e n n e k rn a n ip u la tív
h a tá s a
b e fo g a d ó k tö b b s é g é b e n . v a n a m a n ip u la tív tiz e n e t e lv e té s é t
nem
tu d a to s u l
U gyanakkor
te c h n ik á v a l,
v o n ja -e
g á ltá k p o litik u s o k
m aga
K id e rü lt,
a s s z o c iá c ió s im á z s o k k a l
u tá n .
hogya
-
fé n y d e rü lt, h o g y e z a tu d a to s s á g
(" p a trió ta " ,
a " v iz u á lis
h a to tt
b e h a tó b b
hogy
képpen nem
h e ly e tte s íth e ti
vagy
d e a rra is
és gazdasági
h a a n é z ő k e lfo g a d tá k
h á tte -
a p o liti-
" k ö rn y e z e tv é d ő " , E zek
hogy
k o n v e n c ió in a k
fe lk é s z ü lte b b e k
szem ben,
té n y e irő l,
az bár
is m e re te )
le g y e n e k
d e e z a m ű v e lts é g
a v a ló s á g
s tb .) ,
a z e re d m é n y e k
a z z a l a k ité te lle l,
te c h n ik a i
p ó to lh a tja
a d o tt
v o lt a s ta n d a rd
n e m m in d ig já rt e g y ü tt a n e -
k ritik u s a b b a k ,
m a n ip u lá c ió v a l
m e g v iz s -
m e llé re n d e lé s re
tá rs a d a lm i
tö re k v é s e ire .
m é d ia
k ö z v e títe tt
a c s a lá d , a c ím e r s tb . -,
ö s z tö n ö z n e k ,
(a v iz u á lis
á lta l
a k u ta tó k
tis z tá b a n
" c s a lá d s z e re tő " ,
a p o litik u s
a b e fo g a d ó k
im á z s o k k a l, a v iz u á lis
tö b b s é g e
e lle n k e z ő le g ,
is m e re té re
m ű v e lts é g "
a z a s s z o c iá c ió s
n é lk ü lö z ő
h a a n é z ő tis z tá b a n
eszköz
tis z tá z á s á ra
a k ü lö n b ö z ő
k u s á lta l s u g a llt im á z s t akkor ez kedvezően
a k é rd é s:
ig a z . A tu d a to s s á g
hanem
e lő s e g íth e ti,
E nnek
nézők
g a tív v á la s z re a k c ió k k a l,
v é g z e tts é g e t
a v iz u á lis
m in t a z á s z ló ,
rlí ré te g e k re n é z v e e g y a rá n t
im á z s te c h n ik a
fe lm e rü l
ez nem
k a m p á n y p o rtré ib a n
n é z ő i v á la s z o k a t.
a fe ls ő fo k ú
az
s e m m i-
a ttitfíd je irő l
v a ló jó lin fo rm á lts á g o t.
Sanskrit, Arabic, Dutch and English Lexicai . Borrowings in Bahasa Indonesia and Problems of Variation in Language Planning
T h e p ro lific p ro o f h o w a c u te
e a rs
s c h o la rly
o e u v re
fru itfu l th e s c ie n c e fo r
lo w -Ie v e l
h y p o th e s is .
G re a t
is h is
H u n g a ria n
n a tio n a l
a n a ly s is ,
and
c o n trib u tio n
la n g u a g e ,
w h ic h h a s a g e n e ra l
lin g u is tic
in in v e s tig a tin g
fo rm a tio n
th e
o f P ro fe sso r
o f la n g u a g e
its
Is tv á n
is a s h in in g
w h e n lin g u is ts
im a g in a tiv e
m in d s
to th e
s tu d y
s ta n d a rd iz a tio n
o v e rto n e
S z a th m á ri
m ay becom e
o f th e and
fo r
a b s tra c t
fo rm a tio n s ty lis tic
have
o f th e
v a ria tio n ,
a n d th u s m a y h e lp m e th o d o lo g ic a lly
o f n a tio n a l
la n g u a g e s
in th e fo rm e r c o lo n ia l
c o u n trie s . B ahasa
ln d o o e s ia
c o llo q u i a l o r d a ily
(b o th
v a ria tio n
its
s ta n d a rd
nam ed
ty p e
" s e h a r-h a ri" )
te rm e d
" re s m i" ,
is th e m o s t w id e ly
and
its
sh a re d
and
fu n c tio n a ly
th e
o ffic ia l
is la n d s ,
and
d iffe re n t
lo a d e d
th e
fa m ily
s p a re s ly
th o u s a n d on
th e
k ra m a
(le s
h a lu s
over
M a la y fo r
of
th e
th e
in d e p e n d e n c e M a la y fo r
as an
life "
and
tw o
'v e r y
S undanese in
B a li,
B a ta k ,
Toba
m illio n
a re u se d
la rg e r
n a tio n a l
and
19
new
p e o p le .
b y m o re
c itie s
of
th a n
ln d o n e s ia
w hen w as
v e rn a c u la rs ,
and
20
M a la y
even
w hen
D u tc h
la n g u a g e of
a s th e
th e m ost
fo r
a " Iin g u a
p re se rv e d
p rin c ip a l
la n g u a g e
its s ta tu s
have
as
(1 6 0 0 -1 9 4 2 ),
a s th e
kept
M a la y ,
p o s itio n
o ffic ia l
and
th e y of
in
1945 to
of
of
th e
ro a d
On
th e
c o n tra ry ,
e d u c a tio n , Japanese
ln d o n e s ia
fu lfil
th e
to
use
ro le
th e
as "a
m o d e rn
o f th e c o u n try ,
im p o rta n t
c u ltu re ,
p ro c la im e d o f a n a tio n a l
1928
In
In d o n e s ia n
g ra d u a lly
in c re a s e d , c o u ld
ln d o n e s ia D u tc h
life ,
a
la n g u a g e e tc .
o b je c tiv e ly
ln d o n e s ia .
in d e p e n d e n c e , and
not
in to
in d u s try ,
a d m in is tra tio n
its
th e y
"T he
th e
of B ahasa
th e
in s tru g g k
(1 9 4 2 -1 9 4 5 )
p u b lic
fo r
" n e u tra J "
w eapon
B ahasa
d is m is s in g
m ilita ry
a b o rig in a l
fig h t
e th n ic a Ily
n a tio n .
o f M a la y
o f tu rn in g
m o b ility
young th e ir
ln d o n e s ia
In d o n e s ia
on
th e
a
th e
s tre n g th e n
as B ahasa p re s tig e
th e s o c io lin g u is tic
re a d y
s ta rte d
fo rm a tio n
c o u rt,
c e n tu rie s to
c o m m u n ic a tio n ,
o c c u p a tio n
M a la y ,
th
began
s o c io lin g u is tic
la n g u a g e .
to in c re a s e
re g io n a l
o f ln d o n e s ia
v e rn a c ll1 a r
o b s ta c 1 e
it b y
th
is la n d s
th e
a d m in is tra tio n ,
re p la c in g
and
c o m m u n ic a tio n
second
th e
Japanese
m o d e rn
T hus,
of
in te re th n ic
th e
e th n ic
p o p u la tio n
th e
m eans
a s e rio u s
ln d o n e s ia
Java,
B a lin e s e
H o k k ie n
fe w used
in g g il
(M a n d a ilin g th a n
in
a
c o m m u n ic a tio n .
tu rn
becom e
h e lp e d
m ost
M a d u re se
E ast
Java,
b y m o re
s o c io lin g u is tic
h o m e la n d ,
T h is
th e
o fte n
fu n c tio n in g at
(k ra m a
and
B a ta k
and
a re
in c lu d in g
W est
s e a p o rts
c o lo n iz a tio n
o f th e ir
L anguage".
fro m
o f th is
im p o rta n t
th is
and
in
th e
a d m in is tra tio n
(G o e th e )
even
3 10
to
m u tu tu a lly
by
Javanese
in C e n tra l
in te re th n ic
ln d o n e s ia n
p ro c 1 a im e d
and
Java,
H akka
in
its a b o rig in a l
lo c a l
at
p a trio ts
13000
M a la y o -P o ly n e s ia n
c o u n try
la n g u a g e s ,
a re sp o k e n
d iffe re n t
becam e
o f in te re th n ic
W hen
24
'l o w ')
in th e ir
a s p e c ts
im p o s e d
m eans
th e
and
over
b e lo n g in g
418
v e rn a c u la rs th e
M in a n g k a b a u ,
liv in g
o f th e s e
used
Som e
e s p e c ia lly
of
E ast
M a n d a rin ,
t h e N e t h e r l a n d 's
c o lo n y .
of
1 9 8 3 ).
sp e a k e rs
fra n c a ".
to
e th n ic
'I o w ')
in S u m a tra ,
C h in e s e
a m ille n n iu m
d u rin g
p e o p le
about
m a in ly
and
in
ngoko
kasar
C a n to n e s e ,
m illio n
The
and
and
P a le m b a n g
000 use
is la n d s
H o w e v e r,
in S u la w e s i,
(S e e : N A B A N
w as
each.
'h i g h ',
In a d d itio n th re e
re g io n a l e a s te rn
M a d u ra
'h i g h ',
B u g is /M a k a s s a r B a ta k ),
p e rta in in g
o f th e s e
of
700
e th n ic itie s
c o m m u n ic a tio n
c o n s is tin g
N A B A B A N 1 9 8 3 ; L O W E N B E R G 1 9 8 3 ).
(S e e :
sp e a k e rs
of hum an
ln d o n e s ia
146
about
T hese
p o p u la te d
is la n d
h i g h ',
by
v e rn a c u la rs
m a jo rity
in s tru m e n t
c o n te m p o ra ry
g ro u p s.
u n in te llig ib le
The
of
in h a b ite d
e th n ic
la n g u a g e
in te re th n ic
la n g u a g e
o ffic ia l
B ahasa
la n g u a g e
of
the new
born
state.
1982). H ow ever,
A nd
like
W orld W ar II in states sa lndonesia
com ing
T his
planning
and variation.
dem anded
N ational C entre task
its
flexible
noble
language
during
on the periphery
of language
the
of these
variability
Ínterference
of different
"code-sw itch
ing"
"neologism s"
language
and
w ith
a great
to act in the line w ith the "teleological
8ahasa
Indonesia
division
to
resldts
of the
change
and
developm ent
effort
law
that the of
equilibrium " factors,
betw een
of their
m otive
intralinguistic
w ork.
draw n
forces)
and T he
line, like
betw een of
the
linguistic
variability"
actuation principle
M A R T IN E T ),
the
(or m otive
events
circum stances (H .
econom y
of of
L O M T Y E V ), etc., G R IM M ;
V.
W.
and V O :"
(O . JE S P E R S E N ), social
(P . Ü S T 110IT ; M . B A R T O U ),
P A U L ),
contact
of
reestablishm ent
(.1.
folk-psychology
or language
riddles
(1. K U R Y L O W IC Z ; Z. G O M B oez;
A.
generations
of languages
"non-code-
to life by "inherent
(W . W U N IY l), historicaI
changes (.1. M A R R ), geographical
of
act in
vernaculars,
sharply
(N. S . T R U B E T Z K C W ; T . m ainly
variability"
contacts.
analogy
(A R IS T O T L E ;
(R . JA K O B S O N )
are no P yrenees
M A N C Z A K ; S . K Á R O L Y ), the
H U M B O L D T ), culture
interaction
(or
brought
language
plain the
riddles
B ahasa
of com m unication
results
T here
Z IIIR M U N S K Y ; V .
differences
the
by a single
m ainly:
extralinguistic
other
helped
interference
and S pain.
actuation
and
M alayo-P olynesian
be m arked
language
"tem porary
linguistic
each
of languages,
tim es.
F rance
It has becom e
linguistic
the
linguistic and
rules of "inherent
w ith other
the
has
instrum ent
cannot of
rem ain
sw itching"
m etaphor"
w ork w ork
coined,
T hey
and
num ber
betw een
and "non-code-sw itching" forces),
w ith from
has
the
380 000 lexical
used.
particular,
a reliable
that variable
contacts
separate
of their
the boundary
in
fee1ing in our m odern
together
sw itch ing" language it is difficult
E nglish
task of becom ing
O ur sÍlldies have show n
continuing
of "non-code
lndonesia
of expressing
and
of language
institution
developm ent
A rabic,
and m eans
elem ents
w hich
or so over
S anskrit,
and fulfil its noble
B aha-
its system s
by the lndonesian
are seldom
subtypes
contacts and
after
(K A E H L E R 1978).
spontaneous
types
D utch
planning
last 45 years
usage
of
fulfilled
(D jakarta)
(D lA I-I
countries,
to principles
is being
D evelopm ent
predecessor
m any
colonial
task fonned
its language
attitude
task
noble
languages in developing
standardizing
a very
units. H ow ever, lnherent
and
T his
codified
for this
official
a lot of difficulties
for L anguage
of
and
rivals
and
to life in the form er
in codifying
patterns.
adopted
national
had to overcom e
and structures,
noble
it had no serious
other
"m ixing"
of
languages
(H . S C H U C H A R D T ;
v.
or
A scoL I;
A M E lL L E T ;
U. W E IN R E IC H ; S . R O T ), and so on, acting as actuation
riddles
(or
forces)
B ahasa
m otive
in
linguistic
change
and
develpom ent
of
In d o n e s ia ,
fo rrn
"c u rv e d " th e
a ra th e r
tra je c to ry
fu n c tio n
p o s itio n
of
d is p la y e d
by
th e s e
bund1e
w h ic h
th e
in
of
s p e a k in g
th e
la n g u a g e
D u tc h
re lig io u s
fo rc e s)
in
know n
a w ritte n
as
songs
and
in
fu n c tio n s
an
and
in te rv o w e n
lin g u is tic
th e
th e
escaped
T a lk e e -
T a lk e e ,
T a lk e e .
is
up
change
p ro c e ss
la n g u a g e ,
th a t
fro m
D eepee-
d o m in a n t
th e
of
its
s ta n d a rd .
It is re p o rte d
descended
th e
m ake
w o rk s
n e c e s s a rily
c a p tu re
in tra lin g u is tic
c a u s a lity
o f a lite ra ry
by
n e ith e r
is it a
S a ra m a c c a n e r
B ush
s la v e s have
T h is
is
u n in te llig ib le
and a
n o rm a l1 y
s p e c ia l
re se rv e d
to
o th e r
n o b le
fo r
th e ir
in h a b ita n ts
of
c o u n try . The
p ro c e ss
lo n g
b e fo re
and
n a tio n a l
fre e d
of
la n g u a g e
1 n d o n e s ia n
space
s p o n ta n e o u s im p o rta n t
began
p re s tig e
In
In d o n e s ia ,
tie d
to th e
and
in
its
w h ic h
in
o th e r
o f th e
o ffic ia l c o u n trie s
o f th e
" d ri ft"
in h e re n t
la n g u a g e
in B a -
fo rm a tio n
a c c e le ra te d
b o th
c o n s c io u s
to " th e
s ta n d a rd iz a tio n
h is to ry
dem anded
150)
ris e n as
and
ln d o n e s ia
in B a h a s a
w as
o f c o d ify in g
th is
ch ange
s c h o la rs
re g a rd e d
fro m
th e
a ju d g e
s p o n ta n e o u s
w rite rs
la n g u a g e
s h o u ld
w as
F ra n c e
a s "F re n c h
dow n
v a ria b ility
p la n n in g
of
p la y e d
an
to
d e c id e
s tic k and
is " b a d
of
E n g lis h
a re
a lI
th e
m a n ife s ta tio n ,
th e ir
th e
and
even
doom
th e
th
c o d e b a te d by
because d id
fro m
e n ric h in g
o th e r
not
w h e th e r
a s p e c ia lly th e
id e a
w is h
la n g u a g e
now adays a fte r he
a
405
of
th e
fo u n d e d
of
such
d u p lic a te
to
in s titu tio n s v ie w
s p ite
of
m a c ro s y s te m c o d ifie d 6
do
s y s te m s
%
th a t
h e a rin g
a w itn e s s
In
th e
to
th e
trib u n a l
th e s e %
in s tis u tio n s th e ir
to
is o n ly
la n g u a g e .
v a rie tie s
la n g u a g e in
18
b e re g u la te d
E n g lis h
" d o m in a n ts " ,
o n ly
p la n n in g "
of
n a tio n a l
th e ir
s o c io lin g u is tic a lly
th e
la rg e ly
E n g lis h " ,
d e v e lo p m e n t
s ta n d a rd s
and
A cadem y
c o u n trie s
w hat
re je c te d
of
an
w hat
ty ra n n y " .
B ritis h
s p e a k in g
and
and
p ro p o sa l
c a rn e
T h e re fo re
" la n g u a g e
A nd 1949,
s ta n d a rd
th e
in s titu tio n
is n o t
its e lf.
and
c o u n try " . p ro c e ss
in tim a te ly
(S A P IR
lin g u is tic
o f th e ir
E n g lis h "
th e
th is
been
E n g lis h
A cadem y,
E n g lis h
of
s ta n d a rd iz a tio n
its s ta tu s
ro le .
W hen n o rm s
has
n a tio n
and
and
io e . b e fo re
c o lo n ia lis m ,
ln d o n e s ia
tim e
c o d ify in g
1945,
fro m
hasa
th e y
m o tiv e
any
e lim in a te d
b o th
ln d o n e s ia ,
c a lle d and
of
w h e re
or even
T h e re fo re
B ahasa
fra n c a
c e re m o n ie s
to
n o n -lin e a r
G u ia n a ,
lin g u a
trie s 1 9 9 1 ).
of
p e o p le s o
a p p ro p ria te ly
w h ic h in : R O T
(o r
s tru c tu re
of
is n o t
c iv iliz e d
h ie ra rc h ic
b e m o d ifie d ,
tra je c to rie s
fo rm a tio n
s ta n d a rd of
N e g ro e s
th e
i.e . th e
lite ra ry
p re ro g a tiv e
one
rid d le s
a m ode
m ay
d e ta ils
"c u rv e d "
d e v e lo p m e n t
s ta n d a rd iz a tio n , A
(S e e
a c tu a tio n
d y n a m ic
fu n c tio n
n e ig h b o u rin g
h ie ra rc h y
e x tra lin g u is tic
and
th e
in th is
c o m p lic a te d
o f th e ir
of
w hat
of
th e
th e
is
"good
th a t
of th e
P re s e n t-D a y
v a rie tie s th e
th e
lin g u is t
p ro c e ss
fa c t
of
of
th e
cover
c o m m u n ic a tiv e
not
a p p ly
and
s u b s y s te m s
th e
p rin c ip le s by
of
la n g u a g e
d e m e n ts
and
p a tte rn s
ta k e n
fro m
th e ir
" n o n -s ta n d a rd "
v a rie tie s
(R O T
1991 a ) . O n th e o th e r
hand,
fa rm e r c o lo n ia l s ta tu s o f n a tio n a l fu n c tio n a l
w h ic h
a n d o ffic ia l
dem ands
s a c io lin g u is tic
it is o n k n o w le d g e a b le
c o u n trie s
of
p la n n in g .
p rin c ip le s o f la n g u a g e
o f th e th e
in th e ir e ffo rts to k e e p p a s s w ith th e
" te le o lo g ic a l
o f a m o d e rn
lip s th a t v e rn a c u la rs
th e la s t 5 0 y e a rs o r s o re c e iv e d
la n g u a g e s
th e
p o s itio n s
d u rin g
m e ta p h o r"
la n g u a g e
T h is
and
have
to
is th e c a s e w ith
s tre n g th e n
a p p ly
th e ir
m e th o d s
B ahasa
and
In d o n e s ia
as
w e I l. A th o ro u g h o f d iffe re n t
a n a ly s is
g e n re
th e y e a rs 1 9 5 0 -1 9 9 0 te rm e d B a h a s a
1 2 h o u rs
in B a h a s a
In d o n e s ia
c ru s t o v e r th e riv e r" ic e s h e e t
o f c o n c re te
and
is th e
ln d o n e s ia ,
re sm i
m a te ria l
(2 5 0 0 0 p a g e s o f te x t
speech)
b ro u g h t
by E . VENDRYES,
i.e .
D ja k a rta
th e
n a tu ra l
p o p u la r
s la n g , o th e r s o c io le c ts
(B a h a sa v a rie tie s
v e ry im p o rta n t
in
its
p a rtic u la r,
I. M a la y
ic y
la n g u a g e
it. H o w e v e r,
B ahasa
"an
a n d re g io n a l
w h ic h a re a fru itfu l s o u rc e o f e n ric h in g e n ric h in g
in
1 9 4 9 , 2 5 3 ). T h e riv e r th a t flo w s u n d e r th e
n o n -s ta n d a rd ,
b o rro w in g s fro m
about
h a s m a d e it p la in th a t its s ta n d a rd
is , in th e w o rd s
(V E N D R Y E S
ln d o n e s ia s e h a ri-h a ri),
lin g u is tic
o f ta p e -re c o rd e d
In d o n e s ia ,
and
le x is
in
so u rc e s
a re
le x ic a l
S a n s k rit, A ra b ic , D u tc h a n d E n g lis h .
has
a v e ry
la n g u a g e
c o n ta c ts
p rim a rily
w ith
w ith
lo n g th e
S a n s k rit.
la n g u a g e in te rre la tio n s
h is to ry
of
v e rn a c u la rs
The
re s ld ts
d iffe re n t of
of
a re to b e fo u n d
th e
ty p e s
In d ia n
Iin g u is tic
m a in ly o n
and
s u b ty p e s
of
s u b c o n tin e n t,
in te rfe re n c e
and
of
th e s e
th e le x ic o -s e m a n tic
le v e l
o f B a h a s a In d o n e s ia . L o a n w o rd s,
le x ic a l
ln d o n e s ia
th e
b o rro w in g
o f w h ic h
p e n e tra tio n s la n d
g e n e tic ,
p rim a riJ y
go back
to
h is to ric a i
S a n s k rit
m ic ro s y s te m s o f th e re c e p to r-la n g u a g e , (a ) T h e
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
r e la tio n s , e .g ., B I
saudara
(b ) th e le x ic o -s e m a n tic e .g ., B I
sastra
bahasa
't h e o r y ,
'l a n g u a g e ' l e a r n i n g ',
'c o l o u r ',
'c o l o u r ';
d iffe re n t
so u rc e s
2
of
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
3
o f te rm s
< S k rt.
o f k in s h ip
sahodara
m ic ro s y s te m s
o f te rm s o f re lig io n ,
< S k r t . bhasa
'i d . ';
BI
sastera
and
'b r o t h e r ',
hum an e tc .;
le a rn in g ,
e tc .,
<
S k rt.
'l i t e r a t u r e '
bewarna
'c o l o u r e d ';
o f te rm s
mewarnai
o f e v e ry -d a y 't o
p a in t'
<
lif e , e .g ., B I S k rt.
varna
e tc .;
p ro fe s s io n s , s o c ia l ra n k s ,
S k rt.
th o u '
m ic ro s y s te m
(d ) th e le x ic o -s e m a n tic
S k rt.
e n te re d
h is to ric a I
B ahasa
a n d o th e rs ;
(c ) th e le x ic o -s e m a n tic
warna
and
of
b u t m a in ly :
m ic ro s y s te m s 'b r o t h e r ,
lo a n -tra n s la tio n s
pradhana mantri duta 'm e s s e n g e r ';
m ic ro s y s te m
o f p o litic a l
w o rd s
d e n o tin g
Perdana Menteri 'P r i m e M i n i s t e r ' < r a n k '; B I duta 'a m b a s s a d o r ' < kebangsaan 'n a t i o n a l i t y ' < B I ke- + S k r t . vamsa
e tc ., e .g ., B I
'm i n i s t e r BI
te rm s ,
o f h ig h e s t
'e l a n ';
purnawirawan
BI
+
'p e n s i o n e d
rn ilita ry
o ffic e r
or
<
v e te ra n '
S k rt.
viryavan 'w a r r i o r ' ; B I tunakarya 'u n e m p l o y e d ' < S k rt. tuna- 'w i t h o u t ' + B I karya 'w o r k , j o b '; B I tunasusila 'i m m o r a l ; p ro s titu te ' < S k rt. tuna- 'w i t h o u t ' + B I susila 'm o r a l i t y '; B I tunawisma 'h o m e l e s s ; u rb a n s q u a tte r' < S k r t . tuna- 'w i t h o u t ' + B I wisma 'd w e l l i n g ; h o m e '; BI Dwi Darma 't w o n e c e s s i t i e s fo r I n d o n e s i a 's d e v e lo p m e n t: p o litic a l a n d e c o n o rn ic s ta b ility ' < S k r t . dwi 't w o ' + B I danna 'n e c e s s i t y '; B 1 pancasi!a 't h e fiv e fu n d a m e n ta l p rin c ip le s o f th e In d o n e s ia n s ta te :
purna
'c o m p l e t e '
m o n o th e is m ;
jJal1ca si/a
n a tio n a lis rn ; 'f i v e
in
th e
c o n ta c ts ,
w ith
but
m a in ly
a g e -lo n g
M o d e rn
B ahasa
b ro u g h t
re c e p to r-la n g u a g e , The
(fro m
e .g .,
qur'án
syarat
'r e a d i n g ,
(b )
th e
lIJ. D u tc h
'g o o d
A lm o s t
in te rfe re n c e In d o n e s ia ,
and th e
c o n ta c ts ,
o f th e s e
a li
M id d ie
la n g u a g e
(th e
ro le
o f th e
in te rfe re n c e
la n g u a g e
le v e ls
of
le v e l. ta k e n
over
m a in ly
m ic ro s y s te m s
le x ic a l
ln d o n e s ia
w h ic h
so u rc e
b o rro w in g
had
qar'á 't o Blpikir 't h i n k ' rn a n y
o f th e
D u tc h
r e c i t e ') ;
'i d . '
adat
BI
< Arab.jikr 't h o u g h t '; men!> yaratkan 't o s e t
of
liter <
p h ilo s o p h y ,
qura 'an
o th e rs ;
o f te rm s
't h a n k s '
re lig io n ,
< A ra b . re a d ,
'c o n d i t i o n a l '; and
c e n tu rie s
ro a d
to d iffe re n t
(N .
e v e ry -d a y 'p e a c e
life ,
to
shukran
A ra b .
c o n ta c ts
can
and
th e ir
d iffe re n t
b u t p rim a rily :
D u tc h
ty p e s
n a tu ra l
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
as
of
(o r
D E N IS O N ).
p e n e tra tio n s
e n te re d
of
fro m
in c lu d in g
th e
te rrn s
o f Is la m '
h a lf
la n g u a g e
b u t m a in ly o n
re c e p to r-la n g u a g e ,
on
S k rt.
e .g .,
<
you' 'i d . ';
BI
BI
A ra b .
sehat
, e tc .
p lu rilin g u a lis m
L o a n w o rd s,
of
sukran
paved
of te x t
( a f t e r n o o n ) ';
'h e a l t h '
th re e
la n g u a g e
fo u n d
lo a n -tra n s la tio n s
m ic ro s y s te m
BI
sihhat
is la n d s
s u b o rd in a tiv e
th e
lin g u is tic
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
sa c re d
m o rn in g
'i d . ';
< A ra b .
't h e
'c o n d i t i o n ',
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
ln d o n e s ia n
and
adat 'h a b i t '; ber::.yarat
sart
A ra b .
sa!am a/eykum sa/am a!eykum 'h e a l t h y '
o f th e
its le x ic o -s e m a n tic
d iffe re n t
r e c i t a t i o n ';
< A ra b .
<
be
rn ic ro s y s te m s
koran
BI
'c o n d i t i o n ';
c o n d itio n s '
w ith
M a la y -A ra b ic
in te rre la tio n a ls
re s ld ts
can
of
<
b u t p rim a rily :
't r a d i t i o n a l l a w ' BI
c o n ta c ts
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
e tc .,
The
d e m o c ra c y '
b e g in n in g
ty p e s
b u t m a in ly o n
e n te re d
o th e rs .
la n g u a g e
life .
p e n e tra tio n s
A ra b ic
and
m any
v ig o ro u s ly
d iffe re n t nal
ju s tic e
and
sp re a d
to
la n g u a g e
le x ic a l
C la s s ic a l
(a )
Is la m is la n d s ,
In d o n e s ia ,
L o a n w o rd s,
s o c ia l
p r i n c i p l e s ',
n o n -m a rg i
been
o f th e s e
le a rn in g ,
th e
In d o n e s ia n
K o r~ lI1 !) h a v e
fro m
h u m a n is m ;
fu n d a m e n ta l
u. T o g e t h e r A ges
BI
be
and
ru le
o f M a la y -
s o c ia l)
The fo u n d
on
over
c o o rd in a tiv e
re s u lts
of
th e
a li le v e ls
and
lin g u is tic of B ahasa
le v e l.
lo a n -tra n s la tio n s
g e n e tic ,
c o lo n ia l s u b ty p e s
p rirn a ry
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
of
M o d e rn
h is to ric a i
or
m ic ro s y s te m s
B ahasa h is to ria l of
th e
(a )
The
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
a d m in is tra tio n ,
nam es
m ic ro s y s te m s
o f in s titu tio n s ,
of
te rm s
of
koperasi
e tc ., e .g ., B I
bekoperasi 't o c o o p e r a t e '; perkoperasion 's y s t e m eöperatie 'c o o p e r a t i o n '; B I universitas 'u n i v e r s i t y '
of
s o c ia l
life ,
'c o o p e r a t i o n ';
<
c o o p e ra tio n '
universiteit
< D u.
D u. 'i d . ',
a n d o th e rs ; (b ) th e le x ic o -s e m a n tic e v e ry -d a y
life ,
e tc .,
m ic ro s y s te m s
e .g .,
BI
Jotografi 'p h o t o g r a p h y ' < D u . D u . electrisiteit 'i d . ', a n d m a n y IV .
A
th o ro u g h
in tra lin g u is tic y e a rs
a n a ly s is
m a te ria l
or so B ahasa
c o n ta c ts
w ith
A u s tra lia n , s ta n d a rd s
th e
B ritis h ,
C a n a d ia n ,
a s w e H a s its a c c u ltu ra liz e d L o a n w o rd s, th e
w ritte n
so u rc e s
a
of
E n g lis h
o f b o rro w in g
la rg e
p le n ty
has of
< BI
te c h n iq u e
and
fabriek 'i d . '; listerik 'e l e c t r i c i t y '
D u.
and
C O lP U s o f
o f e v id e n c e
BI
<
its m o s t
E n g lis h ,
c o n s is tin g
N ew
Z e a la n d
e x tra lin g u is tic
th a t d u rin g
e s ta b lis h e d
(in c lu d in g
d y n a m ic of
n a tio n a l
th e re g io n a l
its
and
th e la s t 5 0 la n g u a g e A m e ric a n ,
v a rie tie s ,
d ia le c ts
th e ir
a n d s o c io le c ts ,
v e rn a c u la rs ).
le x ic a l p e n e tra tio n s ,
m a n ife s ta tio n
m a c ro s y s te m
of
m a c ro s y s te m
a n d n o n -s ta n d a rd s
o f s c ie n c e ,
o th e rs .
h a s g iv e n
In d o n e s ia
o f te rm s
paberik 'f a c t o r y ' fotographie 'i d . ';
of
M o d ~ rn
a s th e ir
e n te re d
lo a n -tra n s la tio n s B ahasa
g e n e tic ,
d iffe re n t
fu n c tio n in g
In d o n e s ia
p rim a ry
w h ic h
h is to ric a i
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
m a in ly have
and
in th e
h is to ria l
m ic ro s y s te m s ,
but
m a in ly : (a ) T h e
le x ic o -s e m a n tic
m ic ro s y s te m s
o f te rm s
of
s c ie n c e ,
te c h n iq u e ,
astroloji 'a s t r o l o g y ' < G E astrology 'i d . '; B I psikoanalisa 'p s y c h o a n a l y s i s ' < A E psychoarzalysis 'i d . '; B I irasionil 'i r r a t i o n a l ' < G E irrational 'i d . '; B I intellijensi 'i n t e H i g e n c e ' < G E intelligence 'i d . '; a n d e tc ., e .g .,
BI
o th e rs ; . (b ) th e le x ic o -s e m a n tic
is(y)u 'i s s u e , r u m o u r ' < kalangan atas upper class
BI
'p r o p o r t i o n
in p o litic a l
m ic ro s y s te m s GE
issue
'u p p e r
a n d s o c ia l
o f o n e th in g to a n o th e r in q u a n tity ,
o f p o litic a l
'q u e s t i o n
bisnis
business
'i d . ';
s iz e , e tc .; r e la tio n
m ic ro s y s te m s
(le x ic a l p e n e tra tio n BI
ngobyek
BI
< GE
efektif'effective' < G E efJective 'i d . . '; G E pollution + B I udara 'a i r ', a n d o t h e r s ;
e .g ., B I
e .g .,
upper class 'i d . '; B I proporsi d e v e lo p m e n t' < G E proportion 'r e l a t i o n
c la s s '
BI
(c ) th e le x ic o -s e m a n tfc
a n d s o c ia l te rm s ,
t h a t a r i s e s f o r d i s c u s s i o n ';
BI
o f a p a rt t~ th e w h o le ' ;
polusi udara
'a i r p o l l u t i o n '
o f te rm s o f e c o n o m y
p rim a ry
't o u s e p r o p e r t y
M a la y :
dagang)
b e lo n g in g
a n d b u s in e s s ,
'b u s i n e s s '
t o o n e 's
<
< AE
e m p lo y e r
fo r
< A E object 's o m e t h i n g t h a t c a n b e s e e n o r t o u c h e d ; m a t e r i a l t h i n g '; B I drop 't Q g i v e f u n d s o r g o o d s t o a n a r e a w h i c h n e e d s t h e m ' < G E drop 't o c a s t , t h r o w '; B I efektif 'e f f e c t i v e ' (tra d e , b u s in e s s ) < A E efJective; B I manajer ( l e x i c a l p e n e t r a t i o n ; p rim a ry M a la y : th e p u rp o s e
o f m o o n lig h tn in g '
pemimpin)
< piutang)
'm a n a g e r '
p r im a r y M a la y :
( d ) th e le x ic o - s e m a n tic
representatif
'g o o d
m ic r o s y s te m
lo o k in g ;
s e c r e ta r y o r r e c e p tio n is t) ' show ;
s e r v in g
b a r m o n io u s '
manager 'id .'; < G E credit
AE
'c r e d it'
as an
compact
< GE
a
good
representative
e x a m p le o f
a c la s s
'c lo s e ly
( 1 e x ic a l p e n e tr a tio n ;
a n d m a n y o th e r s ; lif e , e .g ., B I
o f te r m s o f e v e r y - d a y
m a k in g
< GE
kredit
BI 'id .',
im p r e s s io n
on
p e o p le
(a
a d j. 'o f s e r v in g to p o r tr a y
o r g r o u p ';
kompak
BI
or
'u n if ie d ,
p a c t to g e th e r ;
n e a r ly
f itte d ' , a n d m a n y
A r a b ic ,
D u tc h
a n d E n g lis h
o th e r s . T h e le x ic a l b o r r o w in g s r e c e iv e d
in
(fro m Q 4
B ahasa
fro m
I n d o n e s ia
S a n s k r it, d if f e r e n t
d e g re e s
S 0 .0 8 to Q S 0 .0 1 ) , i.e . b e lo n g in g
("fre m d e
W ö r te r "
and
o f lin g u is tic
a s s im ila tio n
to th e c la s s o f " f o r e ig n
,,F r e m d w ö r te r " )
as
w e Il
have
as
w o rd s"
" lo a n w o r d s "
( " L e h n w ö r te r " ) . I n th e
p ro c e ss
" s p o n ta n e o u s "
o f c o d if y in g
le x ic o - s e m a n tic
e ith e r
to
use
s ta n d a r d iz in g
d e v e lo p m e n t
ta k in g p la c e . T h e m a in p r o b le m le m m a
and
and
in la n g u a g e
S a n s k r it
and
m o n < ? m o r p h s ) , a n d th u s to e m p h a s iz e
B ahasa " la n g u a g e
p la n n in g
A r a b ic
le x ic a l p e n e tr a tio n s re sm i
I n d o n e s ia
in
a d o p te d in 1 9 7 6 ; b a c k s b o th tr e n d s a n d th e r e f o r e a n d s ta n d a r d iz in g
v a r ia tio n
a re
b o r r o w in g s
(o r
a n d lo a n - tr a n s la tio n s
in c r e a s in g
e f f ic ie n c y in th e c o u n tr y a n d th e w o r ld . I n d o n e s ia 's
p la n n in g "
v a lu e s o f lif e , o r to ta k e
a n d s o to
B ahasa
b o th
is lin k e d w ith th e d i-
le x ic a l
th e tr a d itio n a l
b v e r E n g lis h a n d D u tc h lo a n w o r d s , h e lp
I n d o n e s ia
its
c o m m u n ic a tiv e
c u r r e n t la n g u a g e p o lic y ,
in th e p r o c e s s o f c o d if y in g
a re p re fe rre d .
and synonym y
N o te s : la n 20 n
so u rc e s Jan
th e d if f e r e n c e th e th e
lin g u is tic
Q
f ie ld s "
a lo a n w o r d
b e tw e e n
o f le x ic a l b o r r o w in g
T R I E R 'S " le x ic a l 4
b e tw e e n
d if f e r e n c e s
see:
essence see:
ROT
a n d a le x ic a l p e n e tr a tio n
" g e n e tic " ,
" p r im a r y
see:
ROT
1 9 9 1 , 6 2 -4 .
and
" h is to r ic a l"
h is to r ic a I " ,
1 9 9 1 , 2 6 -3 1 .
o f a " le x ic o - s e m a n tic "
ROT
d e n o te s th e d e v ia tio n
th e
m ic r o s y s te m
and
its r e la tio n s
to
1 9 9 1 a , 1 8 -2 0 .
f r o m th e p r im o r d ia l
p r o to ty p e ;
s e e d e ta ils
in :
ROT
1991.
A b b r e v ia tio n s : A E = A m e r ic a n
E n g lis h ;
th e A m e r ic a n
n a tio n a l
v a r ie ty
o f E n g lis h
A r a b . = A r a b ic B I = B ahasa
I n d o n e s ia
D u . = D u tc h G E = G e n e r a l E n g lis h ,
a n in v a r ia n t
o f th e m a c r o s y s te m
o f E n g lis h
S k r t. = S a n s k r it
R e fe re n c e s A U S JA H B A N A , S . I n d o n e s ia n
T .,
a n d M a la s ia n ,
1976:
L anguage
T he H ague.
p la n n in g
and
m o d e m iz a tio n :
th e
case
of
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Babits Mihály: A gyémántszóró asszony (Adalékok egy vers keletkezéstörténetéhez)
1924 januáIjában, feltehetően a hónap legelején, a Nyugat szerkesztősége nevében Gellért Oszkár kérte fel. Babits M ihályt a februári M óriczemlékszámban való közreműködésre. Babits a levél kézhezvételekor még nem döntött, tanulmányt, visszaemlékezést vagy verset küld, ahhoz azonban nem férhetett kétség: valamilyen módon részt vesz a köszöntésben. I Az OSzK Babits Archívumában pontosan nyomon követhető az a folyamat, amelyiknek végén 1924. február 16-án a folyóiratban első közleményként megjelent az üdvözlő vers, A gyémántszóró asszony, M óricz Zsigmondnak szóló ajánlással.
