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Evolusi International Health Law dan WHO LYS 2009
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Globalization dan tumbuhnya domain hukum internasional y Meningkatnya integrasi global mengakibatkan peningkatan
exponensial perkembangan public health law, mengingat h hampir i semua hubungan h b antar manusia i mengakibatkan kib k hubungan kesehatan. y Diseminasi worldwide ttg perkembangan IP dan teknologi telah mendorong terbentuknya Perjanjian Internasional dan aktifitas2 nasional dan internasional dalam hal keamanan bhn kimia, pestisida, makanan dan pembuangan limbah berbahaya. y Penggunaan P teknologi k l yg membahayakan b h k lingkungan l k telah lh mendorong kodifikasi hk internasional utk mengatasi imbasnya, seperti climate change, land degradation, menipisnya ozon, dllo. 2
ref: Global Public Health & International Law, WHO Bulletin 2002
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y International legal scholars have traditionally
compartmentalized and treated substantive subject matters such as human rights, environmental protection, health and arms control, as discrete, self-contained areas with limited connections. y Scholars of international law have only recently identified and debated the relationship between different subjects of international law law, such as trade and human rights, rights and human rights and environmental protection
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y As a consequence, health is emerging as a central issue of
multilateralism. y to address emerging opportunities for and threats to global health and improve the health status of poor states that have not benefited from globalization— the so-called ‘‘losers’’ of globalization. y The literature that analyses health and international health l as global law l b l public bli goods d ttestifies tifi tto th the significance i ifi off th the globalization of public health for future international cooperation, including conventional international law. 4
ref: Global Public Health & International Law, WHO Bulletin 2002
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International law and international health development y international health development in the twenty-first century
will be likely to include the expanded use of international law. y treaties can be useful for raising public awareness and stimulating international commitment and national action. y mechanisms established in international agreements can include financial and technical assistance, information exchange, h scientific i tifi researchh andd surveillance, ill as wellll as treaty supervision and dispute resolution.
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Global health governance and its limitations y In recent years, the number of intergovernmental
organizations and other actors in the domain of health and other fields of international relations has grown dramatically. y These include the United Nations and its agencies, organs and other bodies, and international and regional organizations outside of the United Nation’s system. y intergovernmental organizations with lawmaking authority will ill provide id an iincreasingly i l iimportant t t mechanism h i th throughh which states can develop and implement public policy.
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ref: Global Public Health & International Law, WHO Bulletin 2002
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Institutional overload y Belajar dari pesat namun carut-marutnya perkembangan
hukum lingkungan internasional, yang kemudian ditandai d dengan b banyaknya k treaty internasional i i l tanpa ada d satu badan bd pun yang bertanggungjawab atas HLI. y Kemudian, seiring dg waktu, dibentuklah World Environment Organization. Namun, krn isu lingkungan internasional sudah terlalu banyak pd saat organisasi internasional tsb dibentuk, terjadilah ‘institutional overload’. y Hal H l ini kemudian k d digarisbawahi d b h oleh l h para ahli hl hukum h k kesehatan internasional untuk dihindari dan tidak diulang di bidang kesehatan masyarakat internasional. 7
Taking the agenda forward: WHO and international health law y An international health law mandate for WHO: coordination
and collective management y involving coordination of the international health law enterprise, is essential for rational development and effective implementation of international health law policy y effective collective management is also needed because the phenomenon of ‘‘issue linkage’’ in contemporary lawmaking could ld compoundd th the problem bl off contradictory t di t iinternational t ti l health law rules emanating from different organizations with overlapping legal authority 8
ref: Global Public Health & International Law, WHO Bulletin 2002
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Peran WHO di IHL y WHO can provide leadership and promote more coherent
and effective development of international health law by serving as coordinator, catalyst and, where appropriate, platform for important international health agreements. y Foster the development of a more effective, integrated and rational legal regime and, consequently, better collective management of global health concerns. y cooperation ti bby serving, i where h appropriate, i t as a platform l tf ffor codification and implementation of agreements with important public health law implications 9
The FCTC : a new era in international health cooperation y The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO
FCTC) merupakan treaty pertama yang dinegosiasikan dibawah WHO Treaty ini diadopsi oleh the World Health Assembly pd tgl WHO. 21 May 2003 dan mulai berlaku tgl 27 February 2005. Treaty ini mjd treaty yg paling diterima spjg sejarah PBB dan sampai dg hr ini beranggotakan 167 pihak. y The WHO FCTC dibuat sebagai response dari globalisasi epidemik tembakaudan merupakan treaty yg berdasarkan evidence, yg mengafirmasi bhw setiap orang berhak utk hidup dengan standar kesehatan yang tinggi. y FCTC memberikan milestone untuk promosi public health dan menyediakan dimensi hukum baru untuk International Health Cooperation. 10
ref: Global Public Health & International Law, WHO Bulletin 2002
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y WHO’s unconventional consideration of the role of
international law and institutions in promoting public health policies suggests a revision and expansion of the organization’s traditional scientific, technical approaches to public health and, perhaps, an evolution of its traditional culture. y Governmental support of the mandate may also depend partly on assessment of WHO’s WHO s organizational capacity: the institution’s existing strengths and past successes in contributing to the management of global health law. 11
y The end.
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ref: Global Public Health & International Law, WHO Bulletin 2002
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