KERAGAMAN JENIS ANGGREK DI KAWASAN HUTAN TAMAN EDEN 100 KABUPATEN TOBA SAMOSIR, SUMATERA UTARA

KERAGAMAN JENIS ANGGREK DI KAWASAN HUTAN TAMAN EDEN 100 KABUPATEN TOBA SAMOSIR, SUMATERA UTARA

SKRIPSI

Oleh: PARASIAN P. SITUMORANG 060307009

DEPARTEMEN BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2010

Universitas Sumatera Utara

KERAGAMAN JENIS ANGGREK DI KAWASAN HUTAN TAMAN EDEN 100 KABUPATEN TOBA SAMOSIR, SUMATERA UTARA

SKRIPSI

Oleh: PARASIAN P. SITUMORANG 060307009/PEMULIAAN TANAMAN Skripsi sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana di Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara

DEPARTEMEN BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2010


Judul Skripsi

:Keragaman Jenis Anggrek di Kawasan Hutan Taman Eden 100 Kabupaten Toba Samosir, Sumatera Utara

Nama

: Parasian P. Situmorang

NIM

: 060307009

Departemen

: Budidaya Pertanian

Program Studi

: Pemuliaan Tanaman

Disetujui Oleh Komisi Pembimbing

(Luthfi A.M. Siregar, SP., MSc., Phd. ) Ketua

(Ir. Hot Setiado, MS) Anggota

Mengetahui,

(Prof. Ir. Edison Purba, Ph.D) Ketua Departemen Budidaya Pertanian


ABSTRAK

PARASIAN P. SITUMORANG : Keragaman Jenis Anggrek di Kawasan Hutan Taman Eden 100 Kabupaten Toba Samosir, Sumatera Utara di bawah bimbingan LUTHFI A. M. SIREGAR SP., MSc., Phd. Dan Ir. HOT SETIADO MS. Anggek memiliki tingkat keragaman yang sangat tinggi. anggrek merupakan famili tumbuhan berbunga terbesar yang mencapai 7-10 % yang mencakup ±1200 genus, lebih dari 50.000 spesies alam dan lebih dari 100.000 spesies hibrida. Di indonesia terdapat ±5.000 spesies alam, 406 spesies diantaranya terdapat di Sumatera Utara. Anggrek memiliki penyebaran yang sangat luas mulai dari benua arktik hingga antartika dan melimpah di daerah tropis. Data world conservation monitoring center (1995) menunjukkan bahwa dibandingkan dengan tumbuhan berbunga lainnya di Indonesia maka anggrek menerima ancaman kepunahan tertinggi sebanyak 203 jenis (39 %). Semakin maraknya pembangunan pemukiman, perkebunan, maupun pengrusakan hutan telah mempercepat kepunahan spesies anggrek alam. Banyak spesies anggrek telah punah sebelum sempat dideskripsi dan didokumentasikan. agar keberadaan anggrek di suatu tempat dapat diketahui dengan baik, diperlukan suatu penelitian berupa eksplorasi, inventarisasi dan identifikasi. Dari hasil eksplorasi ditemukan 112 spesies anggrek yang terhimpun dalam 38 genus. Dari jumlah tersebut ditemukan 78 spesies anggrek epifit (24 genus), 32 spesies anggrek teresterial (18 genus) dan 2 spesies anggrek saprofit (2 genus). Kata kunci : anggrek, eksplorasi, inventarisasi, identifikasi


ABSTRACT

PARASIAN P. SITUMORANG : The Variety of Orchid Species in forest Taman Eden 100, Kabupaten Toba Samosir, Sumatera Utara. Orchid has the very high variabilities. Orchid represent the biggest family of plant flower reached 7-10 % including ±1200 gender, more than 50.000 natural species and more than 100.000 hybrid species. In Indonesia, there are ±5000 natural species, 406 species there are in north Sumatra. Orchid own the very wide spreading start from arktic continent up to antartic and abundance in tropical area. Data of world conservation of monitoring center ( 1995) indicating that compared to other plant flowers in Indonesia, orchid accept the highest destruction threat as much 203 type (39%). Progressively the hoisterous of settlement development, plantation, and also forest ruining have quickened the experienced orchid species destruction. A lot of orchid species have totally disappeared before have time to describe and documented. To be knowable orchid existence somewhere better, needed an research in the form of exploration, inventarisation, and identification. The result of exploration founded 112 orchid species mustered in 38 gender. from the amount found 78 species of epiphytic orchid (24 gender), 32 species of terrestrial orchid (18 gender) and 2 species of saprofit orchid (2 gender). Key words : orchid, exploration, inventarisation, and identification


RIWAYAT HIDUP

Penulis lahir di desa Lumban suhi-suhi, Kabupaten Samosir, pada tanggal 19 Februari 1986, anak kedelapan dari sembilan bersaudara, putra ayahanda W. Situmorang dan Ibunda E. Simarmata. Tahun 2005 penulis lulus dari SMA Negeri 1 Pangururan dan pada tahun yang sama masuk ke Fakultas Pertanian USU melalui jalur Seleksi Penerimaan Mahasiswa Baru (SPMB). Penulis memilih program studi Pemuliaan Tanaman, Jurusan Budidaya Pertanian. Selama mengikuti perkuliahan, penulis mengikuti kegiatan organisasi HIMADITA. Penulis juga melaksanakan praktek kerja lapangan (PKL) di PTPN III Kebun Bangun mulai bulan Juni 2010 sampai bulan Juli 2009.


KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur penulis ucapkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berkat dan karuniaNya penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul “Keragaman Jenis Anggrek di Kawasan Hutan Taman Eden 100 Kabupaten Toba Samosir, Sumatera Utara” yang merupakan salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana di Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. Pada kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada ayahanda W. Situmorang dan Ibunda E. Simarmata atas sumbangan materil dan morilnya, penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Bapak Luthfi A. M Siregar, SP., MSc., Ph,D selaku ketua komisi pembimbing dan Bapak Ir. Hot Setiado MS selaku anggota komisi pembimbing yang telah memberikan bimbingan dalam penulisan skripsi ini. Begitu juga kepada abangda Robertus, Liner, Senrawasi, Lasrin, Kakanda Rusmawani, Resmida, Elprida dan adinda Merliana Situmorang yang telah memberi semangat, dukungan moril dan materil, serta teman-teman saya, Hendri, Erwin, Syamsir Bulang, Andri, Sonong, Bellito, Brian, Benni, Ika, Lidya Mimi, Hera, Heni, Victor, Susi, Ruth, Selvia, Ruben, dan teman-teman lainnya yang telah memberi dukungan dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. Penulis menyadari skripsi ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang sifatnya membangun guna kesempurnaan skripsi ini. Akhir kata, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih dan semoga skripsi ini berguna sebagai informasi dalam usaha konservasi anggrek. Medan,

September 2010 Penulis


DAFTAR ISI

ABSTRAK......................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ ii RIWAYAT HIDUP ........................................................................................... iii KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... iv DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... v DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ vii DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ viii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... ix PENDAHULUAN Latar Belakang ....................................................................................... Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................... Hipotesis Penelitian ................................................................................ Kegunaan Penelitian ...............................................................................

1 4 4 4

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Botani Tanaman ..................................................................................... 5 Syarat Tumbuh Iklim ..................................................................................................... 9 Lingkungan Tumbuh ............................................................................... 10 BAHAN DAN METODA PENELITIAN Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ................................................................. Kondisi Umum Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................ Bahan dan Alat ....................................................................................... Metode Penelitian Eksplorasi ............................................................................................... Inventarisasi ............................................................................................ Identifikasi .............................................................................................. Analisis Data Analisis Ekologi ...................................................................................... Analisis Taksonomi ................................................................................. Pelaksanaan Penelitian Di Lapangan Persiapan Bahan dan Alat ....................................................................... Pengukuran Lokasi Penelitian ................................................................. Pengambilan Foto ...................................................................................

11 11 12 12 13 13 13 16

16 16 16


Pengambilan Sampel .............................................................................. Pemberian Kode ..................................................................................... Inventarisasi Anggrek .......................................................................... Di Laboratorium Pembuatan Herbarium Basah ............................................................... Identifikasi Anggrek ........................................................................…. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Eksplorasi .............................................................................................. Inventarisasi Tingkat Populasi, Frekuensi dan Kerapatan Jenis Anggrek ............. …. Tingkat kerapatan relatif, Frekuensi relatif dan Indeks Nilai Penting Jenis Anggrek ................................................................ … Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) ........................................................ .... Indeks Keseragaman (E’)............................................................... … Identifikasi Deskripsi Jenis ...................................................................................

17 17 17 17 18

19 28 35 41 42 47

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN Kesimpulan ............................................................................................ 118 Saran ................................................................................................. 120 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... 149


DAFTAR TABEL No

Hal

1.

Kisaran suhu yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan anggrek ................................. 10

2.

a. Keragaman jenis anggrek epifit ................................................................ 20 b. Keragaman jenis anggrek teresterial ........................................................ 24 c. Keragaman jenis anggrek saprofit ............................................................ 26

3.

a. Tingkat populasi, frekuensi dan kerapatan jenis anggrek epifit ................. 28 b. Tingkat populasi, frekuensi dan kerapatan jenis anggrek teresterial ......... 31 c. Tingkat populasi, frekuensi dan kerapatan jenis anggrek saprofit ............. 33

4. a. Nilai kerapatan relatif, frekuensi relatif dan indeks nilai penting jenis anggrek epifit ......................................................................................... 35 b. Nilai kerapatan relatif, frekuensi relatif dan indeks nilai penting jenis anggrek teresterial .................................................................................. 38 c. Nilai kerapatan relatif, frekuensi relatif dan indeks nilai penting jenis anggrek saprofit ...................................................................................... 40 5.

a. Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) dan Indeks Keseragaman (E’) anggrek epifit.............................................................................................................. 41 b. Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) dan Indeks Keseragaman (E’) anggrek teresterial………………………………………………………………… 44 c. Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) dan Indeks Keseragaman (E’) anggrek saprofit…………………………………………………………………… 45


DAFTAR GAMBAR

No

Hal

1. Tanaman anggrek simpodial dan monopodial .................................................... 7 2. Bunga tanaman anggrek .................................................................................... 8 3. grafik keragaman spesies pada genus anggrek epifit ........................................ 23 4. grafik keragaman spesies pada genus anggrek teresterial .................................. 25 5. grafik keragaman spesies pada genus anggrek saprofit ..................................... 26 6. Agrostophyllum bicuspidatum .......................................................................... 51 7. Agrostophyllum laxum ..................................................................................... 52 8. Anoectochilus longicalcaratus ......................................................................... 52 9. Apostasia sp .................................................................................................... 53 10. Apendicula alba ............................................................................................. 54 11. Appendicula pauciflora .................................................................................. 54 12. Appendicula ramosa ...................................................................................... 55 13. Appendicula sp1............................................................................................. 56 14. Appendicula sp2 ............................................................................................. 56 15. Arundina graminifolia .................................................................................... 57 16. Arundina sp ................................................................................................... 57 17. Ascidieria longifolia....................................................................................... 58 18. Bulbophyllum adelphidium............................................................................. 59 19. Bulbophyllum biflorum................................................................................... 59 20. Bulbophyllum flavidiflorum ............................................................................ 60 21. Bulbophyllum lobbii ....................................................................................... 61 22. Bulbophyllum longivagans ............................................................................. 62 23. Bulbophyllum mirum ...................................................................................... 62 24. Bulbophyllum odoratum ................................................................................. 63


25. Bulbophyllum ovalifolium .............................................................................. 63 26. Bulbophyllum romburghii ............................................................................... 64 27. Bulbophyllum stelis ........................................................................................ 65 28. Bulbophyllum virescens .................................................................................. 66 29. Bulbophyllum sp1........................................................................................... 66 30. Bulbophyllum sp2........................................................................................... 67 31. Bulbophyllum sp3........................................................................................... 67 32. Bulbophyllum sp4........................................................................................... 68 33. Bulbophyllum sp5........................................................................................... 68 34. Bulbophyllum sp6........................................................................................... 69 35. Bulbophyllum sp7........................................................................................... 70 36. Bulbophyllum sp8........................................................................................... 70 37. Bulbophyllum sp9........................................................................................... 71 38. Bulbophyllum sp10......................................................................................... 71 39. Calanthe chrysoglossoides ............................................................................. 72 40. Calanthe speciosa .......................................................................................... 73 41. Calanthe triplicata ......................................................................................... 73 42. Ceratostylis radiata........................................................................................ 74 43. Ceratostylis subulata ...................................................................................... 75 44. Cleistoma muticum ......................................................................................... 75 45. Coelogyne brachygine .................................................................................... 76 46. Coelogyne cuprea........................................................................................... 77 47. Coelogyne dayana .......................................................................................... 77 48. Coelogyne pandurata ..................................................................................... 78 49. Coelogyne salmonicolor ................................................................................. 79 50. Coelogyne sp .................................................................................................. 79 51. Corybas stenotribonos.................................................................................... 80 52. Cymbidium bicolor ......................................................................................... 81


53. Cymbidium dayanum ...................................................................................... 81 54. Cymbidium lancifolium .................................................................................. 82 55. Cymbidium sp ................................................................................................ 83 56. Dendrobium compressistylum ......................................................................... 83 57. Dendrobium indragiriense ............................................................................. 84 58. Dendrobium kuyperi ....................................................................................... 84 59. Dendrobium sociale ....................................................................................... 85 60. Dendrobium sp1 ............................................................................................. 86 61. Dendrobium sp2 ............................................................................................. 86 62. Dendrobium sp3 ............................................................................................. 87 63. Dendrobium sp4 ............................................................................................. 87 64. Dendrobium sp5 ............................................................................................. 88 65. Dendrochilum sp1 .......................................................................................... 88 66. Dendrochilum sp2 .......................................................................................... 89 67. Eria densa ...................................................................................................... 89 68. Eria pachystachya .......................................................................................... 90 69. Eria taluensis ................................................................................................. 91 70. Eria tjadasmalangensis ................................................................................ 91 71. Eria sp1 ....................................................................................................... 92 72. Eria sp2 ....................................................................................................... 93 73. Eria sp3 ........................................................................................................ 93 74. Eria sp4 ....................................................................................................... 94 75. Eria sp5 ....................................................................................................... 94 76. Eria sp6 ....................................................................................................... 95 77. Gastrochilus sororius ..................................................................................... 96 78. Goodyera schlechtendaliana .......................................................................... 96 79. Goodyera sp ................................................................................................... 97 80. Lepidogyne longifolia..................................................................................... 98


81. Liparis elegans ............................................................................................... 99 82. Liparis pallida .............................................................................................. 100 83. Liparis rheedii............................................................................................... 100 84. Liparis terrestris ........................................................................................... 101 85. Macodes petola ............................................................................................. 102 86. Malaxis sp1 ................................................................................................... 102 87. Malaxis sp2 ................................................................................................... 103 88. Neuwiedia veratrifolia................................................................................... 104 89. Neuwiedia zollingeri ..................................................................................... 105 90. Neuwiedia sp ................................................................................................. 105 91. Oberonia lotsyana ......................................................................................... 106 92. Octarrhena parvula ....................................................................................... 107 93. Paphiopedilum curtisii .................................................................................. 108 94. Paphiopedilum tonsum .................................................................................. 108 95. Phaius corymbioides ..................................................................................... 109 96. Phaius flavus................................................................................................. 110 97. Phaius sp ...................................................................................................... 110 98. Phalaenopsis sp ............................................................................................ 111 99. Platanthera angustata ................................................................................... 112 100. Podochilus microphyllum ........................................................................... 112 101. Podochilus muricatum ................................................................................ 113 102. Podochilus sp1 ........................................................................................... 114 103. Podochilus sp2 ........................................................................................... 114 104. Podochilus sp3 ........................................................................................... 115 105. Renanthera angustifolia ............................................................................ 115 106. Schoenorchis sumatrana ............................................................................ 116 107. Spathoglottis aurea .................................................................................... 117 108. Spathoglottis plicata................................................................................... 117 109. Thrixspermum centipeda ........................................................................... 118


110. Thrixspermum sp ....................................................................................... 119 111. Trichoglottis adnata ................................................................................... 119 112. Trichoglottis velutina.................................................................................. 120 113. Trichotosia sp1 .......................................................................................... 120 114. Trichotosia sp2 .......................................................................................... 121 115. Vanda sp ................................................................................................... 121 116. Vanilla sp2 ................................................................................................ 122 117. Vanilla sp1 ................................................................................................ 123


DAFTAR LAMPIRAN No

Hal

1. Peta jalur penelitian ................................................................................... 152 2. Peta Taman Eden 100 ............................................................................... 153


KERAGAMAN JENIS ANGGREK DI KAWASAN HUTAN TAMAN EDEN 100 KABUPATEN TOBA SAMOSIR, SUMATERA UTARA

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