PROJEK AKHIR ARSITEKTUR Periode LXVIII, Semester Gasal, Tahun 2015/2016
LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI Tema Desain Biophilic Architecture
Fokus Kajian Inovasi Desain untuk Menjaga Kualitas Udara yang Sehat di Dalam Bangunan
Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Arsitektur
Disusun Oleh : Eva Litta Devitiani
11.11.0008
Dosen Pembimbing : Ir. A.M.S. Darmawan M-Bldg NIDN. 0006085001
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA November 2015
PRAKATA
Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat-Nya sehingga LTP Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68 ini dapat terselesaikan. LTP ini berjudul Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi yang merupakan persyaratan kelengkapan untuk Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68, Fakultas Aristektur dan Desain Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata Semarang. LTP yang dibuat dapat terlaksana dengan baik atas dukungan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak yang terkait. Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada: 1. Ir. A.M.S. Darmawan, M-Bldg, selaku dosen pembimbing Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68 2. Ir. FX. Bambang Suskiyatno, MT selaku dosen Koordinator Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68 3. Ir. Afriyanto Sofyan, St.B, MT. selaku sekretaris Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68 4. Vera
Marina,S.Psi.,M.Psi,
selaku
Direktur
Eksekutif
Yayasan
Pharmasi
Semarang 5. Pihak-pihak lain yang telah membantu baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung Berharap dengan disusunnya LTP ini dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68 yang berjudul Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi. Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan Terimakasih.
Semarang, 13 November 2015 Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................. i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... ii PRAKATA .............................................................................................................. v DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ vi DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... xi DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................ xiv BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................................ 1 1.1. LATAR BELAKANG SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI ........................... 1 1.2. TUJUAN DAN SASARAN PEMBAHASAN .................................................. 3 1.3. LINGKUP PEMBAHASAN ........................................................................... 4 1.4. METODA PEMBAHASAN ............................................................................ 5 1.4.1. Metoda Pengumpulan Data ............................................................... 5 a. Data Primer.................................................................................... 5 b. Data Sekunder ............................................................................... 6 1.4.2. Metoda Penyusunan dan Analisa ...................................................... 7 1.4.3. Metoda Pemrograman ....................................................................... 8 a. Analisa ........................................................................................... 8 b. Sintesa ........................................................................................... 8 1.4.4. Metoda Perancangan Arsitektur ......................................................... 9 1.5. SISTEMATIKA PEMBAHASAN ................................................................... 10 BAB II. TINJAUAN PROYEK SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI ...................... 12 2.1. TINJAUAN UMUM ....................................................................................... 12
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2.1.1. Gambaran Umum .............................................................................. 12 2.1.2. Latar Belakang – Perkembangan – Trend ......................................... 15 2.1.3. Sasaran yang Akan Dicapai ............................................................... 17 2.2. TINJAUAN KHUSUS ................................................................................... 17 2.2.1. Terminologi ........................................................................................ 17 a. Pengertian Epistemologis .............................................................. 17 b. Latar belakang sejarah Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi (STIFAR) Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang ........................................................... 22 2.2.2. Kegiatan ............................................................................................. 23 a. Pelaku ............................................................................................ 23 b. Fasilitas.......................................................................................... 28 c. Peralatan/ Prasarana ..................................................................... 32 2.2.3. Spesifikasi dan Persyaratan Desain................................................... 44 2.2.4. Deskripsi Konteks Desa/ Kota ............................................................ 65 a. Lokasi ............................................................................................ 65 b. Urgensi – Relevansi Proyek di Kota Semarang ............................. 67 c. Urban Issue.................................................................................... 68 2.2.5. Studi Banding/ Komparasi Kasus Proyek Sejenis .............................. 68 2.2.6. Permasalahan Desain ........................................................................ 77 2.3. KESIMPULAN, BATASAN DAN ANGGAPAN ............................................. 78 2.3.1. Kesimpulan ...................................................................................... 78 2.3.2. Batasan ............................................................................................ 78 2.3.3. Anggapan ......................................................................................... 79
BAB III. ANALISA PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ............................. 80 3.1. ANALISA PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR ..................................................... 80 vii
3.1.1. Studi Aktifitas ..................................................................................... 80 a. Pengelompokan Aktifitas ............................................................... 80 b. Pola Kegiatan ................................................................................ 93 c. Jadwal Kegiatan ............................................................................. 97 d. Perhitungan Jumlah Pelaku ........................................................... 97 e. Jumlah Pelaku di Sekolah.............................................................. 100 f. Perhitungan Time Slot .................................................................... 102 3.1.2. Studi Fasilitas ..................................................................................... 117 a. Pengelompokan Ruang dan Sifat .................................................. 117 b. Persyaratan Ruang ........................................................................ 120 c. Pola Ruang .................................................................................... 124 d. Studi Ruang Khusus ...................................................................... 127 e. Studi Kebutuhan Luas Ruang ........................................................ 130 f. Perhitungan Area Parkir ................................................................. 141 g. Fasilitas Kaum Difabel ................................................................... 143 h. Citra Arsitektural ............................................................................ 145 3.2. ANALISA PENDEKATAN SISTEM BANGUNAN ......................................... 146 3.2.1. Studi Sistem Struktur & Enclosure ..................................................... 146 3.2.2. Studi Sistem Utilitas ........................................................................... 157 a. Tangga........................................................................................... 157 b. Lift .................................................................................................. 158 c. Sistem Air Bersih ........................................................................... 159 d. Sistem Distribusi Listrik .................................................................. 160 e. Sistem Pengolahan Limbah ........................................................... 160 f. Sistem Jaringan Telepon ................................................................ 166
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g. Sistem Jaringan Telekomunikasi ................................................... 166 h. Sistem Penangkal Petir ................................................................. 167 3.2.3. Studi Pemanfaatan Teknologi ............................................................ 168 3.3. ANALISA KONTEKS LINGKUNGAN ........................................................... 175 3.3.1. Analisa Pemilihan Lokasi ................................................................... 175 3.3.2. Analisa Pemilihan Tapak.................................................................... 179
BAB IV. PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ....................................................................... 189 4.1. KONSEP PROGRAM .................................................................................. 189 4.1.1. Aspek Citra ........................................................................................ 189 4.1.2. Aspek Fungsi ..................................................................................... 190 4.1.3. Aspek Teknologi ................................................................................ 190 4.2. TUJUAN PERANCANGAN, FAKTOR PENENTU PERANCANGAN, FAKTOR PERSYARATAN PERANCANGAN .............................................................. 190 4.2.1. Tujuan Perancangan (Design Objective) ........................................... 190 4.2.2. Faktor Penentu Perancangan (Design Determinant) ......................... 191 4.2.3. Faktor Persyaratan Perancangan (Design Requirement) .................. 192 a. Persyaratan Arsitektur ................................................................... 192 b. Persyaratan Bangunan .................................................................. 193 c. Persyaratan Lingkungan ................................................................ 193 4.3. PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ........................................................................... 194 4.3.1. Program Kegiatan .............................................................................. 194 4.3.2. Program Sistem Struktur .................................................................... 198 4.3.3. Progam Sistem Utilitas ....................................................................... 200 4.3.4. Program Lokasi dan Tapak ................................................................ 203
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BAB V. KAJIAN TEORI ......................................................................................... 209 5.1. KAJIAN TEORI PENEKANAN/ TEMA DESAIN ........................................... 209 5.1.1. Uraian Interprestasi dan Elaborasi Teori Tema Desain...................... 209 5.1.2. Studi Preseden .................................................................................. 214 5.1.3. Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Tema Desain ................................... 216 5.2. KAJIAN TEORI PERMASALAHAN DOMINAN ............................................ 218 5.2.1. Uraian Interprestasi & Elaborasi Teori Permasalahan Dominan ........ 218 5.2.2. Studi Preseden .................................................................................. 221 5.2.3. Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Permasalahan Dominan .................. 222 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................... 223 LAMPIRAN
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. Peralatan Umum Laboratorium .............................................................. 38 Tabel 2.2. Pengelompokkan Mata Kuliah dan Sebaran SKS .................................. 46 Tabel 2.3. Kurikulum D3 Anafarma ......................................................................... 47 Tabel 2.4. Kurikulum D3 Farmasi ........................................................................... 50 Tabel 2.5. Kurikulum S1 Farmasi ............................................................................ 53 Tabel 2.6. Mata Kuliah Pilihan ................................................................................ 57 Tabel 2.7. Kurikulum Profesi Apoteker.................................................................... 58 Tabel 3.1. Kategori Pimpinan STIFAR .................................................................... 80 Tabel 3.2. Kategori Karyawan STIFAR ................................................................... 85 Tabel 3.3. Mahasiswa, Pengunjung/ Tamu ............................................................. 91 Tabel 3.4. Jadwal Pelayanan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi .................................... 97 Tabel 3.5. Jadwal Kegiatan..................................................................................... 97 Tabel 3.6. Data Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi di Semarang ...................... 98 Tabel 3.7. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi (D3) ............................. 98 Tabel 3.8. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi (D3) ............................. 99 Tabel 3.9. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi (S1) ............................. 99 Tabel 3.10. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Profesi Apoteker ..................... 100 Tabel 3.11. Jumlah Pelaku di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi (STIFAR) ................... 100 Tabel 3.12. Time Slot D3 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GANJIL) ..................................... 102 Tabel 3.13. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GANJIL ......................... 103 Tabel 3.14. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GANJIL ............................ 103 Tabel 3.15. Time Slot D3 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GENAP) ..................................... 104 Tabel 3.16. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GENAP ......................... 105 xi
Tabel 3.17. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GENAP ............................ 105 Tabel 3.18. Time Slot D3 Anafarma ( SEMESTER GANJIL) .................................. 105 Tabel 3.19. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GANJIL ......................... 107 Tabel 3.20. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GANJIL ............................ 107 Tabel 3.21. Time Slot D3 Anafarma ( SEMESTER GENAP) .................................. 107 Tabel 3.22. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GENAP ......................... 108 Tabel 3.23. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GENAP ............................ 109 Tabel 3.24. Time Slot S1 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GANJIL) ..................................... 109 Tabel 3.25. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GANJIL ......................... 110 Tabel 3.26. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GANJIL ............................ 111 Tabel 3.27. Time Slot S1 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GENAP) ..................................... 111 Tabel 3.28. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GENAP ......................... 112 Tabel 3.29. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GENAP ............................ 113 Tabel 3.30. Time Slot Progdi Profesi Apoteker ....................................................... 113 Tabel 3.31. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas Profesi Apoteker ................................ 113 Tabel 3.32. Kebutuhan Slot Kelas 1 jam ................................................................. 114 Tabel 3.33. Kebutuhan Slot Kelas 2 jam ................................................................. 114 Tabel 3.34. Kebutuhan Slot Kelas 3 jam ................................................................. 114 Tabel 3.35. Pengelompokan Ruang dan Sifat ........................................................ 117 Tabel 3.36. Persyaratan Ruang .............................................................................. 120 Tabel 3.37. Kebutuhan Luas Ruang ....................................................................... 130 Tabel 3.38. Alternatif Struktur Pondasi ................................................................... 146 Tabel 3.39. Alternatif Dinding .................................................................................. 150 Tabel 3.40. Alternatif Lantai .................................................................................... 153 Tabel 3.41. Alternatif Struktur Atap ......................................................................... 155
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Tabel 3.42. Analisa Lokasi BWK II .......................................................................... 175 Tabel 3.43. Analisa Potensi dan Kendala ............................................................... 176 Tabel 3.44. Analisa Lokasi BWK VI ........................................................................ 177 Tabel 3.45. Analisa Potensi dan Kendala ............................................................... 178 Tabel 3.46. Pemilihan Lokasi .................................................................................. 179 Tabel 3.47. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Tapak 1 .................................................... 181 Tabel 3.48. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Tapak 2 .................................................... 184 Tabel 3.49. Penilaian Alternatif Tapak .................................................................... 187 Tabel 4.1. Tabel Luas Bangunan ............................................................................ 194 Tabel 4.2. Tabel Jenis Vegetasi dalam Bangunan .................................................. 204 Tabel 4.3. Tabel Jenis Vegetasi di Luar Bangunan ................................................ 206 Tabel 5.1. Hubungan Green Arcitecture dan Biophilic Architecture ........................ 210
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1.1. Diagram Metoda Penyusunan dan Analisa ........................................ 7 Gambar 1.2. Diagram Metoda Perancangan Arsitektur .......................................... 9 Gambar 2.1. Lambang STIFAR, Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang ............................. 19 Gambar 2.2. Struktur Organisasi STIFAR............................................................... 27 Gambar 2.3. Struktur Organisasi Program Studi .................................................... 28 Gambar 2.4. Mikroskop........................................................................................... 32 Gambar 2.5. Timbangan Neraca ............................................................................ 32 Gambar 2.6. Lemari Pengering ............................................................................... 32 Gambar 2.7. Lemari Asam ...................................................................................... 33 Gambar 2.8. Timbangan Elektrik ............................................................................ 33 Gambar 2.9. Spectrophotometer ............................................................................ 33 Gambar 2.10. Waterbath ........................................................................................ 34 Gambar 2.11. Centrifuge ........................................................................................ 34 Gambar 2.12. Rotarod Test .................................................................................... 34 Gambar 2.13. Laminair Air Flow (LAF) ................................................................... 35 Gambar 2.14. Inkubator .......................................................................................... 35 Gambar 2.15. Enkas ............................................................................................... 35 Gambar 2.16. Alat Uji Waktu Alir Granul................................................................. 36 Gambar 2.17. Alat Waktu Leleh Suppo................................................................... 36 Gambar 2.18. Brookfield ......................................................................................... 36 Gambar 2.19. Friability Rotator Machine ................................................................ 37 Gambar 2.20. Refraktometer .................................................................................. 37 Gambar 2.21. Piknometer ....................................................................................... 37 Gambar 2.22. Disolution Test ................................................................................. 37 xiv
Gambar 2.23. Autoclave ......................................................................................... 38 Gambar 2.24. Disintegration Tester ........................................................................ 38 Gambar 2.25. Beaker Glass ................................................................................... 38 Gambar 2.26. Batang Pengaduk ............................................................................ 39 Gambar 2.27. Cawan Petri ..................................................................................... 39 Gambar 2.28. Cawan Porselin ................................................................................ 39 Gambar 2.29.Corong Kaca ..................................................................................... 39 Gambar 2.30.Erlenmeyer ........................................................................................ 39 Gambar 2.31. Gelas Ukur ....................................................................................... 40 Gambar 2.32. Labu Takar ....................................................................................... 40 Gambar 2.33. Tabung Reaksi ................................................................................. 40 Gambar 2.34. Pipet Volume .................................................................................... 40 Gambar 2.35. Thermometer ................................................................................... 41 Gambar 2.36. Kamera CCTV Dome ....................................................................... 41 Gambar 2.37. Fire Extinguisher .............................................................................. 42 Gambar 2.38. Kotak Hydrant .................................................................................. 42 Gambar 2.39. Pintu Darurat .................................................................................... 42 Gambar 2.40. Genset ............................................................................................. 42 Gambar 2.41. Lift .................................................................................................... 43 Gambar 2.42. Ruang Kelas dengan Lampu LED Otomatis .................................... 43 Gambar 2.43. Absensi Fingerprint .......................................................................... 43 Gambar 2.44. Parking System ................................................................................ 44 Gambar 2.45. Letak Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah ............................................... 65 Gambar 2.46. Peta Pembagian BWK Semarang .................................................... 66 Gambar 2.47. Pintu Gerbang STIFAR Pucanggading Semarang ........................... 69
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Gambar 2.48. Denah Lantai 1 STIFAR ................................................................... 70 Gambar 2.49. Denah Lantai 2 STIFAR ................................................................... 70 Gambar 2.50. Denah Lantai 3 STIFAR ................................................................... 71 Gambar 2.51. Ruang Kelas STIFAR ....................................................................... 71 Gambar 2.52. Ruang Lab. Mikrobiologi .................................................................. 72 Gambar 2.53. Rak Penyimpanan Barang Di Ruang Lab. Mikrobiologi ................... 72 Gambar 2.54. Ruang Laboran ................................................................................ 72 Gambar 2.55. Ruang Lab. Farmasetika .................................................................. 72 Gambar 2.56. Ruang Lab. Kimia Farmasi............................................................... 72 Gambar 2.57. Selasar Di STIFAR ........................................................................... 72 Gambar 2.58. Ruang Aula ...................................................................................... 72 Gambar 2.59. Ruang Lab. Komputasi..................................................................... 72 Gambar 2.60. Ruang Lab. Steril ............................................................................. 73 Gambar 2.61. Oven di Ruang Lab. Steril ................................................................ 73 Gambar 2.62. LAF di Ruang Kerja Steril................................................................. 73 Gambar 2.63. Ruang Inokulasi ............................................................................... 73 Gambar 2.64. LAF di Ruang Inokulasi .................................................................... 73 Gambar 2.65. Kondisi Bangunan Lama .................................................................. 74 Gambar 2.66. Kondisi Bangunan Baru Progdi Profesi Apoteker ............................. 74 Gambar 2.67. Kondisi Bangunan Lama .................................................................. 74 Gambar 2.68. Bangunan Baru Progdi Profesi Apoteker ......................................... 74 Gambar 2.69. Letak Bangunan Baru Progdi Profesi Apoteker dalam Siteplan ....... 75 Gambar 2.70. Kantin Lantai 1 ................................................................................. 75 Gambar 3.1. Pola Kegiatan Kedatangan ................................................................ 93 Gambar 3.2. Pola Kegiatan Kepergian/ Kepulangan .............................................. 93
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Gambar 3.3. Pola Kegiatan Kelompok Pimpinan STIFAR ...................................... 94 Gambar 3.4. Pola Kegiatan Kelompok Karyawan STIFAR ..................................... 95 Gambar 3.5. Pola Kegiatan Mahasiswa .................................................................. 96 Gambar 3.6. Pola Kegiatan Pengunjung/ Tamu ..................................................... 96 Gambar 3.7. Pola Hubungan Ruang (Privat) .......................................................... 124 Gambar 3.8. Pola Hubungan Ruang (Semi Publik- Publik)..................................... 124 Gambar 3.9. Pola Hubungan Ruang (Servis) ......................................................... 125 Gambar 3.10. Pola Hubungan Ruang Makro .......................................................... 126 Gambar 3.11. Jarak Antar Meja .............................................................................. 127 Gambar 3.12. Jarak Jangkauan untuk Difabel ........................................................ 143 Gambar 3.13. Minimum Lebar Koridor .................................................................... 144 Gambar 3.14. Ruang Gerak pada Toilet ................................................................. 144 Gambar 3.15. Potongan Footplat ............................................................................ 147 Gambar 3.16. Footplat ............................................................................................ 147 Gambar 3.17. Bore Pile .......................................................................................... 148 Gambar 3.18. Pondasi Rakit ................................................................................... 148 Gambar 3.19. Struktur Rangka ............................................................................... 149 Gambar 3.20. Batu Bata ......................................................................................... 150 Gambar 3.21. Bata Ringan ..................................................................................... 151 Gambar 3.22. Penggunaan Papan Kalsiboard sebagai Dinding ............................. 152 Gambar 3.23. Penggunaan Alumunium Composite Panel ...................................... 152 Gambar 3.24. Lantai Keramik ................................................................................. 153 Gambar 3.25. Penggunaan Lantai Vinyl pada Laboratorium .................................. 154 Gambar 3.26. Penggunaan Lantai Karpet pada Laboratorium ............................... 155 Gambar 3.27. Penggunaan Atap Beton .................................................................. 156
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Gambar 3.28. Penggunaan Roof Garden ............................................................... 156 Gambar 3.29. Penggunaan Space Frame .............................................................. 157 Gambar 3.30. Lebar Tangga untuk 2 Orang ........................................................... 157 Gambar 3.31. Lebar Tangga untuk 3 Orang ........................................................... 158 Gambar 3.32. Ketinggian Antar Tangga ................................................................. 158 Gambar 3.33. Model Anak Tangga ......................................................................... 158 Gambar 3.34. Lebar Lift untuk Difabel .................................................................... 159 Gambar 3.35. Jaringan Air Bersih ........................................................................... 159 Gambar 3.36. Sistem Distribusi Listrik .................................................................... 160 Gambar 3.37. Incinerator ........................................................................................ 161 Gambar 3.38. Needle Destroyer ............................................................................. 162 Gambar 3.39. IPAL Laboratorium STIFAR ............................................................. 162 Gambar 3.40. Sistem Sub Surface Flow Wetlands ................................................. 164 Gambar 3.41. Recirculating Fume Scrubber........................................................... 165 Gambar 3.42. Sistem Jaringan Telepon ................................................................. 166 Gambar 3.43. Sistem Jaringan Telekomunikasi ..................................................... 166 Gambar 3.44. Contoh Penggunaan Smart Window ................................................ 168 Gambar 3.45. Cara Kerja Smart Window................................................................ 168 Gambar 3.46. Penggunaan Green Wall .................................................................. 169 Gambar 3.47. 5 Komponen Pemasangan Green Wall ............................................ 170 Gambar 3.48. Double Skin Facade ......................................................................... 171 Gambar 3.49. Refleksi, Absorbsi dan Transmisi Radiasi Matahari ......................... 171 Gambar 3.50. Penerapan DSF pada Gedung UMN ............................................... 172 Gambar 3.51. Penerapan Anidolic Daylighting System .......................................... 173 Gambar 3.52. Penerapan Anidolic Daylighting System pada Ruangan .................. 173
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Gambar 3.53. Rain Haversting System................................................................... 174 Gambar 3.54. Peta BWK II Kota Semarang............................................................ 175 Gambar 3.55. Peta BWK VI Kota Semarang .......................................................... 177 Gambar 3.56. Lokasi Alternatif Tapak 1................................................................. 179 Gambar 3.57. Panorama Alternatif Tapak 1 .......................................................... 180 Gambar 3.58. Kondisi Alternatif Tapak 1 ............................................................... 182 Gambar 3.59. Lokasi Alternatif Tapak 2................................................................. 183 Gambar 3.60. Kondisi Alternatif Tapak 2 ............................................................... 186 Gambar 3.61. Panorama Alternatif Tapak 2 .......................................................... 187 Gambar 3.62. Ukuran Alternatif Tapak 1 ................................................................ 188 Gambar 4.1. Struktur Rangka ................................................................................. 198 Gambar 4.2. Tabel Kebutuhan Air Bersih ............................................................... 200 Gambar 4.3. Kapasitas dan Ukuran Tangki Air ....................................................... 201 Gambar 4.4. Tangki Air ........................................................................................... 201 Gambar 4.5. Prakiraan Jumlah Sampah ................................................................. 202 Gambar 5.1. Hubungan Antara Manusia, Bangunan dan Alam .............................. 210 Gambar 5.2. Interaksi Antara Bioclimatic dan Biophilic Architecture ..................... 211 Gambar 5.3. Kebutuhan Manusia Akan Oksigen .................................................... 213 Gambar 5.4. Pasona Group Office ......................................................................... 214 Gambar 5.5. Tanaman sebagai Partisi ................................................................... 214 Gambar 5.6. Double Skin Green Facade ................................................................ 215 Gambar 5.7. Area Hijau di Lantai 1 ......................................................................... 215 Gambar 5.8. Area Hijau di Lantai 2 ......................................................................... 215 Gambar 5.9. Cross Vetilation .................................................................................. 216 Gambar 5.10. Earth Cooling Tubes ........................................................................ 219
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Gambar 5.11. Earth Tubes ..................................................................................... 219 Gambar 5.12. Stack Effect (Vertical)....................................................................... 220 Gambar 5.13. Stack Effect (Horizontal) .................................................................. 220 Gambar 5.14. Ventury Effect .................................................................................. 220 Gambar 5.15. Eco Laboratory ................................................................................. 221 Gambar 5.16. Sistem Ventilasi Alami Eco Laboratory ............................................ 221
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