PROYEK AKHIR ARSITEKTUR Periode LXV, Semester Genap, Tahun 2013/2014
LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM “Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Wanita Klas IIA di Semarang” Tema Desain Arsitektur Fungsional
Fokus Kajian Menciptakan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Yang Aman, Kondusif dan Manusiawi Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Teknik Arsitektur
Disusun oleh : Putera Fajar Satrio S – 07.11.0068 Dosen Pembimbing : Ir. CH. Koesmartadi MT
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA April, 2014
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN Proyek Akhir Arsitektur Periode LXV Semester Genap 2013/2014 Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Arsitektur dan Desain Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata Semarang
Judul
: Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Wanita Klas IIA di Semarang
Tema Desain : Arsitektur Fungsional Fokus Kajian :Menciptakan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Yang Aman, Kondusif Dan Manusiawi Penyusun
: Putera Fajar Satrio S
Pembimbing
: Ir.Ch.Koesmartadi MT
Penguji
: Dr.Ir.A.Rudyanto Soesilo,MSA
NIM : 07.11.0068
Ir.Afriyanto Sofyan,StB.MT Dr.Ir.Krisprantono Semarang, 16 April 2014 Mengetahui dan Mengesahkan
Pembimbing
Ir.Ch.Koesmartadi MT NIDN 616035901
Penguji
Penguji
Penguji
Dr.Ir.A.Rudyanto Soesilo,MSA
Ir.Afriyanto Sofyan,St.B.MT
Dr.Ir.Krisprantono
NIDN 0020065402
NIDN 616046301
NIDN 616085701
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN Proyek Akhir Arsitektur Periode LXV Semester Genap 2013/2014 Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Arsitektur dan Desain Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata Semarang
Judul
: Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Wanita Klas IIA di Semarang
Tema Desain : Arsitektur Fungsional Fokus Kajian :Menciptakan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Yang Aman, Kondusif Dan Manusiawi Penyusun
: Putera Fajar Satrio S
Pembimbing
: Ir.Ch.Koesmartadi MT
Penguji
: Dr.Ir.A.Rudyanto Soesilo,MSA
NIM : 07.11.0068
Ir.Afriyanto Sofyan,St.B.MT Dr.Ir.Krisprantono
Semarang, 16 April 2014 Mengetahui dan Mengesahkan
Dekan
Ketua
Fakultas Arsitektur dan Desain
Program Studi Arsitektur
Ir.IM.Tri Hesti Mulyani MT.
Ir.FX.Bambang Suskiyatno,MT
NIDN 611086201
NIDN 625116302
SURAT PERNYATAAN
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini saya : Nama : Putera Fajar Satrio S Nim
: 07.11.0068
Menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah pada Projek Akhir Arsitektur periode semester genap TA. 2013/2014 Progam Studi Arsitektur dan Desain, Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata Semarang
Judul
:Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Wanita Klas IIA di Semarang
Tema Desain
: Arsitektur Fungsional
Fokus Kajian
:Menciptakan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Yang Aman, Kondusif Dan Manusiawi
Pembimbing
: Ir.CH.Koesmartadi MT
NIDN
: 616035901
Adalah bukan karya plagiasi, bila di kemudian hari di temukan tindak plagiasi dalam penyusunan laporan perancangan tersebut, maka pembuat pernyataan di atas siap menerima segala konsekuensinya.
Semarang, 16 April 2014 Penulis
Putera Fajar Satrio S NIM : 07.11.0068
PRAKATA
Puji Syukur haturkan pada Allah SWT, atas segala anugerah-Nya dan bimbingan-Nya telah memberikan kelancaran dan kesehatan, sehingga dapat menyelesaikan Proposal Proyek Akhir Arsitektur periode LXV semester gasal tahun 2013/2014 yang berjudul Lembaga Pemsyarakatan Klas IIA Di Semarang ini dapat terselesaikan dengan maksimal. Dalam penyusunan
makalah
ini,
memberikan
ucapan
terima
kasih
yang
sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak yang telah ikut ambil bagian dalam membantu dalam proses penyusunan baik secara langsung maupun tidak , di antaranya : 1..Allah SWT 2. Ir. CH. Koesmartadi, sebagai dosen pembimbing penulis yang telah
mencurahkan waktu dan pikirannya. 3. Keluarga dan Kedua Orang Tua, yang memberi dukungan secara moril. yang tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu persatu. 4. Sahabat,Teman dan juga rekan yang juga tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu persatu 5. Kepada semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu dan telah memberikan dukungan yang besar sehingga terciptanya makalah ini.
Semarang, 16 April 2014
Putera Fajar Satrio S
iii
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul..................................................................................................... i Halaman Pengesahan...........................................................................................ii Prakata................................................................................................................ v Daftar Isi............................................................................................................. vi Daftar Gambar.....................................................................................................xi Daftar Tabel........................................................................................................ xv Daftar Skema..................................................................................................... xiii
BAB I 1.1.
PENDAHULUAN…............................................................................ 1 Latar belakang Proyek………………………………………................ 1 1.1.1. Gagasan Awal......................................................................... 1 1.1.2. Alasan dan Motivasi Pemilihan proyek................................... 1
1.2.
Tujuan dan Sasaran Pembahasan....................................................2
1.3.
Lingkup Pembahasan....................................................................... 2
1.4.
Metoda Pembahasan…………………………………...…………….... 2 1.4.1. Metoda Pengumpulan Data.................................................... 2 1.4.2. Metoda Penyusunan dan Analisis........................................... 2 1.4.3. Metoda Pemrograman............................................................ 3 1.4.4. Metoda PerancanganArsitektur................................................3
1.5. BAB II
Sistemaika Pembahasan……………………………………………..... 4 TINJAUAN PROYEK LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN WANITA KLAS IIA DI SEMARANG...................................................................5 vi
2.1. Tinjauan Umum...................................................................................5 2.1.1. Gambaran Umum..................................................................... 5 2.1.2. Latar Belakang......................................................................... 68 2.1.3. Sasaran yang Akan Dicapai..................................................... 69 2.2. Tinjauan Khusus................................................................................. 70 2.2.1. Terminologi............................................................................... 70 2.2.2. Kegiatan................................................................................... 71 2.2.2.1. Pelaku......................................................................... 71 2.2.2.2. Fasilitas...................................................................... 73 2.2.2.3. Peralatan/ Prasarana.................................................. 79 2.2.3. Spesifikasi dan Persyaratan Desain......................................... 79 2.2.3.1. Aspek Arsitektur......................................................... 79 2.2.3.2. Aspek Bangunan........................................................ 80 2.2.3.3. aspek Lingkungan...................................................... 80 2.2.4. Deskripsi Konteks Kota........................................................... 80 2.2.4.1. Deskripsi Kota Semarang........................................... 80 2.2.4.2. Relevamsi Antara proyek engan Lokasi Proyek......... 83 2.2.5. Studi Banding........................................................................... 83 2.2.6. Permasalahan Desain.............................................................. 87 2.2.6.1. Arsitektur.................................................................... 87 2.2.6.2. Bangunan................................................................... 88 2.2.6.3. Lingkungan................................................................. 88 2.3. Kesimpulan, Batasan dan Anggapan................................................... 89
vii
2.3.1. Kesimpulan............................................................................... 89 2.3.2. Batasan.................................................................................... 89 2.3.3. Anggapan................................................................................. 90 BAB III ANALISA PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN WANITA KLAS IIA DI SEMARANG............. 91 3.1. Analisa Pendekatan Arsitektur........................................................... 91 3.1.1. Studi Aktivitas........................................................................... 91 3.1.1.1. Pengelompokan.......................................................... 91 3.1.1.2. Kategorisasi................................................................ 92 3.1.1.3. Pelaku Kegiatan......................................................... 93 3.1.1.4. Pola kegiatan.............................................................. 94 3.1.1.5. Sifata Kegiatan........................................................... 96 3.1.2. Studi fasilitas............................................................................ 98 3.1.2.1. Pola Ruang................................................................. 99 3.1.2.2. Besaran Ruang........................................................... 99 3.1.2.3. Studi Ruang Khusus.................................................. 109 3.1.2.4. Studi kebutuhan Luas Bangunan............................... 117 3.1.2.5. Studi Citra Arsitektural................................................ 118 3.2. Analisisi Pendekatan Sistem Arsitektur.............................................. 119 3.2.1. Studi Sistem Struktur dan Enclosure..........................................119 3.2.2. Studi Pemanfaatan Teknologi....................................................135 3.3. Analisis Konteks Lingkungan............................................................. 138 3.3.1. Kriteria Pemilihan Lokasi ......................................................... 138
viii
3.3.1.1. Analisa Pemilihan Tapak............................................ 144 BAB IV PRGOGRAM ARSITEKTUR LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN WANITA KLAS IIA DI SEMARANG.................................................. 148 4.1. Konsep Program................................................................................ 148 4.1.1. Citra Arsitektural....................................................................... 148 4.1.2. Aspek Fungsi............................................................................ 148 4.1.3.Aspek Teknologi........................................................................ 148 4.1.4.Aspek Lingkungan..................................................................... 148 4.2. Tujuan Perancangan, Faktor Penentu Perancangan dan Faktor persyaratan Perancangan ................................................................. 149 4.2.1. Tujuan Perancangan................................................................ 149 4.2.2. Faktor Penentu Perancangan.................................................. 149 4.2.3. Faktor Persyaratan Perancangan ............................................149 4.2.3.1. Persyaratan Desain......................................................149 4.2.3.2. Bangunan.....................................................................150 4.2.3.3. Lingkungan...................................................................151 4.3. Program Arsitektur ...............................................................................152 4.3.1. Program Kegiatan ....................................................................152 4.3.2. Program Sistem Struktur dan Enclosure ..................................157 4.3.3. Program Sistem Utilitas ...........................................................158 4.3.4. Program Lokasi dan Tapak ......................................................165 4.3.4.1. Data Eksisting dan Deskripsi Tapak.............................165 4.3.4.2. Perhitungan Ruang Terbuka Hijau pada Tapak..........167 ix
4.3.4.3. Perbaikan Iklim Mikro...................................................167 4.3.4.4. Perbaikan Tapak/ Site Repair......................................167 4.3.4.5. Material Penutup Tanah...............................................168 BAB V KAJIAN TEORI ...........................................................................................170 5.1. Kajian Teori Penekanan Desain ...........................................................170 5.1.1. Tema Desain Arsitektur Fungsional....................................... 170 5.2. Kajian Teori Permasalahan Dominan ...................................................172 5.2.1. Uraian Teori Permasalahan Dominan Menciptakan Lapas yang Aman, Kondusif dan Manusiawi .....................................172 5.2.2. Studi Preseden......................................................................... 173 5.2.3. Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Permasalahan Dominan....... 175 Daftar Pustaka...........................................................................................................176
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Sistem security lapas....................................................................................9 Gambar 2.2. Prototype pagar pembatas sisi luar ..........................................................13 Gambar 2.3. Prototype tembok keliling .........................................................................14 Gambar 2.4. Prototype pagar keliling dalam..................................................................16 Gambar 2.5. Prototype pagar pembatas areal di dalam lapas ......................................17 Gambar 2.6. Prototype pintu gerbang utama untuk lalulintas manusia ........................18 Gambar 2.7. Prototype pintu gerbang utama untuk lalu lintas .......................................19 Gambar 2.8. Prototype pintu gerbang kedua untuk lalu lintas manusia.........................21 Gambar 2.9. Prototype pintu gerbang kedua untuk lalu lintas kendaraan......................22 Gambar 2.10 Prototype pintu pagar keliling dalam .......................................................22 Gambar 2.11.Prototype pintu darurat pagar pembatas sisi luar ....................................23 Gambar 2.12 .Prototype pintu darurat tembok keliling...................................................24 Gambar 2.13. Prototype pintu darurat pagar keliling......................................................25 Gambar 2.14. Prototype pintu sub blok .........................................................................26 Gambar 2.15. Prototype pintu kamar hunian.................................................................27 Gambar 2.16. Prototype pos atas...................................................................................33 Gambar 2.17. Peta Kota Semarang ..............................................................................81 Gambar 2.18. THAILAND (PATHUM THANI - SELATAN BANGKOK)................... ......84 Gambar 2.19. SEIK PIK PRISON – HONGKONG SAR .......................................... ......85 Gambar 2.20. NEW CHANGI PRISON LINK – SINGAPORE........................................87 Gambar 3.1. Pola ruang .......................................................................................... ......99 Gambar 3.2. Ruang hunian ..................................................................................... ....110
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Gambar 3.3. Parkir mobil ........................................................................................ ....111 Gambar 3.4. Parkir motor ........................................................................................ ....111 Gambar 3.5. Parkir bus ........................................................................................... ....112 Gambar 3.6. Kebutuhan ruang sholat ..................................................................... ....113 Gambar 3.7. Masjid lapas ....................................................................................... ....114 Gambar 3.8. Ukuran altar dan tempat duduk geraja ............................................... ....115 Gambar 3.9. Gereja................................................................................................. ....116 Gambar 3.10. Kebutuhan orang bersila........................................................................116 Gambar 3.11. Vihara ............................................................................................... ....117 Gambar 3.12. Pagar keliling .................................................................................... ....118 Gambar 3.13. Struktur masif ................................................................................... ....119 Gambar 3.14. Struktur rangka batang ..................................................................... ....119 Gambar 3.15. Pondasi batu kali .............................................................................. ....120 Gambar 3.16. Pondasi sumuran ............................................................................. ....120 Gambar 3.17. Kolom beton bertulang ..................................................................... ....121 Gambar 3.18. Kolom komposit ................................................................................ ....121 Gambar 3.19. Plat lantai beton bertulang ................................................................ ....121 Gambar 3.20. Plat lantai bondek ............................................................................. ....121 Gambar 3.21. Tangga ............................................................................................. ....122 Gambar 3.22. Ramp ................................................................................................ ....122 Gambar 3.23. Space frame ..................................................................................... ....123 Gambar 3.24. Space truss ...................................................................................... ....123 Gambar 3.25. Lantai marmer .................................................................................. ....123 Gambar 3.26. Lantai keramik .................................................................................. ....123 xii
Gambar 3.27. Lantai beton...................................................................................... ....124 Gambar 3.28. Hebel ................................................................................................ ....124 Gambar 3.29. Batu bata .......................................................................................... ....124 Gambar 3.30. Dinding beton ................................................................................... ....125 Gambar 3.31. Plafond kalsiboard ............................................................................ ....125 Gambar 3.32. Plafond gypsum ................................................................................ ....125 Gambar 3.33. Plafond beton ................................................................................... ....126 Gambar 3.34. Lampu halogen ................................................................................. ....127 Gambar 3.35. Lampu led......................................................................................... ....127 Gambar 3.36. Atap zincalume ................................................................................. ....128 Gambar 3.37. Genteng keramik .............................................................................. ....128 Gambar 3.38. Pintu kayu......................................................................................... ....128 Gambar 3.39. Pimtu besi......................................................................................... ....128 Gambar 3.40. ornamesh ......................................................................................... ....129 Gambar 3.41. Pagar beton ...................................................................................... ....129 Gambar 3.42. Jendela kayu .................................................................................... ....130 Gambar 3.43. Jendela besi ..................................................................................... ....130 Gambar 3.44. Jaringan listrik .................................................................................. ....130 Gambar 3.45. Jaringan up feed ............................................................................... ....131 Gambar 3.46. Jaringan down feed .......................................................................... ....131 Gambar 3.47. Pabx system ..................................................................................... ....132 Gambar 3.48. System energi froide......................................................................... ....133 Gambar 3.49. Neo flash .......................................................................................... ....133
xiii
Gambar 3.50. Ac split .............................................................................................. ....134 Gambar 3.51. Ac portable ....................................................................................... ....134 Gambar 3.52. Biogas dari sampah .......................................................................... ....135 Gambar 3.53. Biogas dari septictank ...................................................................... ....136 Gambar 3.54. Perbandingan biogass ...................................................................... ....136 Gambar 3.55. Peta semarang ................................................................................. ....138 Gambar 3.56. Peta BWK IX .................................................................................... ....141 Gambar 3.57. Peta BWK X ..................................................................................... ....142 Gambar 3.58. Foto udara alternatif 1 ...................................................................... ....144 Gambar 3.59. Peta cad alternatif 1.......................................................................... ....145 Gambar 3.60. Foto udara alternatif 2 ...................................................................... ....146 Gambar 3.61. Peta cad alternatif 2.......................................................................... ....147 Gambar 4.1. Sistem keamanan pagar..................................................................... ....153 Gambar 4.2. Zoning blok hunian ............................................................................. ....153 Gambar 4.3. Zoning ruang ...................................................................................... ....154 Gambar 4.4. Lampu fluoresent ................................................................................ ....158 Gambar 4.5. Lampu sorot ....................................................................................... ....159 Gambar 4.6. Lampu pju........................................................................................... ....159 Gambar 4.7. Lampu downlight ................................................................................ ....160 Gambar 4.8. Hydrant....................................................................................................162 Gambar 4.9. Alarm .................................................................................................. ....163 Gambar 4.10. Kamera cctv ..................................................................................... ....164 Gambar 4.11. Biomass............................................................................................ ....164 Gambar 4.12. Cad master plan kedung pane 2008 ................................................ ....165 xiv
Gambar 4.13. Existing tapak ................................................................................... ....166 Gambar 4.14. Biopori .............................................................................................. ....167 Gambar 4.15. Grass blok ........................................................................................ ....168 Gambar 4.16. Rumput..................................................................................................168 DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. Kapasitas Lapas .............................................................................................7 Tabel 2.2. Perbandingan hunian tiap blok .....................................................................30 Tabel 2.3. Klasifikasi bangunan khusus gedung pemerintah ........................................63 Tabel 2.4. Data warga binaan tiap lapas di Jawa tengah ..............................................66 Tabel 2.5. Studi fasilitas ................................................................................................73 Tabel 3.1. Pelaku kegiatan ............................................................................................93 Tabel 3.2. Pola kegiatan petugas...................................................................................96 Tabel 3.3.Kebutuhan luas fungsi tanah lapas ...............................................................99 Tabel 3.4. Perbandingan hunian tiap blok ...................................................................106 Tabel 3.5. Besaran ruang ............................................................................................107 Tabel 3.6. Besaran parkir ............................................................................................109 Tabel 3.7. Studi ruang hunian .....................................................................................109 Tabel 3.8. Luasan dan besaran parkir .........................................................................112 Tabel 3.9. Penganut agama di jawa tengah ................................................................112 Tabel 3.10. Luas bangunan .........................................................................................117 Tabel 3.11. Sistem struktur dan enclosure ..................................................................119 Tabel 3.12. Penilaian lokasi ........................................................................................143 xv
Tabel 3.13. Penilaian tapak .........................................................................................147 Tabel 4.1. Progam besaran ruang ...............................................................................156 Tabel 4.2. Progam sistem bangunan ..........................................................................157 Tabel 4.3. Kelas Sistem dan Bahan Pemadam Kebakaran........................................161 Tabel 4.4. Koefisien aliran ...........................................................................................168
DAFTAR SKEMA
Diagram 3.1. Pola kegiatan warga binaan.....................................................................94 Diagram 3.2. Pola kegiatan pengelola...........................................................................95 Diagram 3.3. Pola kegiatan petugas .............................................................................96 Diagram 4.1. Pola ruang .............................................................................................152 Diagram 4.2. Prosedur narapidanan masuk ................................................................155 Diagram 4,3. Jaringan listrik ........................................................................................158 Diagram 4.4. Jaringan Listrik .....................................................................................161 Diagram 4.5. Sistem kerja alat pemadam ..................................................................163
xvi
