Lampiran 1 : Kuisioner KUISIONER
A. PROFIL USAHA 1. Nama Usaha
:
2. Alamat Usaha
:
3. Pemilik Usaha
:
4. Alamat Pemilik
:
5. Jenis Usaha
:
6. Usia
:
7. Jenis Kelamin
:
8. Jumlah Tanggungan
:
B. DAFTAR PERTANYAAN 1. Berapa besar nilai Modal awal pendirian usaha termasuk nilai tanah dan bangunan ?
2. Berapa besar nilai Modal kerja yang diperlukan untuk produksi setiap bulan ? 3. Berapa besar pendapatan setiap bulannya yang di peroleh dari usaha yang dijalankan ? 4. Berapa lama waktu (jumlah jam kerja) yang dibutuhkan dalam seminggu untuk berproduksi ? 5. Berapa lama saudara sudah mendirikan Usaha Kecil Menengah ? 6. Saudara telah menempuh pendidikan sampai dengan jenjang ? 7. Saudara telah memasarkan hasil produksi sampai dengan luar daerah atau hanya di dalam daerah?
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 2 Data Penilitian Lapangan Sampel Penelitian Pedagang Jumlah
Modal Usaha
Modal Kerja (Juta Rp/bln)
Jam Kerja
Lama Usaha
Observasi
Pendapatan (Juta Rp/bln)
(Jam/minggu)
(tahun)
Pendidikan Pengusaha (tahun)
1
2.5
125.0
7.5
49.0
3.0
9.0
0.0
2
5.0
115.0
15.0
42.0
7.0
6.0
0.0
3
3.5
125.0
10.5
56.0
4.0
6.0
0.0
4
6.0
110.0
18.0
54.0
12.0
6.0
1.0
5
3.3
140.0
9.8
77.0
3.0
12.0
0.0
6
5.5
170.0
16.5
91.0
5.0
12.0
0.0
7
3.8
125.0
11.3
63.0
3.0
6.0
0.0
8
6.3
60.0
18.0
48.0
12.0
12.0
0.0
9
2.8
50.0
8.0
50.0
2.0
17.0
0.0
10
7.3
130.0
14.5
84.0
16.0
6.0
0.0
11
5.8
50.0
11.5
84.0
13.0
17.0
0.0
12
4.5
150.0
9.0
60.0
8.0
17.0
0.0
13
7.5
155.0
22.5
70.0
17.0
17.0
1.0
14
5.0
120.0
8.0
63.0
10.0
9.0
1.0
15
8.0
135.0
24.0
42.0
19.0
9.0
0.0
16
5.5
145.0
11.0
63.0
8.0
13.0
1.0
17
3.3
115.0
6.5
48.0
3.0
6.0
0.0
18
7.0
125.0
21.0
63.0
17.0
15.0
0.0
19
5.3
115.0
10.5
70.0
13.0
9.0
0.0
20
5.5
127.0
11.0
48.0
8.0
17.0
0.0
21
6.5
110.0
13.0
48.0
10.0
12.0
0.0
22
4.8
140.0
9.5
48.0
7.0
9.0
0.0
23
7.3
157.0
21.8
48.0
16.0
12.0
1.0
24
5.0
110.0
8.0
64.0
11.0
12.0
0.0
25
2.8
120.0
6.0
72.0
1.0
17.0
0.0
26
7.5
115.0
22.5
49.0
10.0
12.0
1.0
27
6.0
115.0
18.0
48.0
16.0
17.0
1.0
28
3.5
70.0
7.0
42.0
3.0
17.0
1.0
29
8.0
140.0
16.0
42.0
18.0
12.0
0.0
30
5.8
125.0
11.5
84.0
13.0
12.0
1.0
31
2.5
65.0
4.5
63.0
1.0
12.0
0.0
32
6.3
60.0
18.7
54.0
14.0
12.0
0.0
33
4.3
60.0
9.0
66.0
7.0
13.0
1.0
34
9.2
134.0
27.0
70.0
20.0
17.0
0.0
35
5.0
155.0
10.0
48.0
11.0
12.0
1.0
36
3.3
50.0
6.5
48.0
3.0
12.0
0.0
37
9.5
135.0
28.5
48.0
20.0
12.0
0.0
(Juta RP)
Daerah Pemasaran
Universitas Sumatera Utara
38
5.3
60.0
10.5
50.0
11.0
12.0
1.0
39
8.8
55.0
26.3
48.0
18.0
6.0
0.0
40
3.8
140.0
7.5
70.0
5.0
12.0
1.0
41
9.8
120.0
23.4
56.0
19.0
12.0
0.0
42
6.3
135.0
15.0
56.0
10.0
12.0
0.0
43
4.3
145.0
8.5
56.0
6.0
12.0
0.0
44
8.8
155.0
26.3
84.0
19.0
12.0
0.0
45
2.5
147.0
5.0
70.0
1.0
9.0
1.0
46
9.5
120.0
24.7
49.0
15.0
6.0
0.0
47
5.0
50.0
11.0
56.0
9.0
6.0
0.0
48
10.0
55.0
30.0
49.0
15.0
12.0
0.0
49
4.0
115.0
8.0
84.0
7.0
9.0
0.0
50
6.3
115.0
18.8
66.0
15.0
9.0
1.0
51
5.3
50.0
10.5
56.0
9.0
12.0
0.0
52
3.0
70.0
6.0
56.0
2.0
12.0
0.0
53
9.8
125.0
29.3
70.0
20.0
6.0
0.0
54
5.8
120.0
11.5
77.0
14.0
6.0
0.0
55
4.5
90.0
9.0
56.0
7.0
12.0
0.0
56
7.5
200.0
19.5
77.0
18.0
9.0
1.0
57
3.0
150.0
6.0
49.0
2.0
9.0
0.0
58
4.5
130.0
10.8
40.0
6.0
9.0
1.0
59
2.5
50.0
7.5
60.0
1.0
12.0
0.0
60
5.8
200.0
4.5
84.0
13.0
17.0
0.0
61
6.3
120.0
18.7
70.0
15.0
12.0
1.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sampel Penelitian Produksi Jumlah
Modal Usaha
Modal Kerja (Juta Rp/bln)
Jam Kerja
Lama Usaha
(Jam/minggu)
(tahun)
Pendidikan Pengusaha (tahun)
14.3
75.0
5.0
6.0
1.0
Observasi
Pendapatan (Juta Rp/bln)
1
4.8
120.0
2
4.5
150.0
9.0
60.0
8.0
17.0
0.0
3
6.8
115.0
20.3
70.0
12.0
6.0
0.0
4
7.8
120.0
23.3
49.0
16.0
9.0
0.0
5
6.5
120.0
19.5
35.0
10.0
12.0
0.0
6
3.8
115.0
7.5
42.0
4.0
6.0
0.0
7
4.0
60.0
8.0
48.0
7.0
12.0
1.0
8
5.5
140.0
11.0
48.0
17.0
12.0
0.0
9
6.8
155.0
20.3
60.0
10.0
12.0
1.0
10
5.5
135.0
11.0
70.0
11.0
12.0
0.0
11
7.8
50.0
23.3
35.0
15.0
12.0
0.0
12
5.8
50.0
11.5
56.0
14.0
9.0
0.0
13
4.8
120.0
11.4
42.0
6.0
17.0
0.0
14
9.2
60.0
27.5
56.0
20.0
17.0
0.0
15
3.5
115.0
7.0
77.0
4.0
9.0
1.0
16
6.0
115.0
12.0
49.0
10.0
6.0
0.0
17
4.8
150.0
9.5
48.0
9.0
9.0
0.0
18
5.5
50.0
11.0
35.0
9.0
9.0
0.0
19
3.8
150.0
11.3
35.0
5.0
12.0
1.0
20
5.3
200.0
10.5
49.0
9.0
17.0
0.0
21
6.0
100.0
12.0
70.0
10.0
12.0
1.0
(Juta RP)
Daerah Pemasaran
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 3 : Hasil Regresi PENGUJIAN MODEL Persamaan 1 : Y= α 0 + α 1 X 1 + α 2 X 2 + α 3 X 3 + α 4 X 4 + α 5 X 5 + α 6 +µ Y
= Pendapatan UKM (Rp/bulan)
X1
= Modal Usaha (Rp)
X2
= Modal Kerja (Rp/bulan)
X3
=Jumlah Jam Kerja (Jam/minggu)
X4
= Lama Usaha (tahun)
X5
= Tingkat Pendidikan (tahun)
X6 α0 α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6 µ
= Daerah Pemasaran (dummy variabel) = intercept = Koefisien regresi = error
Dependent Variable: PENDAPATAN Method: Least Squares Date: 02/23/13 Time: 10:03 Sample: 1 82 Included observations: 82 Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C MODAL_USAHA MODAL_KERJA JAM_KERJA LAMA_USAHA PENDIDIKAN PEMASARAN
1.775571 0.001133 0.149961 -0.000674 0.171894 -0.000325 -0.217232
0.363255 0.001591 0.014514 0.004465 0.017841 0.016952 0.128697
4.887943 0.711774 10.33184 -0.150895 9.634609 -0.019182 -1.687938
0.0000 0.4788 0.0000 0.8805 0.0000 0.9847 0.0956
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
0.934163 0.928896 0.521669 20.41041 -59.33531 177.3640 0.000000
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat
5.617073 1.956364 1.617934 1.823386 1.700420 2.124144
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 4: Hasil Uji Normalitas (Jarque Bera/JB) UJI NORMALITAS (JARQUE BERA/JB) 12
Series: Residuals Sample 1 82 Observations 82
10
8
6
4
2
Mean Median Maximum Minimum Std. Dev. Skewness Kurtosis
1.45e-15 -0.049215 1.341023 -1.100334 0.501976 0.284867 3.215891
Jarque-Bera Probability
1.268286 0.530390
0 -1.0
-0.5
-0.0
0.5
1.0
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 5 : Hasil Uji Linieritas (Ramsey Reset Test) UJI LINIERITAS (RAMSEY RESET TEST) Ramsey RESET Test: F-statistic Log likelihood ratio
1.088989 1.197925
Prob. F(1,74) Prob. Chi-Square(1)
0.3001 0.2737
Test Equation: Dependent Variable: PENDAPATAN Method: Least Squares Date: 02/23/13 Time: 10:06 Sample: 1 82 Included observations: 82 Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C MODAL_USAHA MODAL_KERJA JAM_KERJA LAMA_USAHA PENDIDIKAN PEMASARAN FITTED^2
1.515441 0.001241 0.190027 -0.000278 0.203174 0.002076 -0.288271 -0.018630
0.440382 0.001594 0.041043 0.004478 0.034877 0.017097 0.145525 0.017853
3.441197 0.778869 4.629978 -0.062091 5.825421 0.121396 -1.980912 -1.043546
0.0010 0.4385 0.0000 0.9507 0.0000 0.9037 0.0513 0.3001
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
0.935118 0.928981 0.521360 20.11440 -58.73635 152.3622 0.000000
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat
5.617073 1.956364 1.627716 1.862518 1.721985 2.077777
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 6 : Hasil Uji Multikolinieritas UJI MULTIKOLINIERITAS Persamaan 2 : X 1 = α 1+ + α 2 X 2 + α 3 X 3 + α 4 X 4 + α 5 X 5 + α 6 X 6 +µ X1 = Modal Usaha (Rp) X2
= Modal Kerja (Rp/bulan)
X3
=Jumlah Jam Kerja (Jam/minggu)
X4
= Lama Usaha (tahun)
X5
= Tingkat Pendidikan (tahun)
X6 α0 α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6 µ
= Daerah Pemasaran (dummy variabel) = intercept = Koefisien regresi = error
Dependent Variable: MODAL_USAHA Method: Least Squares Date: 02/23/13 Time: 10:07 Sample: 1 82 Included observations: 82 Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C MODAL_KERJA JAM_KERJA LAMA_USAHA PENDIDIKAN PEMASARAN
69.96945 -0.437615 0.618653 1.083587 -0.000622 10.57895
24.92418 1.045043 0.313902 1.280037 1.221943 9.197147
2.807292 -0.418753 1.970845 0.846528 -0.000509 1.150243
0.0063 0.6766 0.0524 0.3999 0.9996 0.2537
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
0.088854 0.028910 37.60356 107466.1 -410.6596 1.482286 0.205527
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat
113.7805 38.15919 10.16243 10.33853 10.23313 1.611976
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Persamaan 3 : X 2 = α 1+ + α 2 X 1 + α 3 X 3 + α 4 X 4 + α 5 X 5 + α 6 X 6 +µ X1
= Modal Usaha (Rp)
X2
= Modal Kerja (Rp/bulan)
X3
=Jumlah Jam Kerja (Jam/minggu)
X4
= Lama Usaha (tahun)
X5
= Tingkat Pendidikan (tahun)
X6 α0 α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6 µ
= Daerah Pemasaran (dummy variabel) = intercept = Koefisien regresi = error
Dependent Variable: MODAL_KERJA Method: Least Squares Date: 02/23/13 Time: 10:09 Sample: 1 82 Included observations: 82 Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C JAM_KERJA LAMA_USAHA PENDIDIKAN PEMASARAN MODAL_USAHA
8.997912 -0.053828 0.994684 -0.130793 0.100033 -0.005260
2.678853 0.034739 0.082841 0.133128 1.017026 0.012562
3.358867 -1.549467 12.00712 -0.982458 0.098359 -0.418753
0.0012 0.1254 0.0000 0.3290 0.9219 0.6766
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
0.657651 0.635128 4.122756 1291.781 -229.3923 29.19910 0.000000
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat
13.89146 6.825229 5.741276 5.917378 5.811979 2.191561
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Persamaan 4 : X 3 = α 1+ + α 2 X 1 + α 3 X 2 + α 4 X 4 + α 5 X 5 + α 6 X 6 +µ X1 = Modal Usaha (Rp) X2
= Modal Kerja (Rp/bulan)
X3
=Jumlah Jam Kerja (Jam/minggu)
X4
= Lama Usaha (tahun)
X5
= Tingkat Pendidikan (tahun)
X6 α0 α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6 µ
= Daerah Pemasaran (dummy variabel) = intercept = Koefisien regresi = error
Dependent Variable: JAM_KERJA Method: Least Squares Date: 02/23/13 Time: 10:10 Sample: 1 82 Included observations: 82 Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C LAMA_USAHA PENDIDIKAN PEMASARAN MODAL_USAHA MODAL_KERJA
49.93461 0.683649 -0.046229 2.057858 0.078595 -0.568903
7.368575 0.451633 0.435506 3.298119 0.039879 0.367160
6.776699 1.513728 -0.106151 0.623949 1.970845 -1.549467
0.0000 0.1342 0.9157 0.5345 0.0524 0.1254
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
0.098164 0.038833 13.40306 13652.79 -326.0671 1.654509 0.155959
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat
57.96341 13.67113 8.099199 8.275300 8.169901 1.261311
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Persamaan 5 : X 4 = α 1+ + α 2 X 1 + α 3 X 2 + α 4 X 3 + α 5 X 5 + α 6 X 6 +µ X1
= Modal Usaha (Rp)
X2
= Modal Kerja (Rp/bulan)
X3
=Jumlah Jam Kerja (Jam/minggu)
X4
= Lama Usaha (tahun)
X5
= Tingkat Pendidikan (tahun)
X6 α0 α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6 µ
= Daerah Pemasaran (dummy variabel) = intercept = Koefisien regresi = error
Dependent Variable: LAMA_USAHA Method: Least Squares Date: 02/23/13 Time: 10:11 Sample: 1 82 Included observations: 82 Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C PENDIDIKAN PEMASARAN MODAL_USAHA MODAL_KERJA JAM_KERJA
-3.628532 0.108284 -0.309969 0.008620 0.658314 0.042810
2.298104 0.108279 0.826670 0.010183 0.054827 0.028281
-1.578924 1.000040 -0.374961 0.846528 12.00712 1.513728
0.1185 0.3205 0.7087 0.3999 0.0000 0.1342
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
0.661170 0.638879 3.353989 854.9423 -212.4699 29.66027 0.000000
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat
10.09756 5.581295 5.328533 5.504635 5.399235 1.847672
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Persamaan 6 : X 5 = α 1+ + α 2 X 1 + α 3 X 2 + α 4 X 3 + α 5 X 4 + α 6 X 6 +µ X1
= Modal Usaha (Rp)
X2
= Modal Kerja (Rp/bulan)
X3
=Jumlah Jam Kerja (Jam/minggu)
X4
= Lama Usaha (tahun)
X5
= Tingkat Pendidikan (tahun)
X6 α0 α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6 µ
= Daerah Pemasaran (dummy variabel) = intercept = Koefisien regresi = error
Dependent Variable: PENDIDIKAN Method: Least Squares Date: 02/23/13 Time: 10:14 Sample: 1 82 Included observations: 82 Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C PEMASARAN MODAL_USAHA MODAL_KERJA JAM_KERJA LAMA_USAHA
11.35816 0.409633 -5.48E-06 -0.095885 -0.003207 0.119945
2.084336 0.869580 0.010768 0.097597 0.030208 0.119940
5.449297 0.471070 -0.000509 -0.982458 -0.106151 1.000040
0.0000 0.6389 0.9996 0.3290 0.9157 0.3205
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
0.017224 -0.047432 3.529970 947.0122 -216.6633 0.266398 0.930098
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat
11.17073 3.449118 5.430811 5.606913 5.501513 2.002133
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Persamaan 7 : X 6 = α 1+ + α 2 X 1 + α 3 X 2 + α 4 X 3 + α 5 X 4 + α 6 X 5 +µ X1 = Modal Usaha (Rp) X2
= Modal Kerja (Rp/bulan)
X3
=Jumlah Jam Kerja (Jam/minggu)
X4
= Lama Usaha (tahun)
X5
= Tingkat Pendidikan (tahun)
X6 α0 α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6 µ
= Daerah Pemasaran (dummy variabel) = intercept = Koefisien regresi = error
Dependent Variable: PEMASARAN Method: Least Squares Date: 02/23/13 Time: 10:18 Sample: 1 82 Included observations: 82 Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C MODAL_USAHA MODAL_KERJA JAM_KERJA LAMA_USAHA PENDIDIKAN
-0.071815 0.001617 0.001272 0.002477 -0.005957 0.007107
0.323666 0.001406 0.012936 0.003969 0.015887 0.015087
-0.221879 1.150243 0.098359 0.623949 -0.374961 0.471070
0.8250 0.2537 0.9219 0.5345 0.7087 0.6389
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
0.032099 -0.031578 0.464966 16.43071 -50.44270 0.504090 0.772273
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat
0.292683 0.457794 1.376651 1.552753 1.447353 2.308727
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lampiran 7 : Hasil Uji Heterokedastisitas (Uji White) UJI HETEROKEDASTISITAS (UJI
WHITE)
Heteroskedasticity Test: White F-statistic Obs*R-squared Scaled explained SS
0.911712 18.87073 7.046224
Prob. F(20,61) Prob. Chi-Square(20) Prob. Chi-Square(20)
0.5746 0.5302 0.9965
Test Equation: Dependent Variable: RESID^2 Method: Least Squares Date: 02/23/13 Time: 10:18 Sample: 1 82 Included observations: 82 Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C MODAL_USAHA MODAL_USAHA^2 MODAL_USAHA*MODAL_KERJA MODAL_USAHA*JAM_KERJA MODAL_USAHA*LAMA_USAHA MODAL_USAHA*PENDIDIKAN MODAL_KERJA MODAL_KERJA^2 MODAL_KERJA*JAM_KERJA MODAL_KERJA*LAMA_USAHA MODAL_KERJA*PENDIDIKAN JAM_KERJA JAM_KERJA^2 JAM_KERJA*LAMA_USAHA JAM_KERJA*PENDIDIKAN LAMA_USAHA LAMA_USAHA^2 LAMA_USAHA*PENDIDIKAN PENDIDIKAN PENDIDIKAN^2
-0.930584 -4.72E-05 -4.73E-06 0.000200 4.43E-05 -0.000112 -0.000171 0.005043 -0.000255 -0.000103 0.001126 -0.002376 0.013278 -7.18E-05 4.34E-05 -0.000677 0.011824 -0.002686 0.003143 0.103994 -0.001445
0.718144 0.004164 1.49E-05 0.000190 5.26E-05 0.000229 0.000206 0.047363 0.001173 0.000449 0.002291 0.001889 0.015989 0.000130 0.000519 0.000544 0.052001 0.002005 0.002293 0.056957 0.001819
-1.295818 -0.011328 -0.318233 1.052274 0.841564 -0.489011 -0.828350 0.106478 -0.216994 -0.229023 0.491345 -1.257753 0.830465 -0.554231 0.083548 -1.243043 0.227385 -1.339507 1.370858 1.825820 -0.794244
0.1999 0.9910 0.7514 0.2968 0.4033 0.6266 0.4107 0.9156 0.8289 0.8196 0.6249 0.2133 0.4095 0.5814 0.9337 0.2186 0.8209 0.1854 0.1754 0.0728 0.4301
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
0.230131 -0.022285 0.190061 2.203503 31.93054 0.911712 0.574615
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat
0.200374 0.187978 -0.266598 0.349756 -0.019141 1.783400
Sumber : Output Eviews 5.0
Universitas Sumatera Utara
