KONVERSI LAHAN SAWAH KE NON PERTANIAN DALAM PERKEMBANGAN KOTA NGANJUK DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERUBAHAN MATA PENCAHARIAN DAN PENDAPATAN PETANI
T 711.14 WIC
Berbagai kepentingan penggunaan lahan menyebabkan perubahan penggunaan lahan/konversi lahan. Salah satu bentuk konversi lahan adalah lahan sawah beririgasi teknis yang mendominasi (57%) lahan Kota Nganjuk berubah menjadi lahan non pertanian, yang menyebabkan perubahan kondisi sosial ekonomi sebagian besar (68%) penduduk kota yang memiliki mata pencaharian dan sumber utama pendapatan dari lahan sawah, disamping menyebabkan pula perubahan kondisi sosial ekonomi wilayah. Wilayah yang sebelum konversi merupakan daerah pertanian (rural) berubah menjadi wilayah bercirikan non pertanian (urban), dalam konteks ini konversi lahan tersebut dapat dijadikan indikator perkembangan kota. Fokus penelitian ini adalah perubahan kondisi sosial ekonomi rumah tangga petani di Kota Nganjuk yang mengalami konversi lahan sawah ke non pertanian, bertujuan untuk menemukenali perubahan mata pencaharian dan pendapatan petani konversi, serta mengidentifikasi tahap perkembangan kota guna memberikan masukan bagi kebijaksanaan penataan ruang di daerah urban dan rural, upaya meningkatkan pendapatan rumah tangga petani, serta perencanaan pengembangan kota. Penelitian menunjukkan konversi lahan sawah di daerah urban terjadi karena petani lebih tergiur harga lahan yang dianggap mahal, menyebabkan sebagian besar petani berubah mata pencahariannya ke sektor informal (3166%) sebagai pedagang dan jasa angkutan, dan di sektor formal (4-31%) sebagai pegawai; sedangkan di daerah rural terjadi karena hasil panen kurang memuaskan karena air irigasi tidak mencukupi, dan konversi tidak merubah mata pencaharian petani. Keadaan ini mencerminkan semakin berat beban perekonomian lahan sawah di daerah rural menopang petani konversi yang hilang mata pencaharian dan pendapatannya. Pendapatan rumah tangga petani konversi di daerah urban menurun 1,32–23,97%, sedangkan di daerah rural relatif tetap namun cenderung menurun 0,36–10,49%. Tahap perkembangan kota berada pada Early urban influence/kota pada awal pertumbuhan, perkembangan selanjutnya akan sulit karena konversi menurunkan pendapatan sebagian besar penduduk kota. Masukan bagi kebijaksanaan penataan ruang kota terutama mempertahankan luas lahan sawah yang ada, penataan fisik jaringan irigasi, mengidentifikasi lahan kurang subur, kebutuhan lahan non pertanian diarahkan di sekitar kota yang kurang sesuai untuk pertanian namun beraksessibilitas memadai, konversi lahan selektif untuk badan usaha berefek ganda (multiplayer effect) meningkatkan pendapatan penduduk, menerapkan sistem insentif dan disinsentif, serta diperlukan petunjuk tambahan izin dan peraturan daerah (PERDA) mengenai konversi lahan sawah.
Various purposes of land use have caused a change in the land use/land conversion. One kind of land conversion is the change of the dominant irrigated rice fields which comprise 57% of Nganjuk town into urban areas, resulting in the change of social economic condition of most people in Nganjuk (68%) who used to earn their living mainly from the rice fields as well as the change of the social economic condition of the region. The regions which used to be the rural areas have changed into urban areas. This change, in this context, can be the indicator of the urban development. The focus of this research is the change in the social economic condition of the farmers in Nganjuk town who are afflicted by this conversion. The research aims at identifying the change of farmers' occupation and income, identifying stages of urban development to give input for the policy in the urban and rural planning, improving farmers' income, and planning the urban development. The result of the research shows that the conversion of rice fields into urban areas took place because the farmers were tempted by the land price offered which they considered high. This has caused most farmers to change their occupation into that of non-formal sector such as traders, transport service providers (31-66%) and that of formal sector as employees (4-31%). Meanwhile in the rural areas the crops are unsatisfactory because of inappropriate irrigation and the conversion does not change the farmers' occupation. This situation reflects the even greater economic burden the rice fields have to bear to back up converted farmers who lost their jobs and income. The income of the converted farmers in the urban areas decreases as much as 1.32-23.97%, while in the rural areas it is relatively stable although it tends to decrease as much as 0.36-10.49%. The urban development is in the early urban influence stage, and further development will not smooth, because the conversion decreases the income of most urban residents. It is necessary to give input to the Regional Government for the policy of the town planning, particularly to maintain the existing rice fields, to manage irrigation constructions, to identify less fertile land, to concentrate the urban areas in the region not suitable for agriculture yet has sufficient accessibility, to convert selected land into business area to give multiplayer effect, to improve the people's income, to implement incentive and disincentive system, to look for additional regulations on permit and to formulate regional regulation on rice field conversion.
