V. SIMPULAN Suplementasi vitamin D dalam ransum yang mengandung fitase 500 FTU,
Ca 3,3%, P tersedia 0,5% pada level 500 IU dapat meningkatkan bobot dan massa Ca kerabang.
22
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abdel-Azeem, F. A. and A. A. El-Shafei. 2006. Effect of different levels of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on performance and skeletal bone formation of laying Japanese quail reared under hot climate region. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal. 26: 221-234. Almatsier, S. 2004. Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. Amin, M., D. Jusadi dan I. Mokoginta. 2011. Penggunaan enzim fitase untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan fosfor dari sumber bahan nabati pakan dan pertumbuhan ikan lele (Clarias sp). Jurnal Saintek Perikanan. 6: 52-60. Amrullah, I. K. 2003. Nutrisi Ayam Petelur. Lembaga Satu Gunungbudi, Bogor.
Anggorodi, H. R. 1995. Nutrisi Aneka Ternak Unggas. PT Gramedia Pustaka, Jakarta. Asmarasari, S. A. dan E. Suprijatna. 2007. Respon pemberian pellet kunyit (Curcuma domestica) terhadap performans produksi dan efisiensi penggunaan protein ayam pedaging. Dalam: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hari Pangan Sedunia XXVII. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang. hal. 251-256. Astawan, M. 2009. Sehat dengan Hidangan Kacang dan Biji-bijian. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Aureli, R., M. U. Faruk, I. Cechova, P. B. Pedersen, S.G. Elvig-Joergensen, F. Fru and J. Broz. 2011. The efficacy of a novel microbial 6-phytase expressed in Aspergillus oryzae on the performance and phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science. 10: 160-168.
Baruah, K., N.P. Sahu, A.K. Pal and D. Debnath . 2004. Dietary phytase: an ideal approach for a cost effective and low-polluting aqua feed. NAGA, World Fish Center Quarterly. 27: 15-19. Blakely, J. dan D. H. Bade. 1998. Ilmu Peternakan. Edisi ke Empat. (Diterjemahkan oleh: B. Srigandono). Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. Bradfield, J. R. G. 1951. Radiographic studies on the formation of the hen's egg shell. Journal of Experimental Biology. 28: 125-141.
Costa, C.H.R., S.L.T. Barreto, P.C. Gomes, L.H. Hosoda, C.A. Lipari and H.J.D. Lima. 2011. Available phosphorus levels in diets for Japanese quail 45-57 weeks of age. Journal of Animal Science. 40: 2152-2160. Clunies, M., D. Parks and S. Leeson. 1992. Calcium and phosporus metabolism and eggshell formation of hens fed different amounts of calcium. Poultry Science. 71: 482-489. 23
Edwards, H. M., Jr. 1993. Dietary 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol supplementation increases natural phytate phosphorus utilization in chickens. Journal of Nutrition. 123: 567-577.
Edwards, H. M., Jr., M. A. Elliot and S. Sooncharernying. 1992. Effect of dietary calcium on tibial dyschondroplasia. Interaction with light, cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, protein, and synthetic zeolite. Poultry Science. 71: 2041-2055. Eklund, M., R. Mosenthin, M. Tafaj and J. Wamatu. 2006. Effects of betaine and condensed molasses solubles on nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility in piglets fed diets deficient in methionine and low in compatible osmolytes. Archieves of Animal Nutrition. 60: 289-300.
El-Maksoud, A. A. 2010. Effect of dietary calcium and vitamin D3 levels on egg production and egg shell quality of hy-line brown - egg type laying hens. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal. 30: 1097-1120. Etches, R. J. 1996. Reproduction in Poultry. CAB International. Wallingford. Oxon. UK. Ferket, P. R and A. G. Gernat. 2006. Factors that affect feed intake of meat birds: A Review. International Journal of Poultry Science. 5: 905-911.
Frost and Roland. 1990. Influence of vitamin D3, 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on eggshell quality, tibia strength, and various production parameters in commercial laying hens. Poultry Science. 69: 2008-2016.
Garcia A. F. Q. M., E. M. Alice, R. A. D. Cristiane, C. O. R. Iván, Karla Paola Picoli and M. Z. Maíra. 2013. Use of vitamin D and its metabolites in broiler chicken feed on performance, bone parameters and meat quality. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 26(3): 408-415 Greiner, R., E. Haller, U. Konietzny and K.D. Jany. 1997. Purification and characterization of a phytase from Klebsiella terrigena. Archieves Biochemistry Biophysics. 341: 201-206.
Hartadi, H., S. Reksohadiprojo dan A. D. Tillman. 1994. Tabel Komposisi Pakan untuk Indonesia. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta. Indreswari, R., H. I. Wahyuni, N. Suthama and P. W. Ristiana. 2009. Calcium utilization for egg shell formation in laying hens due to the different feeding regimes of morning and afternoon portion. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture. 34: 134-138.
Kasiyati, N. Kusumorini, H. Maheshwari dan W. Manalu. 2010. Kajian fisiologis status kalsium puyuh (Coturnix coturnix japonica) setelah pemberian cahaya monokromatik. Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi. 18: 1-11.
Keshavarz, K. 2003. A comparison between cholecalciferol and 25-OHcholecalciferol on performance and eggshell quality of hens fed different levels of calcium and phosporus. Poultry Science. 82: 1415-22. 24
Lavelin, I., N. Meiri and M. Pines. 2000. New insight in eggshell formation. Poultry Science. 79: 1014-1017. Leeson, S and J. D. Summer. 2001. Feeding Programs for Laying Hens. Buletin ASA Technical Volume PO49. American Soybean Association.
Listiyowati, E dan K. Roospitasari. 2005. Beternak Puyuh Secara Komersial. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. Maenz, D. D. 2001. Enzymatic characteristic of phytases as they relate to their use in animal feeds. In: Enzyme in Animal Nutrition. (Ed. M. R. Bedford and G. G. Partridge). CABI Pub. United Kingdom. 3: 61-84.
Maia G.A.R., J.B. Fonseca, R.T.R.N. Soares, M.A. Silva and C.L.M. Souza. 2002. Egg quality of laying hens fed with dry yeast sugarcane. Brazilian Agricultural Research. 37: 1295-1300. Marsudi dan C. Saparinto. 2012. Puyuh. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Muhilal dan A. Sulaiman. 2004. Angka kecukupan vitamin larut lemak. Jakarta. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. 356.
Nascimento G.R., A. E. Murakami, A. F. Q. M. Guerra, I. C. Ospinas-Rojas, M. F. Z. Ferreira and J. C. Fanhani. 2014. Effect of different vitamin d sources and calcium levels in the diet of layers in the second laying cycle. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 16(2): 37-42. Nesheim, M. C., R. E. Austic and L. E. Card. 1979. Poultry Production. Lea Febiger, Philadelphia.
Nuhriawangsa, A. M. P. 2012. Produksi Serbuk Fitase Hasil Teknologi Rekombinan dan Aplikasinya Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Pakan dan Kinerja Ayam Broiler. Disertasi. Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Peternakan. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta. Nutrition Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirement of Poultry. National Academy Science. Washington. United State of America.
Pedrosa, M.A.C. and M.L. Castro. 2005. Role of vitamin d in the neuro-muscular function brazilian archives of endocrinology and metabolism. 49: 495-502.
R Core Team. 2015. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. URL. http://www.R-Project.org/. Selle, P. H.,V. Ravindran, A.J. Cowieson and M. R. Bedford. 2010. Phytate and phytase. In: enzymes in farm animal nutrition (Ed. M. Bedford and G. Partridge). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. pp. 167. Shanaway, M. M. 1994. Quail Production Systems: A Review. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Italy.
25
Shin, S., N. C. Ha, B. C. Oh, T. K. Oh and B.H. Oh. 2001. Enzyme mechanism and catalytic property of propeller phytase. Structure. 9: 851-858. Situmorang, N. A., L.D. Mahfudz dan U. Atmomarsono. 2013. The influence of seaweed (Gracilaria verrucosa) meal in the diet on protein utilization of broiler. Animal Agricultural Journal. 2: 49-56.
Soares, J.H., J.M. Kerr and R.W. Gray. 1995. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in poultry nutrition. Poultry Science. 74: 1919-1934.
Standar Nasional Indonesia. 2006. Pakan Anak Ayam Ras Pedaging (Broiler Starter). Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta.
Steel. R.G. D dan J. H. Torrie. 1993. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik. Terjemahan: M. Syah. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. Suprapto, W. S. Kismiyati dan E. Suprijatna. 2012. Pengaruh penggunaan tepung kerabang telur ayam ras dalam pakan burung puyuh terhadap tulang tibia dan tarsus. Animal Agricultural Journal. 1: 77-85. Taylor, T.G. 2006. Calcium metabolism and the laying hen. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 14: 611-613.
Tsang, C. P. W. and A. A. Grunder. 1993. Effect of dietary contents of cholecalciferol, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24, 25dihydroxycholecalciferol on blood concentrations of 2525-dihydroxycholecalciferol, total calcium and eggshell quality. British Poultry Science. 34: 1021-1027. Umar. 2000. Kualitas Fisik Telur Ayam Kampung Segar di Pasar Tradisional, Swalayan dan Peternak di kota Madya Bogor. Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Underwood, E.J. and N.F. Suttle. 2001. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. 3rd Ed. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. pp.65-104. Winarno, F.G. 2004. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Wulandari, E. C., W. Murningsih dan H. I. Wahyuni. 2012. Deposisi kalsium dan phosphor pada cangkang telur ayam arab dengan pemberian berbagai level Azolla microphylla. Animal Agriculture Journal. 1: 507-520. Yuwanta, T. 2004. Dasar Ternak Unggas. Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
26
LAMPIRAN
27
Lampiran 1. Hasil Analisis Variansi Konsumsi Kalsium Bartlett test of homogeneity of variances Data: konsumsi Ca by Perlakuan
Bartlett's K-squared = 1.1465, df = 4, p-value = 0.8868
prlk
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) 4 0.00668 0.001670
Residuals 20 0.05572 0.002786
0.599 0.667
Histogram Konsumsi Ca
28
Lampiran 2. Hasil Analisis Variansi Bobot Kerabang Bartlett test of homogeneity of variances data: Bobot Kerabang by perlakuan
-squared = 1.1465, df = 4, p-value = 0.8868
perlakaun Residuals
Df 4
20
Sum Sq
Mean Sq
0.04544
0.011360
0.03576
0.001788
F value 6.353
Mean Square Error: 0.001788 perlakuan, means bk
std
r
Min
Max
P0
0.640
0.02121320
5
0.62
0.67
P2
0.642
0.07328028
5
0.56
0.74
0.650
0.03316625
5
0.61
P1 P3 P4
0.750 0.698
0.03741657 0.02489980
5 5
0.71 0.66
29
0.79 0.72 0.68
Pr(>F)
0.00181 **
alpha: 0.05 ; Df Error: 20 Critical Range 2
0.05578538
3
0.05855591
4
0.06031664
5
0.06154641
Means with the same letter are not significantly different. Groups, Treatments and means a
P1
0.75
b
P4
0.65
ab b b
P3 P2 P0
0.698 0.642 0.64
30
Lampiran 3. Hasil Analisis Variansi Massa Kalsium Kerabang Bartlett test of homogeneity of variances data: massa Ca kerabang by perlakuan
Bartlett's K-squared = 7.5875, df = 4, p-value = 0.1079
prlk
Residuals
Df 4
20
Sum Sq
0.005856
Mean Sq
0.001464
0.004440
0.000222
Histogram Massa Ca Kerabang
31
F value 6.595
Pr(>F)
0.00149 **
Duncan's new multiple range test for mcakb Mean Square Error: 0.000222 prlk, means P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
mcakb
std
r
Min
Max
0.25
0.29
0.234
0.005477226
5
0.23
0.222
0.022803509
5
0.20
0.266 0.246 0.230
0.018165902 0.011401754 0.010000000
5 5 5
0.23 0.22
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.24
alpha: 0.05 ; Df Error: 20 Critical Range 2
0.01965682
3
0.02063305
4
0.02125347
0.02168680
Means with the same letter are not significantly different. Groups, Treatments and means a
P1
0.266
bc
P0
0.234
b
bc c
P3 P4 P2
0.246 0.23
0.222
32
5
Lampiran 4. Hasil Analisis Variansi Pemanfaatan Kalsium Bartlett test of homogeneity of variances data: pemanfaatan Ca by perlakuan
Bartlett's K-squared = 2.6633, df = 4, p-value = 0.6156
prlk
Residuals
Df
Sum Sq
Mean Sq
20
118.28
5.914
4
48.37
12.093
F value 2.045
Histogram Pemanfaatan Ca
33
Pr(>F) 0.127
Lampiran 6. Ucapan Terima Kasih UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Skripsi berjudul Pemanfaatan Kalsium Pada Puyuh (Coturnix Coturnix
Japonica) Yang Mendapat Suplementasi Vitamin D Dalam Ransum Yang Mengandung Fitase merupakan bagian penelitian dari : Nama Dosen
: Dr. Adi Magna P. N., S.Pt., M.P
Dr.sc.agr. Adi Ratriyanto, S.Pt., M.P Rysca Indreswari, S.Pt., M.Si
Judul Penelitian
:
Winny Swastike, S.Pt., M.P
Aplikasi fitase untuk meningkatkan kualitas pakan dan
Produksi
lingkungan
puyuh
petelur
dengan
Skema Penelitian
: Hibah Penelitian Strategis Nasional
Sumber Dana
: DP2M DIKTI
Tahun
Nomor Kontrak
limbah
ramah
: 2015
: 339/UN27.11/PL/2015
Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih atas kesempatan yang diberikan untuk
melaksanakan penelitian tersebut.
Surakarta, Penulis
Mei 2016
Eprilia Aristia Rini
34
