English language. Those types are: Pronoun, Noun, Adjective, Verb, To Be (Linking Verb), Adverb, Preposition, Verbal, etc. Some will be discussed properly bellow.

a. Pronoun Pronouns refer to any noun includes replacement of name of people, animal, and thing. They are simply divided into:

Subject

Object

Possessive Poss. Adj. Possessive.

Reflexive Pronoun

I You (sing.)

Me You

My + N Your + N

(to be) Mine (to be) Yours

Myself Yourself

He She It

Him Her It

His + N Her + N Its + N

(to be) His (to be) Hers (to be) Its

Himself Herself Itself

We You (pl.) They

Us You

Our + N Your + N

(to be) Ours (to be) Yours

Ourselves Yourselves

Them

Their + N Theirs

Pronoun

(to be)

Themselves

Notify examples bellow: 1. I don’t receive a letter from Tomi (him). 2. Andi (He) sleeps in his bed. 3. The bed (It) is his (Andi’s). 4. We will need them by then. 5. Students, please do the test by yourselves! Ф now, do exercises bellow. 1. Kami akan pergi ke Jakarta. 2. Baju mereka bagus sekali. 3. Buku-buku itu milik kami.

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4. Budi sendiri yang mengerjakan tugas itu. 5.

Mereka tidak mengenal kami.

b. Noun Nouns always take place as Subject or Object. They are divided into countable and uncountable, concrete and abstract, and plural and singular noun. Countable noun is any noun to be considered as it is countable (can be numbered/ the amount of itself can be notified) and most singular form requires appropriate articles or possessive pronoun to complete it, e.g. car(s), (a) book, (an) apple, (my) pen, etc. Uncountable noun is any noun to be considered as it is uncountable (can not be numbered/ the amount of itself can not be notified). It is the measurement that can be numbered. It is always considered as singular noun, e.g. (a glass of) water, (two) chocolate (bars), (a truck) of sand, etc. Concrete noun is any noun refers to real, material noun (mostly felt, touchable, and visible), e.g. rock, eggs, air, etc. Abstract noun is any noun derived from other word types such as verbs (obsession, reading in the context of gerund), adjectives (brilliance, length). It has some distinctive features such as suffixes ty, nce, or, er, th, ness, etc. Plural noun is any noun defined with plural suffixes s/ es, en (bags, boxes, oxen, children). There are some exceptions, e.g. fish and deer. Singular noun is any noun indicates single thing or it is considered as single thing. Singular articles are employed here except for uncountable nouns, e.g. a pen, water.

c. Adjective Adjectives function to explain noun. They are usually ended by suffixes al, el, ful, and some for the derivative ones (professional, personnel, beautiful, handsome). Some of adjectives are not derivative, e.g. white, black, far, close, etc. Examples: 1. I have a beautiful cat. 2. A friend of mine gave me a white fancy bag. d. Verb Verbs always function as predicate in a sentence. Verbs are divided into regular and irregular verbs (see the list enclosed). Verbs change depends on tenses employed. (To Be) is also called as Linking verbs. They link ing form and adjectives as well as adverbs. Verbs derived from adjective have ize/ ise suffix form. Examples: 1. Mr. Richard needs information about the announcement. 2. She does not leave the class earlier. 3. They are trying to catch the cat. 4. We realize this matter.

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e. Adverb Adverbs explain verbs. Some of them ended in ly form, e.g. beautifully, gracefully. But some don’t, e.g. hard (ly), high (ly), fast, well. Types of adverbs also include adverb of time (at 5 O’clock) and place (on the wall). Examples: 1. The plane is flying high. 2. She sings beautifully. 3. I must study hard. 4. She is standing in front of mirror.

Tasks Read the discussion above once more and if you have any question, don’t be hesitate to ask your teacher Exercise. Complete chart bellow!

X.

Noun

XI.

Verb

naturalize

XII.

Adjective

XIII. Adverb

natural

fertility create tranquilly public include industrious beautifully accept explode finally quality pure save Ф Write down as many as adjectives connected to nouns bellow! Flower : Fish

:

Stone

:

Love

:

Shirt

:

House :

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Tiger

:

Bird

:

Ф Expression. Express your self into five words! You may ask your classmate about their selves I am ... a. b. c. d. e.

UNIT 2 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Functions of simple present tense are: 1. To express habit (daily activities) 2. To express general truth, scientific facts and anything remains still 3. To ask origin, etc. The action expressed by this tense remains unchanged. It is the same quality among past, present, or possible future. It usually employs always, usually, daily, often, etc. Patterns of simple present tense are: A.

S + V1 if the subjects are He/ She/ It (Third Singular Person) the pattern is S + V1 + S/ ES Examples 1. Mr. Budi (He) teaches English in Sanatadarma. (It means: Mr. Budi is a teacher in Sanatadarma)

2. Andika and Tomi (They) always spend their holidays together. (It means: In the past, present, and probably future, they spend their holidays together) The negative forms are: S (He/ She/ It) + DOES NOT + V1 (without S/ ES) + ... e.g. Mr. Budi (He) doesn’t teach English in Sanatadarma.

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S (Other Subjects) + DO NOT + V1 + ... e.g. Andika and Tomi (They) don’t spend their holidays together. The Interrogative forms are: DOES + S (He/ She/ It) + V1 + ...? e.g. Does Mr. Budi (He) teach English in Sanatadarma? DO + S (Other Subjects) + V1 + ...? e.g. Do Andika and Tomi (They) spend holidays together? It may be combined with question words such as Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, etc. QUESTION WORD + DO/ DOES + S + V1 + ...? e.g. Where does Mr. Budi teach English? What do you want to do? Where do you come from?

Pattern A always deals with VERB B.

S + (To Be: IS/ AM/ ARE) + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb of Place And Time Put not after To Be to form negative form and put To Be in the first sentence to form interrogative forms. Examples 1. I am not an engineer (N). 2. Andrea (She) is pretty (Adj.). 3. My books are on the table (Adv. of place). 4. It is 3:30 p.m. (Adv. of time) It may also be combined with question words such as Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, etc. QUESTION WORD + To Be + S +...? e.g. Where are you? Who is she? How is He?

Pattern B is used to Explain Condition and Appearances Exercises. Choose correct answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

We (need/ needs) some support from you. Anita (love/ loves) to sing in her bathroom. (Do/ Does) they buy me a skirt? (Where/ What) (do/ does) Wanda (want/ wants) for dinner? Bom-bom (are/ is) a cat. My mom (looks/ look) for a good doctor. Somebody (help/ helps) me doing the job.

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8. Whom (are/ is/ does/ do) you call? 9. In the afternoon, my aunty always (sweep/ sweeps) her house veranda. 10. (Do/ Does) they (play/ plays) football every afternoon? Write Sentences. Write down five simple present sentences using question words, ask your partner to answer them. Read and identify the using of Simple Present in Passage bellow.

XIV. MY MOM’ SANDWICHES I really love my Mom. She always prepares me breakfast before school and off course she also serves delicious lunch and dinner for me. She gives me all love she has and cares of me days and nights. I tell you what, she is so special, and it doesn’t mean that my Dad’s not important, Yes! Both are important to me! But, I talk about my Mom. I love sandwich very much and I hardly have it since it is too expensive for me, I can’t afford it! Even once a month! Fortunately, my Mom makes me sandwich twice a week by herself, what a kind-hearted Mom! She buys the ingredients in local market and she cooks them well. Her sandwiches are so delicious, more delicious than them in dept. store! What! You don’t believe me? Ah, c’mon, just try it someday; I guarantee you satisfied with that, Dare Me! Ф Broaden-Up Your Vocabularies. Write down as many as words possibly related to the given words bellow 1. Mom

:

2. Sandwich

:

3. Market

:

4. School

:

5. Breakfast

:

XV. UNIT 3 XVI. PRESENT CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE Functions of present continuous/ progressive tense are: 1. To express something is happening right now 2. To express something in progress/ process (in a period of time) 3. To express any fixed, planned action in the future It is usually marked with right now, now, at present, at immediate time, (Ind. Sedang), etc. Patterns of Present Continuous/ Progressive tense are: S + To Be (Is/ Am/ Are) + V ing + ... e.g.

-The Students (They) are studying English right now. (At the time of speaking they are studying English).

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-I am reading a novel. (I am not reading the novel now, but I started reading it in the past time and I haven’t finished yet) -Charlotte (She) is leaving to New York tomorrow. (Charlotte has planned/ prepared her leaving to New York. To Be + going to is also common) Add not after To Be to form negative sentences of the tense. e.g. -The students are not studying English right now. -I am not reading a novel. -Charlotte is not leaving to New York tomorrow. Put To Be before Subject to form interrogative sentences. e.g. -Are the students studying English now? -Am I reading a novel? -Is Charlotte leaving to New York tomorrow?

Present Continuous/ Progressive only deals with (To Be)+VERB-ing. It expresses an ACTION IN PROGRESS I.

Try To Compare It With SIMPLE PRESENT PATTERN B!

Exercises 1. Complete sentences bellow by using present continuous/ progressive tense. 1. Nobody (stand) _____________ over there. 2. Nita (sleep) ____________ in her bed. 3. Some teachers (evaluate) _______________ the test results. 4. Don’t turn off the light! Don’t you see I (read) _____________ now? 5. My Dad and I (do) _______________ a secret project. 6. People (prepare) ______________ next day celebration. 7. _____ Mike (write) ____________ a love letter? 8. They (not consume) ________________ drugs. 9. We ____ still (watch) _________ TV. 10. My friends (play) _______________ football in Surabaya next month. Exercises 2. Write an appropriate tense in each sentence bellow; remember, the sentences are written in Simple Present or Present Continuous tenses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Jonathan always __________ to cinema on weekends. Babe _______________ her new dress now. I like Manchester United because they often ________ perfectly. __________ Deborah ___________ her cat very much? Whatever you said, you hardly _____________ your parents proud. On Sundays, we often __________ for fishing. Today I ________________ some tiring jobs.

(go) (wear) (play) (love) (make) (go) (do)

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8. They always _____________ me that the river is dangerous. 9. Sarah _____________ now and she usually _______ at 5 pm.

(tell)

10. Anthony and I _____________ to school today. 11. Stephanie ________________ on stage right now. 12. She always ____________ in her bathroom. 13. ______ you __________me, what’s up? 14. Cats usually ____________ for hours. 15. My sister ____________ traditional dance on Wednesdays. (practise)

(walk) (sing) (sing) (call) (sleep)

(sleep/wake)

Ф Activity. Tell the class what are you thinking about your potency now!

It is not common to add ing after verbs expressing sense, e.g. like, hate, mad, angry, etc. except feel and love

For You to Know

How do these animals sound? Write complex sentences by using simple sentences bellow A Dog barks ____________________________________________________________ A Rooster crows ____________________________________________________________ A Lamb bleats ____________________________________________________________ A Horse neighs ____________________________________________________________ A Lion roars ____________________________________________________________ A Bird chirps ____________________________________________________________ An Elephant trumpets ____________________________________________________________ A Pig grunts ____________________________________________________________ A Cow lows ____________________________________________________________ A Frog croaks ____________________________________________________________

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COMPOSITION Ф Read and identify the using of Simple Present and Present Continuous/ Progressive bellow.

in Passages

XVII. SHE IS THE ONE! Brittany often says that she is too shy. But now she is singing in front of many people. She usually wears long dresses but now she is wearing sexy skirt. She loves orange juice very much but now she is drinking tequila a lot. She swears me for my arrogance but she is dancing madly right now. Well, what else? Oh, she always walks gracefully but, my goodness, she is jumping to people right there? What is She doing?

XVIII. A STRANGE STORY In big cities, every day, many people leave their houses to make money. They wake up at 04:00 in the morning and prepare their up-coming day anxiously. They are too tired to wake up early. But they have to do it otherwise they don’t make money at all. Before the sun rises, those people already find their selves in city buses, and then they continue to sleep in there. In one or two hours then, they have to get up to do their routines in offices but mostly in hot factories. They expense their energy for little money. At 5 p.m. they finish the tiring jobs but it’s not over yet! They have to do some other routines. Crowding up with many people in a tiny bus causes headache more over there must be traffic jams everywhere. For these reasons, some of them stay longer in such coffee shops around them. Off course, it costs them too many expenses. When it is dark already, those people continue their journey home. Their houses are quiet when they arrive there, wives, and husbands, children sleep. What is next? Just go to sleep, forget socialization but always remember the problems, and off course hope to sleep quickly so that tomorrow will come earlier to them, What a strange story! What do you find? Re-read those passages carefully. The first passage employs two tenses discussed before and it has more simple sentences than the second one. Second passage only uses simple present tense but still, it has more complex composition than it is in the first. What should you do? Tell the class your strange habit!!! Write down simple composition of both passages. e.g. - Brittany often says that she is too shy the simple structure is Brittany says (she is shy) - In big cities, every day, many people leave their houses to make money the simple structure is People leave houses (to make money) Now, write complex compositions from these words. 1. I – buy – computer – Magicstore – like – good – study 2. One – love – me – I – good looking

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3. There – story – dog 4. Parents – ask – me – go – London 5. We – need – buy – breakfast

UNIT 4 MODALS (PART ONE) In this section we are going to discuss present modals, they are (written underlined):

Will/ Shall/ (To Be) Going to, Can/ (To Be) Able to, May/ (To Be) Allowed to, Must/ (Have/ Has) to

In positive sentences, they always occur after Subject (Subjective phrase) and followed by Verbs 1. here are the patterns: (+) (-)

S + MODAL + V 1 S + (To Be) + Going to/ Able to/ Allowed to + V1 S + (DON’T/ DOESN’T) + HAVE TO + V1

S + To Be + NOT + Going to/ Able to/ Allowed to + V1 (?)

S + MODAL + NOT + V1 MODAL + S + V1? DO/ DOES + S + HAVE TO + V1? To Be + S + Going to/ Able to/ Allowed to + V1? Learn chart bellow

Will / Shall

(To Be) Going to

Will is used for all Subjects in positive sentences whereas Shall used for I and We in negative and interrogative sentences. Will/ Shall indicates any unprepared plan in the future. (To Be) Going to indicates any prepared plan in the future. It is also common expressed in Present Continuous/ Progressive tense.

e.g.

-

They will stay here one or two days next time. We shan’t eat dinner.

e.g.

-

I am going to sleep early tonight. Laurent is not going to call me anymore. -

Can

(To Be) Able to

Can is used to express ability statements it e.g. doesn’t matter whether the result is - I can run faster than he. satisfying or not. (we don’t know the result yet) (To Be) Able to is used to express factual - The Robber is able to escape from ability and succeed. police. (It is a fact)

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May

(To Be) Allowed to

May is used to express any permission and e.g. the meaning is possibility if it is followed - Sonata may attend her brother’s secret by be. meeting. - May be, they call you this evening. (To Be) Allowed has the same meaning and function with May but it has more formal function.

- Many young girls are allowed to go to discotheque by their parents.

Must

Must is used to express a strong will of people. Must not used to prohibit any action. Negative form of Must is Don’t/ Doesn’t Have to.

e.g. - I must study hard. - I don’t have to study hard. - We mustn’t cross the line.

Have/ Has to

Have/ Has to is used to express any - Anne has to come home early; her obligation caused by situations and mother needs to talk to her. condition. The negative form is Don’t/ - She doesn’t have to regret then. Doesn’t Have to

LEARN MORE ABOUT MODALS. ASK YOUR TEACHER IF YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND THEIR FUNCTIONS Exercises. Translate these Indonesian sentences into English by using present modals. 1. Kami tidak akan menyanyikan lagu berbahasa Inggris. 2. Tomi akhirnya berhasil menguasai program animasi itu.

3. Masyarakat tidak akan mempercayai berita itu. 4. Maaf aku harus pergi sekarang, ada sesuatu yang harus aku kerjakan. 5. Silahkan, Anda boleh meninggalkan lembar jawaban di meja. 6. Kami tidak harus mengerjakan hal ini. 7. Dapatkah Engkau meninggalkan kami sebentar? 8. Minggu depan Danny (akan) berlibur ke Australia. 9. Akan kah kita menyerah begitu saja? 10. Tidak seorang pun yang mampu mengerjakan seluruh soal tes itu.

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What’s next? COMPOSITION 1. Write down your own sentences by using present modals. a. (Will/ Shall) b. (To Be) going to c.

Can

d. (To Be) able to e.

May

f.

(To Be) allowed to

g. Must h. Have/ Has to

2. Make a short presentation on your abilities and their prospects for your career, but first write a draft consists of your abilities or skills. My skills are:

FURTHER ON PRONOUNS COMPOSITION Rewrite this passage, putting in the suitable pronouns and possessive adjectives (Note: the duck is female and the frog is male). One summer’s day, a duck decides to go to the river for a picnic. ________ takes a lot of food with ________, and is really looking forward for eating ________. ________ sits down on the river bank, and spread the food out in front of _________. ________’re not going to eat all that food, are _______?’ says a small voice. ________ looks up and sees a frog sitting at the water’s edge. ‘Please give _________ some of _________,’ pleads the frog, wiping a tear from _________ eyes. She gives _________ a sandwich. To ________ surprise, _________ does not eat _________, but simply puts __________ on the ground beside __________.

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‘Won’t _________give _________ something else? After all, my need is greater than ________.’ Bit by bit, the duck hands over most of ________food. Soon, the frog has a huge pile of food in front of _______. With an effort ________ picks ________ all up and starts to swim across the river. But the food is so heavy that the frog and _________ load sink like a stone and the duck never sees __________ of again.

A and an OUT

WATCH

An + a......, e......, i......, o......, u......(/Λ/): an apple, an island, an orbit, an unanswered question. A + u......(/ju:/), other letters: a uniform, a universal soldier, a secretary, a book.

A, B, C, ... PRONUNCIATION /eI/: A, H, J, K /i:/ : E, B, C, D, G, P, T, V /aI/: I, Y /∂U/: O /ju:/: U, Q, W /e/ : F, L, M, N, S, X, Z /a:(r)/: R

Remember: A (/eI/) and E (/i:/) and G (/dji:/) and V (/vi:/) and

R (/a:(r)/) I (/aI/) (J (/djei/) W (/’d Λblju:/)

Nouns: PLURAL

SINGULAR AND

Regular

Irregular

Boy --------- boys Girl --------- girls Name ------ names Parent ------ parents Family ------ families Address ---- addresses Six ----------- sixes

child --------- children man --------- men woman ------ women wife ---------- wives ox ------------ oxen fish ----------- fish deer ---------- deer

Verbs

FORMAL LANGUAGE

Formal language is the serious, careful language used in business letters, notices and regulations. Here are some formal words, which we would not use in ordinary conversation.

State (say) (finish) Request (ask) (country) Seek (want) child)

possess (have) require (need) retain (keep)

inform (tell) commence (begin) depart (leave)

terminate nation infant (small

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UNIT 5 SIMPLE PAST TENSE Simple Past tense is used to express some action happened in a certain time in the past and to state condition or fact in the past time. It usually employs adverbs of time such as yesterday, last night, a week ago, etc. Patterns of simple present tense are: A.

S + V2 + … Examples Mr. Budi (He) taught English in Sanatadarma last year. (It means: Mr. Budi was a teacher in Sanatadarma but now he isn’t) Andika and Tomi (They) always spent their holidays together.

(It means: In a certain time the past, they spent their holidays together)

The negative forms are: S + DID NOT + V1+ ... e.g. Mr. Budi (He) didn’t teach English in Sanatadarma last year. Andika and Tomi (They) din’t spend their holidays together. The Interrogative forms are: DID + S + V1 + ...? e.g. Did Mr. Budi (He) teach English in Sanatadarma last year? Did Andika and Tomi (They) spend holidays together? It may be combined with question words such as Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, etc. QUESTION WORD + DID + S + V1 + ...? e.g. Where did Mr. Budi teach English? What did you want to do?

Pattern A always deals with VERB B.

S + (To Be: WAS/ WERE) + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb of Place And Time Put not after To Be to form negative form and put To Be in the first part of a sentence to form interrogative forms. Examples 1. I was not an engineer a month ago (N). 2. Andrea (She) was pretty twenty years ago (Adj.). 3. My books (they) were on the table last night (Adv. of place). 4. It was 3:30 p.m. when you arrived home yesterday afternoon (Adv. of time).

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It may also be combined with question words such as Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, etc. QUESTION WORD + To Be + S +...? e.g. Where were you? Who was she? How was He?

Pattern B is used to Explain Condition and Appearances Reading Comprehension

My Brave Childhood When I was ten I had a brave experience. At the time I visited my relatives lived in other town. I went there by city bus. Firstly my parents didn’t allow me to go because my destination was too far for my age. They worried me so much but I insisted to go. They finally allowed me to go. I was so happy then because I had a plan to meet some one there. It took fifteen minutes before a city bus stopped in front of me. For a while I felt so confused but a minute later I decided to go on the bus. I hardly slept in the trip, because it was my first trip, without parents. I was so proud and couldn’t wait to tell it to my schoolmates. It was not difficult to find my relatives’ house because I had been there several times and it was closed to the bus station. I knocked the door and found surprised expression from my uncle and aunty. They asked me to phone my parents and tell them I had already arrived there. I stayed there for two days and my uncle and aunty insisted to take me home. It wasn’t fun at all; in the bus they had me to sit quietly. XIX.

THE LOST OF THE TITANIC The great ship, Titanic, sailed to New York from Southampton on April 10 , 1912. She carried 1316 passengers and 891 crews. At the time Titanic was the biggest, most modern ship and engineers believed that it was unsinkable. But then, the well-known ship sank in her first voyage and caused many people died with her. th

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Tell the class your best experience when you were a child. draft

Write your

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________ Do you know Verb 2 of these verbs? Stand Lose Smile Sleep Sit Talk Jump Wake Dream Walk Run Listen XX. UNIT 6 XXI. PAST CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE Functions of past continuous/ progressive tense are: 1. To express something was happening in a certain time in the past 2. To express something in progress/ process in the past (in a period of time)

Patterns of Past Continuous/ Progressive tense are: S + To Be (Was/ Were) + V ing + ... e.g.

-The Students (They) were studying English at five afternoon yesterday. (At the time they were studying English). -I was reading a novel while you were sleeping last night.

Add not after To Be to form negative sentences of the tense. e.g. -The students were not studying English at five afternoon yesterday. -I was not reading a novel while you were sleeping last night. Put To Be before Subject to form interrogative sentences. e.g. -Were the students studying English at five afternoon yesterday? -Was I reading a novel while you were sleeping?

Past Continuous/ Progressive only deals with (To Be)+VERB-ing. It expresses an ACTION IN PROGRESS II.

Try To Compare It With SIMPLE PAST PATTERN B!

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Rewrite these Present Continuous sentences into Past Continuous sentences; change the time marker appropriately. 1. She is dancing with her boy friend this morning. _________________________________________________________________ 2. Our country is developing its infrastructure. _________________________________________________________________ 3. You and I are talking about Finding Nemo. _________________________________________________________________ 4. Neither you nor she is having dinner right now. _________________________________________________________________ 5. Hardly are they visiting each other. _________________________________________________________________ 6. My cat is shipping her milk. _________________________________________________________________ 7. Nobody is working on this striking day. _________________________________________________________________ 8. I am reading Tess of D’urbervilles. _________________________________________________________________ 9. The computer is shooting down after I switched its power button off. _________________________________________________________________ 10. Smoking is decreasing recently. _________________________________________________________________

UNIT 7 PRESENT FUTURE Present Future is used to express any unplanned action in the future. PATTERN A (+) S + Will + V1 + … I will buy a car next year. (It means that he has a dream to buy a car but he is not sure when; probably in next year) ( - ) I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + V1 + … We shan’t stay any longer here. (It means that we should go soon) ( - ) OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + V1 + … They will not sleep early tonight. (It means that they want to sleep late) ( ? ) Shall + I/ We + V1 + …? Shall we dance Madam? (It is an offer to dance together) ( ? ) Will + OTHER Ss + V1 + …? Will you send me a letter, Pal? (I ask a friend whether or not he will go)

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PATTERN B (+) S + Will + Be + N, Adj., Adv. I will be a car washer next holiday. (He wants to fill his holiday by doing the job) ( - ) I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + Be + N, Adj., Adv. We shan’t be pretty any more. (It means that soon we change) ( - ) OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + Be + N, Adj., Adv. They will not be here tonight. (It means that they probably don’t come here) ( ? ) Shall + I/ We + Be + N, Adj., Adv.? Shall we be doctors? (It is a question of a kind of future dreams) ( ? ) Will + OTHER Ss + Be + N, Adj. Adv.? Will you be there, Sam? (I ask a friend whether or not he will go there) Exercises.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Translate these sentences into English

Kami tidak akan mengikuti ajakanmu. _________________________________________________________ Apakah aku harus pergi? _________________________________________________________ Mereka tidak akan berlayar ke Jepang bulan depan. _________________________________________________________ Sandra tidak akan membeli barang mahal itu. _________________________________________________________ Setelah kalian pulang, kami mungkin akan menelfon Tommy. _________________________________________________________

UNIT 8 XXII. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Future Continuous is used to express what some one or some thing doing in a certain time in the future. PATTERN (+) S + Will + Be + V-ing + ... I will be teaching course next holiday. ( - ) I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + Be + V-ing + ... We shan’t be having dinner tomorrow evening at 7 pm.

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( - ) OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + Be + V-ing + ... They will not be sleeping when you arrive tonight. ( ? ) Shall + I/ We + Be + V-ing + …? Shall we be fishing by next an hour? ( ? ) Will + OTHER Ss + Be + V-ing + …? Will you be playing football on Friday afternoon, Sam? What should you do? bellow 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Fill blank spaces

They ________________________ (study) at 8 pm this evening. ____________ you _________________ (wait) for me? It is I who _________________ (help) you with this work. We ________________________ (smoking) in next meeting. They ___________________ (sing) Scandinavian song tomorrow morning. ______________________________________________________________ __ ______________________________________________________________ __ ______________________________________________________________ __ ______________________________________________________________ __ ______________________________________________________________ __

Tell the class about your future dreams (by using future tenses) and what efforts you have done to make your dreams come true (by using appropriate present tenses) but you must write your draft first. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________

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XXIII. UNIT 9

MANY/ MUCH/ A LOTS/ (A) FEW/ (A) LITTLE Learn chart bellow comprehensively. Key words

XXIV. Countable

Many Much A lots A lot of Plenty of A bulk of, etc. Few Little A few A little

Uncountable

Positive idea

Negative idea

+ -

+

-

+ +

+

+

+

-

+ + -

+ +

+ +

+ + -

Now comprehend examples bellow. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I don’t really have many cars. I’ve got to go, many jobs waiting. There is no much water in the big cities. Too much carbon dioxide causes lung disease. We have a lot of funny stories to tell. After having done a big project, the young entrepreneur receives a lot of money. 7. I’m so sorry; I’ve only got few brochures to share with you. 8. Hurry up, so little time left! 9. There still are a few pens in the store, just take it. 10. We still have a little time to take a rest. Make your own sentences. 1. many

:

2. much

:

3. A lot of

:

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4. few

:

5. little

:

6. a few

:

7. a little

: UNIT 10 THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Read the chart carefully. Criteria Positive Degree For the words consist young of a single constituent. large

Comparative younger larger

Superlative the youngest the largest

For the words ended handsome by some-ow-le-r-y. narrow noble clever happy

handsomer narrower nobler cleverer happier

the handsomest the narrowest the noblest the cleverest the happiest

For words consist of useful two or more famous constituents/ particles. interesting necessary

more useful more famous more interesting more necessary

the most useful the most famous the most interesting the most necessary

Irregular forms

better worse more farther/ further less/ smaller older/ elder later/ latter nearer

(the) best (the) worst (the) most (the) farthest/ furthest (the) least/ smallest (the) oldest/ eldest (the) latest/ last (the) nearest/ next

good/ well bad/ ill/ badly many/ much far little old late near

Comprehend examples bellow.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Tina is the youngest student in this class. I was happier than she (was) last year. English is the most interesting subject among others. I have a good mark in Match and it makes me better. I do English better than Match. We are speaking English badly but they are speaking English worse than we. Nobody wants a bad result but unfortunately I have the worst in the class. How many Dollars do you have? Well, not so much money, actually I need more.

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9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

My house is farther than hers but I’ll give you further explanation how to reach there. I expect a little tolerance from the new neighbor. We have a little beautiful girl. It is believed that Egypt is the oldest civilization ever lived. Sarah is the eldest child of the Hunts. Later research stated that the latter civilization after Egyptian had not been defined yet. Next discussion is about the nearest distance of earth to moon.

Now, compare your classmates but before that you must write down adjectives that you use to compare them. ___________, ____________

____________,

___________,

____________,

___________,

UNIT 11 PREPOSITION (IN, ON, ABOVE, ACROSS, OVER, UNDER, BENEATH, BELLOW, AT) Read Examples bellow Comprehensively. IN Position (place) -

We study in class. They sit in a sofa/ armchair. We sleep in bed. Fish live in water. We live in Indonesia. I don’t want to live in Jakarta.

-

I am always in a good mood. In which way are we progressing?

-

We don’t have class in summer’s holiday. They are leaving to Germany in next January. In the morning, birds sing happily.

-

My books are on the table. Our School is on St Paulo Street. There are a lot of pictures on the wall. Lamp on the ceiling is out of order. I watched Radiohead on MTV last night.

-

My birthday is on 2nd of July. Andrea goes swimming on Sundays.

-

This book is on crimes.

Position (manner) Time

ON Position (place)

Time About

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-

My paper is on fishery.

-

Go on; never give up! The army marched on the head quarter.

Continued Dependent - We live on rice. - I raise my family on creativity. ABOVE, ACROSS, OVER Position (place) - The sun is above the earth. - Roof is above the floor. - I jumped across the creek. - Cowboys wandered across dried ground. - Birds flew over my house. Position (manner) - Study is above everything. - I am not able to survive over it. UNDER, BENEATH, BELLOW Position (place) - Floor is under the roof. - We live under the same sun. - So much dust beneath the carpet. - Bellow section three, there is the explanatory. Position (manner) - Many people live under depression. AT Position (place) - I have left the key at the door. - Ann and Sam are standing at the stairs. - I live at Jl. Dr. Cipto 39, Semarang. Toward - We look at the girls there. - They threw anything at the robber. Time - I always wake up at 5 am. - I hardly watch television at midnight/ noon.

Passage

Reading Comprehension A Pond Story

In one gloomy morning, a little frog swims alone in a small pond. He feels anxious because his mother is not at his side. He is hungry but he doesn’t have any courage to find food by himself. The little frog jumps on a small stone in the middle of the pond. On it he looks around and calls for his mother. Up to few minutes later there is nothing happens then he

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looks at a bunch of water lily. He sees something there; a green tiny grasshopper is on its leaf. With a gust, the little frog jumps over the water and swims quickly toward the grasshopper, “Finally I have my first prey” thinks the frog happily. He swims faster and faster but when he arrives at the water lily the grasshopper jumps on his back, “It’s hurt! Your legs hurt me, go away!” cries the frog to the grasshopper. But the grasshopper keeps standing on the frog’s back and he says, “I am your prey, aren’t I?” The frog feels scared and he answers, “No, I just want to play with you, may I?” “So, where do you come from then?” asks the grasshopper, “Are you the Male of this pond?” continuous the grasshopper. “No, not at all” says the frog anxiously, “I am from near by pond and I am just a Male of my family,” “So, would you like to tell where do you come from, please?” asks the frog politely but unfortunately the grasshopper doesn’t pay any attention to him. “Would you mind taking your legs off of my back, please?” The grasshopper doesn’t speak further, after a while, it jumps into grass bulk and the frog doesn’t have his first prey. Activity passage

Write a short

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________ IRREGULAR VERBS

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Infinitive (V1) abide arise awake be bear beat become befall beget begin behold bend bereave beseech beset bet bid bind bite bleed blend bless blow break breed bring broadcast build burn burst buy cast catch chide choose cleave cling clothe come cost creep crow cut dare deal dig dive do draw dream drink drive dwell

Past Tense (V2) abode, abided arose awoke was, were bore beat became befell begot began beheld bent bereaved, bereft besought beset bet, betted bade, bid bound bit bled blended, blent blessed, blest blew broke bred brought broadcast, broadcasted built burnt, burned burst bought cast caught chided, chid chose clove, cleft clung clothed, clad came cost crept crowed, crew cut dared, durst dealt dug dived; (US) dove did drew dreamt, dreamed drank drove dwelt

Past Participle (V3) abode, abided arisen awaken, awoken been borne beaten become befallen begotten begun beheld bent bereaved, bereft besought beset bet, betted bidden, bid bound bitten, bit bled blended, blent blessed, blest blown broken bred brought broadcast, broadcasted built burnt, burned burst bought cast caught chided, chidden chosen cloven, cleft clung clothed, clad come cost crept crowed cut dared dealt dug dived done drawn dreamt, dreamed drunk driven dwelt

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MATERI 5: STARTER 2 (ELEMENTARY 2) Berikut ini adalah contoh materi Elementary 2 yang programnya telah disusun pada bagian awal bab ini. XXV. QUESTIONS Fill the blanks with appropriate tense forms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Andy _________________ a book. The Georges ______________ to England sometimes. Tim Fenton __________ not_________ on weekdays. _______ the girls _______ banana very much? I always __________ holidays alone. Dr. Dre ________ a professional rapper. Sweet Sarah _________ not sad. Deborah and I __________ glad to meet you. Whether they or she _________ not friendly, it’s okay. ________ Donita busy recently?

11. 12. 13. 14.

(bring) (fly) (swim) (like) (spend) (be) (be) (be) (be) (be)

We ________________ Germany now. Nobody ________________ right now. ______ you ____________ any book today? Alex and Jake _______________ joking at present. joke) 15. We ____________________ to Singapore next week.

(study) (work) (read) (not

16. Yesterday morning, I _________ salad for breakfast. 17. ________ you _________me something last year? 18. ________ they critical last semester?

(eat) (give) (be)

(leave)

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19. She _____ not so bad in her Physics when she_____ in High School. 20. The old man __________ his wallet this morning.

(be) (lose)

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

We _______ not bring anything next time. They _______ phone us these days. ______ I go with you for the party? Kurt Cobain _____________ a legendary musician if only he were not died. She ____________ sleeping at 10 pm tomorrow night.

26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

I don’t like to study but I (must/ have to) study hard. They (don’t have to/ mustn’t) leave the room before the time. I (can/ am able to) graduate from High School successfully. The officer (may/ can/ is allowed) to submit his working records. We (don’t have to/ mustn’t) study hard in summer holidays.

31. Do you have (many/ much/ a lot of) troubles recently? 32. I really need (many/ much/ a lot of) support for my research. 33. Don’t worry we still have (few/ a few/ little/ a little) Dollars for you. 34. I really miss my Mom but I only have (few/ a few/ little/ a little) time to visit her. 35. (Few/ a few/ little/ a little) money is enough for me to live in a month. Translate these sentences into good English. 36. Aku sangat menyukai es jeruk. _________________________________________________________________ 37. Kami sedang merencanakan sebuah strategi. _________________________________________________________________ 38. Apakah kemarin kamu pulang telat? _________________________________________________________________ 39. Setelah menyelesaikan pekerjaan ini dengan sukses, aku akan menjadi direktur. _________________________________________________________________ 40. Kami terpaksa membeli baju mahal ini. _________________________________________________________________

XXVI. UNIT 1 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Functions of present perfect tense is: To express any action started at a certain point in the past and finished just before now or almost “finished” right after now and to express any repeated actions. It usually employs words such as just and almost. Patterns of present perfect tense are:

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PATTERN A (+)

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + V3 e.g. - She has had her breakfast (means that she has finished breakfast just before now). S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + V3 e.g. – We have tried to call him (means that we have called him just before now).

(- )

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + V3 e.g. - She hasn’t had her breakfast (means that she hasn’t finished breakfast just before

now). S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + V3 e.g. – We haven’t tried to call him (means that we haven’t called him just before now). (? )

Has + S (He/ She/ It) + V3? e.g. – Has she had her breakfast? Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + V3 ? e.g. – Have we tried to call him?

PATTERN B (+)

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun e.g. - She has been a great student after won the competition. S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun e.g. – We have been clever ever since.

(- )

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun e.g. - She has not been a great student even though she won the competition. S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun e.g. – We haven’t been clever ever since

(? )

Has + S (He/ She/ It) + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun? e.g. - Has she been a great student after won the competition? Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun ? e.g. – Have we been clever ever since?

EACH TENSE HAS ITS SPECIFIC FUNCTION SO...

COMPREHEND THE FUNCTION WELL What should you do?

Read this short passage carefully

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XXVII.TOKYO Jean has just arrived from Japan. He has been in Tokyo for several tomes. He loves that country very much especially its well-known Tokyo. Jean lives in Jakarta and the city is so hot! It is so different from Tokyo. Tokyo has four seasons and Jean loves winter so much. Jean has just told his friends about his great experiences in Tokyo and he hasn’t finished calling his other friends yet.

WHAT DO YOU FIND? NOW, TRY TO DO THESE EXERCISES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Corrs (release) ________________ their new album yesterday. Some unpredicted results (affect) ________________ the decision. Wait a second, I (finish) _________________ my works. She needs a little more time to study after (gain) ______________ the best score. Nobody (receive) ______________ annual bonus.

Make your own sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Answer questions bellow 1. Where have you been before now? 2. What cities have you visited a lot recently? Have you ever met a wild animal before? Where and what did you do? Tell the class! You have fifteen minutes to write your draft. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

Relaxation

ASK YOUR FRIEND

What will you do if you meet.....(mention something or some one)? What do you think if there will not be water anymore? What will you do if you have lost your wallet in a strange place?

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Most greatest things Started from The smallest things

DO YOUR FIRST STEP RIGHT NOW!!! UNIT 2 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Functions of present perfect progressive tense is: To express any action started in a specific time in the past and is still proceeding in the recent time, but it emphasizes the duration of the time. Patterns of present perfect tense are: PATTERN (+)

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + V-ing e.g. - She has been having her breakfast for almost an hour (means that from the beginning up to now she is eating breakfast for almost an hour). S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Been + V-ing e.g. – We have been trying to call him since this morning (means that since this morning up to now, we are trying to call him).

(- )

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + Been + V-ing e.g. - She hasn’t been eating her breakfast (means that up to now she isn’t eating her breakfast yet). S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + Been + V-ing e.g. – We haven’t been trying to call him since this morning.

(? )

Has + S (He/ She/ It) + Been + V-ing? e.g. – Has she been having her breakfast? Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + V3? e.g. – Have we been trying to call him?

Exercises. Complete sentences bellow using Present Perfect Continuous tense then write your own sentences 1. Brandy and Monica (not sing)_______________________ for years together. 2. St Tropez (be)_____________________ an exotic soap opera since there are a lot of sexy stars involved. 3. Someone with a funny dog (walk around)_______________________ for hours.

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4. The selling agent (develop)__________________________ the new strategy to gain consumers. 5. Such many American cultures (infiltrate)________________________ us for decades. 6. _________________________________________________________________ 7. _________________________________________________________________ 8. _________________________________________________________________ 9. _________________________________________________________________ 10. _________________________________________________________________

PASSAGE

READING COMPREHENSION

XXVIII.A BROKEN FRIENDSHIP ‘What do you feel about him Sarah?’ Tom has asked me the question. I’m not really with him so far and he feels a kind of strange disturbing situation with my closed friendship with Alex. I don’t have any idea why he is so interesting. The only thing I comprehend a lot is that Alex always spends his days studying and hard working. Frankly, I don’t know much about Alex. He has just moved from Nebraska and he has been living in this surrounding since three weeks ago. He has been a friend after his arrival; he has been my next-door neighbor. I’m so interested in him that it makes Tom anxious. Tom is a good friend of mine too, but I don’t really like him because of some reasons impolite to be said here. He is not too bad exactly but I need more than that. Tom is always on his weird ideas. He is doing such a dangerous action recently and I don’t really like danger. Tom loves cliff hanging a lots and he can’t afford of avoiding the passion; he is cliff hanging at Mount Rocky next summer’s holydays. It doesn’t mean that I’m so selfish! I only want my friends save and sound, no matter what. But some of other fellows give opinions that Tom is jealous of my closed new friendship with Alex, I just can’t buy this, Tom always considers me as his younger sister that every time he feels a right to control my privacy a lot! After a while thinking I finally to have all these problems finished. I am telling Tom not to consider me as his private property any more; whether or not he agrees! DICTION

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Comprehend these words and write a short passage from them appropriately. 1. Move : migrate, shift, elope, escape, change, draw, pass, evolution, revolution, rise, raise, dynamic, etc. 2. Still : stay, resist, abide, remain, static, stop, etc. 3. Say : talk, state, whisper, announce, proclaim, declare, cry, tell, explain, inform, shout, argue, prohibit, etc. 4. Stone : sand, rock, corral, cliff, hail-stone, masonry, concrete, etc. 5. Water : rain, dew, milk, ice, sweat, piss, stock, tears, river, lake, sea, ocean, etc. ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Both Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous can be followed by Period of Time markers but the second emphasizes the duration of time

UNIT 3

VERBAL (FURTHER ON ADJECTIVE, NOUN AND ADVERB) Verbal is any verbs do not function as verbs. They function as adjectives or nouns. Verbal are: A. GERUND It is such an independent infinitive + ing form. The form functions as NOUN. Since any noun forms always take place in subject or object in a sentence thus gerund has the same rule with other nouns forms. Comprehend examples bellow.

1. We really fond of swimming. 2. Struggling is the best way to show your seriousness. 3. We should avoid window-shopping at working hours.

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4. Smoking causes many diseases.

REMEMBER: GERUND is ING FORM whereas VERB ING always requires TO BE (IS/ AM/ ARE/ WAS/ WERE/ BE/ BEEN) before it. B. TO INFINITIVE The form is to + V1. It functions as NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or ADVERB. Comprehend examples bellow.

1. It is wrong to steal or To steal is wrong (to infinitive is NOUN). 2. John was the first to arrive (to infinitive is ADJECTIVE). 3. They came (In order) to help me (to infinitive is ADVERB OF PURPOSE).

When should we use to infinitive instead of gerund depends on the verb pattern, e.g. ‘We must not fail to recognize the problems’ requires to infinitive instead of gerund, but ‘We must do exercising’ needs ing form. C. PARTICIPLES 1. Present Participle Form of Present Participle is the same as gerund but it functions as ADJECTIVE. It modifies NOUN. Comprehend examples bellow. a. We do not like killing teachers. (Gerund: We do not like killing.) b. Some drawing books are given to the new students. (Gerund: Drawing is easy.) 2. Past Participle It uses VERB 3 (PAST PARTICIPLE) and functions as ADJECTIVE too. Comprehend examples bellow. a. There are many bored voters waiting for the promise. b. The injured patients should be taken into the isolation room.

Exercises. Fill sentences bellow with appropriate verbal forms 1. Joanne is really interested in ___________

(act)

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2. _____________ her cat, Catherine has to climb the tree. 3. Well, I need _______________ the tape first. 4. Most students do not like that ____________ lesson. 5. The _____________ TV cannot be repaired immediately. 6. No matter what, everyone must prepares the ________ party. 7. ____________ is sometimes ____________ bore) 8. Some experts tend ___________________ further clues. (consider) 9. We listen to the _____________ news. (broadcast) 10. Sometimes, ______________ music is good for us. What should you do? 1. Gerund

(save) (listen) (bore) (broke) (dance) (study/

(listen)

Write your own verbal-using sentences

: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

2. To Infinitive

: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

3.Present Participle: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 4.Past Participle: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

Reading Comprehension

Passage

XXIX. Swimming Everybody loves swimming, I guess. I, myself, love to swim a lot. Never am I able to believe the reality that there are so many people do not like swimming at all. Some love football, I don’t understand why they love running after the ball actually; some love dancing, and I can’t afford dancing as it is a boring thing. You’ll have a lot of benefits by doing swimming: healthy and athletic body, strong lungs, powerful energy, and there are many more. By doing other exercises? No way, Guys! You’ll only get a little advantage and so many tiring activities. I’m not promoting swimming at all. I just want you to do the right choice. There are so many bored people there and I don’t want you to be one of them. Sorry, I have to go, I have a swimming class soon, I teach there and it is not expensive, twice a week for a month you’ll only need to expense $20, fair enough isn’t it?

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Well, can you make such promoting talk? You have 20 minutes to write down your draft and after that you must present it in your class.

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ EASY THINGS

Demonstrative Pronoun This These

: This is a book. (a singular, closed object) : These are books. (plural, closed objects)

That Those

: That is a book on that table. (a singular, far object) : Those are books on that table. (plural, far objects)

Further on Adjective

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Some adjectives ending with –ly, for examples: Worldly, womanly, shapely, friendly, yearly, stately, neighborly, ghostly, costly, cowardly, etc. can you make sentences from them? UNIT 4 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN Read and Comprehend examples given bellow.

1. Who 2. Whom 3. Whose 4. What 5. Where -

Who is that handsome boy? Who teaches you English? For whom do you work? With whom will you dance this evening? Whose wallet is that? Whose baby is funny? What time is it? What are you doing here? Where is your address? Where did you sleep last night?

6. When - When will you finish the job? - When did they invite us? 7. How - How is he? - How to make it better? 8. How long - How long have you been living in this city? - How long was your study? 9. How far - How far is your house from here? - How far does she run? 10. How much - How much money do you have? - How much does this wristwatch cost? 11. How many - How many people joined the party? - How many Dollars do you need for a short course? 12. Why - Why does the bird sing in the morning? - Why do they ignore the rule? 13. Which - Which one is yours? - Which boy are you interested in?

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Write some questions by using those Interrogative Pronouns then ask your friends. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________

UNIT 5 RELATIVE PRONOUN To combine two sentences have the same subject or object into one compound sentence. Example: -Toby is the Spiderman actor. -He is from USA. Toby who is from USA is the Spiderman actor. There are four relative pronouns: 1.

Who Who is used for people, e.g. ‘The boy who loves Dianne is handsome.’

2.

Which Which is used for things, animals, groups of people, e.g. ‘I hate something which is unhealthy.’

3.

That That is used either for people or things, e.g. ‘We wait for a lecturer that gives us an important guidance.’

4.

Whom

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Whom is used for people positioning as object, e.g. ‘Do you like the girl whom you wait for?’ 5.

Whose Whose is used for possessive pronoun, e.g. ‘The man whose wife is beautiful is your teacher.’

Practice

Do exercises bellow

1. Aku tidak akan melakukan hal yang membuatku bodoh. _________________________________________________________________ 2. Semua orang yang menganggap lukisan itu buruk tentu bukanlah orang yang paham tentang seni. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. Aku tidak peduli siapa yang akan kamu telfon. _________________________________________________________________ 4. Setiap pagi, anak yang berbaju merah itu berangkat jam 6 tepat. _________________________________________________________________ 5. Kami mencari seseorang yang dompetnya terjatuh. _________________________________________________________________ Write your own sentences 6. _________________________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________________________ 8. _________________________________________________________________ 9. _________________________________________________________________ 10. _________________________________________________________________ UNIT 6 PAST PERFECT (1) Past Perfect is used to express a finished action before another action in the past. PATTERNS (+)

S + HAD + V3 - We had finished studying before you came. - They had sent the letter first, and then they went to campus.

(-)

S + HAD NOT + V3 - We had not finished studying before you came. - They had not sent the letter first, before went to campus.

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(?)

HAD + S + V3? - Had we finished studying before you came? - Had they sent the letter first, and then went to campus?

Exercises 1. He ________________ before I ______________ him. (fall/ help) 2. They_______________ much money, after that they _______ nothing. (spend/ have) 3. ______ you _________ me before you came here? (come/ call) 4. I _______ my breakfast but before, I ________________ it myself. (eat/ cook) 5. We _________________ a bath after that we __________. (take/ sleep) 6. _________________________________________________________________ ____ 7.

_________________________________________________________________ ____

8.

_________________________________________________________________ ____

9.

_________________________________________________________________ ____

10._____________________________________________________________________

Passage

Reading Comprehension A Secret

Last week when Tom was so desperate about his problem Joe, a friend of his, came. He asked him about the problem Tom had. Tom was so in dilemma because before it he had given his words not to tell his problem to anyone else. Finally Joe had the ‘things’ but before that he had persuaded Tom to tell him the secret and he had promised not to tell the secret to anyone else. But Joe then laughed heavily after he knew the secret of Tom’s. What is the secret then? I won’t tell you since I am not one of people who love to tell secret to everyone!

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CONFUSING WORDS Choose the correct word in each of the following sentences. 1. You haven’t (lent/ borrowed) my rubber, have you Paul? 2. He sat down (besides/ beside) an old man with a white beard who looked and smelt as though he hadn’t washed for weeks. 3. See that large (building/ house) over there? Well, that’s where I work. I’ve got an office on the sixth floor. 4. Was it (funny/ fun) at the party on Friday? 5. The (nature/ countryside) around this town is very flat and uninspiring. 6. The injured man was (laying/ lying) on the road close to wreckage of his car. 7. Who (taught/ learnt) you to play the guitar, Fred? 8. Those of you who wish to come to the Zoo this afternoon, please (raise/ rise) your hands. 9. When I heard that I’d been given the job I felt very (lucky/ happy) indeed. 10. I usually (go up/ get up) at 7.30 every morning. 11. Why don’t you (take/ bring) your girlfriend with you next time? 12. Is it all right if I (go with/ follow) you the concert on Friday, Pam? 13. Sussex is my favorite (landscape/ county) in England. 14. I didn’t have time to (do/ make) the beds this morning. 15. Amsterdam is a city full of (channels/ canals). 16. I’ve been (sparing/ saving) for years to buy a house. 17. Would you (check/ control) these figures, Mr. Brown – just to make sure they are correct. 18. It’s a lot of (job/ work) looking after children. 19. I prefer to (hire/ rent) a television than buy one. 20. The answer to the crosswords is on the (backside/ back). 21. I thought you said you (were going to/ should) give up smoking. 22. Our new neighbors invited me in for a cup of coffee this morning. I must say they seem a very (nice/ sympathetic) couple. 23. Was it Bell who (invented/ discovered) the telephone? 24. I wonder if I might have a (recipe/ receipt) for the things I’ve bought? 25. Oh, Jan, could you (remember/ remind) me to phone the dentist this afternoon to make an appointment for Sally? 26. I wonder if you’d mind (bringing/ fetching) John from next door? He’s wanted on the telephone.

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27. What (more/ else) did you do in Spain, apart from swimming and sunbathing? 28. I’ve just bought a record of Beethoven’s Fifth symphony (conducted/ directed) by Karajan. 29. When we moved into our new flat I had to sell my (grand/ wing) piano because there wasn’t enough room for it. 30. We’ll have to change the curtains, darling. They don’t (pass/ match) the new suite. They’re the wrong color altogether. DO YOU KNOW THE MEANING? 1. John has a keen sense of hearing. 2. The robber finally came to his sense. 3. Now, you’re talking sense. 4. We have got many expenses today. 5. I expense not a little money for this computer. 6. I give my honor to my country. 7. A lot of actors received Royal Honor from the queen. 8. I keep my eyes on the lady. 9. The dog doesn’t earn his keep. 10. Slow down, I can’t keep up with you.

NOW WRITE DOWN TWO DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF EACH WORD 1. Record : ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Smell : ___________________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________________ 3. State : ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 4. On : ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. Address : ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

UNIT 7 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Past Perfect Continuous is used to express a continual action (in a period of time) in the past. PATTERN (+)

S + HAD BEEN + V-ING

(-)

When I came to Semarang in 1996, the old man had already been selling coco-ice for three years. I had been sleeping for enough time when you waked me up yesterday. S + HAD NOT BEEN + V-ING

(?)

They had not been waiting for an hour before you arrived. I had not been sleeping for enough time when you waked me up yesterday. HAD + S + BEEN + V-ING?

yesterday?

When I came to Semarang in 1996, had the old man already been selling coco-ice for three years? Had I been sleeping for enough time when you waked me up

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Exercise sentences

Translate

these

1.

Saat itu aku telah mencarinya selama lima tahun, namun semuanya sia-sia, dia telah pergi untuk selamanya. ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

2.

Ketika Jepang telah merampok negeri kita selama dua setengah tahun, akhirnya bangsa kita bangkit dan melawannya. ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

3.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

4.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

EASY THING

SHALL/ SHOULD

-

Shall is used to state an agreement e.g. I shall meet a lecturer at 5 pm tomorrow.

-

Shall is used to state order or hard statement e.g. You shall do the test yourselves!

-

Shall is used in a formal, strict language such it is in government The president shall acknowledge a rising in telephone tax.

-

Should is used to suggest something appropriate I should help my father, but I must work now. UNIT 8 TYPES OF ADVERB CLAUSES

Adverb clauses can be grouped according to the type of relationship they express. Time after as as long as before since until when whenever

After it had stopped snowing, I went outside. As I was walking to the store, it began to snow again. I will never like snow as long as I live. My roommate had decided to go skiing before I returned. She has been a good skier since she was child. I had never seen snow until my family moved from Florida to Boston. When I was a young child, I thought snow was only in Alaska. In Boston, my father tried to get me outside whenever it snowed.

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while

While he was putting on his boots, I was hiding in my room.

Place where wherever

I prefer to live where the sun shines all years. Wherever it’s sunny and warm, I am happy.

Reason because since

My brothers are studying in California because they don’t like snow either. Since it is so beautiful there, my parents are going to move.

Purpose so that in order that

I’m planning to live with my brothers so that I can be near the beach. I want to be near the beach in order that I might learn to water ski.

Manner as as if as though

In California, we can enjoy the beach as we used to in Florida. My brothers swim as if they were fish. In California, I feel as though I were alive again.

Condition as long as if in case provided that unless whether or not

I will enjoy living with my brothers as long as they keep the apartment clean. If they keep it clean, I will stay with them. In case they become too messy, however, I’m going to save enough money to get my own apartment. I will become a good skier provided that I can find a good teacher. Unless the lessons are very cheap, I won’t be able to take any. I’m definitely planning to take surfing lessons, whether they are cheap or not/ whether or not they are cheap.

Result so…that such…that

California is so beautiful that I can’t imagine staying in Boston. It is such a beautiful state that I can’t imagine staying in Boston.

Contrast although though

Although Boston is a beautiful city, I just don’t like cold weather. Though my father likes mountains and snow, I’m sure he will learn to like beaches and sand.

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even though while in spite of the fact that

He’ll probably enjoy water skiing, even though he prefers to ski in snow. While I will never miss the cold weather, I will miss my friends in Boston. I’ll probably visit Boston from time to time, in spite of the fact that I will never live there again.

Exercises I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II.

Fill with appropriate adverb clauses Sarah is still attending the meeting ____________________ she is so tired. The painting is ________ artistic ___________ a lot of curators made bargains. I don’t mind __________________________ you come. I will come soon ___________________ you ask me to. Everyone will pass the test _____________________ s/he studies hard. She talks __________________ she knew everything. There are ______________ hard challenges ______________ all have to face. __________________ you live, please be the best among others. We bring the umbrella, ________________ it rains. None understood the problem ________________ someone explained it clearly. Write down your own sentences by using adverb clauses

Time ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Place ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Reason ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Purpose ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Manner ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Condition ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

Result ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Contrast ___________________________________________________________________________

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FURTHER ON RELATIVE PRONOUN Relative pronouns are used to relate two different sentences so that they will be a shorter sentence. Comprehend examples bellow: -

-

-

-

-

The man is a police officer. He lives next door. The man who lives next door is a police officer. He is one police officer. I respect him very much. He is one police officer whom I respect very much. Officer Smith often lectures to high school classes. These classes are learning safe driving principles. Officer Smith often lectures to high school classes, which are learning safe driving principles. The police officers respect him, too. Officer Smith works with them. The police officers that Officer Smith works with respect him, too.

- We should report pet owners. Their animals are mistreated. - We should report pet owners whose animals are mistreated. Exercises Relate sentences bellow by using relative pronouns. 1. Jessica sent Anthony a love letter. Anthony is a guitarist. ____________________________________________________________________ ___ 2. We call a doctor. The doctor has a funny kitten. ____________________________________________________________________ ___ 3. People are angry. They are tired. ____________________________________________________________________ ___ 4. We need Tommy. He always gives us suggestion. ____________________________________________________________________ ___ 5. The girl is beautiful. She is singing now. ____________________________________________________________________ ___ 6. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______ 7. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______

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8. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______ 9. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______ 10. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______

UNIT 9 FUTURE PERFECT To express any action started in the past time and will be finished at around certain time in the future.

PATTERN (+) S + Will + Have + V3

I will have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening. (I began writing the book in the past and I will probably finish it around tomorrow evening)

(- ) S + Shall/ Will + Not + Have + V3 I shall not have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening. (?) Shall/ Will + S + Have + V3? Shall I have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening? UNIT 10 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS To express period of time of any action that started in the past and will be finished in the future. PATTERN (+) S + Will + Have + Been + V-ing They will have been leaving in New York for three years exactly in June, next year. (Now, they haven’t been leaving for three years yet but by June, next year, they will have been leaving in New York for three years)

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(- ) S + Shall/ Will + Not + Have + Been + V-ing We shall not have been studying English for three months by tomorrow. ( ?) Shall/ Will + S + Have + Been + V-ing? Will earth have been spinning for a million years next decade? UNIT 11 PAST FUTURE To express: 1. Any action would be done in the past. 2. Past conditional sentence. PATTERN A (+) S + Should/ Would + V1 PATTERN B UNIT 12 PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS

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MATERI 6: MODUL TOEFL PREPARATION Berikut adalah contoh materi pengajaran TOEFL preparation. Materi ditulis secara lengkap tetapi sebatas materi grammar and written structure, tidak meliputi listening dan reading comprehension.

Dari materi ini Anda dapat pula mengambil bahn

untuk rancangan program yang Anda buat.

CARA LIAR MENGALAHKAN TOEFL Jika lembaga ETS (Educational Testing Service) di Amerika telah menggagas TOEFL (Test Of English as Foreign Language) berdasarkan pengalaman berbilang tahun mereka dalam menentukan prasyarat kebahasaan apa yang dibutuhkan para pelajar dari negara lain yang menuntut ilmu dan hidup berbaur dengan orang-orang Amerika, saya, berdasarkan pengalaman empirik mengajar secara LIAR, membuat satu metode khusus pengajaran bahasa Inggris standar TOEFL yang didesain khusus baik bagi para peminat bahasa Inggris pemula maupun lanjut. Bagi para pemula, mereka dapat memanfaatkan detil latar belakang teoretis dan kemampuan berbahasa dalam buku ini sedangkan bagi peminat lanjut dapat langsung MEMERANGI contoh-contoh soal structure and written expressions pada bagian akhir buku dan sesekali, bila terlupa pada teori bahasa Inggris, dapat dengan mudah mengakses entri pada bagian awal buku. Pada intinya buku ini membahas cara mengalahkan WRITTEN TOEFL dengan menggunakan logika kebahasaan serta analogi kalimat berpola sederhana hingga yang berpola kompleks secara bertahap. Misal, penggunaan setiap tata bahasa dijelaskan dalam pengertian lugas sesuai dengan budaya berbahasa Indonesia yang disertai contoh pembentukan kalimat sederhana hingga komposisi kompleks yang menerapkan fungsi gramatikal dan kultural tata bahasa tersebut. Panduan meliputi tata bahasa, logika kalimat (pemahaman kalimat bahasa sumber dan bahasa tujuan), diksi, tenses, frasa idiomatik, dsb. yang dirangkum menjadi sepuluh pokok bahasan kesalahan dalam berbahasa Inggris standar TOEFL. Sesempurna apa pun buku ini, bila tidak dibaca dan disertai kemauan keras untuk mempelajarinya, akan tetap sia-sia lah investasi Anda. Buku hanya lah sebuah wacana bisu yang menunggu tindakan proaktif pembacanya. Paling tidak saya telah mencoba membagi pengalaman yang saya miliki, semoga kita ingat dua hal: JANGAN BUANG WAKTU, TENAGA, DAN BIAYA ANDA UNTUK HAL YANG TIDAK BERGUNA dan TIADA HARI ESOK UNTUK BELAJAR! Selamat bekerja keras.

Arief Dermawan

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1 LANGKAH PERTAMA! Yang harus Anda lakukan pertama kali adalah cek 10 Kesalahan yang PASTI MUNCUL dalam TOEFL lalu KALAHKAN MEREKA!!!

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1

Cek Subyek dan Predikat (apakah telah lengkap; tidak terjadi pengulangan) Check for subject and verb (both present; neither repeated)

CONTOH KESALAHAN 1. A mother she loves her children very much. 2. Someone telling a story. Kenapa bisa salah? Pertama-tama, lupakan bahwa kita akan memulai pembahasan dari kalimat-kalimat panjang. Sebaliknya, kita akan mulai menulis kalimat dari komposisi yang paling sederhana. Semua kalimat panjang komposisinya terdiri dari minimal SUBYEK dan PREDIKAT. Subyek harus merupakan KATA BENDA baik kata benda konkret (table, bus, stone), abstrak dan bentukkan (air, acceptance, politeness, instructor), dan nama/ kata ganti/ pronoun (I, you, he, Andy, Tommy, animals). Predikat bisa berupa kata kerja asli dan bentukkan (go, sleep, whiten, sharpen, encourage), kata kerja penghubung (to be), kata kerja pembantu/ auxiliaries (do, does, did), dan modal (will/ shall, can, may, might, must). Pengembangan kalimat dilakukan dengan mengacu pada kedua unsur tersebut dan modifier yang digunakan harus sesuai dengan bentuk kata dan fungsinya, contoh: kata sifat (adjective) berfungsi untuk menjelaskan kata benda (noun) sedangkan kata keterangan (adverb) berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata kerja (verb). Perhatikan uraian contoh kesalahan berikut ini. 1.

A mother she / loves / her children very much. S P O

A mother dan she merupakan bentuk kata yang mengacu pada SUBYEK YANG SAMA! yaitu Dia (Perempuan). Keduanya muncul pada posisi SUBYEK dalam sebuah kalimat tunggal dan tentu saja hal ini DILARANG KERAS! Anda harus memilih salah satu yang sesuai, dan dalam konteks kalimat di atas menjadi: A mother loves her children very much. 2.

Someone / telling / a story. Noun Phrase

Someone telling a story adalah sebuah kelompok kata yang merupakan salah satu bagian kalimat (dalam hal ini sebagai noun phrase dan hanya dapat diposisikan sebagai Subyek maupun Obyek) sehingga agar menjadi sebuah kalimat utuh kelompok kata tersebut harus ditambah dengan kata atau unsur lain semisal: Someone / is telling / a story atau Someone telling a story / is / my father. S P O S P Complement Kenapa bisa begitu? Perhatikan kata telling di atas. Kata tersebut bukan lah kata kerja. KATA KERJA BENTUK –ING SELALU MENSYARATKAN ADANYA TO BE (is, am, are, was, were, be, been). Lebih tepatnya telling diklasifikasikan sebagai GERUND 106

atau PRESENT PARTICIPLE (pembahasan selengkapnya dapat Anda baca dalam Cek Kesalahan VERBAL). Sebagai Gerund, kata tersebut berfungsi sebagai kata benda (Noun) padahal kata benda tidak dapat menempati posisi predikat (kecuali pada konteks tertentu semisal pada gaya bahasa slang dan sastra). Sebagai Present Participle kata tersebut berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (Adjective). Untuk kalimat-kalimat pendek Anda mungkin akan dengan mudah mengenali jenis kesalahan ini. Namun untuk kalimat-kalimat panjang? Tunggu dulu, tidak semudah yang Anda bayangkan! Anda tidak akan berhadapan dengan subyek sederhana semisal contoh kesalahan di atas, belum lagi jika diksi yang digunakan tidak Anda kenal (dan Anda harus lebih banyak membaca!). Sekarang coba Anda urai dan kenali kesalahan komposisi pada kalimat berikut ini. Nowadays, supplementary materials of major buildings in our country they are gradually maintained from a bulk of recycled ones.

Untuk mengurai kalimat panjang seperti di atas, Anda harus terlebih dahulu mampu membedakan bentuk-bentuk kata dan menyusunnya menjadi sebuah kalimat kompleks. Untuk menguasai berbagai bentuk kata secara LIAR Anda perlu menyimak penjelasan tentang CEK VERBAL pada bagian Empat dan CEK BENTUK KATA (WORD FORM) pada bagian Enam. Sekarang, mari kita urai contoh kalimat panjang tersebut, tentunya Anda sekarang telah cukup LIAR untuk mengenali kesalahannya bukan? Nowadays, supplementary materials of major buildings in our country (they)/ are gradually S Maintained / from/ a bulk of recycled ones.

Prep

P

Noun Phrase

Meskipun Anda telah mahir mengenali kesalahan tipe pertama ini namun tidak ada salahnya jika kita membahas sedikit cara menyusun kalimat panjang. Contoh: -

I / dreamt S P

-

Yesterday night, I/ dreamt/ about you Adverb phrase S P O

-

Yesterday night, when the sky was gloomy, I myself/ dreamt jealously/ about S P (V + Adv.) you and your girl friend. O

Pengecekan Subyek dan Predikat pada kalimat-kalimat pendek tidak begitu menyulitkan, namun bila hal ini dilakukan pada kalimat-kalimat panjang mau tidak mau kita harus mampu menguraikan mana kelompok subyek, predikat, maupun obyek karena masingmasing kelompok biasanya berupa klausa atau frasa. Klausa adalah kelompok kata yang 107

minimal terdiri dari Subyek dan Predikat berfungsi sebagai modifier (pengembang) Subyek, Predikat, Obyek, maupun Preposisi. Klausa berfungsi sebagai Noun, Adjective, dan Adverb. Sedangkan frasa adalah kelompok kata yang tidak memiliki hirarki S – P dan berfungsi sebagai satu kesatuan Subyek atau Predikat atau Obyek dalam sebuah kalimat. Sekarang, coba Anda kembangkan kalimat-kalimat sederhana berikut: 1. We learn. _____________________________________________________________________ ___ 2. They sleep. _____________________________________________________________________ ___ 3. I run. _____________________________________________________________________ ___

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2

Cek Keselarasan Kata Kerja, Tenses, dan Bentuk Kata. Check verb agreement, tense, and form.

CONTOH KESALAHAN 1. That student has living here for two years. 2. She is talk about the new TV program. Kenapa salah? Tentu saja, setelah mengenal subyek dan predikat secara terpisah, kini Anda harus kembali bekerja keras untuk mempelajari tenses. Kenapa? Karena tanpa tenses Anda PASTI tidak akan dapat menyusun komposisi bahasa Inggris dengan benar! Tenses menentukan pembentukan kata kerja dan logika-logika kalimat. JANGAN MEMPERTAHANKAN ASUMSI KONYOL BAHWA TENSES TIDAK DIBUTUHKAN DALAM TUTURAN BAHASA INGGRIS KECUALI JIKA ANDA INGIN DITERTAWAKAN PARA NATIVE SPEAKERS!!! Perhatikan bahasan contoh kesalahan berikut ini: Pada kalimat pertama, ‘That student has living here for two years’, yang harus dibahas pertama kali adalah adverb of time ‘for two years.’ Dalam konteks kalimat di atas penanda kurun waktu tersebut mensyaratkan penggunaan Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive tense. Jadi, predikat pada kalimat di atas kurang lengkap karena tidak terdapat to be sebelum verb-ing. Kalimat yang benar adalah, ‘That student has been living here for two years.’ Keselarasan antara subyek tunggal/ jamak dengan bentuk predikat juga harus diwaspadai di sini. Pada kalimat di atas, has tidak dapat digantikan dengan have karena subyek ketiga tunggal pada kalimat-kalimat present mensyaratkan To be (is), Auxiliaries (does) dan has serta kata kerja yang ditambah akhiran s/ es (sees, watches, studies). Pada kalimat kedua, ‘She is talk about the new TV program’, kesalahan terletak pada predikat yang kurang lengkap. To be secara gramatikal harus diikuti oleh verb-ing, past participle (verb III), noun, adjective, atau adverb. ‘She is talk’ seharusnya ‘She is talking.’ Jika Anda kurang jelas dan masih bertanya-tanya mengenai tenses yang kata orang sangat memusingkan, sebaiknya Anda mulai membaca uraian tenses pada bagian ini sehingga nantinya Anda akan mengatakan bahwa bagian dari pelajaran bahasa Inggris yang termudah adalah TENSES! Namun sebelum itu Anda harus menguasai beberapa aturan untuk keselarasan subyek-predikat berikut ini.

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ATURAN UNTUK KESELARASAN SUBYEK-PREDIKAT Subyek Tunggal 1. Berikut ini adalah kata-kata yang jika ditempatkan pada posisi subyek selalu berbentuk tunggal, meskipun sebagian dari kata tersebut memiliki arti jamak. everyone everybody everything

someone somebody something

anyone anybody anything

no one nobody nothing

each either neither

- Everybody swims on weekdays. - Either of the students disobeys the school regulations. 2. Jika each atau every muncul sebelum subyek tunggal yang dihubungkan dengan kata sambung and, kalimat ini mensyaratkan adanya kata kerja tunggal. - Every student and teacher is respectful. - Each child and mother makes a team. 3.

Subyek pembantu it selalu dianggap tunggal dan harus diikuti dengan kata kerja tunggal. - It is they that won the game. - It is her carelesness that put her in trouble.

4. Kata yang muncul di antara sebuah subyek dan kata kerjanya tidak mengubah jumlah subyek. Frasa preposisi seringkali berpola sebagai berikut ini: together with in addition to The child

his friends along with as well as

is crying loudly.

- Everyone except her goes to school. - The coach along with his team is practicing for next week’s competition. - One of the most ridiculous facts is that the reason is not valid. 5. There, here, dan where pada awal kalimat hanya berfungsi sebagai kata pelengkap. Jika sebuah kalimat menggunakan salah satu dari ketiga kata tersebut, subyek kalimat ditulis setelah kata kerjanya. - There were no mosquitos in my house. V S - Here is the novel. V S

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Subyek Jamak 6. Subyek yang dihubungkan menggunakan and atau both . . . and . . . mensyaratkan kata kerja jamak (kecuali pada perkecualian yang dijelaskan pada aturan kedua). - A girl and a boy are studying together. - Both students and teachers are working hard. 7. Several, many, both, few adalah kata-kata jamak dan selalu mensyaratkan kata kerja jamak. - Several years are long enough time to wait. - Few students had good score. 8. Sebagian noun berbentuk jamak dan selalu mensyaratkan kata kerja jamak. clothes: trousers, pants, jeans, sunglasses tools : scissors, pliers, tweezers abstract : riches, thanks, means Namun, kata-kata tersebut tetap diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal jika digunakan dalam ekspresi semisal a pair of . . ., a word of . . . - That pair of sunglasses is broken. - A word of thanks is worth for me. Alternatif 9. Jika subyek digabungkan menggunakan struktur berikut ini, kata kerja yang mengikuti harus mengacu pada subyek yang lebih dekat dengannya. Neither the players nor the coach is allowed to come late. S1 S2 Verb of S2 Either the coach or the players come to practice. S1 S2 V of S2 Not only the players but also the coach is ready for the championship. S1 S2 V of S2 10. Banyak kata dapat berfungsi sebagai kata tunggal atau jamak tergantung pada apa yang diacu kata tersebut: None, all, some, any, majority, most, half, dsb. Saat kata-kata tersebut diikuti oleh prepositional phrase, jumlah obyek preposisi menentukan apakah kata tersebut tunggal atau jamak. All of the novel is touching. (Disarankan menggunakan Entire untuk menyatakan ‘seluruh’) All of the novels are written by Agatha Christy. All of the water is running out in dry season. 11. Ekspresi a number of selalu menyatakan bentuk jamak sedangkan ekspresi the number of adalah tunggal. 111

A number of teachers have meeting on Mondays. The number of pop singers is unpredicted.

(berarti ‘sejumlah’) (berarti ‘jumlah’)

Subyek Tunggal yang Tidak Umum 12. Ekspresi yang menyatakan hitungan waktu, uang, berat, volume, dsb. selalu berbentuk jamak tapi tetap mensyaratkan kata kerja bentuk tunggal. Two years is not a long time to wait. S V Ten million rupiahs is worth for me. S V Eighty kilos makes her worry. S V Five glasses of water is plenty enough for me to drink. S V Two thousand acres is so wide. S V 13. Sebagian kata selalu berbentuk jamak tetapi memiliki arti tunggal. Kata-kata tersebut mensyaratkan kata kerja tunggal. mata pelajaran: mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, civics... penyakit: measles, mumps, herpes... kata benda abstrak: news, politics, ethics... Physics is easy for me. Measles is spreading recently. Politics makes everyone crazy. 14. Judul buku dan film, meskipun bentuknya jamak, tetap mensyaratkan kata kerja tunggal. The Spiderman 2 is a box-office movie in 2004. The Relics is a novel based on a movie story. Subyek Tunggal dan Jamak yang Memiliki Bentuk Sama 15. Kata benda kolektif biasanya tunggal, tapi dapat menjadi jamak jika yang diacu adalah individu dari kesatuan kata benda tersebut. Perhatikan kata ganti sebagai petunjuk penentuan tunggal atau jamak dari subyek yang diacu. Contoh kata-kata tersebut adalah class, police, government, team, committee, audience, family, faculty. Government has this Regulation issued. Governments are executing their departmental obligation. 16. Sebagian kata benda menggunakan bentuk yang sama untuk mengacu pada arti tunggal atau jamak. Pronoun (kata ganti) dan modifier lah yang akan menentukan makna jamaktunggal nya. selalu ditambah s: species, series, dll. That species is beautiful. 112

Those species are varied. Tidak pernah ditambah s: sheep, deer, dll. The deer is sick. Those deer are running happily. Kewarganegaraan dan Kata-kata Asing 17. Kata benda yang mengacu pada kewarganegaraan yang berakhir dengan –ese, -ch, atau – sh dapat berarti tunggal atau jamak tergantung pada maknanya. Contoh dari kata ini adalah Japanese, French, Scottish. Saat kata tersebut mengacu pada sebuah bahasa, disyaratkan kata kerja tunggal. Saat kata tersebut mengacu pada warga negara, disyaratkan kata kerja jamak yang didahului oleh article ‘the’. French is an exotic language. The French are exotic. English is spoken in the entire world.The English respect their queen a lot. 18. Bahasa Inggris meminjam kosakata dari bahasa lain. Sebagian kata tersebut memiliki bentuk tunggal dan jamak yang tidak umum. asal Yunani Yunani

tunggal -is -on

jamak -es -a

Latin (m) Latin (f) Latin (appendices)

-us -a -ix/ -ex

-i -ae -ices

contoh tunggal (jamak) basis (bases), crisis (crises) criterion (criteria), phenomenon (phenomena) catatan: jamak maupun tunggal untuk bentuk ini saat ini memakai bentuk jamaknya. radius (radii), alumnus (alumni) alga (algae), vita (vitae) index (indices), appendix

The appendices of the book are complete. The alumnus of the university is developing a new theory in education.

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TENSES I. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Fungsi Simple Present Tense adalah: 4. Untuk mengekspresikan kebiasaan (aktivitas sehari-hari) 5. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum, fakta ilmiah, dan segala sesuatu yang tidak berubah 6. Untuk menanyakan asal-usul Tindakan yang diekspresikan dengan menggunakan tense ini merupakan kebiasan yang cenderung tidak berubah. Kata keterangan yang dipakai contohnya: always, usually, daily, dan often. Meskipun begitu, Anda dituntut mampu merasakan konteks “KEBIASAN” karena tidak semua kebiasaan harus ditandai dengan kata keterangan di atas! Misal, jika Anda ingin menyatakan bahwa Anda siswa sebuah universitas, Anda dapat menggunakan tense ini, yaitu: ‘I go to University’ atau ‘I am a university student’, logikanya adalah Anda sering pergi ke kampus untuk belajar sehingga hal ini dianggap sebagai suatu kebiasaan juga. Intinya, dalam alih bahasa, Anda JANGAN TERPANCANG PADA SISTEM PENERJEMAHAN KAKU; PERHATIKAN BUDAYA BAHASA ASAL DAN BAHASA TUJUAN! Rumus Simple Present Tense adalah: A.

S + V1 jika subyek adalah He/ She/ It (Orang ketiga tunggal) S + V1 + S/ ES

rumusnya

Contoh: 3. Mr. Budi (He) teaches English in Sanatadarma. (Maksudnya Pak Budi adalah pengajar di Sanatadarma) 4. Andika and Tomi (They) always spend their holidays together. (Maksudnya Andika dan Tomi dari dulu, sekarang, dan mungkin kedepan selalu melewatkan liburan bersama) Bentuk negatifnya adalah: S (He/ She/ It) + DOES NOT + V1 (without S/ ES) + ... Contoh: Mr. Budi (He) doesn’t teach English in Sanatadarma. S (Other Subjects) + DO NOT + V1 + ... Contoh: Andika and Tomi (They) don’t spend their holidays together. Bentuk Interrogative-nya adalah: DOES + S (He/ She/ It) + V1 + ...? Contoh: Does Mr. Budi (He) teach English in Sanatadarma? DO + S (Other Subjects) + V1 + ...? Contoh: Do Andika and Tomi (They) spend holidays together? Dapat juga ditambah question words semisal Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, dsb. 114

QUESTION WORD + DO/ DOES + S + V1 + ...? e.g. Where does Mr. Budi teach English? What do you want to do? Where do you come from?

Rumus A selalu berhubungan dengan VERB B.

S + (To Be: IS/ AM/ ARE) + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb of Place And Time Tambahkan NOT setelah To Be untuk membentuk kalimat negatif dan letakkan To Be sebelum Subyek untuk membentuk kalimat interrogative. Contoh: 5. 6. 7. 8.

I am not an engineer (N). Andrea (She) is pretty (Adj.). My books are on the table (Adv. of place). It is 3:30 p.m. (Adv. of time)

Bentuk ini juga dapat ditambah question words semisal Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, dsb. QUESTION WORD + To Be + S +...? e.g. Where are you? Who is she? How is He?

Rumus B selalu digunakan untuk menjelaskan KONDISI dan melakukan DESKRIPSI

Latihan. Pilih jawaban yang benar 11. We (need/ needs) some support from you. 12. Anita (love/ loves) to sing in her bathroom. 13. (Do/ Does) they buy me a skirt? 14. (Where/ What) (do/ does) Wanda (want/ wants) for dinner? 15. Bom-bom (are/ is) a cat. 16. My mom (looks/ look) for a good doctor. 17. Somebody (help/ helps) me doing the job. 18. Whom (are/ is/ does/ do) you call? 19. In the afternoon, my aunty always (sweep/ sweeps) her house veranda. 20. (Do/ Does) they (play/ plays) football every afternoon?

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Pahami penggunaan Sumple Present Tense pada bacaan-bacaan berikut ini. XXX. MY MOM’S SANDWICHES I really love my Mom. She always prepares me breakfast before school and off course she also serves delicious lunch and dinner for me. She gives me all love she has and cares of me days and nights. I tell you what, she is so special, and it does not mean that my Dad is not important, yes! Both are important to me! But, I like to talk about my Mom. I love sandwich very much and I hardly have it since it is too expensive for me, I can’t afford it! Even once a month! Fortunately, my Mom makes me sandwich twice a week by herself, what a kind-hearted Mom! She buys the ingredients in local market and she cooks them well. Her sandwiches are so delicious, more delicious than them in dept. store! What! You don’t believe me? Ah, c’mon, just try it someday; I guarantee you satisfied with that, dare me!

XXXI. A STRANGE STORY In big cities, every day, many people leave their houses to make money. They wake up at 04:00 in the morning and prepare their up-coming day anxiously. They are too tired to wake up early. But they have to do it otherwise they don’t make money at all. Before the sun rises, those people already find their selves in city buses, and then they continue to sleep in there. In one or two hours then, they have to get up to do their routines in offices but mostly in hot factories. They expense their energy for little money. At 5 p.m. they finish the tiring jobs but it’s not over yet! They have to do some other routines. Crowding up with many people in a tiny bus causes headache more over there must be traffic jams everywhere. For these reasons, some of them stay longer in such coffee shops around them. Off course, it costs them too many expenses. When it is dark already, those people continue their journey home. Their houses are quiet when they arrive there, wives, and husbands, children sleep. What is next? Just go to sleep, forget socialization but always remember the problems, and off course hope to sleep quickly so that tomorrow will come earlier to them, what a strange story! Kedua bacaan di atas menceritakan kebiasaan, kalimat yang dipakai menggunakan Simple Present tense. Kembangkan Vocabulary Anda. Tulis sebanyak-banyaknya kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan kata-kata berikut ini: 6. Mom

:

7. Sandwich

:

8. Market

:

9. School

:

10. Breakfast

:

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XXXII.II. PRESENT CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE Fungsi Present Continuous/ Progressive tense adalah: 4. Untuk mengekspresikan TINDAKAN YANG SEDANG BERLANGSUNG SAAT INI JUGA. 5. Untuk mengekspresikan TINDAKAN YANG SEDANG DALAM PROSES atau TINDAKAN YANG DILAKUKAN PADA SATU KURUN WAKTU TERTENTU DI SAAT INI

6. Untuk mengekspresikan TINDAKAN DI MASA DEPAN YANG TELAH PASTI DAN DIRENCANAKAN

Biasanya ditandai dengan right now, now, at present, at immediate time, dsb. yang dalam bahasa Indonesia dinyatakan dengan kata SEDANG. Meskipun begitu, dalam bahasa Indonesia kata sedang tidak mutlak diperlukan saat ingin mengungkapkan tindakan yang saat ini sedang terjadi, jadi sekali lagi, Anda harus mampu memahami konteks kalimat. Rumus Present Continuous/ Progressive tense adalah: S + To Be (Is/ Am/ Are) + V ing + ... Contoh - The Students (They) are studying English right now. (Saat ini, para siswa benar-benar sedang belajar bahasa Inggris). - I am reading a novel. (Bisa jadi, saat ini saya tidak sedang membaca novel, tapi saya dalam proses membaca novel meskipun saat ini novel saya tinggal untuk sementara waktu) - Charlotte (She) is leaving to New York tomorrow. (Charlotte telah merencanakan pergi ke New York besok. To Be + going to juga dapat digunakan untuk mengekspresikan hal ini) Tambah NOT setelah To Be untuk membentuk kalimat negatif. Contoh: - The students are not studying English right now. - I am not reading a novel. - Charlotte is not leaving to New York tomorrow. Letakkan To Be sebelum Subject untuk membentuk kalimat interrogative. Contoh: - Are the students studying English now? - Am I reading a novel? - Is Charlotte leaving to New York tomorrow?

Present Continuous/ Progressive hanya berhubungan dengan (To Be)+VERB-ing. III.

Coba bandingkan dengan SIMPLE PRESENT RUMUS B!

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Latihan 1. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut ini dengan menggunakan Present Continuous/ Progressive Tense. 11. Nobody (stand) _____________ over there. 12. Nita (sleep) ____________ in her bed. 13. Some teachers (evaluate) _______________ the test results. 14. Don’t turn off the light! Don’t you see I (read) _____________ now? 15. My Dad and I (do) _______________ a secret project. 16. People (prepare) ______________ next day celebration. 17. _____ Mike (write) ____________ a love letter? 18. They (not consume) ________________ drugs. 19. We ____ still (watch) _________ TV. 20. My friends (play) _______________ football in Surabaya next month. Latihan 2. Dapatkah Anda membedakan konteks Simple Present dan Present Continuous tenses pada soal-soal berikut ini? 1. Jonathan always __________ to cinema on weekends. 2. Babe _______________ her new dress now. 3. I like Manchester United because they often ________ perfectly. 4. __________ Deborah ___________ her cat very much? 5. Whatever you said, you hardly _____________ your parents proud. 6. On Sundays, we often __________ for fishing. 7. Today I ________________ some tiring jobs. 8. They always _____________ me that the river is dangerous. 9. Sarah _____________ now and she usually _______ at 5 pm. 10. Anthony and I _____________ to school today. 11. Stephanie ________________ on stage right now. 12. She always ____________ in her bathroom. 13. ______ you __________me, what’s up? 14. Cats usually ____________ for hours. 15. My sister ____________ traditional dance on Wednesdays.

(go) (wear) (play) (love) (make) (go) (do) (tell) (sleep/wake) (walk) (sing) (sing) (call) (sleep) (practice)

Tidak wajar menambahkan –ing pada kata yang mengekspresikan perasaan contoh: like, hate, mad, angry, kecuali feel dan love

Sekedar tahu aja

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Bagaimana binatang bersuara? Buatlah kalimat kompleks dari masing-masing kalimat berikut. A Dog barks ______________________________________________________________ A Rooster crows ______________________________________________________________ A Lamb bleats ______________________________________________________________ A Horse neighs ______________________________________________________________ A Lion roars ______________________________________________________________ A Bird chirps ______________________________________________________________ An Elephant trumpets ______________________________________________________________ A Pig grunts ______________________________________________________________ A Cow lows ______________________________________________________________ A Frog croaks ______________________________________________________________

KOMPOSISI

Simak Penggunaan Simple Present dan Present Continuous/ Progressive tenses pada bacaan berikut ini. XXXIII.SHE IS THE ONE! Brittany often says that she is too shy. But now she is singing in front of many people. She usually wears long dresses but now she is wearing sexy skirt. She loves orange juice very much but now she is drinking tequila a lot. She swears me for my arrogance but she is dancing madly right now. Well, what else? Oh, she always walks gracefully but, my goodness, she is jumping to people right there? What is She doing? Apa yang Anda temukan? Baca kembali bacaan di atas dengan cermat Bacaan tersebut menggunakan Simple Present dan Present Continuous. Kalau Anda mengaku telah cukup LIAR seharusnya komposisi di atas tidak lah terlalu sulit dipahami logikanya! Apa yang harus Anda lakukan? Ceritakan kebiasaan aneh Anda!!! Sekarang, tulis komposisi sederhana dari bacaan di atas.

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Contoh: - ‘Brittany often says that she is too shy’ komposisi sederhananya adalah ‘Brittany says (she is shy)’ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________

Tulislah komposisi kompleks dari kumpulan kata berikut ini. 6. I – buy – computer – Magicstore – like – good – study __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________ 7. One – love – me – I – good looking __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________ 8. There – story – dog __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________ 9. Parents – ask – me – go – London __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________ 10. We – need – buy – breakfast __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________

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III. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Fungsi Present Perfect tense adalah: Untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan baru saja selesai atau hampir selesai pada saat ini dan digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang berulangulang. Biasanya tense ini ditandai dengan kata just (baru saja) dan almost (hampir). Terkadang tense ini diartikan dengan ‘telah’, contoh, “We’ve eaten” diartikan “kami telah makan.” PERHATIAN: Karena salah satu kegunaan tense ini adalah untuk mengekspresikan kegiatan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang secara logis fungsi tersebut hampir mirip dengan fungsi simple present tense. Perbedaan utamanya adalah pada logika perulangan tindakan. Perulangan tindakan yang diungkapkan dengan simple present tense waktunya tidak dipentingkan, karena sifat kebiasaan adalah sesuatu yang cenderung dilakukan setiap saat. Perulangan tindakan yang diekspresikan dengan menggunakan present perfect tense memiliki batasan waktu dimulainya tindakan tersebut (meskipun terkadang tidak dijelaskan secara eksplisit). Contoh: I don’t smoke. (Berarti bahwa si penutur dari dulu – kapan, tidak penting – hingga sekarang dan kemungkinan di kemudian hari tidak suka menghisap rokok). I have not smoked since heart surgery (last year). (Berarti bahwa si penutur sejak setahun lalu atau sejak dioperasi berhenti merokok). Rumus Present Perfect tense adalah: RUMUS A (+)

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + V3 - She has had her breakfast (Ia baru saja sarapan). S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + V3 – We have tried to call him (kami baru saja mencoba menelfonnya).

(- )

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + V3 - She hasn’t had her breakfast. S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + V3 – We haven’t tried to call him.

(? )

Has + S (He/ She/ It) + V3? – Has she had her breakfast? Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + V3 ? – Have we tried to call him? 121

RUMUS B (+)

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun - She has been a great student after won the competition. S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun -I have been the class champion after studied hard.

(- )

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun - She has not been a great student even though she won the competition. S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun -I haven’t been the class champion after studied hard.

(? )

Has + S (He/ She/ It) + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun? -Has she been a great student after won the competition? Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun ? -Have I been the class champion after studied hard?

KOMPOSISI XXXIV.TOKYO Jean has just arrived from Japan. He has been in Tokyo for several times. He loves that country very much especially its well-known Tokyo. Jean lives in Jakarta and the city is so hot! It is so different from Tokyo. Tokyo has four seasons and Jean loves winter so much. Jean has just told his friends about his great experiences in Tokyo and he hasn’t finished calling his other friends yet. Apa yang dapat Anda simpulkan? Cobalah kerjakan latihan berikut ini. 6. The Corrs (release) ________________ their new album yesterday. 7. Some unpredicted results (affect) ________________ the decision. 8. Wait a second, I (finish) _________________ my works. 9. She needs a little more time to study after (gain) ______________ the best score. 10. Nobody (receive) ______________ annual bonus. Buatlah komposisi Anda sendiri. 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. 122

________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________ Jawablah pertanyaan berikut ini. 3. Where have you been before now? 4. What cities have you visited a lot recently? Have you ever met a wild animal before? Where and what did you do? You have fifteen minutes to write your draft. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

Relaxation What will you do if you meet.....(mention something or some one)? What do you think if there will not be water anymore? What will you do if you have lost your wallet in a strange place?

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IV. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE Fungsi Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive tense adalah: Untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan sekarang masih berlangsung. Penekanan terletak pada informasi kurun waktu yang diterangkan setelah preposisi for (selama) dan since (sejak). Rumus Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive tense: RUMUS (+)

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + V-ing She has been having her breakfast for almost an hour (hingga saat ini, ia telah makan pagi selama hampir satu jam). S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Been + V-ing We have been trying to call him since this morning (semenjak pagi hingga sekarang kami mencoba menelfonnya).

(- )

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + Been + V-ing She hasn’t been eating her breakfast. S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + Been + V-ing We haven’t been trying to call him since this morning.

(? )

Has + S (He/ She/ It) + Been + V-ing? Has she been having her breakfast? Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + V3? Have we been trying to call him?

Latihan. Lengkapi kalimat berikut dengan menggunakan Present Perfect Continuous tense 11. Brandy and Monica (not sing)_______________________ for years together. 12. St Tropez (be)_____________________ an exotic soap opera since there are a lot of sexy stars involved. 13. Someone with a funny dog (walk around)_______________________ for hours. 14. The selling agent (develop)__________________________ the new strategy to gain consumers. 15. Such many American cultures (infiltrate)________________________ us for decades.

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BACAAN XXXV.A BROKEN FRIENDSHIP ‘What do you feel about him Sarah?’ Tom has asked me the question. I’m not really with him so far and he feels a kind of strange disturbing situation with my closed friendship with Alex. I don’t have any idea why he is so interesting. The only thing I comprehend a lot is that Alex always spends his days studying and hard working. Frankly, I don’t know much about Alex. He has just moved from Nebraska and he has been living in this surrounding since three weeks ago. He has been a friend after his arrival; he has been my next-door neighbor. I’m so interested in him that it makes Tom anxious. Tom is a good friend of mine too, but I don’t really like him because of some reasons impolite to be said here. He is not too bad exactly but I need more than that. Tom is always on his weird ideas. He is doing such a dangerous action recently and I don’t really like danger. Tom loves cliff hanging a lots and he can’t afford of avoiding the passion; he is cliff hanging at Mount Rocky next summer’s holydays. It doesn’t mean that I’m so selfish! I only want my friends saved and sound, no matter what. But some of other fellows give opinions that Tom is jealous of my closed new friendship with Alex, I just can’t buy this, Tom always considers me as his younger sister that every time he feels a right to control my privacy a lot! After a while thinking I finally to have all these problems finished. I am telling Tom not to consider me as his private property any more; whether or not he agrees! DICTION Pahami kata-kata berikut ini lalu buat lah sebuah paragraph pendek menggunakan kata-kata tersebut. 6. Move : migrate, shift, elope, escape, change, draw, pass, evolution, revolution, rise, raise, dynamic, etc. 7. Still : stay, resist, abide, remain, static, stop, etc. 8. Say : talk, state, whisper, announce, proclaim, declare, cry, tell, explain, inform, shout, argue, prohibit, etc. 9. Stone : sand, rock, corral, cliff, hail-stone, masonry, concrete, etc. 10. Water : rain, dew, milk, ice, sweat, piss, stock, tears, river, lake, sea, ocean, etc. ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________

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Sekarang Anda telah menguasai empat present tenses. Yang harus diingat adalah bahwa semua present tenses digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan dan fakta AKTUAL. Peristiwa aktual (yang ada hubungannya dengan saat ini) dapat berupa KEBIASAAN (Simple Present), SEDANG DALAM PROSES/ RENCANA PASTI (Present Continuous), SESUATU YANG BARU SAJA TERJADI/ HAMPIR SELESAI (Present Perfect), maupun KURUN WAKTU TINDAKAN DARI DULU HINGGA SEKARANG (Present Perfect Continuous). Setelah memahami semua logika present tenses tersebut (tentu saja beserta perubahan VERB pada setiap tense dan itu berarti Anda harus mulai menghapal irregular verbs!) Anda akan dengan sangat mudah memahami konteks Past Tenses! Mau bukti? Perhatikan baik-baik komposisi pendek berikut ini. My name is Danniel. I love to eat. Now, I am eating fried rice. I have been eating it since five minutes ago. Actually, I have almost finished eating it by now. Apakah Anda memahami mengapa keempat kalimat di atas ditulis dalam tenses yang berbeda? Ya, tentu saja! Masing-masing kalimat mengacu pada kondisi dan waktu yang berbeda-beda. Jangan samakan logika waktu dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan yang ada di dalam bahasa Inggris karena jelas logika waktu dalam bahasa Inggris sangat membutuhkan ketelitian; TIME IS MONEY, GUYS! Jika Present Tenses mengacu pada peristiwa dan kondisi aktual PAST TENSES BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KONTEKS PENCERITAAN. Yang diubah adalah KETERANGAN WAKTU (Now menjadi last…, today menjadi yesterday, dsb.), TO BE (is, am, are menjadi was dan were), dan KATA KERJA BANTU (do, does, have, has menjadi did dan had). Perhatikan contoh komposisi Past Tenses berikut ini. Last year, while I was studying in Singapore, I met Sarah. At the time I had just arrived in the country. Sarah told me that she had already been living in Singapore for about three years. (Aku bercerita bahwa) Tahun lalu, saat aku belajar di Singapura, aku bertemu Sarah. Saat itu, aku baru saja tiba. Sarah mengatakan kepadaku bahwa ia telah tinggal di Singapura selama tiga tahun (dihitung dari kedatangannya hingga saat ia mengatakan hal tersebut tahun lalu).

Bandingkan dengan komposisi Present tenses berikut. I study in Singapore. I am meeting Sarah now. I have just arrived in the country. Sarah is telling me that she has already been living in Singapore for three years. Aku belajar di Singapura. Saat ini aku sedang bertemu dengan Sarah. Aku baru saja tiba ke negara ini. Sarah sedang mengatakan kepadaku bahwa ia telah tinggal di Singapura selama tiga tahun (dihitung dari kedatangannya hingga saat ini). Bagaimana agar lebih jelas? Anda tentu saja harus mempelajari bahasan detil Past Tenses berikut ini.

V. SIMPLE PAST TENSE Simple Past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang telah selesai di masa lampau, untuk menggambarkan keadaan/ kondisi di masa lampau, dan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lampau meskipun pada umumnya banyak yang 126

menggunakan frasa used to (yang artinya: dulu biasanya) untuk tujuan ini. Biasanya tense ini menggunakan keterangan waktu: yesterday, last night, a week ago, dsb. Rumus Simple Past tense adalah: A.

S + V2 + … Contoh Mr. Budi (He) taught English in Sanatadarma last year. (Mr. Budi dulu/ tahun lalu mengajar di Sanatadarma) Andika and Tomi (They) always spent their holidays together. (Dulu, Andika dan Tomi selalu berlibur bersama) Bentuk negatifnya adalah: S + DID NOT + V1+ ... Mr. Budi (He) didn’t teach English in Sanatadarma last year. Andika and Tomi (They) din’t spend their holidays together. Bentuk interrogative-nya adalah: DID + S + V1 + ...? Did Mr. Budi (He) teach English in Sanatadarma last year? Did Andika and Tomi (They) spend holidays together? Dapat juga digabungkan dengan Question Words: Where, Who, Whom, Which, What, dsb QUESTION WORD + DID + S + V1 + ...? Where did Mr. Budi teach English before now? What did you want to do when you were a child?

B.

S + (To Be: WAS/ WERE) + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb of Place And Time Contoh 1. I was not an engineer a month ago (N). 2. Andrea (She) was pretty twenty years ago (Adj.). 3. My books (they) were on the table last night (Adv. of place). 4. It was 3:30 p.m. when you arrived home yesterday afternoon (Adv. of time). QUESTION WORD + To Be + S +...? Where were you? Who was she? How was He?

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Pemahaman bacaan

My Brave Childhood When I was ten I had a brave experience. At the time I visited my relatives lived in other town. I went there by city bus. Firstly my parents didn’t allow me to go because my destination was too far for my age. They worried me so much but I insisted to go. They finally allowed me to go. I was so happy then because I had a plan to meet some one there. It took fifteen minutes before a city bus stopped in front of me. For a while I felt so confused but a minute later I decided to go on the bus. I hardly slept in the trip, because it was my first trip, without parents. I was so proud and couldn’t wait to tell it to my schoolmates. It was not difficult to find my relatives’ house because I had been there several times and it was closed to the bus station. I knocked the door and found surprised expression from my uncle and aunty. They asked me to phone my parents and tell them I had already arrived there. I stayed there for two days and my uncle and aunty insisted to take me home. It wasn’t fun at all; in the bus they had me to sit quietly. XXXVI.

THE LOST OF THE TITANIC The great ship, Titanic, sailed to New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912. She carried 1316 passengers and 891 crews. At the time Titanic was the biggest, most modern ship and engineers believed that it was unsinkable. But then, the well-known ship sank in her first voyage and caused many people died with her. Coba tuliskan salah satu pengalaman Anda sewaktu kecil. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Apakah Anda tahu Verb 2 dari kata-kata berikut? Stand Sleep Jump Walk

Lose Sit Wake Run

Smile Talk Dream Listen 128

XXXVII.VI. PAST CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE Fungsi past continuous/ progressive tense adalah: 1. Untuk menceritakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada satu titik waktu di masa lampau. 2. Untuk menyatakan suatu proses yang terjadi di masa lampau. Rumus Past Continuous/ Progressive tense adalah: S + To Be (Was/ Were) + V ing + ... -The Students (They) were studying English at five afternoon yesterday. (kemarin sore, jam lima, para siswa sedang belajar bahasa Inggris). -I was reading a novel while you were sleeping last night. Tambah not setelah To Be untuk membentuk kalimat negative. -The students were not studying English at five afternoon yesterday. - I was not reading a novel while you were sleeping last night. Letakkan To Be sebelum Subject untuk membentuk kalimat interrogative. -Were the students studying English at five afternoon yesterday? -Was I reading a novel while you were sleeping?

Past Continuous/ Progressive hanya berhubungan dengan IV. (To Be)+VERB-ing. Coba bandingkan dengan SIMPLE PAST rumus B! Tulis ulang kalimat-kalimat Present Continuous berikut menjadi kalimat Past Continuous; Sesuaikan penanda waktunya.

11. She is dancing with her boy friend this morning. ____________________________________________________________________ 12. Our country is developing its infrastructure. ____________________________________________________________________ 13. You and I are talking about Finding Nemo. ____________________________________________________________________ 14. Neither you nor she is having dinner right now. ____________________________________________________________________ 15. Hardly are they visiting each other. ____________________________________________________________________ 16. My cat is shipping her milk. ____________________________________________________________________ 17. Nobody is working on this striking day. ____________________________________________________________________ 18. I am reading Tess of D’urbervilles. ____________________________________________________________________ 19. The computer is shooting down after I switched its power button off. ____________________________________________________________________ 20. Smoking is decreasing recently. ____________________________________________________________________ VII. PAST PERFECT 129

Past Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan satu tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan lainnya di masa lampau. Dua tindakan yang dinyatakan dalam sebuah kalimat memiliki urutan waktu pelaksanaan, contoh: “Kemarin, sebelum makan kami mengerjakan PR terlebih dahulu.” Kegiatan yang terlebih dahulu dilakukan HARUS menggunakan Past Perfect dan tindakan yang dilakukan setelah itu HARUS menggunakan Simple Past. Dalam konteks di atas, tindakan yang pertama kali dilakukan adalah Mengerjakan PR sehingga kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi, “Yesterday, before we ate, we had finished our homeworks first.” Meskipun begitu, jika terdapat dua tindakan yang cenderung tidak berlangsung lama di masa lampau, kedua tindakan tersebut biasanya tetap diungkapkan dengan Simple Past tense. Past Perfect juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan baru saja selesai atau hampir selesai pada saat lampau pula dan digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang berulang-ulang yang dilakukan dari titik waktu tertentu hingga titik waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Tense ini juga ditandai dengan kata just (baru saja) dan almost (hampir). RUMUS PAST PERFECT A. (+)

S + HAD + V3 - We had finished studying before you came. - They had sent the letter first, and then they went to campus.

(-)

S + HAD NOT + V3 - We had not finished studying before you came. - They had not sent the letter first, before went to campus.

(?)

HAD + S + V3? - Had we finished studying before you came? - Had they sent the letter first, and then went to campus?

(+)

S + HAD BEEN + N/ Adj./ Adv. - Until last year, she had been a best friend of mine.

(-)

S + HAD NOT BEEN + N/ Adj./ Adv. - Until last year, she had not been a best friend of mine.

(?)

HAD + S + BEEN + N/ Adj./ Adv? - Until last year, had she been a best friend of mine?

B.

Latihan 1. He ________________ before I ______________ him.

(fall/ help) 130

2. They_______________ much money, after that they _______ nothing. (spend/ have) 3. ______ you _________ me before you came here? (come/ call) 4. I _______ my breakfast but before, I ________________ it myself. (eat/ cook) 5. We _________________ a bath after that we __________. (take/ sleep) 6. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. ___________________________________________________________________________ A Secret Last week when Tom was so desperate about his problem Joe, a friend of his, came. He asked him about the problem Tom had. Tom was so in dilemma because before it he had given his words not to tell his problem to anyone else. Finally Joe had the ‘things’ but before that he had persuaded Tom to tell him the secret and he had promised not to tell the secret to anyone else. But Joe then laughed heavily after he knew the secret of Tom’s. What is the secret then? I will not tell you since I am not one of people who love to tell secret to everyone!

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VIII. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Past Perfect Continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan kurun waktu suatu kegiatan yang dimulai dan diakhiri pada satu titik waktu tertentu di masa lampau (penekanannya pada periode waktu). RUMUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (+)

S + HAD BEEN + V-ING -

(-)

When I came to Semarang in 1996, that old man had already been selling coco-ice for three years. I had been sleeping for enough time when you waked me up yesterday.

S + HAD NOT BEEN + V-ING -

(?)

They had not been waiting for an hour before you arrived. I had not been sleeping for enough time when you waked me up yesterday.

HAD + S + BEEN + V-ING? -

When I came to Semarang in 1996, had that old man already been selling coco-ice for three years? Had I been sleeping for enough time when you waked me up yesterday?

Coba perhatikan perbedaan logika kalimat Present Perfect Continuous dan Past Perfect Continuous berikut ini. Until today, I have been teaching English for three years (waktu tiga tahun dihitung dari sekarang hingga awal mula saya ngajar; jika sekarang tahun 2004 saya mulai mengajar pada 2001 silam). Until last month, I had been teaching English for three years (waktu tiga tahun dihitung dari sebulan lalu hingga awal mula saya mengajar; sampai sekarang berarti saya telah mengajar selama tiga tahun satu bulan)

Latihan soal 5.

Saat itu aku telah mencarinya selama lima tahun, namun semuanya sia-sia, dia telah pergi untuk selamanya. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______

6.

Ketika Jepang telah menjajah Indonesia selama dua setengah tahun, akhirnya bangsa kita bangkit dan melawannya.

132

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______ IX. PRESENT/ SIMPLE FUTURE Present/ Simple Future digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang tidak direncanakan di masa depan. Terkadang tense ini mengekspresikan sebuah keinginan atau cita-cita. RUMUS A (PRESENT/ SIMPLE FUTURE) (+)

S + Will + V1 + … I will buy a car next year. (aku ingin membeli sebuah mobil, kemungkinannya tahun depan dan waktu tepatnya aku tidak tahu)

( - ) I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + V1 + … We shan’t stay any longer here. (Kita harus segera pergi) ( - ) OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + V1 + … They will not sleep early tonight. (Mereka ingin tidur larut) ( ? ) Shall + I/ We + V1 + …? Shall we dance Madam? (Menawarkan untuk menari bersama) ( ? ) Will + OTHER Ss + V1 + …? Will you send me a letter, Pal? (Aku ingin tahu apakah temanku mau berkirim surat untukku) RUMUS B (+)

S + Will + Be + N, Adj., Adv. I will be a car washer next holiday. (Aku ingin mengisi liburan dengan bekerja sebagai pencuci mobil)

( - ) I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + Be + N, Adj., Adv. We shan’t be pretty any more. (Penampilan kita akan segera berubah) ( - ) OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + Be + N, Adj., Adv. They will not be here tonight. (Mereka mungkin tidak akan datang) ( ? ) Shall + I/ We + Be + N, Adj., Adv.? Shall we be doctors? (Sebuah pertanyaan tentang cita-cita masa depan) ( ? ) Will + OTHER Ss + Be + N, Adj. Adv.? Will you be there, Sam? (Aku bertanya apakah Sam akan ke sana)

133

Latihan. Inggris 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Terjemahkan kalimat berikut kedalam bahasa Kami tidak akan mengikuti ajakanmu. ___________________________________________________________ Apakah aku harus pergi? ___________________________________________________________ Mereka tidak akan berlayar ke Jepang bulan depan. ___________________________________________________________ Sandra tidak akan membeli barang mahal itu. ___________________________________________________________ Setelah kalian pulang, kami mungkin akan menelfon Tommy. ___________________________________________________________

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.X. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 134

Future Continuous digunakan untuk mengekspresikan apa yang akan sedang dilakukan seseorang atau sesuatu di satu titik waktu di masa depan. RUMUS FUTURE CONTINUOUS (+)

S + Will + Be + V-ing + ... I will be teaching course next holiday.

(-)

I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + Be + V-ing + ... We shan’t be having dinner tomorrow evening at 7 pm.

( - ) OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + Be + V-ing + ... They will not be sleeping when you arrive tonight. ( ? ) Shall + I/ We + Be + V-ing + …? Shall we be fishing by next an hour? ( ? ) Will + OTHER Ss + Be + V-ing + …? Will you be playing football on Friday afternoon, Sam? Latihan. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

They ________________________ (study) at 8 pm this evening. ____________ you _________________ (wait) for me? It is I who _________________ (help) you with this work. We ________________________ (smoking) in next meeting. They ___________________ (sing) Scandinavian song tomorrow morning. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

Tulislah cita-cita atau keinginan Anda di masa depan serta usaha-usaha yang telah Anda lakukan untuk mewujudkannya. Ingat, gunakan tenses yang sesuai untuk masingmasing kalimat. ____________________________________ 135

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ XI. FUTURE PERFECT Untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang akan selesai pada sekitar satu titik waktu di masa depan. Kapan tindakan itu dimulai tidak lah penting. RUMUS FUTURE PERFECT 136

(+) S + Will + Have + V3 I will have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening. (Aku mungkin akan menyelesaikan buku ini paling lambat besok petang) (- ) S + Shall/ Will + Not + Have + V3 I shall not have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening. (?) Shall/ Will + S + Have + V3? Shall I have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening? XII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS Untuk menyatakan sudah berapa lama kah suatu tindakan berlangsung hingga satu titik waktu di masa depan. RUMUS FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (+)

S + Will + Have + Been + V-ing They will have been leaving in New York for three years exactly in June, next

year. (Tepat pada bulan Juni tahun depan mereka akan telah tinggal di New York selama tiga tahun) (-)

S + Shall/ Will + Not + Have + Been + V-ing We shall not have been studying English for three months by tomorrow. (Hingga besok kami belum belajar bahasa Inggris selama tiga tahun)

(?)

Shall/ Will + S + Have + Been + V-ing? Will earth have been spinning for a million years next decade? (Hingga dekade depan, apakah bumi telah berputar selama sejuta tahun?)

XIII. FUTURE PAST Untuk menyatakan: 3. Suatu tindakan yang akan dilakukan di masa lampau. 4. Kalimat persyaratan lampau. 5. Permintaan sopan atau untuk meminta pendapat (khusus kalimat tanya). 6. Untuk should (berarti: seharusnya) dalam kalimat positif, penggunaannya dimaksudkan untuk menyarankan suatu tindakan yang dianggap sesuai. 137

RUMUS A (FUTURE PAST) (+)

S + Would + V1 They would give me an advice but they were in a hurry to catch the yesterday’s morning flight. (Kemarin mereka akan memberi saya sebuah saran) They should spend their holidays with families and not with friends. (Mereka seharusnya menghabiskan liburan bersama keluarga dan bukan bersama teman) If you had spent your money out, I would lend you some. (Seandainya kamu telah kehabisan uang, aku akan meminjamimu)

(- )

S + Should/ Would + Not + V1 We should not underestimate the warning! (Kita sepatutnya tidak meremehkan peringatan itu! Atau kita dulu tidak akan meremehkan peringatan tersebut)

(? )

Should/ Would + S + V1? Would you come to my house? (Merupakan ajakan sopan yang berlaku untuk saat ini) Should I tell the truth to Jake? (Meminta pertimbangan untuk melakukan sesuatu)

RUMUS B (+)

S + Would + be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb When I was a child, I would be a doctor but now it’s over. (Saat kecil aku bercita-cita menjadi seorang dokter dan sekarang tidak lagi) If you had accepted my love, I would be at your side forever. (Jika kau menerima cintaku aku akan selalu ada di sampingmu selamanya) Yesterday morning, I would call you to tell my plan but I forgot! (Kemarin pagi aku akan menelfonmu tapi aku lupa)

(- )

S + Should/ Would + Not + be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb When I was a child, I would not be a doctor. Yesterday morning, he actually would not call you to tell his plan but he finally did it this morning!

(? )

Should/ Would + S + be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb? Should I be a teacher or a doctor? Would you be my wife, please?

138

XIV. FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS Future Past Continuous digunakan untuk mengekspresikan tindakan yang akan sedang berlangsung di satu titik waktu di masa lampau. Perhatikan dan pahami logika waktunya. RUMUS FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS (+)

S + Would + be + V-ing Anthony had told me that he would be waiting for me by the time I arrived there yesterday but he lied to me, He was not there!

(- )

S + Should/ Would + Not + be + V-ing Anthony had told me that he would not be waiting for me by the time I arrived there yesterday and he meant it, he was not there!

(?)

Should/ Would + S + be + V-ing? Would Anthony be waiting for me by the time I arrived there?

XV. FUTURE PAST PERFECT Future Past Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena syaratnya sudah pasti tidak terpenuhi. RUMUS A (FUTURE PAST PERFECT) (+)

I/ We + Should have + V3 I should have got the highest point if only I had learnt the material seriously. (aku seharusnya mendapatkan nilai tertinggi seandainya aku belajar serius) You/ He/ She/ It/ They + Would have + V3 They would have graduated if they had studied hard. (Mereka pasti lulus seandainya mereka belajar dengan rajin)

(- )

S + Should/ Would + Not + Have + V3 I shouldn’t have got the lowest point if only I had learnt the material. They wouldn’t have graduated if they hadn’t studied hard.

(? )

Should/ Would + S + V3 ? Would they have graduated if they had studied hard? Should I have got the lowest point if I hadn’t learnt the material?

RUMUS B (+)

S + Should/ Would have + Been + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb She should have been a boy; she does not like womanly activities. (Seharusnya ia adalah seorang anak lelaki)

(- )

S + Should/ Would + Not + Have + Been + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb She should not have been a girl; she does not like womanly activities. 139

(+)

Should/ Would + S + Have + Been + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb Should she have been a boy?

XVI. FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Untuk menyatakan kurun waktu yang akan dicapai pada satu titik waktu yang belum terjadi di masa lampau. RUMUS FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (+) S + Should/ Would Have + Been + V-ing They had told me that by last week they would have been doing their project for three months. (Mereka sebelumnya telah mengatakan kepadaku bahwa hingga minggu lalu mereka akan telah mengerjakan proyek selama tiga bulan) (- )

S + Should/ Would + Not + Have + Been + V-ing By last week they wouldn’t have been doing their project for three months.

(?)

Should/ Would + S + Have + Been + V-ing? By last week would they have been doing their project for three months?

Well, penggunaan tenses tergantung kepada kebutuhan dalam percakapan. Terkadang kita hanya menggunakan beberapa tenses namun di saat lain kita juga harus menggunakan semua tenses. Misal, dalam daily conversation kita tidak begitu perlu menggunakan banyak tenses namun pada konteks lain seperti dalam penulisan deskriptif dan analisis profesional kita harus mempertimbangkan penggunaan tenses yang dapat mewakili deskripsi dan analisis kita.

Passive voice Kalimat pasif Kalimat pasif hanya berhubungan dengan rumus A karena kalimat pasif mensyaratkan penggunaan kata kerja asli dan bukan kata kerja pembantu (do/ does/ did), kata kerja penghubung (to be), dsb. Bentuk ini juga mensyaratkan kalimat transitif, yaitu yang memiliki komposisi Subyek-Predikat-Obyek. Kenapa ada bentuk pasif dalam kalimat? Dalam sebuah kalimat, informasi yang paling penting biasanya diletakkan pada posisi subyek baru kemudian hal yang kurang penting diletakkan pada posisi objek. Selain itu, penggunaan kalimat pasif, secara tersirat, mengekspresikan suatu pengungkapan fakta secara obyektif. Pembentukan kalimat pasif pada semua tenses pada dasarnya dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi dua, yaitu continuous/ progressive tenses dan tenses lain (simple dan perfect) Perbedaannya terletak pada pengartian kalimat dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Untuk kalimat pasif 140

continuous/ progressive tenses dalam bahasa Indonesia diterjemahkan kurang lebih sebagai sedang di…/ sedang ter... Terdapat pola kalimat aktif dalam bahasa Inggris jika diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Indonesia polanya dapat berubah menjadi kalimat pasif, contoh “The music sounds beautiful” dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah, “Musik tersebut terdengar indah.” Meskipun sounds adalah kata kerja namun ini tidak diikuti oleh kata keterangan beautifully. Hal semacam itu dapat kita temui pada contoh kalimat “The cake tastes good,” dan kalimat-kalimat lain yang mengekspresikan panca indera. Bentuk pasif biasanya sering rancu dengan salah satu bentuk verbal yaitu past participle yang memiliki ciri hampir sama yaitu penggunaan Verb 3 dan tidak berfungsi sebagai kata kerja. Namun yang harus diingat di sini adalah bahwa bentuk pasif selalu mensyaratkan adanya To Be. Untuk lebih jelasnya lihat bagian CEK KESALAHAN VERBAL. Sekali lagi, jangan terpaku pada cara penerjemahan kaku. Anda dituntut kreatif dalam alih bahasa agar makna yang terkandung dalam kalimat dapat dimengerti oleh pembaca.

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini: Kalimat aktif untuk simple tenses (e.g. simple present tense) We collect oldies stamps. (Kami mengumpulkan perangko kuno) Kalimat pasif untuk simple tenses (e.g. simple present) Oldies stamps are collected by us. (Perangko kuno kami kumpulkan) Kalimat aktif untuk continuous/ progressive tenses (e.g. present continuous) We are collecting oldies stamps. (Kami sedang mengumpulkan perangko kuno) Kalimat pasif untuk continuous/ progressive tenses (e.g. present continuous) Oldies stamps are being collected by us. (Perangko kuno sedang kami kumpulkan)

RUMUS UMUM 141

S + (Have, Has, Had / Modal/ Modal + Have) + To Be (Is/ Am/ Are/ Was/ Were/ Be/ Been) + (Not) + (Being) + V3

Rumus selengkapnya adalah sebagai berikut: Simple Present Tense RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + V1 + O jika subyek adalah He/ She/ It (Orang ketiga tunggal) rumusnya S + V1 + S/ ES + O Mr. Budi (He) teaches English in Sanatadarma. RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+) (- )

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (is/ am/ are) + V3 In Sanatadharma, English is taught by Mr. Budi. (Di Sanatadharma, bahasa Inggris diampu oleh Pak Budi) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (is/ am/ are) + Not + V3 In Sanatadharma, English is not taught by Mr. Budi. (Di Sanatadharma, bahasa Inggris tidak diampu oleh Pak Budi)

Present Continuous/ Progressive tense RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + To Be (Is/ Am/ Are) + V ing + O The Students are studying English right now. RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+) (- )

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (is/ am/ are) + Being + V3 English is being studied by the students right now. (Bahasa Inggris sedang dipelajari oleh siswa saat ini juga) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (is/ am/ are) + Not + Being + V3 English is not being studied by the students right now. (Bahasa Inggris tidak sedang dipelajari oleh siswa saat ini juga)

Present Perfect tense RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + Have/ Has + V3 + O 142

She has had Salad for breakfast (Ia baru saja sarapan Salad). RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+) (- )

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Have/ Has + Been + V3 Salad has been had for breakfast by her. (Menu pagi Salad baru saja disantapnya) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Have/ Has + Not + Been + V3 Salad has not been had for breakfast by her. (Menu pagi Salad belum ia santap)

Present Perfect Continuous tense RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + V-ing + O She has been having her breakfast for almost an hour (Hingga saat ini, ia telah makan pagi selama hampir satu jam) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Have/ Has + Been + Being + V3 Her breakfast has been being had by her for almost an hour. (Hingga saat ini, sarapannya telah ia santap selama hampir satu jam)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Have/ Has + Not + Been + V3 Her breakfast has not been being had by her for almost an hour. (Hingga saat ini, belum lah satu jam sarapannya ia santap) Simple Past tense RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + V2 + O Mr. Budi taught English in Sanatadarma last year. (Pak Budi tahun lalu mengajar di Sanatadarma) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (was/ were) + V3 Last year in Sanatadharma, English was taught by Mr. Budi. (Tahun lalu di Sanatadharma, bahasa Inggris diampu oleh Pak Budi)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (was/ were) + Not + V3 Last year in Sanatadharma, English was not taught by Mr. Budi. (Tahun lalu di Sanatadarma, bahasa Inggris tidak diampu oleh Pak Budi)

Past Continuous/ Progressive tense RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + To Be (Was/ Were) + V ing + O Experts were studying a case at five afternoon yesterday. 143

(Kemarin sore, jam lima, para ahli sedang mempelajari sebuah kasus) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (was/ were) + being + V3 The case was being studied by experts at five afternoon yesterday. (Jam lima sore kemarin, kasus tersebut sedang dipelajari oleh para ahli)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + to be (was/ were) + Not + being + V3 The case was not being studied by experts at five afternoon yesterday. (Jam lima sore kemarin, kasus tersebut tidak sedang dipelajari oleh para ahli)

Past Perfect RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + HAD + V3 + O Yesterday, they had sent the letter first, and then they went to campus. (Kemarin, mereka terlebih dahulu mengirimkan surat sebelum pergi ke kampus) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+) (- )

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Had + Been + V3 Yesterday, before they went to campus, the letter had been sent by them. (Kemarin, sebelum mereka pergi ke kampus, terlebih dahulu surat mereka kirim) S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Had + Not + Been + V3 Yesterday, before they went to campus, the letter had not been sent by them. (Surat tidak mereka kirim sebelum mereka berangkat ke kampus kemarin)

Past Perfect Continuous RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + HAD BEEN + V-ING When I arrived in Semarang in 1996, that old man had already been breeding wild roosters for three years. (Saat saya tiba di Semarang pada tahun 1996, orang tua itu telah beternak ayam liar selama tiga tahun) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Had + Been + Being + V3 + O When I arrived in Semarang in 1996, wild roosters had been being bred by that old man for three years. (Saat saya tiba di Semarang pada tahun 1996, ayam liar telah diternak oleh lelaki tua itu selama tiga tahun)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Had + Not + Been + being + V3 When I arrived in Semarang in 1996, wild roosters had not been being bred by that old man yet. (Saat saya tiba di Semarang pada tahun 1996, ayam liar belum diternak oleh lelaki tua itu) 144

Present/ Simple Future RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + Will / Shall + V1 + O I will buy a car next year. (aku ingin membeli sebuah mobil tahun depan) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Be + V3 A car will be bought by me next year. (Tahun depan, sebuah mobil akan saya beli)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Not + Be + V3 A car will not be bought by me next year. (Tahun depan, sebuah mobil tidak akan saya beli)

Future Continuous RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + Will/ Shall + Be + V-ing +O I will be reading this novel by next two hours. (Saya akan sedang membaca novel ini pada dua jam mendatang) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Be + Being + V3 This novel will be being read by me by next two hours. (Novel ini akan sedang saya baca pada dua jam mendatang)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari object) + Will/ Shall + Not + Be + Being + V3 This novel will not be being read by me by next two hours. (Novel ini tidak akan sedang saya baca pada dua jam mendatang)

Future Perfect RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + Will / Shall + Have + V3 I will have finished writing this book by tomorrow evening. (Aku mungkin akan menyelesaikan buku ini paling lambat besok petang) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Have + Been + V3 145

This book will have been finished written by me by tomorrow evening. (Buku ini mungkin akan telah selesai saya tulis paling lambat besok petang) (- )

S (yang berasal dari object) + Will/ Shall + Not + Have + Been + V3 This book will have been finished written by me by tomorrow evening. (Hingga besok petang, buku ini mungkin tidak akan selesai saya tulis)

Future Perfect Continuous RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + Will/ Shall + Have + Been + V-ing + O They will have been doing the project for three years exactly in June, next year. (Tepat pada bulan Juni tahun depan mereka akan telah mengerjakan proyek itu selama tiga tahun) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Will/ Shall + Have + Been + Being + V3 The project will have been being done by them for three years exactly in June, next year. (Proyek tersebut akan telah dikerjakan oleh mereka selama tepat tiga tahun pada Juni mendatang)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari object) + Will/ Shall + Not + Have + Been + Being + V3 The project will not have been being done by them for three years exactly in June, next year. (Proyek tersebut belum dikerjakan selama tiga tahun pada Juni mendatang/ Pada Juni mendatang proyek tersebut belum genap tiga tahun dikerjakan)

Future Past RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + Would/ Should + V1 + O They would give me an advice but they were in a hurry to catch the yesterday’s morning flight. (Kemarin mereka akan memberi saya sebuah saran namun saat itu mereka sedang terburu-buru mengejar penerbangan pagi) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Would/ Should + Be + V3 An advice would be given to me by them but they were in a hurry to catch the yesterday’s morning flight. (Sebuah saran akan mereka berikan kepada saya namun saat itu mereka sedang terburu-buru mengejar penerbangan pagi)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari object) + Would/ Should + Not + Be + V3 146

An advice would not be given to me by them because they were in a hurry to catch the yesterday’s morning flight. (Sebuah saran tidak akan mereka berikan kepada saya karena saat itu mereka sedang terburu-buru mengejar penerbangan pagi) Future Past Continuous RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + Would/ Should + be + V-ing + O Yesterday, Anthony had told me that he would be waiting for me by the time I arrived there but he lied to me, He was not there! (Antony kemarin sebelumnya telah mengatakan kepadaku bahwa ia akan sedang menunggu saya saat saya tiba di sana tapi ia membohongiku, saat itu ia tidak di sana!) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Would/ Should + Be + Being + V3 Yesterday, Anthony had told me that I would be being waited by him by the time I arrived there but he lied to me, he was not there! (Antony kemarin sebelumnya telah mengatakan kepada saya bahwa saya akan sedang ia tunggu saat saya tiba di sana tapi ia membohongiku, saat itu ia tidak di sana!)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari object) + Would/ Should + Be + Being + V3 Yesterday, Anthony had told me that I should not be being waited by him by the time I arrived there and he was really not there! (Antony kemarin sebelumnya telah mengatakan kepada saya bahwa saya tidak akan ia tunggu saat saya tiba di sana dan saat itu iamemang tidak di sana!)

Future Past Perfect RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + Would/ Should + have + V3 + O I would have got the highest point if only I had learnt the material seriously. (Aku seharusnya mendapatkan nilai tertinggi seandainya aku belajar serius) RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Would/ Should + Have + Been + V3 The highest score should have been got by me if only I had learnt the material seriously. (Nilai tertinggi seharusnya saya dapatkan seandainya saya mempelajari bahannya secara serius) (- )

S (yang berasal dari object) ++ Would/ Should + Have + Been + V3 The highest score should not have been got by him if only I had learnt the material seriously. (Nilai tertinggi seharusnya tidak ia dapatkan seandainya saya mempelajari bahannya secara serius) 147

Future Past Perfect Continuous RUMUS KALIMAT AKTIF S + Should/ Would + Have + Been + V-ing + O I had predicted that by last week they would have been doing their project for three months. (Saya telah menduga bahwa hingga minggu lalu mereka akan telah mengerjakan proyek selama tiga bulan)

RUMUS KALIMAT PASIF (+)

S (yang berasal dari obyek) + Should/ Would + Have + Been + Being + V3 I had predicted that their project should have been being done by them for three months by last week. (Saya menduga bahwa hingga minggu lalu proyek tersebut akan telah mereka kerjakan selama tiga bulan)

(- )

S (yang berasal dari object) + Should/ Would + Not + Have + Been + Being + V3 I had predicted that their project should not have been being done by them for three months by last week. (Saya menduga bahwa hingga minggu lalu proyek tersebut belum genap tiga bulan mereka kerjakan)

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MODAL Pada bagian ini kita akan membahas present modal, modal diberi garis bawah: Will/ Shall/ (To Be) Going to, Can/ (To Be) Able to, May/ (To Be) Allowed to, Must/ (Have/ Has) to. Dalam kalimat positif, modal selalu berada setelah Subjek (Subjective phrase) dan diikuti oleh verb 1. polanya sebagai berikut ini. (+) (-)

(?)

S + MODAL + V 1 S + (To Be) + Going to/ Able to/ Allowed to + V1 S + (DON’T/ DOESN’T) + HAVE TO + V1 S + To Be + NOT + Going to/ Able to/ Allowed to + V1 S + MODAL + NOT + V1 MODAL + S + V1? DO/ DOES + S + HAVE TO + V1? To Be + S + Going to/ Able to/ Allowed to + V1? Pelajari diagram berikut

Will / Shall

(To Be) Going to

Will digunakan untuk semua Subjek dalam kalimat positif sedangkan Shall digunakan untuk I dan We dalam kalimat negatif dan interrogatif. Will/ Shall mengindikasikan tindakan di masa depan yang tidak direncanakan terlebih dahulu. (To Be) Going to mengindikasikan tindakan di masa depan yang telah direncanakan. Hal ini juga dapat diekspresikan dalam kalimat bertense Present Continuous/ Progressive.

Contoh: - They will stay here one or two days time. - We shall not eat dinner.

next

Contoh: - I am going to sleep early tonight. - Laurent is not going to call me anymore. -

Can

(To Be) Able to

May

(To Be) Allowed to

Can digunakan untuk menyatakan Contoh: kesanggupan dan kesediaan. Fakta tidak - I can run faster than he can. dibutuhkan di sini. (kita belum tahu hasilnya) (To Be) Able to digunakan untuk menyatakan - The Robber is able to escape from police. kemampuan nyata dan keberhasilan. sebuah fakta)

(ini adalah

May digunakan untuk menyatakan ijin dan Contoh: permakluman. Artinya adalah mungkin jika - Sonata may attend her brother’s secret meeting. diikuti oleh kata be secara tersambung dan - Maybe, they call you this evening. berarti dapat menjadi jika dipisah. - I may be an idol someday. (To Be) Allowed berfungsi sama dengan May - Many young girls are allowed to go to discotheque by their parents. tetapi fungsinya lebih formal.

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Must

Have/ Has to

Must digunakan untuk mengekspresikan satu keharusan tanpa paksan unsure luar. Must not digunakan untuk melarang suatu tindakan. Bentuk Negatif dari Must adalah Don’t/ Doesn’t Have to.

Contoh: - I must study hard. - I do not have to study hard. - We must not cross the line.

Have/ Has to digunakan untuk mengekspresikan keharusan yang - Anne has to come home early; her mother needs to talk to her. disebabkan oleh paksaan situasi dan kondisi. She does not have to regret then. Bentuk negatifnya adalah Don’t/ Doesn’t Have to

Untuk past modal kita hanya perlu mengubah bentuk present menjadi past: will/ shall menjadi would/ should can menjadi could may menjadi might must menjadi had to to be harus disesuaikan menjadi bentuk past yaitu was dan were. Past modal digunakan untuk: 1. Menyatakan ekspresi di masa lampau. Yesterday we could not use the car so we were late. I was allowed to call my advisor in case there was a problem to my thesis. 2. Menyatakan permintaan sopan/ penghalus permintaan (meskipun konteksnya present) Would you mind telling me the direction to post office please? Should I visit her? Shall/ Should -

Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan persetujuan I shall meet a lecturer at 5 pm tomorrow.

-

Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan perintah atau pernyataan keras. You shall do the test yourselves!

-

Shall digunakan dalam bahasa ketat dan formal semisal di pemerintahan The president shall acknowledge a rising in telephone tax.

-

Should digunakan untuk menyarankan sesuatu yang pantas I should help my father, but I must work now.

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Latihan. Terjemahkan kalimat berikut ini ke dalam bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan present dan past modal. Perhatikan konteks kalimat. 11. Kami tidak akan menyanyikan lagu berbahasa Inggris. 12. Tomi kemarin akhirnya berhasil menguasai program animasi itu. 13. Saat itu, masyarakat tidak akan mempercayai berita tersebut. 14. Maaf aku harus pergi sekarang, ada sesuatu yang harus aku kerjakan. 15. Dapatkah saya meninggalkan lembar jawaban di meja. 16. Kami tidak harus mengerjakan hal ini. 17. Dapatkah Engkau meninggalkan kami sebentar? 18. Minggu depan Danny (akan) berlibur ke Australia. 19. Akan kah kita menyerah begitu saja? 20. Tidak seorang pun yang mampu mengerjakan seluruh soal tes itu.

What’s next? KOMPOSISI 3. Tulis kalimat Anda sendiri yang menggunakan present/ past modal. a. (Will/ Shall/ Would/ Should) _______________________________________________________________ ___ b. (To Be) going to _______________________________________________________________ ___ c. Can/ Could _______________________________________________________________ ___ d. (To Be) able to _______________________________________________________________ ___ e. May/ Might _______________________________________________________________ ___ f. (To Be) allowed to 151

_______________________________________________________________ ___ g. Must/ Had to _______________________________________________________________ ___ h. Have/ Has to/ had to _______________________________________________________________ ___

4. Buatlah sebuah presentasi pendek yang berisi keahlian Anda dan pengaruhnya terhadap karir Anda nantinya. Terlebih dahulu buatlah daftar keahlian Anda. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 152

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________

3

Cek kelengkapan anak kalimat Check for full subordination

CONTOH KESALAHAN 1. Because wanted to learn fast, the girl studied all the time. 2. While watching television, my telephone rang last night. Kenapa Salah? Kedua kalimat di atas adalah kalimat kompleks yang tersusun atas induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Kita selama ini terbiasa menggunakan bahasa sebagai bahasa terucap ketimbang sebagai bahasa tertulis. Akibat proporsi penggunaan bahasa yang tidak seimbang tersebut, ditunjang oleh kemalasan kita untuk belajar, tata bahasa yang kurang sempurna telah menjadi satu ujaran umum di masyarakat kita. Tapi jangan berkecil hati atau bahkan protes! Bahasa adalah salah satu alat komunikasi utama yang tentu saja memiliki ragam penggunaannya. Namun Anda juga harus ingat bahwa kita saat ini sedang membicarakan bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi resmi sehingga tata bahasa lebih diutamakan ketimbang konvensi umum. Pada kalimat pertama, ‘Because wanted to learn fast, the girl studied all the time,’ yang berfungsi sebagai induk kalimat adalah the girl studied all the time sedangkan anak kalimatnya adalah because wanted to learn fast. Anak kalimat (yang ditandai dengan kata sambung because) tetap harus memiliki komposisi subyek-predikat yang utuh. Pada contoh tersebut anak kalimatnya tidak memiliki subyek; setelah kata sambung because langsung diikuti oleh kata kerja wanted dan secara aturan HAL INI DILARANG KERAS!!! Jika kita menerjemahkan kalimat tersebut ke bahasa Indonesia, hasilnya menjadi ‘Karena ingin cepat memahami, gadis itu belajar sepanjang waktu.’ Kalimat tersebut seolah-olah benar, karena kita biasa mengabaikan struktur kalimat lengkap dan hanya menekankan maksud yang ingin disampaikan. Kalimat yang utuh seharusnya, Because she wanted to learn fast, the girl studied all the time. Yang harus diingat di sini adalah bahwa bahasa tertulis tidak sama dengan bahasa terucap yang dapat saja mengabaikan sebagian struktur penting dan menggantikannya dengan intonasi, bahasa tubuh, dan ekspresi. Jika Anda menerapkan sistem ini pada bahasa tertulis, kemungkinan besar maksud utama yang ingin Anda sampaikan menjadi kabur. Pada kalimat kedua, ‘While watching television, my telephone rang last night,’ yang berfungsi sebagai induk kalimat adalah my telephone rang last night sedangkan anak kalimatnya adalah while watching television. Berbeda dari kalimat pertama yang memiliki dua subyek yang mengacu pada satu subyek yang sama (yaitu the girl dan she), kalimat kedua memiliki dua 153

subyek yaitu telephone yang ada pada induk kalimat dan sebuah subyek lagi yang seharusnya terdapat di anak kalimat. Agar kalimat tersebut lengkap, subyek harus ditambahkan sehingga kalimat menjadi ‘While I was watching television, my telephone rang last night.’

XL. Kalimat Kompleks Sebuah kalimat kompleks paling tidak terdiri dari dua klausa: main clause (induk kalimat) dan subordinate clause (anak kalimat). Subordinate clause, yang tergantung pada main clause dalam hal arti, dalam kalimat dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective, adverb, atau noun. a. Adjective clause (relative clause) biasanya diawali dengan pronoun, semisal who, whom, whose, that, which, where, atau when, dan muncul setelah noun atau pronoun yang dijelaskannya. No one knew the men who were standing out there. Anna Kournikova, who is a tenis player, has become a model. b. Adverb clause diawali oleh adverbial conjunction (kata penghubung keterangan), semisal because, although, if, atau while, dan sering dijumpai baik pada awal maupun akhir kalimat. Farmers use irrigation so that their crops will not die. While I was studying hard, my girl called me. JENIS ADVERB CLAUSES Adverb clauses dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan hal yang diungkapkannya. Time after as as long as before since until when whenever while

After it had stopped snowing, I went outside. As I was walking to the store, it began to snow again. I will never like snow as long as I live. My roommate had decided to go skiing before I returned. She has been a good skier since she was child. I had never seen snow until my family moved from Florida to Boston. When I was a young child, I thought snow was only in Alaska. In Boston, my father tried to get me outside whenever it snowed. While he was putting on his boots, I was hiding in my room.

Place where wherever

I prefer to live where the sun shines all years. Wherever it’s sunny and warm, I am happy.

154

Reason because since

My brothers are studying in California because they don’t like snow either. Since it is so beautiful there, my parents are going to move.

Purpose so that in order that

I’m planning to live with my brothers so that I can be near the beach. I want to be near the beach in order that I might learn to water ski.

Manner as as if as though

In California, we can enjoy the beach as we used to in Florida. My brothers swim as if they were fish. In California, I feel as though I were alive again.

Condition as long as if in case provided that unless whether or not

I will enjoy living with my brothers as long as they keep the apartment clean. If they keep it clean, I will stay with them. In case they become too messy, however, I’m going to save enough money to get my own apartment. I will become a good skier provided that I can find a good teacher. Unless the lessons are very cheap, I won’t be able to take any. I’m definitely planning to take surfing lessons, whether they are cheap or not/ whether or not they are cheap.

Result so…that such…that

California is so beautiful that I can’t imagine staying in Boston. It is such a beautiful state that I can’t imagine staying in Boston.

Contrast although though

Although Boston is a beautiful city, I just don’t like cold weather. Though my father likes mountains and snow, I’m sure he will learn to like beaches and sand. even though He’ll probably enjoy water skiing, even though he prefers to ski in snow. while While I will never miss the cold weather, I will miss my friends in Boston. in spite of the fact that I’ll probably visit Boston from time to time, in spite of the fact that I will never live there again.

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Latihan I.

Isilah dengan menggunakan adverb clauses

11. Sarah is still attending the meeting ____________________ she is so tired. 12. The painting is ________ artistic ___________ a lot of curators made bargains. 13. I don’t mind __________________________ you come. 14. I will come soon ___________________ you ask me to. 15. Everyone will pass the test _____________________ s/he studies hard. 16. She talks __________________ she knew everything. 17. There are ______________ hard challenges ______________ all have to face. 18. __________________ you live, please be the best among others. 19. We bring the umbrella, ________________ it rains. 20. None understood the problem ________________ someone explained it clearly. II.

Buatlah kalimat dengan menggunakan adverb clauses

time ___________________________________________________________________________ ___ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___ place ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______ reason ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______ purpose ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______ manner ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______ condition ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______ result ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______ 156

contrast ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______ c. Noun clause diawali dengan kata that atau sebuah question word, semisal why, what, atau how, dan dalam kalimat dapat berfungsi sebagaimana halnya noun. The weatherman predicted that it would be rain. That he behaves so rudely causes people hate him. CATATAN TAMBAHAN 1. Adjective clause dapat ditandai dengan introductory words semisal which, whom, that dan kata-kata tersebut dapat dihilangkan. The girls that we met were not singers. The girls we met were not singers. 2. Kalimat kompleks minimal terdiri dari sebuah induk kalimat dan sebuah anak kalimat. 3. Noun clause dapat berfungsi sebagai subyek tetapi noun clause umumnya dijadikan obyek dari kata kerja yang mengekspresikan telling, feeling, dan thinking. 4. Ketika noun clause berfungsi sebagai obyek, kata that seringkali dihilangkan. My mom said (that) she felt sick. 5. Noun clause dan infinitive phrases seringkali ditemukan dalam kalimat yang bersubyek it. Struktur ini menjelaskan arti subyek it. Noun clause: It is nice (that) she loves you. artinya bahwa That she loves you is nice. Infinitive phrase: It is nice to meet you. artinya bahwa To meet you is nice. 6. Baik noun clauses maupun adjective clauses yang mengikuti kata khusus semisal fact dan hope dapat diawali dengan kata that namun hanya adjective clauses yang dapat juga diawali dengan kata which. Terdapat sebuah cara cepat untuk mengetes sebuah klausa untuk menentukan apakah klausa tersebut sebuah noun clause, yaitu jika Anda dapat menyisipkan kata is diantara noun dan klausanya, klausa tersebut adalah noun clause; jika Anda tidak dapat menyisipkannya, klausa tersebut adalah adjective clause. Contoh: Noun clause: the fact ( is) that He loves you the proof ( is) that the drug abuse is very dangerous. The truth ( is) that everybody loves music Adjective clause: the fact that he complains herhope that she never revealed The help that the officer offered

157

7. Berikut ini adalah tabel sebagian kata yang dapat digunakan untuk menandai subordinate adverb clause, disusun dalam kolom berdasarkan maknanya. waktu after since before by the time when whenever while now that until once as soon as as/so long as as

sebab/ akibat because since so (that) whereas in order that

persyaratan

perlawanan

kondisi

perbandingan

if even if unless only if once in case (that) whether or not in the event (that) provided (that)

although while though whereas even though

as though as if

than as

Dangling modifiers (Modifier rancu) Perhatikan kalimat berikut ini. Collected in around the world, people love to get ancient stamps. Snake species in Africa is lesser than America. Pada kalimat pertama secara logis kita harus bertanya tentang apa yang dikoleksi di seluruh dunia? Frasa collected in around the world merupakan modifier dari subyek kalimat utama. Jika mengacu pada kalimat di atas maka secara logis yang dikoleksi adalah people. Kalimat seharusnya menjadi “Collected in around the world, ancient stamps are loved to be got by people.” Kalimat kedua permasalahannya terletak pada hal yang diperbandingkan. Pada kalimat tersebut yang dibandingkan adalah snake species dan America. Agar menjadi kalimat yang baik dan benar, komposisi harus diubah menjadi “Snake species in Africa is lesser than it (snake species) is in America.” Coba pahami kalimat yang menggunakan kata only berikut ini. Only I who called you in the early morning. I only called you in the early morning. I called only you in the early morning. I called you only in the early morning. I called you in the only morning. 158

I called you in the morning only. Penempatan modifier sangat mempengaruhi arti sebuah kalimat. Nah, jika telah mengetahui hal ini, seharusnya Anda akan lebih berhati-hati dalam menyusun kalimat.

4

Cek verbal Check for verbal

VERBAL (LEBIH JAUH TENTANG ADJECTIVE, NOUN DAN ADVERB) CONTOH KESALAHAN: 1. This is an interested book. 2. Announcing in all over the world, the declaration is so bombastic. Kenapa salah? Verbal adalah kata kerja yang tidak berfungsi sebagai kata kerja. Kata tersebut berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, kata keterangan, dan kata benda. Kedua kalimat di atas menggunakan verbal namun fungsinya tidak sesuai dengan konteks kalimatnya. Kalimat pertama, ‘This is an interested book’ kata bendanya dijelaskan oleh past participle sehingga artinya dalam konteks di atas sangat rancu (Ini adalah sebuah buku yang tertarik). Seharusnya verbal yang digunakan adalah present participle, interesting, sehingga makna yang muncul sesuai dengan konteks kalimat yaitu, ‘Ini adalah sebuah buku yang menarik.’ Penggunaan verbal pada kalimat kedua juga kurang tepat. Untuk konteks kalimat di atas subyek, declaration, secara logis tidak dapat melakukan tindakan announcing karena ia adalah benda mati. Penggunaan past participle lebih tepat sehingga kalimat menjadi ‘Announced in all over the world, the declaration is so bombastic’. Verbal terdiri dari: D. GERUND Ini merupakan bentuk infinitive + ing yang berdiri sendiri. Bentuk ini berfungsi sebagai NOUN. Karena semua bentuk noun menempati posisi subyek atau obyek dalam sebuah kalimat, gerund memiliki aturan sama dengan aturan noun pada umumnya. Pahami kalimat berikut ini. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

We really fond of swimming. (Present Continuous: we are swimming) Struggling is the best way to show your seriousness. We should avoid window-shopping at working hours. Smoking causes many diseases. Internet-surfing is useless for some unintended people.

Setelah need, want (yang berarti need) dan won’t/ wouldn’t bear, gerund memiliki arti pasif. 159

Subjek + NEED/ WANT/ BEAR gerund He’ll need looking after (dirawat) My clothe wants mending (bajuku perlu dijahit) E. TO INFINITIVE Bentuknya adalah to + V1 dan berfungsi sebagai NOUN, ADJECTIVE, atau ADVERB. Pahami kalimat berikut ini. 4. It is wrong to steal atau To steal is wrong (to infinitive adalah NOUN). 5. John was the first to arrive (to infinitive adalah ADJECTIVE pelengkap to be). 6. They came (In order) to help me (to infinitive adalah ADVERB OF PURPOSE). Kapan kita menggunakan to infinitive dan gerund tergantung pada verb pattern, contoh, ‘We must not fail to recognize the problems’ fail harus diikuti oleh to infinitive dan bukan oleh gerund, ‘We must do exercising’ setelah do harus diikuti oleh bentuk ing. Contoh kata yang biasanya diikuti oleh gerund: - stop - like - enjoy - keep - give up - avoid - preposisi (in teaching, for studying, dsb.) Intinya adalah Anda harus semakin lebih banyak membaca bacaan bahasa Inggris baku dan formal, jangan berhenti berlatih!!!

F. PARTICIPLE 1. Present Participle Bentuk Present Participle sama dengan gerund tetapi ini berfungsi sebagai ADJEKTIF. Adjektif menjelaskan NOUN. Pahami kalimat berikut ini. a. We do not like killing teachers. (Gerund: We do not like killing.) b. Some drawing books are given to the new students. (Gerund: Drawing is easy.) c. She is interesting. 2. Past Participle Bentuk ini menggunakan VERB 3 (PAST PARTICIPLE) dan juga berfungsi sebagai ADJECTIVE. Pahami kalimat berikut ini. a. There are many bored voters waiting for the promise. b. The injured patients should be taken into the isolation room. 160

c. The door is closed.

Latihan. Lengkapi kalimat berikut ini dengan menggunakan bentuk verbal. 1. Joanne is really interested in ___________ 2. _____________ her cat, Catherine has to climb the tree. 3. Well, I need _______________ the tape first. 4. Most students do not like that ____________ lesson. 5. The _____________ TV cannot be repaired immediately. 6. No matter what, everyone must prepares the ________ party. 7. ____________ is sometimes ____________ bore) 8. Some experts tend ___________________ further clues. 9. We listen to the _____________ news. 10. Sometimes, ______________ music is good for us. Apa yang harus Anda lakukan? verbal

(act) (save) (listen) (bore) (broke) (dance) (study/ (consider) (broadcast) (listen)

Tulis kalimat yang menggunakan

1. gerund

: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

2. to infinitive

: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

3. present participle

: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

4. past participle

: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

Pemahaman bacaan XLI. Swimming Everybody loves swimming, I guess. I, myself, love to swim a lot. Never am I able to believe the reality that there are so many people do not like swimming at all. Some love football, I don’t understand why they love running after the ball actually; some love dancing, and I can’t afford dancing as it is a boring thing. You’ll have a lot of benefits by doing swimming: healthy and athletic body, strong lungs, powerful energy, and there are many more. By doing other exercises? No way, Guys! You’ll only get a little advantage and so many tiring activities. I’m not promoting swimming at all. I just want you to do the right choice. There are so many bored people there and I don’t want you to be one of them. Sorry, I have to go, I have a swimming class soon, I teach there and it is not expensive, twice a week for a month you’ll only need to expense $20, fair enough isn’t it? 161

Baiklah, dapatkah Anda membuat sebuah promosi? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 162

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________

5

Cek pronoun, keselarasan, dan acuan Check pronoun form, agreement, and reference

CONTOH KESALAHAN: 1. It was me who answered the telephone. 2. They want to meet someone who they called before. Kenapa salah? Jika pronoun muncul sebelum introductory words that, which, what, who, dan whom, bentuknya harus mencerminkan fungsinya dalam kalimat tersebut. Pada kalimat pertama me seharusnya I karena kata tersebut diikuti oleh introductory word ‘who’ dan kata kerja answered (berarti fungsinya adalah sebagai subyek kalimat). Pada kalimat kedua who seharusnya whom karena kata tersebut mengacu pada someone yang berfungsi sebagai obyek kalimat they called. Untuk mempermudah pemahaman, sebelum who adalah subyek dan sesudahnya adalah kata kerja sedangkan sebelum whom adalah obyek dan sesudahnya adalah subyek. Terdapat beberapa macam pronoun yang sebagian dibahas di Bagian Enam, CEK BENTUK KATA, dan sebagian dibahas berikut ini. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN This These

: This is a book. (a singular, closed object) : These are books. (plural, closed objects)

That Those

: That is a book on that table. (a singular, far object) : Those are books on that table. (plural, far objects)

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 1. Who - Who is that handsome boy? - Who teaches you English? 14. Whom - For whom do you work? - With whom will you dance this evening? 15. Whose - Whose wallet is that? - Whose baby is funny? 16. What - What time is it? 163

- What are you doing here? 17. Where - Where is your address? - Where did you sleep last night? 18. When - When will you finish the job? - When did they invite us? 19. How - How is he? - How to make it better? 20. How long - How long have you been living in this city? - How long was your study? 21. How far - How far is your house from here? - How far does she run? 22. How much - How much money do you have? - How much does this wristwatch cost? 23. How many - How many people joined the party? - How many Dollars do you need for a short course? 24. Why - Why does the bird sing in the morning? - Why do they ignore the rule? 25. Which - Which one is yours? - Which boy are you interested in? Tulis beberapa pertanyaan dengan menggunakan interrogative pronoun ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 164

___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ RELATIVE PRONOUN Untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang memiliki subyek atau obyek yang sama menjadi sebuah kalimat majemuk. Contoh: - Toby is the Spiderman actor. - He is from USA. - Toby who is from USA is the Spiderman actor. Terdapat empat bentuk relative pronouns: 10.

Who Who digunakan untuk orang, contoh, ‘The boy who loves Dianne is handsome.’

11.

Which Which digunakan untuk benda, binatang, kelompok orang, contoh, ‘I hate something which is unhealthy.’

12.

That That digunakan untuk orang atau benda, contoh, ‘We wait for a lecturer that gives us an important guidance.’

13.

Whom Whom digunakan untuk orang yang menempati posisi obyek, contoh, ‘Do you like the girl whom you wait for?’

14.

Whose Whose digunakan untuk possessive pronoun, contoh, ‘The man whose wife is beautiful is your teacher.’

Latihan 11. Aku tidak akan melakukan hal yang membuatku bodoh. _____________________________________________________________________ ___ 12. Semua orang yang menganggap lukisan itu buruk tentu bukanlah orang yang paham tentang seni. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ______ 13. Aku tidak peduli siapa yang akan kamu telfon. _____________________________________________________________________ ___ 14. Setiap pagi, anak yang berbaju merah itu berangkat jam 6 tepat. _____________________________________________________________________ ___ 165

15. Kami mencari seseorang yang dompetnya terjatuh. _____________________________________________________________________ ___

6

CEK BENTUK KATA Word Form

CONTOH KESALAHAN 1. Those children ran quick. 2. After the length roadshow Radiohead, a British band, takes advantages in its album selling. Kenapa salah? Pada kalimat pertama kesalahan terletak pada kekeliruan penggunaan kata sifat quick yang dipakai untuk menjelaskan kata kerja run. Secara gramatikal, yang dapat menjelaskan kata kerja adalah kata keterangan, jadi quick seharusnya quickly. Hal yang sama terjadi pada kalimat kedua. Yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan kata benda discussion seharusnya kata sifat long dan bukan kata benda length. Kata dibagi kedalam: pronoun, noun, adjective, verb, to be (linking verb/ kata kerja penghubung), adverb, preposition, verbal, dsb. Sebagian yang dibutuhkan untuk mengalahkan TOEFL akan dibahas secara memadai. Pronoun Pronoun mengacu pada semua kata benda yang menggantikan nama orang, tempat, binatang, dan suatu hal. Pronoun dibagi kedalam beberapa kriteria berikut: Subject

Object

Possessive Poss. Adj. Possessive. Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun

I You (sing.)

Me You

My + N Your + N

(to be) Mine (to be) Yours

Myself Yourself

He She It

Him Her It

His + N Her + N Its + N

(to be) His (to be) Hers (to be) Its

Himself Herself Itself

We You (pl.) They

Us You

Our + N Your + N

(to be) Ours (to be) Yours

Ourselves Yourselves

Them

Their + N

(to be) Theirs

Themselves

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini. 6. I don’t receive a letter from Tomi (him). 7. Andi (He) sleeps in his bed. 8. The bed (It) is his (Andi’s). 9. We will need them by then. 10. Students, please do the test yourselves! 166

ATURAN TAMBAHAN UNTUK BENTUK PRONOUN Bentuk Subyek 1. Bentuk subyek berfungsi sebagai subyek main clause atau subordinate clause. They spent last holidays together. (main clause) Anne called the boy who had sent her letter. (adjective clause) After I studied, he asked me questions. (adverb clause) She knows who sent her letter. (noun clause) 2. Bentuk subyek digunakan untuk pronoun yang mengikuti kata kerja to be. It was she called me last night. It must be I who pay attention to your case. 3. Bentuk subyek digunakan saat subyek dari dua buah klausa diperbandingkan. They are smarter than we (are). He is more outstanding than she (is). Bentuk obyek 4. Bentuk obyek digunakan untuk pronoun yang berfungsi sebagai obyek (baik langsung maupun tidak langsung) kata kerja dalam sebuah main clause atau dalam sebuah subordinate clause. That beautiful girl was kissing me. (direct object-main clause) The girl whom I love is so far away. (direct object-adjective clause) If you give me money, I will thank to you. (indirect object-adverb clause) 5. Bentuk obyek digunakan untuk pronoun yang berfungsi sebagai obyek preposisi. Everyone except him studied for yesterday’s examination. Between you and him, he hates match so much. I won’t go without her. The lady with whom I live is my beloved wife. The lady whom I live with is my beloved wife. 11. Bentuk obyek digunakan ketika obyek dari dua klausa sedang diperbandingkan. That girl loves you more than (she loves) him. The dog responds to you more easily than (to) him. Bentuk possessive adjective 12. Bentuk possessive adjective digunakan untuk memodifikasi noun dan merujuk pada kepunyaan. Those are his shoes. I know the boy whose dog is funny. 13. Bentuk possessive adjective digunakan saat sebuah pronoun memodifikasi gerund. His talking is so arrogant. I like her dancing. Bentuk possessive pronoun

167

14. Bentuk possessive pronoun digunakan untuk menggantikan noun yang berfungsi untuk mengindikasikan kepemilikan. Your money is plenty but mine is short. We needed a car but we didn’t have it, we then borrowed his. 15. Bentuk possessive pronoun digunakan bersama dengan to be untuk merujuk pada kepemilikan. The boy is mine. I know whose baby it is. 16. Bentuk possessive pronoun digunakan setelah preposisi of yang mengacu pada kepemilikan. Dr. Herudjati Purwoko is a great lecturer of mine. I have a picture of yours, Babe. Some books of hers are expensive. 17. Bentuk possessive pronoun digunakan untuk menggantikan noun kedua saat memperbandingkan dua buah obyek yang sama yang dimiliki oleh orang yang berbeda. My motorcycle is cheaper than yours. Jean’s idea is better than mine. Bentuk reflexive (kena diri) 18. Bentuk reflexive digunakan untuk menekankan noun atau pronoun yang diacunya. They always go camping themselves. I myself cooked this breakfast. 19. Bentuk reflexive digunakan sebagai obyek preposisi by untuk menunjukkan bahwa seseorang melakukan suatu hal sendirian atau tanpa bantuan. I cannot do this by myself. After broke up, she wants to be by herself. 20. Bentuk reflexive digunakan saat obyek kalimat atau preposisi merupakan orang yang sama dengan subyek. You will hurt yourself by doing that. I don’t want to underestimate myself.

ATURAN UNTUK KESELARASAN PRONOUN 1. Sebuah pronoun jamak digunakan untuk mengacu pada dua kata yang dihubungkan oleh both . . . and atau dua atau lebih kata yang dihubungkan oleh and. 168

Both Elizabeth Browning and Robert Browning were eloping to Italy. My wife and I are always happy. 2. Pronoun tunggal digunakan untuk mengacu pada indefinite pronoun yang berbentuk tunggal berikut dan mensyaratkan kata kerja tunggal. Kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal apa pun (he, his, she, it, its, dll.) dapat digunakan tergantung pada makna kalimatnya. someanynoevery-

-body somebody anybody nobody everybody

-one someone anyone no one everyone

-thing something anything nothing everything

Somebody was looking for you this morning. I never give anything for you. 3. Saat dua kata dihubungkan oleh either . . . or . . . , neither . . . nor . . ., atau not only . . . but also . . ., pronoun harus selaras dengan bagian yang terdekat. Either my uncles or my father supports me a lot. Neither the students nor the teacher is satisfied with the presentation. Not only the employees but also the manager strikes on that day. 4. Collective nouns yang mewakili sejumlah orang atau benda, semisal group, team, class dapat berbentuk tunggal atau jamak. Petunjuk apakah kata tersebut mengacu pada kata tunggal ataukah jamak terdapat pada kata kerja yang menyertainya. Tunggal : The class is preparing the class meeting. Jamak : The class are doing their examination now. Perhatikan modifikasi subyek pada contoh berikut ini. I heard a voice. S P O Last night Andy and I, while (we were) studying hard for today’s exam, heard such Adv. S Subordinate Clause (Cc + S + V-ing + Adv.) V _________________________________________________________ S a suspicious voice from back garden. O (article + Adj. + N + preposition + Adv. of place) Kalimat tambahan yang berada di antara koma merupakan anak kalimat dan anak kalimat memiliki komposisi S – P – O tersendiri (HATI-HATI JANGAN SALAH MENGENALI SUBYEK ANAK KALIMAT SEBAGAI SUBYEK INTI). Jika Anda menemukan PENGULANGAN SUBYEK, yang biasanya berupa pronoun, setelah Subyek inti SANGAT PASTI kalimat tersebut SALAH! misal:

169

Last Night Andy and I, while (we were) studying hard for today’s exam, we heard such a suspicious voice. Nah, sekarang Anda seharusnya menjadi sedikit lebih LIAR dalam menganalisis soalsoal serupa. Tapi tetap saja, sebagai senjata tambahan, Anda harus menguasai bentuk kata lain yang dibahas selanjutnya. Noun Noun selalu berada pada posisi Subyek atau Obyek. Noun dibagi menjadi countable dan uncountable, concrete dan abstract, serta plural dan singular noun. Countable noun adalah noun yang dapat dihitung (jumlah benda itu sendiri dapat dihitung) dan kebanyakan adalah kata benda concrete yang mensyaratkan adanya artikel atau possessive pronoun, contoh: car(s), (a) book, (an) apple, (my) pen, dsb. Uncountable noun adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung dan yang dapat dihitung/ diukur hanya lah satuan pengukurnya. Kata ini selalu dianggap sebagai singular noun, contoh: (a glass of) water, (two) chocolate (bars), (a truck) of sand, dsb. Concrete noun adalah semua kata benda riil dan berujud materi yang kebanyakan dapat diraba, dirasakan, dan dilihat, contoh: rock, eggs, air. Abstract noun adalah kata benda yang tidak berujud materi namun tetap dapat dirasakan dengan perasaan, contoh: idea, will dan dapat juga merupakan bentukan dari bentuk kata lain semisal verb (possession, reading) dan adjective (brilliance, length). Bentuk ini biasanya memiliki ciri tertentu semisal akhiran ty, nce, or, er, th, dan ness. Plural noun adalah semua kata benda yang memiliki penanda jamak semisal akhiran s/ es dan en (bags, boxes, oxen, children). Terdapat beberapa pengecualian, contoh: fish (meskipun ada juga yang menggunakan bentuk jamak fishes), people, dan deer. Singular noun adalah semua kata benda tunggal/ jumlahnya hanya satu atau yang dianggap tunggal yang biasanya adalah uncountable nouns (water, air, gas, sand, sugar). Singular articles digunakan untuk menandai singular noun (a pen, a book, an apple), kecuali untuk uncountable nouns, contoh: water dan sand (tanpa article).

A dan an An + a......, e......, i......, o......, u......(/Λ/): an apple, an island, an orbit, an unanswered question. A + u......(/ju:/), other letters: a uniform, a universal soldier, a secretary, a book. Jamak dan Tunggal Regular

Irregular

Boy ---------- boys

child --------- children 170

Girl ---------Name -------Parent ------Family -----Address ---Six -----------

girls names parents families addresses sixes

man --------- men woman ------ women wife ---------- wives ox ------------ oxen fish ----------- fish deer ---------- deer

MANY/ MUCH/ A LOT/ (A) FEW/ (A) LITTLE Pelajari tabel berikut ini. Key words Many Much Lots of A lot of Plenty of A bulk of, etc. Few Little A few A little

XLII. Countable

Uncountable

Positive idea

Negative idea

+ -

+

-

+ +

+

+

+

-

+ + -

+ +

+ +

+ + -

Sekarang pahami kalimat berikut ini. 11. I don’t really have many cars. 12. I’ve got to go, many jobs waiting. 13. There is no much water in the big cities. 14. Too much carbon dioxide causes lung disease. 15. We have a lot of funny stories to tell. 16. After having done a big project, the young entrepreneur receives a lot of money. 17. I’m so sorry; I’ve only got few brochures to share with you. 18. Hurry up, so little time left! 19. There still are a few pens in the store, just take it. 20. We still have a little time to take a rest. Tulis kalimat Anda sendiri 1. many : _________________________________________________________________ 2. much : _________________________________________________________________ 3. A lot of : _________________________________________________________________ 4. few : _________________________________________________________________ 171

5. little : _________________________________________________________________ 6. a few : _________________________________________________________________ 7. a little : _________________________________________________________________ Adjective Adjective berfungsi untuk menjelaskan noun dan menjadi complement (pelengkap) To be. Adjective bentukkan biasanya ditandai dengan akhiran al, ful, ous dan some (professional, beautiful, industrious, handsome). Sebagian adjective bukan merupakan kata bentukkan, contoh: white, black, far, close (yang berarti dekat). Sebagian adjective berakhiran –ly dan -ish: Worldly, womanly, shapely, friendly, yearly, stately, neighborly, ghostly, costly, cowardly, bluish, reddish, brownish, dsb. Adjective juga dapat dimunculkan dalam satu rangkaian panjang. Penulisannya harus mengacu pada kaidah word order baku. Pada rangkaian adjective yang lebih dari dua kata biasanya diberi pemisah koma namun penulisan seperti ini cenderung dihindari karena secara estetis tidak memenuhi syarat. Perhatikan diagram berikut ini. Kuantitas Two A

Kualitas nice wrecked

Ukuran big gigantic

Bentuk long

Warna yellow black

Materi steel

Kata benda boxes Ship

Contoh: 3. I have a beautiful brownish cat. 4. They need a lot of good, large, squared, brown, wooden furniture. 5. A friend of mine gave me a white bag. 6. The girl is beautiful.

THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON Digunakan untuk membandingkan kata sifat dalam kalimat. Pahami tabel berikut ini Criteria Untuk kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata Untuk

adjektif

Positive Degree young large

yang handsome*

Comparative younger larger

Superlative the youngest the largest

handsomer*

the handsomest*

172

berakhiran some-ow-le-r-y.

narrow noble clever happy

narrower nobler cleverer happier

the narrowest the noblest the cleverest the happiest

Untuk adjektif yang terdiri useful dari minimal dua suku kata famous interesting necessary

more useful more famous more interesting more necessary

the most useful the most famous the most interesting the most necessary

Bentuk tak beraturan

better worse more farther/ further less/ smaller older/ elder later/ latter nearer

(the) best (the) worst (the) most (the) farthest/ furthest (the) least/ smallest (the) oldest/ eldest (the) latest/ last (the) nearest/ next

good/ well bad/ ill/ badly many/ much far little old late near

* Saat ini akhiran –some cenderung memiliki aturan comparative dan superlative yang menggunakan more dan most sehingga handsome menjadi more handsome dan the most handsome.

Pahami contoh berikut ini. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Tina is the youngest student in this class. I was happier than she (was) last year. English is the most interesting subject among others. I have a good mark in Match and it makes me better. I do English better than Match. We are speaking English badly but they are speaking English worse than we. Nobody wants a bad result but unfortunately I have the worst in the class. How many Dollars do you have? Well, not so much money, actually I need more. My house is farther than hers but I’ll give you further explanation how to reach there. I expect a little tolerance from the new neighbor. We have a little beautiful girl. It is believed that Egypt is the oldest civilization ever lived. Sarah is the eldest child of the Hunts. Later research stated that the latter civilization after Egyptian had not been defined yet. Next discussion is about the nearest distance of earth to moon.

Verb Verb selalu berfungsi sebagai predikat dalam sebuah kalimat. Verb dibagi menjadi regular dan irregular verbs (lihat daftar yang terlampir). Verb ada yang memerlukan obyek transitive) dan ada yang tidak (intransitive). Verb berubah sesuai dengan subyek dan tenses. Kata kerja pembantu/ auxiliaries (do, does, did, will, dsb.) termasuk verb. To be juga disebut sebagai linking verbs (kata kerja penghubung). Verb yang dibentuk dari adjective mempunyai akhiran ize/ ise (generalize, maximize) dan en (whiten, tighten) dan juga awalan en (enrich, enlarge). Contoh: 173

5. Mr. Richard needs information about the announcement. 6. She does not leave the class earlier. 7. They are trying to catch the cat. 8. We realize this matter. 9. The washing machine automatically whitens clothes. 10. Please enrich your knowledge. Adverb Adverb menerangkan verb. Sebagian berakhiran ly, contoh: beautifully, gracefully namun sebagian tidak atau bahkan memiliki dua bentuk adverb yang berbeda, contoh: hard (ly), high (ly), fast, well. Adverb juga meliputi adverb of time (at 5 O’clock) dan adverb of place (on the wall). Contoh:

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 6.

The plane is flying high (high berarti tinggi). I am highly interested in art (highly berarti sangat). She sings beautifully. I must study hard (hard berarti keras, rajin, giat, sulit). They hardly study (hardly berarti hampir tidak pernah). She is standing in front of mirror.

Latihan. Isi kotak-kotak kosong berikut ini dengan menggunakan bentuk kata yang sesuai. XLIII. Noun

XLIV. Verb

XLV. Adjective

naturalize

natural

XLVI. Adverb

fertility create tranquilly public include industrious beautifully accept

Preposition (IN, ON, ABOVE, ACROSS, OVER, UNDER, BENEATH, BELOW, AT) Cermati contoh-contoh berikut ini. IN posisi (tempat) -

We study in class. They sit in a sofa/ armchair. We sleep in bed. Fish live in water. We live in Indonesia. I don’t want to live in Jakarta. 174

posisi (keadaan) -

I am always in good mood. In which way are we progressing?

-

We don’t have class in summer’s holiday. They are leaving to Germany in next January. In the morning, birds sing happily.

-

My books are on the table. Our School is on St Paulo Street. There are a lot of pictures on the wall. Lamp on the ceiling is out of order. I watched Radiohead on MTV last night.

-

My birthday is on 2nd of July. Andrea goes swimming on Sundays.

-

This book is on crimes. My paper is on fishery.

-

Go on; never give up! The army marched on the head quarter.

-

We live on rice. I raise my family on creativity.

waktu

ON posisi (tempat)

waktu tentang berlanjut tergantung/ pada

ABOVE, ACROSS, OVER posisi (tempat) posisi (keadaan) -

The sun is above the earth. Roof is above the floor. I jumped across the creek. Cowboys wandered across dried ground. Birds flew over my house. Study is above everything. I am not able to survive over it.

UNDER, BENEATH, BELOW posisi (tempat) - Floor is under the roof. - We live under the same sun. - So much dust beneath the carpet. - Below section three, there is the explanatory. posisi (keadaan) - Many people live under depression. AT posisi (tempat) -

I have left the key at the door. Ann and Sam are standing at the stairs. 175

-

I live at Jl. Dr. Cipto 39, Semarang.

-

We look at the girls there. They threw everything at the robber.

-

I always wake up at 5 am. I hardly watch television at midnight/ noon.

ke arah waktu

Nah, sekarang Anda telah mengenal sebagian bentuk kata. INGAT! Jangan sekali-kali meremehkannya karena melakukan ini sama dengan merugikan diri Anda sendiri. Setelah Bentuk Kata apa lagi? Tentu saja perjalanan Anda masih jauh tapi jangan khawatir, sejauh apa pun perjalanan itu jika Anda memiliki tekad dan kesungguhan diatas rata-rata tak lama lagi Anda akan mampu mengalahkan TOEFL!

7

Cek Susunan kata Check word order

CONTOH KESALAHAN 1. The police officer asked the man what was he doing. 2. I just want to know what will you do. Kenapa Salah? Kedua kalimat di atas merupakan kalimat pernyataan dan susunan kalimat pernyataan tidak sama dengan kalimat pertanyaan yang menempatkan kata kerja sebelum subyek dan menambah tanda tanya di akhir kalimat. Kedua kalimat tersebut seharusnya menjadi ‘The police officer asked the man what he was doing’ dan ‘I just want to know what you will do.’ Terdapat beberapa aturan dalam menyusun kata menjadi sebuah kalimat yang baik dan benar. Simak penjelasan berikut ini. 176

Pembalikan Subyek dan Kata Kerja Susunan kata paling umum dalam inti kalimat bahasa Inggris adalah subject + verb + object (S + V + O). Subyek umumnya berada sebelum kata kerja, kecuali dalam keadaan tertentu. Pada situasi tertentu itu lah susunan kata inti diubah dan kata kerjanya ditempatkan sebelum subyek, sebagaimana halnya dalam kalimat pertanyaan langsung. (TOEFL jarang sekali mengetengahkan pertanyaan langsung dalam bagian Structure and Written Expression) Susunan kata dibalik jika: 1. kalimat dimulai dengan kata there. There is a fact for this argumentation. There are so many people coming. 3. kalimat dimulai dengan prepositional phrase, memiliki kata kerja intransitive sebagai kata kerja utama, dan menyatakan tempat. On the customs area stood the customs officers. In my pocket is the money you need. 4. kalimat berupa persyaratan tanpa if atau unless. (if I gave her money, she would do this job happily.) Were I to give her money, she would do this job happily. Should I give her money, she would do the job happily. (If they had won, they would have a party.) Had they won, they would have a party. 5. kalimat dimulai dengan kata atau ekspresi “negative” semisal never, hardly, seldom, rarely, barely, scarcely, not only, only after, at no time, nowhere. Never did I go. At no time were you in my influence. 6. kalimat dimulai dengan only dan sebuah ekspresi waktu. Only twice was I calling you. Only after the books are packed, did she leave the room. 7. sebuah adverb misal down, in, out, up, here ditempatkan di awal kalimat, kata kerja harus ditempatkan sebelum subyek jika subyek adalah noun. Here comes the son. In walked the lecturer with a book in his arm. 8. sebuah kalimat diawali dengan few, such, so, little kecuali jika kata tersebut memodifikasi noun. Not much did I have money. (tapi: Much money made him crazy) few does he have books. 9. sebuah kata kerja pasif dipisah dan kata kerja utamanya mengawali kalimat. Taught by the best instructors were the students. Announced in the early news was the fact. Catatan: Meskipun pembalikan susunan kata dibutuhkan pada daftar di atas, susunan kata normal (S + V + O) tetap dipersyaratkan pada pertanyaan tidak langsung. Tidak dimungkinkan dilakukan pembalikan. 177

The boy asked why I gave him books. The students wanted to know where the history happened. Ketika yes/ no question berfungsi sebagai subordinate noun clause, subyek dan kata kerjanya ditulis setelah if, wheter, atau whether or not. direct yes/ no question : Has the rooster been bred? (AUX + S + V) indirect yes/ no question : My uncle asked whether the rooster has been bred. (whether + S + V)

8

Cek struktur berulang/ paralel Check for parallel structure

CONTOH KESALAHAN 1. He likes to swim, to play tennis, and riding horses. 2. He has failed because he did the test carelessly and because of his ignorance. Kenapa salah? Semua struktur berulang harus memperhatikan keselarasan bentuk kata, frasa, maupun klausa yang tersusun dalam kalimat tersebut. Pada kalimat pertama, penggunaan to infinitive seharusnya tidak dicampurkan dengan gerund, meskipun kedua verbal tersebut kebanyakan dapat saling menggantikan. Kalimat pertama seharusnya, He likes to swim, to play tennis, and to ride horses. Pada kalimat kedua, ketidaksesuaian perulangan terjadi pada komposisi yang lebih panjang. Klausa because he did the test carelessly seharusnya diikuti oleh klausa pula dan bukan oleh frasa because of his ignorance. Kalimat yang baik seharusnya, He has failed because he did the test carelessly and because he was ignorant. ATURAN YANG HARUS DIWASPADAI Perhatikan rangkaian nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, phrases, gerund, clauses, dsb. 178

1. They have spent their money, (their) time, and (their) energy for nothing. (rangkaian possessive pronoun + noun) 2. She is beautiful, energetic, and workaholic. (rangkaian adjektif) 3. The young man is smart, interesting, and modern. (rangkaian adjektif) 4. I like eating, sleeping, and dreaming. (rangkaian gerund) 5. We asked how to choose the course and how to register it. (rangkaian frasa) 6. I was persistent because I wanted to show my liability and I would do my responsibility perfectly. (rangkaian klausa) 7. She sings beautifully and gently. (rangkaian adverb) Correlative: both . . . and; either . . . or; neither . . . nor; not only . . . but also; whether . . . or 8. She is not only beautiful but also she is smart. 9. Neither my child nor his child went to the party. Perbandingan 10. I need your support and Andy’s. 21. I am able to eat as fast as or even faster than you. 22. Kalimantan is larger than any other island in Indonesia. (bukan any island) 23. John is sorter than anyone else in his class. (bukan anyone in his class)

9

Cek pengulangan kata, frasa, dan klausa Check for unnecessary repetition

CONTOH KESALAHAN 1. He is a very fast and quick runner. 2. They hardly cannot do the test. Kenapa salah? Baik pada kalimat pertama maupun kedua terdapat pengulangan makna yang seharusnya tidak diperlukan. Fast dan quick pada kalimat pertama mengacu pada arti yang sama, begitu pula dengan hardly dan cannot pada kalimat kedua. Pengulangan dapat berupa pengulangan kata, frasa, maupun klausa yang kesemuanya harus dihindari agar kalimat menjadi efektif. Berikut ini contoh kata, frasa, dan klausa yang memiliki kesamaan makna. kata: fast dan quick good, excellent, outstanding, dsb.

significant, vital powerful, mighty, strong, dsb. concise, brief, short, dsb. accurate, right, dsb.

more dan kata yang mengekspresikan arti tersebut semisal rise dan increase. frasa: soon in the near future

audible to the ear

red in color 179

can kill and cause to die

simustaneously at the same time, dsb.

klausa: I want to study and I want to learn it carefully. They chase tiger and they pursue it days and nights. Bagaimanapun juga, kemampuan Anda dalam memahami arti tersirat sebuah kata, frasa, dan klausa sangat dibutuhkan untuk menganalisis soal jenis ini. Anda harus melatih kecurigaan Anda sesensitif mungkin agar dapat menarik benang merah antara kata, frasa, dan klausa yang tampaknya berbeda.

10

Cek ketepatan fungsi Check for correct usage

CONTOH KESALAHAN 1. She is interested for learning Arabic. 2. We need an unity to gain the best opportunity. Kenapa salah? Pada kalimat pertama, kata interested seharusnya diikuti oleh preposisi in dan bukan for. Pada kalimat kedua, article ‘an’ harus diikuti oleh bunyi (bukan huruf) vokal dan dalam kalimat di atas yang mengikuti an adalah bunyi konsonan. An seharusnya a. Kesalahan dalam penerapan fungsi tersebut tidak hanya pada article tapi juga pada kosa kata yang memiliki kemiripan tulisan, bunyi, maupun arti yang biasanya berbeda secara konteks. Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan adalah sebagai berikut. a.

Sebagian kata hanya mengacu pada dua orang, hal, atau kelompok. Sebagian yang lain hanya mengacu pada tiga atau lebih orang, hal, atau kelompok, contoh:

yang mengacu pada dua variabel either neither more

both superior between

less better latter

inferior former worse

Either you or I like the movie. I am better than she in English is. yang mengacu pada tiga variabel atau lebih 180

most worst

largest none

least best

among all

I don’t want to be the worst in the class. None of the students came to the party. b. Ada sebagian kata kerja yang memiliki makna hampir sama dan sebagian bentuknya tidak beraturan (irregular). kata dasar simple past sit (vi) sat set (vt) set lie (vi) lied lie (vi) lay lay (vt) laid rise (vi) rose raise (vt) raised contoh kalimat

past participle sat set lied lain laid risen raised

present participle sitting setting lying lying laying rising raising

arti duduk mengatur berbohong rebah/ bersandar menggelar/ bertelor terbit/ naik naik/ mengangkat

1. Raise your hand please. (kata kerja butuh obyek/ verb transitive) 2. The value of the US dollar rises rapidly toward IDR. (kata kerja tanpa obyek/ intransitive) 3. While I was setting the room, you were only sitting watching me out. (transitive, intransitive) 4. Last month my rooster laid an egg, just kidding, I lie to you. (transitive, intransitive) 5. She lies against the wall. (intransitive) c. Kata kerja take, get, have, make, dan do memiliki direct object khusus yang mengikutinya. take get have make Do a trip a haircut a cold/ fever/ a mistake tasks and works your time a letter headache a comparison a favor medicine an email a dream a suggestion housework (money) a message fun arrangements homework an airplane money a haircut a proposal a good job (a bet) a promotion a laugh an appointment garden a chance a shock an operation friends shopping a turn a surprise a rest advances washing-up a sleep a shock/ (a trip) a cold surprise a speech activities and actions an argument an effort an experiment selain objects a bath/ shower (medicine) your best attached to meal money exercises better drink (an airplane) a project beyond a look at a bet research dark a lie-in (long a promise English/math/science dressed sleep) love dsb. fed up a party a bed the feeling a row a decision lost a swim fun stuck a choice a progress to he top a clue a reservasion 181

in touch worried

an idea patience effect an influence

a success a complaint an agreement, dsb.

d. Article ‘a’ diikuti oleh bunyi konsonan sedangkan article ‘an’ diikuti oleh bunyi vokal. a + bunyi konsonan an + bunyi vocal union orange university hour home honest people uniform umpire hurricane honor one umbrella unit herb once only dsb. owner, dsb. e. Countable nouns dan uncountable nouns terkadang bentuknya tidak sesuai aturan jamaktunggal. Count nouns

Uncount nouns

acids techniques arrivals decisions withdrawals challenges electrons substances organism ages waves enthusiast, dll.

information furniture companionship exhaustion evaporation oxygen alumunium electricity moisture lumber architecture accounting, dll.

f. Terdapat kata atau frasa yang hanya dapat diikuti oleh countable atau uncountable nouns. digunakan dengan countable nouns few several a/ an both each/ every many one/ two/ three dsb. neither of/ either of quantity fewer

digunakan dengan uncountable nouns any the all some

digunakan dengan keduanya little amount less much

g. Berikut ini contoh kata yang memiliki kemiripan tulisan, bunyi, fungsi, dan makna. 182

1. A, AN (article) 2. ACCEPT (v), EXCEPT (prep) 3. ADVICE (n), ADVISE (v) 4.

AFFECT (v), EFFECT (n)

5.

ALMOST (adv), MOST (adj, pronoun)

6.

ALREADY (adv), ALL READY (adj)

7.

AMOUNT (untuk uncountable noun), NUMBER (n) (untuk countable noun)

8.

BARELY, HARDLY, SCARCELY (adv) catatan: kata berkonotasi negatif.

9.

BESIDE (di sebelah), BESIDES (prep) (di samping itu)

10.

BETWEEN (antara dua hal/ orang), AMONG (prep) (antara tiga atau lebih hal/

orang) 11.

CAPITAL (modal), CAPITOL (n, adj) (gedung pusat pemerintahan)

12.

CLOTHES (n), CLOTHE (v), CLOSE (adj, prep, v)

13.

COMPARED (v, adj) compared with digunakan untuk menunjuk perbedaan, compared to merujuk pada kesamaan.

14.

COMPLEMENT (pelengkap), COMPLIMENT (pengakuan atau ucapan selamat)

(v,n) 15.

COSTUME (kostum), CUSTOM (adapt), CUSTOMS (bea cukai) (n)

16.

COUNCIL (n) (dewan), COUNSEL (v,n) (menyarankan), CONSEL (n) (saran)

17.

DESERT (n) (gurun) (v) (merana/ menderita), DESSERT (n) (makanan penutup)

18.

DIFFER (v), DIFFERENT (adj) (keduanya diikuti from dan bukan with atau than)

19. (E)SPECIAL(LY) (luar biasa, penting) dan SPECIAL(LY) (untuk tujuan tertentu) 20. EVEN, EVEN IF, EVEN THOUGH, EVEN SO 21.

FARTHER (adj) (jarak nyata), FURTHER (adj/ adv) (lebih detil, lebih lama, lebih

dalam) 22.

FEWER, LESS (adj, pnonoun)

23.

FORMER (yang pertama dari dua), FIRST (n, adj) (yang pertama dari tiga atau

lebih) 24.

FORMERLY, FORMALLY (adv)

25.

FORTH (adv) (keempat), FOURTH (adj)

26.

HAD BETTER (untuk menyarankan), WOULD RATHER (v) (menyatakan

pilihan) 27.

ITS (adj), IT’S (pronoun + v)

28.

KIND, SORT, TYPE (n) 183

Ketiga kata tersebut dapat berbentuk tunggal dan jamak. Saat kata tersebut berbentuk tunggal, ia dimodifikasi oleh this atau that; saat berbentuk jamak, ia dimodifikasi oleh these atau those. 29.

LATER (adj, adv), LATTER (pron, adj), LAST (adj) later komparatif dari late; latter mengacu pada orang atau hal yang kedua.

30.

LAY, LIE (v)

31.

LIE, LIE (v) (bersandar dan berbohong)

32.

LIKE (prep), SUCH AS (prep), AS IF (conjunction)

33.

LOOSE (adj), LOSE (v), LOSS (n), LOOSEN (v), LOUSE (n)

34.

MAYBE (adv) (mungkin), MAY BE (v) (dapat menjadi)

35.

PASSED (v), PAST (adj, prep)

36.

PEACE, PIECE (n)

37.

PERSONAL (adj), PERSONNEL (n)

38. PRECEDE (v) (mendahului), PROCEED (v) (maju, melanjutkan), PROCEEDS (n) (keuntungan) 39.

PRINCIPAL (n, adj) (hal penting, kepala sekolah), PRINCIPLE (n) (prinsip)

40.

QUIET (adj) (sunyi), QUITE (adv) (cukup), QUIT (v) (berhenti)

41.

RAISE, RISE (v)

42.

SET, SIT (v)

43.

STATIONARY (adj) (tidak berubah), STATIONERY (n) (kertas untuk menulis

surat) 44. SUPERIOR (adj) catatan: Superior selalu digunakan untuk membandingkan dua hal atau orang dan diikuti oleh to dan bukan oleh than. 45. THEIR (adj), THEIRS (pronoun of them), THEY’RE (pron + v), THERE (adv) 46. THOUROUGH (adj), THROUGH (prep) 47. TO (prep), TOO (adv), TWO (adj) 48. WEATHER (n), WHETHER (conjunction) 49. WHO’S (pronoun + v), WHOSE (adj) 50. WHETHER dan IF

184

Pilih salah satu kata yang sesuai 31. You haven’t (lent/ borrowed) my rubber, have you Paul? 32. He sat down (besides/ beside) an old man with a white beard who looked and smelt as though he hadn’t washed for weeks. 33. See that large (building/ house) over there? Well, that’s where I work. I’ve got an office on the sixth floor. 34. Was it (funny/ fun) at the party on Friday? 35. The (nature/ countryside) around this town is very flat and uninspiring. 36. The injured man was (laying/ lying) on the road close to wreckage of his car. 37. Who (taught/ learnt) you to play the guitar, Fred? 38. Those of you who wish to come to the Zoo this afternoon, please (raise/ rise) your hands. 39. When I heard that I’d been given the job I felt very (lucky/ happy) indeed. 40. I usually (go up/ get up) at 7.30 every morning. 41. Why don’t you (take/ bring) your girlfriend with you next time? 42. Is it all right if I (go with/ follow) you the concert on Friday, Pam? 43. Sussex is my favorite (landscape/ county) in England. 44. I didn’t have time to (do/ make) the beds this morning. 45. Amserdam is a city full of (channels/ canals). 46. I’ve been (sparing/ saving) for years to buy a house. 47. Would you (check/ control) these figures, Mr. Brown – just to make sure they are correct. 48. It’s a lot of (job/ work) looking after children. 49. I prefer to (hire/ rent) a television than buy one. 50. The answer to the crosswords is on the (backside/ back). 51. I thought you said you (were going to/ should) give up smoking. 52. Our new neighbors invited me in for a cup of coffee this morning. I must say they seem a very (nice/ sympathetic) couple. 53. Was it Bell who (invented/ discovered) the telephone? 54. I wonder if I might have a (recipe/ receipt) for the things I’ve bought. 55. Oh, Jan, could you (remember/ remind) me to phone the dentist this afternoon to make an appointment for Sally? 56. I wonder if you’d mind (bringing/ fetching) John from next door? He’s wanted on the telephone. 57. What (more/ else) did you do in Spain, apart from swimming and sunbathing? 58. I’ve just bought a record of Beethoven’s Fifth symphony (conducted/ directed) by Karajan. 185

59. When we moved into our new flat I had to sell my (grand/ wing) piano because there wasn’t enough room for it. 60. We’ll have to change the curtains, darling. They don’t (pass/ match) the new suite. They’re the wrong color altogether.

2 LANGKAH KEDUA! Kenali kesalahan pada Latihan Soal berikut lalu KALAHKAN!!!

186

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Pertama) 1. Apple, one of fruit species, do not grow in tropical country. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. The lemon tea, in all parties, are well-liked by attendance. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. The singers of this song is still young. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Milk, among other drinks, are popular in all over the world. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Jogging, according to health care reasons, attract so many people to do it. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. A museum it is a place to reserve not only ancient artifacts but also modern ones. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. After modifying the old motorcycle, Tomy went to their room. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. The province of Banten has just got his municipality at recent years. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. Agnes Monica, one of famous divas of Indonesia, have launched her new album. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. Each student and teacher are discussing next examination. ___________________________________________________________________________ 187

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kedua) 1. The boy had fell last morning. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Nania with Delon are proceeding to the final singing contest. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. The ship sunk ten miles from the coast. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. She was being a board chairman in last period. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Either of his daughter or his wife are so far away. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Every man and woman in this office have just received salary of previous month. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. The deer is running away to get rid of their enemies. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Every students want to pass examination. ___________________________________________________________________________

188

9. Many of you is going to call a strike. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. Three glasses of water are much enough for me to drink. ___________________________________________________________________________

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Ketiga) 1. My father had got a promotion in his company so that gave a party for everyone. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Everybody likes Raymond because nice. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. The cost of the new building, which was considered not override budget plan, twenty percent higher. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Because water which is abundant in rainy season, it sometimes causes flood. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Possible lecturers will give us a lot of assignments. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Elephants the biggest mammals live on land at present. ___________________________________________________________________________

189

7. They always like swimming because healthy. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Gila monsters are avoided by carnivores because their poisonous body. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. Because of excessive hunting has put Java tiger at the first rank, the flesh-eating land animal is limited now. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. That the building burned down a terrible disaster. ___________________________________________________________________________

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Keempat) 1. I had a frightened dream last night. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. They go fish every day. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Eventhough she is sick but she never gets rid of smoke. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Drive to cities in Indonesia is his hobby. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. See my daughter smile is the happiest time I have.

190

___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Expect too much is not wise. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. We try recall the forget memory. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. I am boring with your story. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. Jennifer really loves swim at her leisure times. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. The large glass filling with water is mine. ___________________________________________________________________________

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kelima) 1. We do not like anyone whom talks rudely. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Without defence, it was him who defeated them. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. She is smarter than him actually.

191

___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Whoever you meet in the house is my relative. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. I hate to judge myself in every occasion. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. She is the girl which I told you her story. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. It was us on the phone this morning. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. I found an old picture of you in the drawer. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. The herds of horses have entered its paddock. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. The New York Times is well-known for their critical reviews. ___________________________________________________________________________

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Keenam) 1. Angry is the biggest trouble maker in dispute.

192

___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Experts along with the biology are discussing new environmental issue. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. The most cheapest jewelery in the exhibition was not cheap for me. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. We are studying hardly to face examination. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Do not give a mere judge toward people you do not know well. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. The form of the committee took two months to be fixed. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. Everybody walks slow in the morning. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. We do not want to deal with dangerous in our lives. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. My uncle is an art collector lover. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. Please think about affect of what you will do. ___________________________________________________________________________

193

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Ketujuh) 1. She told me where does she live. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. I am enough smart to recognize your trick. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. At the age of seven, my grand father taught me how to fish big fish. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Cassandra and Deandra spend always their vacation together. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. There no reason is for this fallacy. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Every one likes cakes on the plate made of sweet batata. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. Never I smoked in my life. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Only once I met the boy before. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. Found in the old mansion the treasure map was. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. Up the temperature rises recently. ___________________________________________________________________________

194

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kedelapan) 1. After talking, hugging, and to say goodbye, she kissed me warmly. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. The girl is pretty, respectful to her parents, and loves to help others. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. They are not only rude but also means to animals. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. The children usually restless and make a lot of noise. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. That boy is tall and a basket player. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Some dangerous things are for examples cigarettes, alcoholic, and drugs. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. Boil the noodle for ten minutes and then you remove it from the stove. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Steps to get into university are to find information about it, to register correctly and wise. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. At the dinner, we had fried rice, lemonade, and eaten a lot. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. I prefer your opinion than Jake. ___________________________________________________________________________ 195

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kesembilan) 1. Motorcyclists are obliged by law to wear helmets on their heads. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Students are quite and silent while doing their assignment. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. The car that is red in color is mine. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. PSIS played a significant and important game last tournament. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Suddenly at the same time the cat ran away from the dogs herd. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. They always debate their instructor views and argue them in any occasion. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. The warning states that do not injure or wound the animals around the area. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. We try to join and connect the cables. ___________________________________________________________________________

196

9. The management is discussing and they are analyzing the problem accurately. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. The enemies gave up and admitted defeat of the war. ___________________________________________________________________________

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kesepuluh) 1. Neither you or I submitted the assignment. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. The homeless person has set on the pavement all the time. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. The Red-and-white is risen to the sky of Indonesia. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. The counsel meets every month. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. To find similarity, he compared his research result with others’ research results. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Different with my opinion, yours is brilliant. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. Almost teachers believe in their students. 197

___________________________________________________________________________ 8. In airport, we must deal with immigration as well as custom officers. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. Besides her house is the post office. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. The car past me fastly. ___________________________________________________________________________

LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Pertama hingga Kesepuluh) 1. Highly interesting in music as a youth, young Johann Sebastian Bach may have damaged his eyes copying scores. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Located between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, the history of the city of Babylon was long and rich. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Baking powder, composed of an alkali and one or more acid salts, are used to make cakes and biscuits light. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Loving throughout the Western world, ballet is a theatrical art that tells a story through dance accompanied by music.

198

___________________________________________________________________________ 5. When filled with a gas more lighter than air, a balloon becomes buoyant and rises. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. In 1937 while approaching its moorings, the Hindenburg catch fire, killing a third of its passengers. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. The bear, a meat-eaten land animal, is generally peaceable if it and its young are left undisturbed. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Original cultivated in India, the banana was brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who found it in Africa. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. That television program may soon be cancelled in the near future. ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. After a length discussion, the entire class finally understood the sentence. ___________________________________________________________________________ 11. Fortunately, the child was not enough tall to reach the medicine cabinet. ___________________________________________________________________________ 12. In 1961 John Kennedy was being president of the United States. ___________________________________________________________________________ 13. He asked about the cost of the course and when it began. ___________________________________________________________________________ 14. It was them who tricked us. ___________________________________________________________________________ 15. While watching television, our telephone rang. ___________________________________________________________________________ 16. The speaker could not hardly be heard.

199

___________________________________________________________________________ 17. Every one looks as if he tired. ___________________________________________________________________________ 18. Mediterranean fruit flies, they have infested California orchards. ___________________________________________________________________________ 19. Without a doubt, it was them who won the game. ___________________________________________________________________________ 20. Who have you visited since you came to town? ___________________________________________________________________________ 21. Neither the reporters nor the editor have received their paycheck. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 22. In the bus sit the musicians, each holding their instrument. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 23. A ford is different than a Cadillac in more than price. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 24. Farther information will be issued by the weather bureau as the situation develops. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______ 25. The doctor stated that he had rather treat the woman on an out-patient basis. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 26. There may be more reasons for his erratic behavior than his parents realize. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 27. Sometimes nothing accept crying will completely relieve stress. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 28. There were less people in attendance than the management expected. ________________________________________________________________________ ___

200

29. Work is a measure of the quantity of energy, or force, needed to move an object. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______ 30. Fewer rain falls in the coastal desert of Peru than along the California coast. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 31. A reduction in the speed limit should have some affect on the number of accidents on the road. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______ 32. Most readers enjoy these kind of books. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 33. John is taller than anyone in his class. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 34. According to recent surveys, the CBS news programs have bigger audiences than NBC. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______ 35. Tourists in our city usually visit the Capitol; spend some times in the presidential library, and walking around the university campus. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______ 36. That tree is as tall if not taller than the tree in the park. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 37. The population in Asia is larger than Europe. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 38. That new student is friendly, talkative, and likes to work crazily. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 39. Cave explorers are called either spelunkers or speleology depending on whether they enter cave for sport or science. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______

201

40. Success in fencing requires not only skill and balance but also mental alertness and concentrate. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______ 41. Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico are famous for their spectacular icicle-shaped formations that hang from the roof and rises from the floor. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______ 42. Do you actually believe it is they who sent the letter? ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 43. Dramamine is an effective drug against motion sickness, which produces dizziness and nausea in their victim. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 44. At the age of 26 Sarah met some one who was much older than her. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 45. Facing with an unfinished problem, she finally committed suicide. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 46. The secretary put the document back in her envelope. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 47. A friend recommended the advisor which counceled him with his thesis. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 48. This question is much least difficult than that one. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 49. The harder you do the job, easy to solve it. ________________________________________________________________________ ___ 50. The boy is enough strong to lift the bike up. ________________________________________________________________________ ___

202

PENJELASAN JAWABAN LATIHAN SOAL PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Pertama) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Apple, one of fruit species, does not grow in tropical country. The lemon tea, in all parties, is well-liked by attendance. The singers of this song are still young. Milk, among other drinks, is popular in all over the world. Jogging, according to health care reasons, attracts so many people to do it. A museum is a place to reserve not only ancient artifacts but also modern ones. After modifying the old motorcycle, Tomy went to his room. The province of Banten has just got its municipality at recent years. Agnes Monica, one of famous divas of Indonesia, has launched her new album. Each student and teacher is discussing next examination.

PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL 203

(Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kedua) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

The boy had fallen last morning. Nania with Delon is proceeding to the final singing contest. The ship sank ten miles from the coast. She was a board chairman in last period. Either of his daughter or his wife is so far away. Every man and woman in this office has just received salary of previous month. The deer are running away to get rid of their enemies. Every student wants to pass examination. Many of you are going to call a strike. Three glasses of water is much enough for me to drink.

PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Ketiga) 1. My father had got a promotion in his company so that he gave a party for everyone. 2. Everybody likes Raymond because he is nice. 3. The cost of the new building, which was considered not override budget plan, was twenty percent higher. 4. Because water is abundant in rainy season, it sometimes causes flood. 5. Possibly lecturers will give us a lot of assignments. 6. Elephants are the biggest mammals live on land at present. 7. They always like swimming because it is healthy. 8. Gila monsters are avoided by carnivores because of their poisonous body. 9. Because excessive hunting has put Java tiger at the first rank, the flesh-eating land animal is limited now. 10. That the building burned down was a terrible disaster. PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Keempat) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

I had a frightening dream last night. They go fishing every day. Eventhough she is sick but she never gets rid of smoking. Driving to cities in Indonesia is his hobby. Seeing my daughter smile is the happiest time I have. Expecting too much is not wise. We try to recall the forgotten memory. I am bored with your story. Jennifer really loves swimming at her leisure times. The large glass filled with water is mine.

PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kelima) 1. 2. 3. 4.

We do not like anyone who talks rudely. Without defence, it was he who defeated them. She is smarter than he actually. Whomever you meet in the house is my relative. 204

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

I hate to judge my self in every occasion. She is the girl whom I told you her story. It was we on the phone this morning. I found an old picture of yours in the drawer. The herds of horses have entered their paddock. The New York Times is well-known for its critical reviews.

PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Keenam) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Anger is the biggest trouble maker in dispute. Experts along with the biologists are discussing new environmental issue. The cheapest jewelery in the exhibition was not cheap for me. We are studying hard to face examination. Do not give a mere judgement toward people you do not know well. The formation of the committee took two months to be fixed. Everybody walks slowly in the morning. We do not want to deal with danger in our lives. My uncle is an art collection lover. Please think about effects of what you will do.

PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Ketujuh) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

She told me where she lives. I am smart enough to recognize your trick. At the age of seven, I was taught how to fish big fish by my grand father. Cassandra and Deandra always spend their vacation together. There is no reason for this fallacy. Every one likes cakes made of sweet batata on the plate. Never did I smoke in my life. Only once did I meet the boy before. Found in the old mansion was the treasure map. Up does the temperature rise recently.

PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kedelapan) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

After talking, hugging, and saying goodbye, she kissed me warmly. The girl is pretty, respectful to her parents, and helpful. They are not only rude but also they are means to animals. The children usually restless and noisy. That boy is tall and good at basket ball. Some dangerous things are for examples cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs. Boil the noodle for ten minutes and then remove it from the stove. 205

8. Steps to get into university are to find information about it, to register correctly and wisely. 9. At the dinner, we had fried rice, lemonade, and big meal. 10. I prefer your opinion than Jake’s. PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kesembilan) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Motorcyclists are obliged by law to wear helmets. Students are quite while doing their assignment. The car that is red is mine. PSIS played an important game last tournament. Suddenly the cat ran away from the dogs herd. They always debate their instructor views. The warning states that do not injure the animals around the area. We try to join the cables. The managements are discussing and analyzing the problem accurately. The enemies gave up of the war.

PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Kesepuluh) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Neither you nor I submitted the assignment. The homeless person has sat on the pavement all the time. The Red-and-white is raised to the sky of Indonesia. The council meets every month. To find similarity, he compared his research result to others’ research results. Different from my opinion, yours is brilliant. Most teachers believe in their students. In airport, we must deal with immigration as well as customs officers. Beside her house is the post office. The car passed me fastly.

PEMBETULAN LATIHAN SOAL (Cek Kesalahan Tipe Pertama hingga Kesepuluh) 1. Highly interested in music as a youth, young Johann Sebastian Bach may have damaged his eyes copying scores. 2. Located between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, the city of Babylon has a long and rich history. 3. Baking powder, composed of an alkali and one or more acid salts, is used to make cakes and biscuits light. 4. Loved throughout the Western world, ballet is a theatrical art that tells a story through dance accompanied by music. 5. When filled with a gas lighter than air, a balloon becomes buoyant and rises.

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6. In 1937 while approaching its moorings, the Hindenburg caught fire, killing a third of its passengers. 7. The bear, a meat-eating land animal, is generally peaceable if it and its young are left undisturbed. 8. Originally cultivated in India, the banana was brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who found it in Africa. 9. That television program may soon be cancelled. 10. After a long discussion, the entire class finally understood the sentence. 11. Fortunately, the child was not tall enough to reach the medicine cabinet. 12. In 1961 John Kennedy was the president of the United States. 13. He asked about the cost of the course and the beginning of it. 14. It was they who tricked us. 15. While we were watching television, our telephone rang. 16. The speaker could not be heard. 17. Every one looks at him as if he were tired. 18. Mediterranean fruit flies have infested California orchards. 19. Without a doubt, it was they who won the game. 20. Whom have you visited since you came to town? 21. Neither the reporters nor the editor has received its paycheck. 22. In the bus sit the musicians, each holding his/ her instrument. 23. A ford is different from a Cadillac in more than price. 24. Further information will be issued by the weather bureau as the situation develops. 25. The doctor stated that he would rather treat the woman on an out-patient basis. 26. There may be more reasons for his erratic behavior than those that his parents realize. 27. Sometimes nothing except crying will completely relieve stress. 28. There were fewer people in attendance than the management expected. 29. Work is a measure of energy, or force, needed to move an object. 30. Lesser rain falls in the coastal desert of Peru than along the California coast. 31. A reduction in the speed limit should have some effects on the number of accidents on the road. 32. Most readers enjoy these kinds of books. 33. John is taller than anyone else in his class. 34. According to recent surveys, the CBS news programs have bigger audiences than NBC’s. 35. Tourists in our city usually visit the Capitol; spend some times in the presidential library, and walk around the university campus. 36. That tree is as tall as if not taller than the tree in the park. 37. The population in Asia is larger than it is in Europe. 38. That new student is friendly, talkative, and workaholic. 39. Cave explorers are called either spelunkers or speleologist depending on whether they enter cave for sport or science. 40. Success in fencing requires not only skill and balance but also mental alertness and concentration. 41. Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico are famous for their spectacular icicle-shaped formations that hang from the roof and rise from the floor. 42. Do you actually believe it was they who sent the letter? 43. Dramamine is an effective drug against motion sickness, which produces dizziness and nausea in its victim. 44. At the age of 26 Sarah met some one who was much older than she. 45. Faced with an unfinished problem, she finally committed suicide. 46. The secretary put the document back in its envelope. 47. A friend recommended the advisor who counceled him with his thesis. 48. This question is much less difficult than that one. 207

49. The harder you do the job, the easier to solve it. 50. The boy is strong enough to lift the bike up.

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