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Information Technology: Hardware by Kudang B. Seminar, PhD
2/23/2014 1 Copyright 1996-98 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc.
Abacus •
An abacus is a calculator used first by the Chinese since about 500 BC, for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as fractions and square root.
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The inventor is unknown. However, the abacus as we know it today did not appear in China until about 1200 A.D.
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Contests have been held between users of the Japanese abacus and an electric calculator.For addition and subtraction the abacus user was much faster than the calculator user, but for multiplication and division the advantage of the abacus was less decisively demonstrated.
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ABC (Atanasoff & Berry Computer) 1939, Iowa Univ. Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes
•Vacuum Tubes
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• Berfungsi sebagai penguat, pengubah, dan pencipta sinyal elektrik • Banyak dipakai di peralatan komunikasi seperti radio, televisi, radar, komputer, telephon network.
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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) 1946, Pennsylvania Univ. Consisting of 17,468 vacuum tubes
EDSAC (Elecronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator/Computer) 1949, Cambridge University Uses: Vacuum Tubes
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MARK I Computer 1949 – Consisting of 1300 Vacuum Tubes I/O Devices: Saklar, pita dan pencetak
•Manchester Mark I
•Havard Mark I
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 1951 – Consisting of 5200 Vacuum Tubes
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IAS Computer Developed By John Von Newmann at Princeton Univ. 1952 •
1st General Purpose Computer
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Consists of 23,000 vacuum tubes
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Used for solving complex applications: metereology, astonomy, hydrodynamic s, atomic weapons
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Consist of 3 sub-systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices
IBM 701 developed at 1952 by IBM President: Thomas J. Watson, Jr. • • • • •
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Known as the Defense Calculator while in development Publically announced in 1953. Known as IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines Consist of 3 subsystems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices Key to IBM's transition from punched-card machines to electronic computers. The first of the pioneering line of IBM 700 series computers, including the 702, 704, 705 and 709. Uses 72 Williams Tubes
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Generasi Komputer Dengan Rangkaian Terpadu (Integrated Circuit/IC) Jack Kilby adalah penemu sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) yang sekarang digunakan untuk pembuatan mikroprosesor komputer, ketika Kilby bekerja di Texas Instruments pada tahun 1958.
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Pada tahun 2000, Kilby mendapatkan penghargaan Nobel dalam bidang Fisika berkat penemuan sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) tersebut.
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Rangkaian terpadu yang terdiri dari ratusan/ribuan/jutaan komponen elektronik semi konduktor (transistor) yang dikemas dalam bentuk yang kompak dan ringan dalam bentuk chip, disebut juga micro-circuit, microprocessor, atau slicon-chip.
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Melahirkan penemuan Mikroprosesor 4004 di tahun 1971.
IBM’s 7000 Series – Generation of Transitorized or Chip-Based Computers • IBM 7010 - high end version of IBM 1410 introduced in 1962
•IBM 7090's at NASA's Project Mercury, 1962.
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IBM 7030 - Stretch supercomputer introduced in 1961
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IBM 7040 - scientific - introduced in 1963
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IBM 7044 - scientific - introduced in 1963
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IBM 7070 - decimal - introduced in 1960
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IBM 7072 - decimal - introduced in 1962
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IBM 7074 - decimal - introduced in 1961; used by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service in 1962 [1]
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IBM 7080 - commercial - introduced in 1961
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IBM 7090 - scientific - introduced in 1959
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IBM 7094 - scientific - introduced in 1962
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IBM 7094 II - scientific - introduced in 1964
•An IBM 7040 in operation from 1964 to 1974 at the German university Technische Hochschule Darmstadt with IBM 1401 on the right.
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PDP (Programmed data Processor)-1 Computer • • •
Designed by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) Built using chip technology. The entire computer occupies only 17 square feet of floor space.
MITS Altair 8800 Computer • It was a microcomputer designed in 1975. • Produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS)
• based on the Intel 8080 CPU • It is considered as 1st PC (Personal Computer) generation.
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Jenis Komputer • Mainframes (Super Computers) • Minicomputers • Microcomputers
Mainframes (Super Computer)
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Large in Physical Size
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Fast Computing Speed
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Large Memory Capacity
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Consist of Multiple Processors (CPUs)
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Provides many connections to I/O devices
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Mainly used for Large Scale Computer Server
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First Generation: Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, IBM 360
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Current generation: Cray-2, IBM ES/9000, IBM S/390,
•IBM 360 Computer Technology: Hardware, Software, & Dataware
•The Columbia Supercomputer at NASA's Advanced Supercomputing Facility at Ames Research Center.
•Cray-2
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Minicomputers •
Mini physical size
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Fairly fast computing speed
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Fairly large memory capacity
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May consists of multiple CPU/processors
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Used for Library Otomation in since 1970
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First Generation: PDP-1, IBM AS/400
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Used as Computer Servers
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Current Generation: midrange systems (IBM parlance), workstations (Sun Microsystems and general UNIX/Linux parlance), HoneyWell 316, GEC 4000 Series, PDP-11
Microcomputers • • • •
• • • •
Micro physical size Slower computing speed Smaller memory capacity Mostly consists of single or can be 2 CPU/processors Banyak digunakan untuk layanan transaksi frontend: OPAC, sirkulasi, Cash Register, Layanan Pengguna First Generation: PC (Personal Computer) seperti XT, AT (286,386,486) Current Generation: Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop, PDA (personal Digital Assistant) Used as Client Computers
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Sistem Komputer • Kombinasi elemen-elemen fungsional secara terpadu yang mencakup piranti keras (hardware), piranti lunak (software), piranti data (dataware) dan aturan/standar (ruleware) untuk melaksanakan program/komputasi berbasis komputer. • Notes: tidak termasuk manusia (brainware) -> Berbeda dengan definisi Pusnas.
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Komponen Sistem Komputer Hardware: Main Processor (CPU), Memory, Input-Output (I/O).
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Software: Sistem Operasi (Operating System/OS), Sofware Utilisasi, Pengembangan (Development Sofware), Software Aplikasi (Application Sofware).
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Sofware mengendalikan mekanisme kerja operasional hardware.
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Hardware Resources
• I/O (Input/Output) devices • Processor
• Memory
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I/O Devices • I/O Devices: to exchange data between computer systems and external sources • Input Devices: to enter data into a computer system
• Output Devices: to send data out of a computer system
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Input Devices pada Pemetaan Digital
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Pengolahan Citra & Digitisasi Peta
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Output Devices Pada Pusat Informasi Geografis
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Kriteria Pemilihan I/O Devices • Kecepatan (Speed) • Kemudahan (Ease of Use) • Keandalan (Reliability) • Obyektivitas & Akurasi • Kesesuaian dengan jenis data • Durasi (endurance) • Kompatibilitas 2/23/2014 26
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Identification of Crop Canopy Area Using Camera
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GREENHOUSE PROTOTYPE
Dies Natalis IPB 2001
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SENSORS WITH IN GREENHOUSE
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Dies Natalis IPB 2001
Temperature & Humidity Control Temperature
30
5
3.75
20
2.5 Temperature
10
1.25
0
Humidity (%)
Voltage
Voltage
0 0
300
100
600
900
1200
5
Time (seconds)
80 60 40 20
Voltage (v)
3.75 2.5 1.25
0
0 0
100
200
Dies Natalis IPB 2001
300
Time (seconds)
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Set point
Humidity Set point Voltage
400 23/02/2014 30
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Light Intensity
Light Intensity Control 7.5
5
6.5
4
Fin opening Angle
3 5.5 2 4.5
1
3.5
Light Intensity Set point Opening Angle
0 0
300
600
900
1200
Time (seconds) Dies Natalis IPB 2001
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•Yield Monitoring Using Satellite
Dies Natalis IPB 2001
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Weed detection for site-specific weed management
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Dies Natalis IPB 2001
•HALOGEN •LAMP
•CHOPPER
•MONOCHROMATOR
•INTEGRATING •SPHERE
•MOTOR •CONT. •AMP. •DO
•COMPUTER
•A/D
•NIR APPARATUS SYSTEM FOR THE EXPERIMENT untuk DETEKSI KEMATANGAN MANGGA Dies Natalis IPB 2001
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BioControl Systems (BCS) • BCS development efforts utilize five different types of bioelectric signals: Electrooculogram (EOG), Electromyogram (EMG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrocardiogram (EKG), and Galvanic skin response (GSR) • The essence of the biocontroller interface involves three processes: (1) bioelectric signal acquisition, (2) signal processing for pattern recognition or extraction of desired elements of the biosignal, and (3) mapping the results of the signal processing algorithm to some desired output code - which controls external electronic devices.
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BioSensors
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•Teknologi •Sortasi
•Sortasi dengan mesin skala besar • Digunakan pada industri besar • Komputerisasi, mata elektronik untuk mengimbangi jumlah objek yang sangat besar
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Processors the device unit that performs data processing
Features:
• High speed: micro, mini, super computer • Multiprocessors: support processor, coupled processor, parallel processor • Execution time: microsecond, nanosecond, picosecond • Speed measures: clock speed (Hz), MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second), FLOPS (Floating Point Operations per Second) 2/23/2014 38
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Perkembangan awal Prosesor Intel 1971
1976
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Data acquisition & processing
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Produksi Peta dengan Teknologi SIG
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Profil sumber air
Profil mineral bumi
Profil suhu permukaan bumi
Profil kota
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Memory • Memory Internal (primary storage): Register, Buffer, Cache, RAM, ROM • Memory External (secondary storage): Hardisk, Floppy Disk, Diskettes, Drum DIsk, CD-ROM, Laser Disk, Optical Disk, Tape, MO disk, ZIP disk, USB 2/23/2014 44
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Memory Features • Internal: higher speed, lower storage capacity, volatile, expensive, required for program execution, fully electronic • External: lower speed, higher storage capacity, non-volatile, cheaper, long-term storage, mechatronic • Measures: access speed & storage capacity (MByte, GByte, TByte)
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Magnetic Disk Capacity 80%/year
100,000
2.5”
10,000
MBytes
1,000
3.5”
8-14”
1.8”
100 10 5.25” 1 80
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88
92
96
00
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Storage Devices
Form factor: .5-1” 4” 5.7” Storage: 18-73GB
Form factor: .4-.7” 2.7” 3.9” Storage: 4-27GB
Form factor: .2-.4” 2.1” 3.4” Storage: 170MB-1GB 2/23/2014 47
Storage Hierarchy Size
Cost
CPU, Reg $600 a chip $10-2 per byte
213 bytes 32-64 bits
Cache
$10-4 per byte Memory $10-8 per byte
227 bytes 4-128 words 230 bytes 512-16k words
Secondary Storage
240 bytes 2/23/2014 48
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