Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK

Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK

Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi

11/10/07

Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL

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The Origin of Public Policy • Kebijakan = Policy, berasal dari bahasa Yunani, Sansekerta dan Latin • Polis (negara kota), menjadi politia (negara), policie (menangani masalah-masalah publik) = administrasi pemerintahan, politics, policy. 11/10/07

• Kode Hammurabi (abad 18 SM) • Arthashastra (Kautilya, 300SM) • Plato (427-327SM) • Aristoteles (384-322 SM), Politics, dan Ethics • Machiavelli (1469-1527). • Max Weber • Dll.


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Kebijakan Publik??? • Aktivitas menciptakan pengetahuan tentang dan dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan (Bauer & Gergen, 1968). • Meneliti sebab, akibat, dan kinerja kebijakan dan program publik. • Membuat perubahan, membentuk masyarakat (publik) yang berkualitas. • Promote public interest

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Alternatif Kebijakan • Dipengaruhi oleh konteks institusional, value, persepsi, perilaku, dan kepentingan mereka yang terlibat • Pendekatan analisis: – Class Analytic, sumber kebijakan publik berasal dari power dan dominasi di antara klas sosial (Marxist). – Pluralist, kebijakan publik dihasilkan dari konflik, tawarmenawar, dan koalisi di antara kelompok sosial guna melindungi kepentingan masing-masing. – Public Choice, kebijakan publik dihasilkan dari pemahaman masyarakat (rasional) atas kepentingan yang berbeda. 11/10/07


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Sasaran Umum Antara Lain: • pertumbuhan ekonomi dan daya saing (economic growth and competitiveness). • peningkatan kualitas hidup (quality of life). • stabilitas pertahanan dan ketahanan nasional (national defense). 11/10/07


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Siklus pengaruh kebijakan publik Kebijakan Publik

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

Kualitas Hidup

Stabilitas Hankamnas

Investasi

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Demokratisasi


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Strategi implementasi tingkat operasional • Meningkatkan manfaat dari TIK, • Membantu masyarakat dan organisasi untuk menyesuaikan perkembangan terbaru dan memberikan perangkat serta model untuk merespon secara rasional tantangan yang muncul seiring dengan perkembangan TIK, • Memfasilitasi tersedianya infrastruktur komunikasai dan informasi yang terjangkau oleh segenap anggota masyarakat, • Meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dan produk - produk telematika, • Mendorong inovasi dalam pembangunan dan penggunaan teknologi, • Mendorong terjadinya penyebar-luasan informasi, transparansi, dan akuntabilitas serta mengurangi birokrasi intra dan antar organisasi,

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Strategi implementasi tingkat operasional • Identifikasi prioritas dalam pembangunan TIK, • Memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat untuk lebih mudah mengakses informasi, • Menyediakan sumber daya TIK bagi institusi pendidikan dan pemerintahan, • Mendukung konsep belajar seumur hidup, • Melatih individu dan organisasi agar memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan di bidang TIK. 11/10/07


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Elemen - elemen Kebijakan TIK • Pembangunan Infrastruktur • Pengembangan pengetahuan dan ketrampian (skills) • Legislasi dan regulasi • Koordinasi dan pengembangan institusi • Akses TIK • Pemantauan Kinerja 11/10/07


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Realitas versus Ideal • kebijakan yang baru saja diterbitkan oleh pemerintah seringkali menjadi tidak sesuai dengan realita yang sedang terjadi di masyarakat • ukuran keberhasilan kebijakan tetap saja ditentukan pada tahap implementasi yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi nyata di lapangan

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Faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhi kebijakan TIK nasional • • • • • • • •

Infrastruktur Produk dan pelayanan Monopoli Telekomunikasi Keberagaman kesiapan instansi pemerintah dalam memanfaatkan TIK Gaya dan Struktur Manajemen pemerintahan Ketersediaan anggaran Teledensity dan penetrasi Internet Sumber daya manusia yang menguasai TIK

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Visi Pemanfaatan Telematika 2004

2020 Infra structure

Application

Content

VISION

Reformasi Pemerintahan DIGITAL DIVIDE

“USED of ICT” Perubahan Manajemen Publik

Financial

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Laws & Regulation

GOOD GOV.

“Building up a knowledge-based Indonesia Telematika society in the year 2020”

Facing New Economy Environment

HRD


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The Nature of Government : Citizen as Stakeholder

The Business of Government : Citizen as Customer

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National Information Technology Framework

VISION “Building up a knowledge-based Indonesia Telematika society in the year 2020”

E-Democracy

Community-based ICT

E-Government for Good Governance

ICT for Education

E-business to Support SMEs

ICT Supporting Structure Infrastructure : ICT and Telecommunication (ICT) infrastructure, Human Resources, ICT industry Infrastructure Regulatory : Telematika Law Organization : National ICT Coordinating Agency Financial : A new paradigm in funding mechanism

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National Information Technology Framework E-Government for Good Governance

EDemocracy

INFRASTRUCTURE FRAMEWORK

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

E-Business To Support SMEs

BASIC FRAMEWORK

ORGANIZATION FRAMEWORK

ICT for Education

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FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK

Community-based ICT


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VISION

MISSION

OBJECTIVE

STRATEGY

POLICY

VISION “Building up a knowledge-based Indonesia Telematika society in the year 2020”

MISSION • Providing universal information equally access to the entire society thoroughly • Enhancing coordination and making optimal and efficient use of information • Enhancing efficiency and productivity • Enhancing quality and quantity of human resources • Enhancing the utilization of information technology infrastructure including the implementation of the required regulations • Motivating the economic growth by the ICT development and 11/10/07 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL utilization.

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VISION

MISSION

OBJECTIVE

STRATEGY

POLICY

OBJECTIVE  The achievement of 'E-Government for Good Governance'  The achievement of 'E-Business to Support Small and Medium Enterprises (SME)'  The achievement of 'Community-based ICT'  The achievement of 'ICT for Education'  The achievement of 'E-Democracy'

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VISION

MISSION

OBJECTIVE

STRATEGY

POLICY

STRATEGY (1)  “E-Government for Good Governance”   

To apply transparency and accountability in public resources management To enhance efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness in governmental administration To apply the on-line government

“E-Business to Support SME” 

To provide a virtual market for market players



To empower, elucidate, and train SMEs to enhance their capabilities in utilizing ICT and E-Business particularly To develop a strong local ICT industry

 11/10/07


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VISION

MISSION

OBJECTIVE

STRATEGY

POLICY

STRATEGY (2) 'Community-based ICT' 

  

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To provide information access infrastructure and information application for public society at the entire capital city of regency and at sub district area To provide fund and government investment program to support the community empowerment in utilizing ICT To facilitate the acculturation process to become a society that able to utilize ICT To promote and enhance the ICT research, which has an orientation to the market needs and ICT activities.


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VISION

MISSION

OBJECTIVE

STRATEGY

POLICY

STRATEGY (3) 'ICT for Education'   

To provide access for distance learning dedicated to the entire communities that need it To utilize ICT on training process in both government and private sectors To enhance teaching quality with ICT supported

'E-Democracy' 

  11/10/07

To apply a frictionless interaction between the society and their representatives in the government administration To apply transparency in the legislative institution activities To utilize ICT on democracy process Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL

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VISION

MISSION

OBJECTIVE

STRATEGY

POLICY

GENERAL POLICY

A. Applying the Funding Mechanism with a New Paradigm B. Strengthening the ICT Support and Base C. Establish the Central Coordinating Agency (CCA) for National ICT Development D. Motivate the ICT Industry Development 11/10/07


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Strategy of E-government for Good Governance (1) The achievement of transparency and accountability in the public resources management is reflected by : 

The availability of information in the matter of resources management in the government bureaucracy units for public (procurement, financial reports, assets, etc)



Access availability for public to perform social control



Availability of widely spread information (land use, government policy, statistics, etc)

The increment of efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness in the government is reflected by : 

Coordination that occurs among business units



Information and ICT resources sharing



Interoperable and secured inter organization systems



Information utilization as a commodity to increase the government income

The achievement of on-line government is reflected by availability of e-Public Service Infrastructure 11/10/07 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL

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e- Public Infrastructure Commercial Services (National Payment System Infrastructure, Credit Checking, Rating, Personnel/Company Credit Conduit, Credit/Loan Information, etc)

Value Added Public Service (e-government, e-procurement, e-employment, e-fulfillment, access control)

Basic Public Service (National Identity (KTP), Passport, Health Information, Tax Number, Election Card, Student Card Identity)

Public Service Infrastructure National ID + Public Key Infrastructure Back-end system – application -front-ends smart-card

Existing Physical Network (PSTN - Mobile - Fixed Wireless Private Network Internet - Cable TV)

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Indonesia Country Gateway (Under Construction)

In the coming years Indonesia will initiate a number of action programs to accelerate the utilization of ICT in various sectors. In the initial stage, efforts will be given to set up information links among institutional clusters (domestic and foreign) facilitate by an e-link network. Present e-access to : • Various Government • Private Existing Homepage • E-Mail Contact http://www.searchindonesia.com (mostly bahasa Indonesia) http://indonesia.elga.net.id (mostly English)

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Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia • 1970-1986, tidak ada kebijakan yang dapat dijadikan acuan bagi pengembangan teknologi informasi, • 1985-1990, wacana kebijakan yang mengatur standar profesi TI di instansi pemerintah, • 1993-1994, Inpres 16, penggunaan Personal Komputer produk dalam negeri, • 1994-1996, Badan Koordinasi Otomatisasi Administrasi Negara (Bakotan) • 1997, Keppres Nomor 30 tentang pembentukan Tim Koordinasi Telematika Indonesia (TKTI) • 1997, Undang - Undang Nomor 24/97, tentang Penyiaran

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Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia • 1998, Presiden Habibie melanjutkan TKTI dan memperbaharui mandat yang diberikan kepada tim, • 1999, Undang – Undang 36/1999 tentang Telekomunikasi, • 1999, Undang – Undang 40/1999 tentang Pers • 2000, Presiden GusDur melalui Keppres Nomor 50/2000 menunjuk Wakil Presiden sebagai Ketua TKTI, • 2001, Inpres Nomor 1 tentang Kemayoran sebagai wilayah pengembangan Telematika, • 2001, Inpres Nomor 2 tentang penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia dalam aplikasi komputer, • 2001, Inpres Nomor 6, tentang Kerangka Kebijakan Pengembangan dan Pendayagunaan Teknologi Telematika di Indonesia,

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Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia • • • • • •

PP 52/2000, penyelenggaraan telekomunikasi PP 53/2000, spektrum frekuensi dan orbit satelit KepmenHub 20/2001, jaringan telekomunikasi KepmenHub 21/2001, jasa telekomunikasi KepmenKominfo 2005, DetikNas Dll.

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Inpres 6/2001 • Teknologi Telematika untuk mempersatukan bangsa dan memberdayakan masyarakat; • Teknologi Telematika dalam masyarakat dan untuk masyarakat; • Pengembangan infrastruktur nasional; • Peran sektor swasta dan iklim usaha; • Peningkatan kapasitas dan teknologi Telematika; • Pengembangan E-Government atau Government On-line; dan • Peningkatan dan penguatan Tim Koordinasi Telematika Indonesia (TKTI).

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Permasalahan di sekitar kebijakan TIK (Indonesia) • kepemimpinan nasional dan daerah (e-leadership), • kebijakan pada setiap jenjang pemerintahan yang dapat menjadi petunjuk operasional, • anggaran pembangunan yang mencukupi untuk dialokasikan di sektor TIK, • kemampuan dan kesediaan koordinasi antar-instansi pemerintah, • apresiasi terhadap profesi di bidang TIK.

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Kesehatan

Hubungan TIK Dengan Sektor Lain Pendidikan

Hukum

Aplikasi TIK Untuk Bidang Terkait. Contoh: Sistem Informasi Pertanian Sistem Informasi Pendidikan Sisminbakum e-Health e-Government e-Commerce e-Education Dll.

Sosial

Politik

Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi

Pertanian

Ekonomi

Kajian Bidang tertentu yang berhubungan dengan dampak TIK Contoh: - Kajian Ekonomi TIK (Economic of ICT) - Hukum TIK 11/10/07

- Dampak Sosial TIK - Kebijakan Pendidikan TIK - Politik TIK


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Dampak kebijakan TIK • Implikasi Ekonomi + Kontribusi terhadap GNP,

• Implikasi Sosial – hubungan antara kebijakan di bidang TIK dengan pengurangan angka kemiskinan, – kontribusi bagi peningkatan kesehatan masyarakat, yang sifatnya phisik dan nonphisik, – dampak negatif dari Internet seperti penyimpangan perilaku sosial, – munculnya kasus - kasus kriminal di bidang TIK. + makin banyak tenaga kerja trampil di bidang TIK, + pemerataan dan penyebaran informasi lebih efisien.

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Dampak kebijakan TIK • Implikasi Budaya – mengubah sikap budaya menjadi masyarakat yang bercirikan knowledge based economy, – proses perubahan budaya berjalan sangat pelan dan dalam jangka panjang cenderung tidak dapat dirasakan bila sudah ada pengaruhnya.

• Implikasi Pertahanan dan Keamanan – resiko gangguan pertahanan dan keamanan.

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How ICT Eradicate Poverty? 1. Government intervention in the form of policy is needed to facilitate business model. 2. Facts show price of ICT services is above the affordability of poor. 3. Little needs/demands from poor to ICT services 4. Need subsidy scheme, so that poor can afford price of ICT services 5. Given social condition of poor, the subsidy will be in the form of cost recovery for supply side rather than direct subsidy to the poor. 6. The subsidy should consider the sustainability of business model, and eliminate dependency of the poor.

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ICT Regulation and Public Policy Focus of policy and regulation

Constraining

Facilitating

Provider / producer

Monopoly Spectrum allocation Cross-ownership Foreign Ownership Trade quotas Secrecy Censorship Privacy Proprietary Standard

Competition Increasing bandwidth No restrictions Loosening restrictions Free trade Open government Freedom of expression Surveillance Open standard

User / consumer

Service to target market Private facilities Private, proprietary Copy right Security of records Screening information

Universal services Public facilities Public information Unrestricted use Technique to prevent hacking All channel open access


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Tools of Evaluation • Outcome Parameters: – Common ICT performance indicators – Government ICT investment – New ICT Patents – ICT contributions to GDP – Perceived benefits by particular groups

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Key Elements of ICT Policy • Good National ICT Policy should consists of – – – – – –

Future Business Scope Definition Future Positions Objectives Strategic Moves Change Plan Commitment Plan

Source: Boar, 1994 11/10/07


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ICT and Government Business Alignment Government Business Strategy • Business Scope • Distinctive Competencies • Business Governance

Government ICT Strategy • Technology Scope • Systemic Competencies • ICT Governance

Cross-Dimensional Alignments

Organizational Infrastructure & Processes • Infrastructure • Processes • Skills 11/10/07

Strategic Fit

Functional Integration

ICT Infrastructure & Processes • Infrastructure • Processes • Skills


Source: John Henderson, 1991 37

ICT Indicators

Information from a wide variety of sources can help to measure and inform the impact and direction of the strategy. Copyright: Mad7986, http://www.sxc.hu

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Teledensity

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Telephones

Wartel • 2004: 313,027 • 2005: 332,795 11/10/07

TUKK: • 2004: 101,664 • 2005: 91,819 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL

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Personal Computers and Internet

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Internet Mobile Internet Users?

Internet Kiosk?

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ICT Investment By Public Sector

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ICT Investment by Private Sector

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ICT-products Export

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New ICT Patents

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ICT Human Resources

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12 Obstacles to Policy Execution 1. 2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

Inability to manage change effectively or to overcome internal resistance to change; Trying to execute a policy that conflict with the existing power structure; Poor or inadequate information sharing between individuals or government institutions responsible for policy execution; Unclear communication of responsibility and/or accountability for execution decisions or actions; Poor or vague policy; Lack of feelings of “ownership” of a policy or execution plans among key stakeholders;

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Source: Hrebiniak, 2005 48

12 Obstacles to Policy Execution 7.

Not having guidelines or a model to guide policy-execution efforts; 8. Lack of understanding of the role of organizational structure and design in the execution process; 9. Inability to generate “buy in” or agreement on critical execution steps or actions; 10. Lack of incentives or inappropriate incentives to support execution objectives; 11. Insufficient financial resources to execute the policy; and 12. Lack of upper-management support of policy execution. 11/10/07


Source: Hrebiniak, 2005 49

Recommendation

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Add Quantitative Objectives • Process approach is good, but not sufficient • Numbers are easier to be understood than qualitative statement • Easy for you to claim success

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Consider Sustainability • Policy is not planning, and promoting only, but implementation as well • When new regime installed, it does not mean “the policy” become out of fashion

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People, not yourself

• What you give, it maybe not what they need • Thing that most valuables to people much better than many worth for you only

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Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK

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