MASARYK UNIVERSITY. Faculty of Education. Department of English Language and Literature. Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland":

MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Education Department of English Language and Literature

Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland": Translation and Analysis with Special Regard to Functional Equivalence

Bachelor Thesis

Jana Hrůzová

Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Adam, Ph.D.

Brno 2012

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Declaration I declare that I have written the thesis on my own, using only the sources listed in bibliography. I agree with the deposition of my thesis in the library of the Faculty of Education at Masaryk University in Brno in order to make it accessible for further study purposes.

Brno, 10th December 2011 …………………………… Jana Hrůzová

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Acknowledgment I would like to thank my supervisor Mgr. Martin Adam, PhD. for his help and patience during writing the thesis, for his kind approach and valuable advice during consultations.

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Annotation The bachelor thesis “Lewis Carroll´s Alice in Wonderland: Translation and analysis with special regards to functional equivalence” deals with the translation of first five chapters of the Alice in Wonderland book. The main goal of the work is to apply the principles of functional equivalence on the section of translated text. Special attention is paid to lexical equivalence. Selected phenomena from practical part are discussed in theoretical part. Some of discussed features are accompanied by examples from official Czech translation by Aloys and Hana Skoumals.

Anotace Bakalářská práce “Alenka v říši divů od Lewise Carrolla: Překlad a analýza se zaměřením na funkční ekvivalenci” se zabývá překladem prvních pěti kapitol knihy “Alenka v říši divů”. Cílem práce je v praxi uplatnit principy funkční ekvivalence v překládaném textu. Pozornost je při tom zaměřena na lexikální ekvivalenci. Vybrané jevy z praktické části jsou rozebírány v části teoretické. Některé jevy jsou pro lepší ilustraci doplněny příklady z oficiálního českého překladu od Aloyse a Hany Skoumalových.

Keywords Translation, Translation Analysis, Lewis Carroll, equivalence

Klíčová slova Překlad, překladová analýza, Lewis Carroll,ekvivalence

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Content 1.

Practical Part .....................................................................................................................6

2.

Theoretical Part: Functional EQUIVALENCE...................................................................... 48 2.1

3.

4.

Possible varieties of equivalence.............................................................................. 49

Grammatical equivalence ................................................................................................ 51 3.1

Perfect tenses .......................................................................................................... 51

3.2

Determiners ............................................................................................................ 52

Lexical equivalence.......................................................................................................... 53 4.1

Complete equivalents .............................................................................................. 53

4.2

Partial equivalents ................................................................................................... 54

4.2.1

One world vs. multi-word world ....................................................................... 54

4.2.2

Explicitness vs. implicitness .............................................................................. 56

4.3

Zero equivalents ...................................................................................................... 59

4.4

Selected lexical aspects............................................................................................ 61

4.4.1

Proper names .................................................................................................. 61

4.4.2

Collocations ..................................................................................................... 63

4.4.3

Verbal-nominal phrases ................................................................................... 66

4.4.4

Intensification .................................................................................................. 67

4.4.5

Possessives ...................................................................................................... 68

5.

Textual equivalence ........................................................................................................ 69

6.

Other difficulties in translation ........................................................................................ 71 6.1

Homonymy .............................................................................................................. 71

6.2

Poems ..................................................................................................................... 72

7.

Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 76

8.

Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 77

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1. Practical Part Chapter I

Kapitola I

Down the Rabbit-Hole

Králičí norou

Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, „and what the use of a book,“ thought Alice, „without pictures or conversation?“

Sedět na lavičce a nemít do čeho píchnout začínalo být pro Alenku opravdu únavné. Párkrát nakoukla do knížky, kterou četla její sestra, ale nebyly v ní žádné obrázky, „a na co je knížka“ myslela si Alenka, „bez obrázků?“.

So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisychain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her.

Takže v duchu přemítala (tak usilovně, jak toho byla schopná, protože kvůli vedru byla ospalá a otupělá), jestli jí radost z pletení věnečku ze sedmikrásek stojí za to, aby se zvedla a natrhala drobná kvítka, když tu náhle kolem ní proběhl Bílý Králík s červenýma očima.

There was nothing so very remarkable in that, nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, “Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be too late!” (when she thought it over afterwards , it occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge.

Nebylo na tom nic podivného, ani Alenku nenapadlo, že je to něco divného, když slyšela Králíka hořekovat: „Ach ne! Ach ne! Přijdu příliš pozdě!“ (Když nad tím později přemýšlela, napadlo ji, že jí to mělo přijít divné, ale v tu chvíli to všechno vypadalo úplně přirozeně.) Ale když Králík vytáhl z kapsičky na vestě hodinky, podíval se na ně a pak uháněl dál, Alenka seskočila z lavičky, protože jí najednou blesklo hlavou, že nikdy předtím neviděla králíka s vestičkou nebo hodinkami, které by vytahoval z kapsy, a hořela zvědavostí, když ho pronásledovala přes pole. Naštěstí byla dost rychlá, aby ho viděla skočit do velké králičí nory pod živým plotem.

In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again.

Alenka se v okamžiku vrhla dolů za králíkem, aniž by pomyslela na to, jak se jenom dostane zpátky 6

The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep well. Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty of time as she went down to look about her, and to wonder what was going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; the she looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with a cupboards and bookshelves: here and there she saw maps and pictures hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as she passed; it was labelled “ORANGE MARMELADE”, but to her great disappointment it was empty: she did not like to drop the jar from fear of killing somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as she fell past it. “Well!” thought Alice to herself, “after such a fall as this, I shall think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they’ll all think me at home! Why, I wouldn’t say anything about it, even if I fell off the top of the house!” (Which was very likely true.) Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an end! “I wonder how many miles I’ve fallen by this time?” she said aloud. “I must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four thousand miles down, I think – “(for, you see, Alice had learnt several things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom,

Králičí nora vedla nějakou dobu rovně jako tunel, potom z ničeho nic spadala dolů. A to tak strmě, že Alenka neměla ani šanci se zastavit a už padala do hodně hluboké studny. Studna byla buď hodně hluboká, nebo Alenka padala hodně pomalu, protože měla spoustu času rozhlížet se kolem sebe a hádat, co se bude dít dál. Nejdříve se zkoušela dívat dolů a zjistit, kam padá, ale byla příliš velká tma na to, aby něco viděla. Potom se dívala po stěnách studny a všimla si, že jsou na nich příborníky a police, tu a tam zahlédla na hřebíčcích viset mapy a obrázky. Když padala kolem jedné police, sebrala z ní sklenici, na které bylo napsáno “POMERANČOVÁ MARMELÁDA“. K jejímu velkému zklamání byla sklenice prázdná, ale ani tak ji nechtěla upustit, protože se bála, že někoho zabije a nějak se jí povedlo položit ji na jeden příborník, kolem kterého padala. „Teda“, pomyslela si Alenka „po takovém letu už se nebojím, že spadnu ze schodů! Doma si budou myslet, že jsem moc statečná! Ani bych nepípla, i kdybych padala ze střechy (což byla docela pravda.) Padala a padala a padala. Cožpak ten pád nikdy neskončí? „Zajímalo by mě, kolik kilometrů už jsem spadla,” mudrovala nahlas Alenka. “Už musím být někde poblíž středu Země. Tak se na to podíváme, musí to být dva a půl tisíce kilometrů do hloubky, myslím…” (jak vidíte, Alenka se o takových věcech něco naučila ve škole a I když toto nebyla ta nejlepší příležitost předvést své znalosti, 7

and thought this was not a very good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) ” – yes, that´s about the right distance – when then I wonder what Latitude or Longitude I´ve got to?” (Alice had no idea what Latitude was or Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to say.) Presently she began again. “I wonder if I shall fall right through the earth! How funny it´ll seem to come out among the people that walk with their heads downwards! The Antipathies, I think –“ (she was rather glad there was no one listening, this time, as it didn´t sound at all the right word)” – but I shall have to ask them what the name of the country is, you know. Please, Ma´am, is this New Zealand or Australia?” (And she tried to curtsey as she spoke – fancy curtseying as you´re falling through the air! Do you think you could manage it!) “And what an ignorant little girl she´ll think me for asking! No, it´ll never do to ask: perhaps I shall see it written up somewhere.”

protože tam nebyl nikdo, kdo by ji poslouchal, myslela, že je dobré si látku zopakovat) “ – ano, to by měla být správná vzdálenost – ale pak by mě zajímalo, v jaké zeměpisné šířce a délce se nacházím.” (Alenka neměla ani ponětí o tom, co je zeměpisná šířka, ani co je zeměpisná délka, ale ta slova zněla pěkně učeně).

Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began talking again. “Dinah´ll miss me very much tonight, I should think!” (Dinah was the cat.) “I hope they´ll remember her saucer of milk at tea-time. Dinah, my dear! I wish you were down here with me! There are no mice in the air, I´m afraid, but you might catch a bat, and that´s very like a mouse, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?” And here Alice began to get rather sleepy, and went on saying to herself, in a dreamy sort of way, “Do cats eat bats?” for, you see, as she couldn´t answer either

Padala a padala a padala. Alenka neměla co dělat, tak začala brzo zase rozumovat. „Micce po mně dneska večer bude smutno, řekla bych!“ (Dinah byla kočka) „Doufám, že jí nezapomenou dát mističku mléka na svačinu. Micinko, moje zlatíčko! Přála bych si, abys tady dole byla se mnou! Obávám se, že ve vzduchu nejsou žádné myši, ale možná bys mohla chytit netopýra – to je skoro jako myš, že? Ale zajímalo by mě, jestli kočky jedí netopýry.“ Teď začala Alenka být docela ospalá a pokračovala zasněně v samomluvě,

Vzápětí začala znovu. „Zajímalo by mě, jestli dokážu propadnout skrz Zemi! Jak legrační by bylo vynořit se mezi lidmi, kteří chodí vzhůru nohama! Naprotinožnci, myslím (tentokrát byla docela ráda, že ji nikdo neposlouchá, protože tohle neznělo jako to správné slovo) – ale měla bych se jich zeptat, jak se jmenuje jejich země, že? Prosím, paní, je tohle Nový Zéland nebo Austrálie? (snažila se uklonit, – jen si to představte, klanět se, když letíte vzduchem! Myslíte, že byste to zvládli?). „Budou si o mně myslet, že jsem malá drzá holka, když se jich budu ptát! Ne, nezeptám se, možná to někde uvidím napsané.“

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question, it didn´t much matter which way she put it. She felt that she was dozing off, and had just begun to dream that she was walking hand in hand with Dinah, and saying to her very earnestly, “Now, Dinah, tell me the truth: did you ever eat a bat?” when suddenly, thump! Thump! Down she came upon a heap of sticks and dry leaves, and the fall was over. Alice was not a bit hurt, and she jumped up on to her feet in a moment: she looked up, but it was all dark overhead: before her was another long passage, and the White Rabbit was still in sight, hurrying down it. There was not a moment to be lost: away went Alice like the wind, and was just in time to hear it say, as it turned a corner, “Oh my ears and whiskers, how late it´s getting!” She was close behind it when she turned the corner, but the Rabbit was no longer to be seen: she found herself in a long, low hall, which was lit up by a row of lamps hanging from the roof. There were doors all round the hall, but they were all locked; and when Alice had been all the way down one side and up the other, trying every door, she walked sadly down the middle, wondering how she was ever to get out again. Suddenly she came upon a little threelegged table, all made of solid glass; there was nothing on it except a tiny golden key, and Alice´s first thought was that it might belong to one of the doors of the hall; but, alas! either the locks were too large, or the key was too small, but at any rate it would not open any of them. However, on the second time round, she came upon a low

„Jedí kočky netopýry? Jedí kočky netopýry? A někdy „Jedí netopýři kočky?, protože, jak vidíte, nemohla odpovědět ani na jednu otázku, nezáleželo moc na tom, jak ji položí. Cítila, že dřímá a začal se jí zdát sen o tom, že jde ruku v ruce s Mickou a vážně jí říká: „Teď mi, Micko, pověz pravdu, jedla jsi někdy netopýra?“, když v tom náhle: „Bum! Bác! Spadla na hromadu větví a suchého listí a její pád byl u konce. Alenka nebyla vůbec zraněná a hned vyskočila na nohy, podívala se nahoru, ale tam byla černá tma. Před ní byla další dlouhá cesta, po které spěchal pryč Bílý Králík. Nebylo času nazbyt, Alenka uháněla za králíkem s větrem o závod a než zahnul za roh, slyšela ho mumlat: „Ó, mé dlouhé uši a fousky, jak se opozdívá!” Byla kousek za ním, když zahnula za roh, ale Králíka už neviděla. Místo toho zjistila, že je v dlouhé, nekonečné místnosti, která byla osvětlena lampami visícími v řadě ze stropu. Kolem celé haly byly dveře, ale všechny byly zamčené. Alenka šla halou po jedné straně tam a po druhé zpátky a zkoušela otevřít každé dveře, potom se smutně ploužila prostředkem a přemýšlela, jak se jen dostane pryč. Najednou si všimla malého třínohého stolečku, který byl celý vyrobený jen ze skla a na kterém nebylo nic jiného než malinkatý zlatý klíček. Alenka nejdřív myslela, že by mohl patřit k některým ze zamčených dveří, ale běda, buď byly všechny zámky příliš velké, nebo byl klíček příliš malý, ale každopádně nemohl otevřít ani jedny 9

curtain she had not noticed before, and behind it was a little door about fifteen inches high: she tried the little golden key in the lock, and to her great delight it fitted! Alice opened the door and found that it led into a small passage not much larger than a rat-hole: she knelt down and looked along the passage into the loveliest garden you ever saw. How she longed to get out of that dark hall, and wander about among those beds of bright flowers and those cool fountains, but she could not even get her head through the doorway; “and even if my head would go through,” thought poor Alice, “it would be of very little use without my shoulders. Oh, now I wish I could shut up like a telescope! I think I could, if I only knew how to begin.” For, you see, so many out-of-the-way things had happened lately, that Alice had begun to think that very few things indeed were really impossible. There seemed to be no use in waiting by the little door, so she went back to the table, half hoping she might find another key on it, or at any rate a book of rules for shutting people up like telescopes: this time she found a little bottle on it, (“which certainly was not here before,” said Alice) and round the neck of the bottle was a paper label, with the words “DRINK ME” beautifully printed on it in large letters. It was all very well to say “drink me”, but the wise little Alice was not going to do that in a hurry. “No, I´ll look first,” she said, “and see whether it´s marked “poison” or not”; for she had read several nice little histories about

dveře. Nicméně když obcházela místnost podruhé, našla Alenka dlouhý závěs, kterého si předtím nevšimla, a za ním byly malé dveře vysoké asi čtyřicet centimetrů. Zkusila strčit malý zlatý klíček do zámku a k její obrovské radosti pasoval. Alenka dvířka otevřela a zjistila, že vedou přímo do malého průchodu, ne většího než krysí díra. Klekla si na zem a dívala se průchodem do nejnádhernější zahrady, jakou jste kdy viděli. Moc si přála dostat se z té tmavé místnosti a procházet se mezi těmi záhonky pestrobarevných květin a těmi chladivými fontánami, ale nemohla dveřmi prostrčit ani hlavu. „A i kdybych dokázala prostrčit hlavu“ myslela si nebohá Alenka, „nemělo by to cenu, když neprostrčím ramena. Ach, jak si přeju dokázat se smrštit jako dalekohled! Myslím, že bych mohla, kdybych věděla jak na to.“ Protože se jí nedávno stalo tolik podivných věcí, Alenka si začínala myslet, že jen opravdu málo věcí je skutečně nemožných. Nemělo smysl čekat u malých dveří, tak se Alenka vydala zpět ke stolku, napůl s nadějí že na něm bude další klíč nebo alespoň návod jak se lidé můžou smrsknout jako dalekohled. Tentokrát na něm našla malou lahvičku (která tam předtím určitě nebyla, byla si jistá Alenka), a okolo hrdla lahvičky byla nálepka s nádherně vytištěným velkým nápisem: „VYPIJ MĚ.“ To se lehko řekne, vypij mě, ale moudrá Alenka s tím nehodlala

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children who had got burnt, and eaten up by wild beasts and other unpleasant things, all because they would not remember the simple rules their friends had taught them: such as, that a red-hot poker will burn you if you hold it too long; and that if you cut your finger very deeply with a knife, it usually bleeds; and she had never forgotten that, if you drink much from a bottle marked “poison,” it is almost certain to disagree with you, sooner or later. However, this bottle was not marked “poison,” so Alice ventured to taste it, and finding it very nice, (it had, in fact, a sort of mixed flavour of cherry-tart, custard, pine-apple, roast turkey, toffee, and hot buttered toast,) she very soon finished it off. “What a curious feeling!” said Alice; “I must be shutting up like a telescope.” And so it was indeed: she was now only ten inches high, and her face brightened up at the thought that she was now the right size for going through the little door into that lovely garden. First, however, she waited for a few minutes to see if she was going to shrink any further: she felt a little nervous about this: “for it might end, you know,” said Alice to herself, “in my going out altogether, like a candle. I wonder what I should be like then?” And she tried to fancy what the flame of a candle is like after the candle is blown out, for she could not remember ever having seen such a thing. After a while, finding that nothing more happened, she decided on going into the garden at once; but, alas for poor Alice!

spěchat. Ne, nejdřív se podívám, řekla si, jestli někde není napsáno „JED“ nebo něco takového. Protože četla několik povídek o dětech, které se spálily nebo byly snědeny divokou zvěří a staly se jim další nepěkné věci jenom proto, že si nezapamatovaly to jednoduché pravidlo, které je jejich přátelé učili. Jako například že doběla rozpálený pohrabáč vás spálí, pokud ho budete držet moc dlouho, a že když se říznete hluboko do prstu nožem, obvykle krvácíte a, tohle nikdy nezapomněla, že když se napije z lahvičky označené jako „JED“, skoro určitě vám to neudělá dobře, dříve nebo později. Ale na lahvičce nebyla žádná známka toho, že by šlo o jed, tak se Alenka odvážila napít. A docela jí chutnalo (vlastně to byla směs chutí višňového koláče, pudinku, ananasu, pečeného kuřete, karamelek a teplého toustu s máslem), takže brzy všechno vypila. To je ale zvláštní pocit! Řekla si Alenka, „Smrskávám se jako dalekohled.“ A opravdu, byla teď jenom dvacet pět centimetrů vysoká a tvář se jí rozzářila, když si uvědomila, že má tu správnou velikost, aby mohla projít dveřmi do překrásné zahrady. Ale nejdřív čekala pár minut, jestli se nebude ještě zmenšovat, byla z toho trochu nervózní, protože „by to mohlo skončit tak, že,“ říkala si Alenka, „bych se zmenšila úplně do ztracena, jako svíčka. Zajímá mě, jak bych potom vypadala.“ A začala si představovat, jak asi vypadá plamínek, když se sfoukne svíčka,

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when she got to the door, she found she had forgotten the little golden key, and she went back to the table for it, she found she could not possibly reach it: she could see it quite plainly through the glass, and she tried her best to climb up on the legs of the table, but it was too slippery; and when she had tired herself out with trying, the poor little thing sat down and cried. “Come, there´s no use in crying like that!” said Alice to herself, rather sharply; “I advise you to leave off this minute!” She generally gave herself very good advice, (though she very seldom followed it), and sometimes she scolded herself so severely as to bring tears into her eyes; and once she remembered trying to box her own ears for having cheated herself in a game of croquet she was playing against herself, for this curious child was very fond of pretending to be two people. “But it´s no use now,” thought poor Alice, “to pretend to be two people! Why there´s hardly enough of me left to make one respectable person!” Soon her eyes fell on a little glass box that was lying under the table: she opened it, and found in it a very small cake, on which the words “EAT ME” were beautifully marked in currants. “Well, I´ll eat it,” said Alice, “and if it makes me grow larger, I can reach the key; and if it makes me grow smaller, I can creep under the door; so either way I´ll get into the garden, and I don’t care which happens!”

protože si nepamatovala na to, že by to někdy viděla. Po chvíli, když zjistila, že se nic neděje, rozhodla se najednou jít do zahrady, ale smůla! Když se nebohá Alenka dostala ke dveřím, uvědomila si, že zapomněla zlatý klíček, a když se pro něj vrátila ke stolku, zjistila, že na něj nedosáhne. Viděla ho úplně jasně skrz sklo a ze všech sil se snažila vyšplhat nahoru po jedné noze stolu, ale ta byla příliš kluzká. A když se úplně vyčerpala marným snažením, nebohé děvčátko si sedlo na zem a rozplakalo se. „No tak, nemá smysl takhle plakat“, obořila se na sebe Alenka. „Radím ti, abys toho ihned nechala.“ Obvykle si radila docela dobře (i když málokdy své rady následovala) a někdy si vyhubovala tak přísně, až jí to vehnalo slzy do očí. Pamatuje si, že se jednou zkoušela vytahat za uši za to, že podváděla při kroketu, který hrála sama se sebou. Toto zvídavé dítě hodně rádo předstíralo, že je dvě osoby. „Ale teď nemá žádný smysl“, povzdechla si nešťastná Alenka, „abych předstírala, že jsem tu dvakrát. Na co, když jsem sotva dost velká abych byla jedna plnohodnotná osoba.“ Vzápětí jí oči padly na malou skleněnou krabičku, která ležela pod stolem. Otevřela ji a našla uvnitř malinkatý koláček, na kterém bylo kuličkami rybízu vyznačeno SNĚZ MĚ. „Tak tedy když to říkají“, pomyslela si Alenka, „A když potom vyrostu, mohla bych dosáhnout na klíč.“ „A když se po něm zmenším,

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She ate a little bit, and said anxiously to herself, “Which way? Which way?” holding her hand on the top of her head to feel which way it was growing, and she was quite surprised to find that she remained the same size: to be sure, this generally happens when one eats cake, but Alice had got so much into the way of expecting nothing but out-of-the-way things to happen, that it seemed quite dull and stupid for life to go on in the common way. So she set to work, and very soon finished off the cake

můžu se pod těmi dveřmi podplazit. Takže tak i tak se dostanu do zahrady, a je mi jedno jak. Uždíbla si malý kousek a netrpělivě se sama sebe ptala, „kterým směrem? Kterým směrem? A držela si ruce na hlavě, aby poznala, kterým směrem roste. Byla docela překvapená, že byla pořád stejně veliká. Popravdě, to se obvykle stane, když si ukousnete koláče, ale Alenka si tak zvykla na to, že se nic neděje normálním, předvídatelným způsobem, že jí přišlo hloupé a nudné prožít život obyčejně. Takže se do toho pustila a brzy dojedla celý koláč.

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Chapter II

Kapitola II

The Pool of Tears

Slzavé údolí

“Curiouser and curiouser! “ cried Alice (she was so much surprised, that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English); “now I´m opening out like the largest telescope that ever was! Good-bye, feet!“ (for when she looked down at her feet, they seemed to be almost out of sight, they were getting so far off). “Oh, my poor little feet, I wonder who will put on your shoes and stockings for you now, dears? I´m sure I shan´t be able! I shall be a great deal too far off to trouble myself about you: you must manage the best way you can; but I must be kind to them,“ thought Alice, “or perhaps they won´t walk the way I want to go! Let me see; I´ll give them a new pair of boots every Christmas.“

„Víc a víc zajímavější!“ Vykřikla Alenka (byla v tu chvíli tak překvapená, že zapomněla mluvit spisovně), „teď se natahuju jako nejdelší dalekohled, jaký kdy existoval! Nashledanou, nohy!“ (protože když se podívala dolů na své nohy, tak skoro nebyly vidět, pořád se vzdalovaly). „Ach, moje nebohé nožičky, zajímá mě, kdo vás teď bude obouvat a navlékat vám punčochy, moji drahoušci? Jsem si jistá, že já nebudu moct! Budu moc daleko na to, abych si o vás dělala starosti, musíte si poradit, jak nejlépe umíte. ale musím na ně být milá“, napadlo Alenku, „jinak možná nepůjdou tam, kam budu chtít! Uvidíme, každý rok na vánoce jim dám nové boty.“

And she went on planning to herself how she would manage it. “They must go by the carrier,“ she thought; “and how funny it´ll seem, sending presents to one´s own feet! And how odd the directions will look!

A dál se zaobírala tím, jak to udělá. „Budu je muset poslat donáškovou službou“ přemítala, „Ale bude to legrační, posílat dárky vlastním nohám! A jak vtipně bude vypadat adresa!

Alice´s Right Food, Esq.

Mladá slečna, Alenčina pravá noha

Hearthrug,

Předložka u Krbu

Near the Fender,

Poblíž mřížky

(with

(S vřelými

Alice´s love).

pozdravy)

Oh dear, what nonsense I´m talking!“

Ach jo, co to povídám za hlouposti.“

Just then her head struck against the roof of the hall: in fact she was now more than nine feet high, and she at

V tu chvíli udeřila hlavou o strop haly: ve skutečnosti teď byla vyšší než dva a půl metru, tak najednou 14

once took up the little golden key and hurried off to the garden door:

popadla zlatý klíček a pospíchala ke dveřím do zahrady.

Poor Alice! It was as much as she could do, lying down on one side, to look through into the garden with one eye; but to get through was more hopeless than ever: she sat down and began to cry again.

Chuděrka Alenka! Mohla si jen lehnout na bok ke dveřím a dívat se do zahrady jedním okem; ale dostat se dovnitř bylo ještě beznadějnější než předtím. Sedla si a znovu se rozplakala.

„You ought to be ashamed of yourself,“ said Alice, „a great girl like you,“ (she might well say this), „to go on crying in this way! Stop this moment, I tell you!“ But she went on all the same, shedding gallons of tears, until there was a large pool all round her, about four inches deep and reaching half down the hall.

„Měla by ses stydět“, řekla Alenka, „taková velká holka“ (to řekla správně) „a brečí jako malá! Povídám, hned přestaň!“ Ale plakala pořád dál, z očí jí tekly litry slz, až kolem ní bylo jezírko, hluboké skoro deset centimetrů a sahající do půlky haly.

After a time she heard a little pattering of feet in the distance, and she hastily dried her eyes to see what was coming. It was the White Rabbit returning, splendidly dressed, with a pair of white kid gloves in one hand and a large fan in the other; he came trotting along in a great hurry, muttering to himself as he came, „Oh! The Duchess, the Duchess! Oh! Won´t she be savage if I´ve kept her waiting!! Alice felt so desperate that she was ready to ask help of any one; so, when the Rabbit came near her, she began, in a low, timid voice, „If you please, sir...“ The Rabbit started violently, dropped the white kid gloves: and the fan, and skurried away into the darkness as hard as he could go.

Po chvíli zaslechla v dálce cupitat malé nožky, a tak si rychle otřela oči, aby se podívala, kdo to přichází. Vracel se Bílý Králík, nádherně oblečený, s párem kozinkových rukaviček v jedné a velkým vějířem ve druhé ruce. Procupital kolem ve spěchu, a jak se blížil, mumlal si pro sebe: „Ach, vévodkyně, vévodkyně! Ach, bude rozlícená, když ji nechám čekat“. Alenka byla zoufalá a připravená požádat o pomoc kohokoliv, takže když se k ní Bílý Králík přiblížil, promluvila na něj tichým ustrašeným hláskem: „Pane, mohl byste…“ Králík zprudka nadskočil, upustil rukavičky i vějíř a pelášil do tmy, jak nejrychleji mohl.

Alice took up the fan and gloves, and, as the hall was very hot, she kept fanning herself all the time she went on talking: „Dear, dear! How queer everything is to-day! And yesterday things went on just as usual. I wonder if I´ve been changed in the night? Let me

Alenka zvedla vějíř a rukavice, a protože v hale bylo opravdu horko, začala se ovívat a přitom mudrovala. „Podívejme, podívejme, jak je dneska všechno podivné! A přitom včera bylo všechno jako obvykle. Zajímalo by mě, jestli jsem se přes noc změnila. 15

think: was I the same when I got up this morning? I almost think I can remember feeling a little different. But if I´m not the same, the next question is Who in the world am I? Ah, that´s the great puzzle!“ And she began thinking over all the children she knew that were of the same age as herself, to see if she could have been changed for any of them.

Počkat, počkat, byla jsem stejná, když jsem se dnes ráno probudila? Myslím, že si pamatuju, že jsem se cítila trochu jinak. Ale jestli nejsem stejná, další otázka je, kdo pro všechno na světě jsem? Och, to je obrovská hádanka.“ A začala myslet na všechny děti jejího věku, které znala, aby zjistila, jestli se nemohla změnit v některé z nich.

“I´m sure I´m not Ada,” she said, “for her hair goes in such long ringlets, and mine doesn´t go in ringlets at all; and I´m sure I can´t be Mabel, for I know all sorts of things, and she, oh! She knows such a very little! Besides, she´s she, and I´m I, and – oh dear, how puzzling it all is! I´ll try if I know all the things I used to know. Let me see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is – oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate! However, the Multiplication Table doesn´t signify: let´s try Geography, London is the capital of Paris, and Paris is the capital of Rome, and Rome – no, that´s all wrong, I´m certain! I must have been changed for Mabel! I´ll try and say “how doth the little – “” and she crossed her hands on her lap as if she were saying lessons, and began to repeat it, but her voice sounded hoarse and strange, and the words did not come the same as they used to do:-

„Jsem si jistá, že nejsem Áda, protože její vlasy se kroutí jako prstýnky a moje prstýnky vůbec nepřipomínají“, mudrovala. „A nemůžu být Mabel, protože já vím spoustu věcí a ona toho ví tak málo. Kromě toho, ona je ona a já jsem já a … Ach jejda, to je všechno zamotané. Zkusila bych to rozluštit, kdybych si pamatovala všechno, co jsem věděla. Tak to zkusím: čtyřikrát pět je dvanáct a čtyřikrát šest je třináct, a čtyřikrát sedm je …Ach ne! Takhle se nikdy nedostanu ke dvacítce. Nevadí, násobilka nic neznamená, zkusím zeměpis. Londýn je hlavní město Paříže a Paříž je hlavní město Říma a Řím… ne, všechno je to špatně., tím jsem si jistá! Musela jsem se změnit v Mabel! Pokusím se říct: „Jak podařilo se… -“, složila ruce do klína, jakoby odříkávala naučenou látku a začala opakovat, ale její hlas byl ochraptělý a zněl podivně a slova nebyla stejná, jako bývala dříve:

“How doth the little crocodile Improve his shining tail, And pour the waters of the Nile On every golden scale! “How cheerfully he seems to grin, How neatly spreads his claws, And welcome little fishes in With gently smiling jaws!”

Jak podařilo se malému krokodýlu Vynořit se z tmavé hlubiny, A vycídit vodou z Nilu Všechny své zlaté šupiny. Jak šklebí se radostně Jak cení své ostré zuby, A malé rybky bezelstně, 16

I´m sure those are not the right words,” said poor Alice, and her eyes filled with tears again as she went on,” I must be Mabel after all, and I shall have to go and live in that poky little house, and have next to no toys to play with, and oh! Ever so many lessons to learn! No, I´ve made up my mind about it; if I´m Mabel, I´ll stay down here! It´ll be no use their putting their heads down and saying “Come up again, dear!” I shall only look up and say “Who am I then? Tell me that first, and then, If I like being that person, I´ll come up: if not, I´ll stay down here till I´m somebody else” – but, oh dear!” cried Alice, with a sudden burst of tears, “I do wish they would put their heads down! I am so very tired of being all alone here!” As she said this she looked down at her hands, and was surprised to see that she had put on one of the Rabbit´s little white kid gloves while she was talking. “How can I have done that?” she thought. “I must be growing small again.” She got up and went to the table to measure herself by it, and found that, as nearly as she could guess, she was now about two feet high, and was going on shrinking rapidly: she soon found out that the cause of this was the fan she was holding, and she dropped it hastily, just in time to avoid shrinking away altogether. “That was a narrow escape!” said Alice, a good deal frightened at the sudden change, but very glad to find herself still in existence; “ and now for the garden!” and she run with all speed back to the little door: but, alas! The little door was shut again, and the little golden key was lying on the glass table as before, “and things are worse than ever,” thought the poor child, “for I never was so small as

Láká do otevřené huby“ „Jsem si jistá, že tohle nejsou správná slova“ zoufala si nebohá Alenka a oči se jí zase zalily slzami, když pokračovala „Určitě jsem Mabel, budu muset bydlet v tom malinkém domečku a nebudu mít žádné hračky a, ach, budu se toho muset tolik naučit! Ne, už jsem se rozhodla, jestli jsem Mabel, zůstanu tady dole! Nemá smysl, aby strkali hlavu sem dovnitř a říkali „Vrať se zpátky nahoru, beruško!“ Jenom k nim vzhlédnu a řeknu „Kdo teda jsem?“ Nejdřív mi to povězte a pak, když budu chtít být tou osobou, vylezu. Jestli ne, zůstanu tady dole, dokud nebudu někým jiným. – Ale pro pána!“ Vykřikla Alenka a propukla v pláč, „Opravdu si přeju, aby strčili hlavy dovnitř. Už jsem tak unavená, jak jsem tady sama!“Jak mluvila, podívala se dolů na své ruce a překvapeně zjistila, že si navlékla jednu z Králíkových rukavic. „Jak jsem to mohla dokázat? Musím se zase zmenšovat.“ Pomyslela si. Postavila se a popošla ke stolku, aby s ním poměřila svou velikost a zjistila, přesně jak si myslela, že měří asi šedesát centimetrů a pořád se rychle zmenšuje. V mžiku přišla na to, že příčinou je vějíř, který držela a spěšně ho zahodila, právě včas aby zabránila tomu, aby úplně zmizela. „To bylo těsně“, oddechla si Alenka, dost otřesená náhlou změnou, ale šťastná, že je pořád naživu. „A teď do zahrady“, a už utíkala plnou rychlostí zpátky k malým dveřím, ale běda, dvířka byla opět zavřená a zlatý klíček ležel na skleněném stolku

17

this before, never! And I declare it´s too bad, that it is!“ As she said these words her foot slipped, and in another moment, splash! She was up to her chin in salt water. Her first idea was that she had somehow fallen into the sea, “and in that case I can go back by railway,” she said to herself. (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion, that wherever you go to on the English coast you find a number of bathing machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them a railway station.) However, she soon made out that she was in the pool of tears which she had wept when she was nine feet high.

jako předtím. „A je to všechno ještě horší“, pomyslelo si ubohé děvčátko, „protože jsem nikdy předtím nebyla takhle malá! A prohlašuju, že je to hodně špatné!“ Jakmile to dořekla, podklouzly jí nohy a v tom žbluňk! Byla po krk ve slané vodě. V prvním okamžiku ji napadlo, že spadla do moře „ a v tom případě se můžu zpátky vrátit vlakem“ – napadlo ji. (Alenka byla u moře jen jednou a došla k obecnému závěru, že kdekoli na pobřeží je v moři spousta převlékacích kabinek, děti vyhrabávající písek dřevěnými lopatkami, potom řada hotelů a za nimi vlakové nádraží.) Ale rychle si uvědomila, že plave v moři slz, které vyplakala, když byla skoro tři metry vysoká.

“I wish I hadn´t cried so much!” said Alice, as she swam about, trying to find her way out. “! Shall be punished for it now, I suppose, by being drowned in my own tears! That will be a queer thing, to be sure! However, everything is queer to-day.”

„Kéž bych jen tolik neplakala“, řekla Alenka, když plavala a snažila se najít cestu na břeh. „Hádám, že teď za to budu potrestaná tím, že se utopím ve vlastních slzách. To bude jistojistě divná věc. I když dnes je všechno divné.“

Just then she heard something splashing about in the pool a little way off, and she swam nearer to make out what it was: at first she thought it must be a walrus or hippopotamus, but then she remembered how small she was now, and she soon made out that it was only a mouse that had slipped in like herself.

V tu chvíli zaslechla nedaleko cákání a plavala ve směru, odkud zvuk přicházel, aby zjistila, co ho vydává. Nejdřív si myslela, že je to mrož nebo hroch, ale pak si vzpomněla jak je malinká, a zjistila, že to byla jen myška, která také sklouzla do vody.

“Would it be of any use now,” thought Alice, to speak to this mouse? Everything is so out-of-the-way down here, that I should think very likely it can talk: at any rate, there´s no harm in

„Bude teď k něčemu mluvit na myš?“ přemýšlela Alenka. „Všechno je tady dole tak divné, že si myslím, že umí mluvit. Každopádně, neuškodí, když to zkusím“, tak začala: „Myško, nevíte jak se dá dostat ven z jezera? Jsem hrozně unavená z toho plavání, 18

trying.” So she began: “O Mouse, do you know the way out of this pool? I am very tired of swimming about here, O Mouse!” (Alice thought this must be the right way of speaking to a mouse: she had never done such a thing before, but she remembered having seen in her brother´s Latin Grammar, “A mouse – of a mouse- to a mouse – a mouse – O mouse!” The Mouse looked at her rather inquisitively, and seemed to her to wink with one of its little eyes, but it said nothing. “Perhaps it doesn´t understand English,” thought Alice; “I daresay it´s a French mouse, come over with William the Conqueror.” (For, with all her knowledge of history, Alice had no very clear notion how long ago anything had happened.) So she began again: “Où est ma chatte?“ which was the first sentence in her French lesson-book. The Mouse gave a sudden leap out the water, and seemed to quiver all over with fright. “Oh, I beg your pardon!“ cried Alice hastily, afraid that she had hurt the poor animal´s feelings. “I quite forgot you didn´t like cats.“ “Not like cats!“ Cried the Mouse, in a shrill, passionate voice. “Would you like cats if you were me?“ “Well, perhaps not,“ said Alice in a soothing tone: “don´t be angry about it. And yet I wish I could show you our cat Dinah: I think you´d take a fancy to cats if you could only see her. She is such a dear quite thing.“ Alice went on, half to herself, as she swam lazily about in the pool, „and she sits purring so nicely by the fire, licking her paws and washing her face – and she is such a

Myško!“(Alenka myslela, že tohle je správný způsob, jak mluvit na myši, nikdy předtím to nedělala, ale vzpomněla si, co viděla v bratrově gramatice: Myška, bez myšky, myšce, myšku, Myško! Myš se na Alenku podívala celkem zvědavě a zdálo se jí, že na ni jedním očkem mrkla, ale nic neřekla. „Možná neumí anglicky, troufám si říct, že je to francouzská myš, která připlula s Vilémem Dobyvatelem (I přes její znalosti dějepisu neměla Alenka jasnou představu, před jak dlouhou dobou cokoliv událo). Tak začala znovu: “où est ma chatte?“ Což byla první věta v její učebnici francouzštiny. Myška se najednou prudce vymrštila nad hladinu a vypadala, že se třese strachem. „Ach, prosím o odpuštění!“ Vykřikla rychle Alenka v obavě, že zranila city nebohého zvířete. „úplně jsem zapomněla, že nemáte ráda kočky.“ „Nemám ráda kočky!“ vypískla Myška ostrým vzrušeným hláskem. „Měla bys ráda kočky, kdybys byla mnou?“ „No, asi ne“ odpověděla Alenka chlácholivě, „Nezlobte se kvůli tomu. A navíc bych si přála, abyste poznala moji kočku Micku, myslím, že byste si ji oblíbila už na první pohled. Je tak rozkošná.“ Alenka pokračovala ve svém skoromonologu, zatímco líně plavala v bazénu. „A tak krásně vrní, když sedí u krbu, líže si tlapky a umývá obličej, a je tak hebounká když se s ní mazlím, a je skvělá na chytání myší – ach, omlouvám se!“ vykřikla zase Alenka, protože teď byla Myška celá naježená a Alenka si 19

nice soft thing to nurse – and she´s such a capital one for catching mice – oh, I beg your pardon!“ cried Alice again, for this time the Mouse was bristling all over, and she felt certain it must be really offended. “We won´t talk about her any more if you´d rather not.“ “We, indeed!“ cried the Mouse, who was trembling down to the end of his tail. “As if I would talk on such a subject! Our family always hated cats: nasty, low, vulgar things! Don´t let me hear the name again!“ “I won´t indeed!“ said Alice, in a great hurry to change the subject of conversation. “Are you – are you fond – of – of dogs?” The Mouse did not answer, so Alice went on eagerly: “There is such a nice little dog near out house I should like to show you! A little bright-eyed terrier, you know, with oh, such a long curly brown hair! And it´ll catch things when you throw them, and it´ll sit up and beg for its dinner, and all sort of things – I can´t remember half of them – and it belongs to a farmer, you know, and he says it´s worth a hundred pounds! He ways it kills all the rats and – oh dear!” cried Alice in a sorrowful tone, “I´m afraid I´ve offended it again!” For the Mouse was swimming away from her as hard as it could go, and making quite a commotion in the pool as it went. So she called softly after it, “Mouse dear! Do come back again, and we won´t talk about cats or dogs either, if you don´t like them!” When the Mouse heard this, it turned round and swam slowly back to her: its face was quite pale (with passion, Alice thought), and it said in a low trembling voice, “Let us

byla jistá, že tentokrát to bylo opravdu hrubé. „Už o ní nebudeme mluvit, jestli nechcete“. „My o ní opravdu mluvit nebudeme“ zapištěla od hlavy k patě třesoucí se Myška. „Jako bych já mluvila o takovém tématu. Naše rodina odjakživa nenávidí kočky, špinavé, nízké, sprosté tvory! Nechci to jméno už nikdy slyšet“. „Už ho neřeknu.“ Rychle odpověděla Alenka, aby změnila téma hovoru. „Máte – máte ráda – psy?“ Myška neodpověděla a tak Alenka dychtivě pokračovala. „Poblíž našeho domu žije nádherný pejsek. Ráda bych vám ho ukázala. Malý teriér s jasnýma očima, víte, a s dlouhou vlnitou hnědou srstí! A aportuje věci, které mu hodíte, a umí sedět a prosit o jídlo a spoustu dalších věcí – nepamatuju si ani polovinu z nich – a patří farmáři, víte, a ten říká, že je opravu užitečný, že by ho zanic neprodal. Říká, že zabije všechny krysy a – Ach propána!“ Vykřikla Alenka nešťastně, „Myslím, že jsem ji zase urazila!“ Myška od ní plavala pryč, jak nejrychleji mohla a dělala ve vodě vlny. Alenka za ní opatrně volala “Myško, zlatíčko! Vraťte se zpátky a nebudeme mluvit o kočkách, ani o psech, jestli je nemáte ráda.“ Když to Myška zaslechla, otočila se a pomalu plavala zpátky k Alence, ve tváři byla úplně bledá (Alenka myslela, že nadšením), a třesoucím se hláskem povídala „Poplavme ke břehu, a pak ti řeknu můj příběh a

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get to the shore, and then I´ll tell you my history, and you´ll understand why it is I hate cats and dogs.” It was high time to go, for the pool was getting quite crowded with the birds and animals that had fallen into it: there were a Duck and a Dodo, a Lory and an Eaglet, and several other curious creatures. Alice led the way, and the whole party swam to the shore.

pochopíš, proč nemám ráda kočky a psy.“ Byl nejvyšší čas, aby vylezly, protože jezero začínalo být celkem přeplněné ptáky a zvířaty, která spadla dovnitř – byl tam Kačer a Blboun Nejapný a Papuchál a Orlík a několik dalších zajímavých stvoření. Alenka ukazovala cestu a celá skupinka plavala ke břehu.

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Chapter III

KAPITOLA III

A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale

Koaliční běh a dlouhý příběh

They were indeed a queer-looking party that assembled on the bank – the birds with draggled feathers, the animals with their fur clinging close to them, and all dripping wet, cross, and uncomfortable.

Na břehu se shromáždila opravdu divná společnost – ptáci s ucouraným peřím, zvířata se zplihlou srstí přilepenou k tělu a všichni byli promočení na kůži, rozmrzelí a naštvaní.

The first question of course was, how to get dry again: they had a consultation about this, and after a few minutes it seemed quite natural to Alice to find herself talking familiarly with them, as if she had known them all her life. Indeed, she had quite a long argument with the Lory, who at last turned sulky, and would only say, “I am older than you, and must know better”; and this Alice would not allow without knowing how old it was, and, as the Lory positively refused to tell its age, there was no more to be said. At last the Mouse, who seemed to be a person of authority among them, called out, “Sit down, all of you, and listen to me! I´ll soon make you dry enough!” They all sat down at once, in a large ring, with the Mouse in the middle. Alice kept her eyes anxiously fixed on it, for she felt sure she would catch a bad cold if she did not get dry very soon. “Ahem!” said the Mouse with an important air, “are you all ready? This is the driest think I know. Silence all round, if you please! “William the Conqueror, whose cause was favoured by the pope, was soon submitted to by the English, who wanted leaders, and had been of late much accustomed to usurpation and conquest. Edwin and

První otázka samozřejmě byla, jak znova uschnout, debatovali o tom a po pár minutách s nimi Alenka mluvila tak přirozeně, jako by je všechny znala odjakživa. Docela dlouho se dohadovala s Papuchálem, který nakonec jen mrzutě řekl, „Já jsem starší než ty a tak to vím nejlíp.” Alenka se nenechala odbýt a chtěla vědět kolik mu je let, ale jelikož Papuchál odmítal sdělit svůj věk, hádka byla u konce. Nakonec Myška, kterou, jak se zdálo, ostatní uznávali, zvolala, „Všichni se posaďte a poslouchejte mě! Brzo budete všichni suší!” Všichni si najednou sedli do velkého kruhu s Myškou uprostřed. Alenka upřeně a s napětím pozorovala Myšku, protože si byla jistá, že jestli brzy neuschne, dostane pořádnou rýmu. „Ehm!”, důležitě si odkašlala Myška. „jste připraveni? Tohle je nejsušší věc, kterou znám. Utište se, prosím! Vilém Dobyvatel, v jehož při mu pomáhal papež, brzy podlehl Angličanům, kteří chtěli vůdce, a byli poslední dobou zvyklí na násilné obsazování a dobývání Edvinem a Morcarem, hrabaty z Mercie a Northumbrie -.

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Morcar, the earls of Mercia and Northumbria – “”

„Brrr!”, zamručel Papuchál a otřásl se.

“Ugh!” said the Lory, with a shiver.

„Prosím?” ozvala se Myška podmračeně, ale velmi slušně. „Říkal jste něco?”

“I beg your pardon!” said the Mouse, frowning, but very politely: “Did you speak?” “Not I!” said the Lory hastily. “I thought you did,” said the mouse. “-I proceed. “Edwin and Morcar, the earls of Mercia and Northumbria, declared for him, and even Stigand, the patriotic archbishop of Canterbury, found it advisable – “” “Found what?” said the Duck. “Found it,” the mouse replied rather crossly: “of course you know what “it” means.” “I know what “it” means well enough, when I find a thing,” said the Duck: “it´s generally a frog or a worm. The question is, what did the archbishop find?” The Mouse did not notice this question, but hurried went on, “”- found it advisable to go with Edgar Atheling to meet William and offer him the crown. William´s conduct at first was moderate. But the insolence of his Normands –“ How are you getting on now my dears?” it continued, turning to Alice as it spoke. “As wet as ever,” said Alice in a melancholy tone; “it doesn´t seem to dry me at all.” “In that case,” said the Dodo solemnly, rising to its feet, “I move that the

„Já jsem nic neříkal!”, bránil Papuchál chvatně. „Myslela jsem, že říkal”, odvětila Myška, „Pokračuji. “Edvin a Moracar, hrabata z Mercie a Northumbrie, pro něj hlasovala a dokonce Stigand, vlastenecký arcibiskup z Canterbury, shledal –“ „Hledal co?” zeptal se Kačer. „Shledal” odpověděla Myška docela naštvaně. „Samozřejmě víte, co znamená „shledal“.“ „Vím celkem dobře, co to znamená, když něco hledám,” odpověděl Kačer. „obvykle je to žába nebo červ. Otázka zní, co hledal ten arcibiskup?” Myška ignorovala otázku, ale rychle pokračovala, „shledal moudrým vzít na setkání s Vilémem také Edgara Athelinga a nabídnout Vilémovi korunu. Vilém byl zpočátku odtažitý, ale neomalenost jeho normandského lidu-“ Jak se cítíte, přátelé?” pokračovala obrácená k Alence. „Mokře jako nikdy”, odvětila Alenka melancholicky. „Vůbec mě to neusušilo.” „V tom případě”, navrhl Blboun obřadně a stoupl si, „Odročuji tuto sešlost a s okamžitou platností sjednávám činorodější nápravu - “

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meeting adjourn, for the immediate adoption of more energetic remedies – “ “What I was going to say,” said the Dodo in an offended tone, “was, that the best thing to get us dry would be a Caucus-race.” “What is a Caucus-race?” said Alice; not that she wanted much to know, but the Dodo had paused as if it thought that somebody ought to speak, and no one else seemed inclined to say anything. “Why,” said the Dodo, “the best way to explain it is to do it.” (And, as you might like to try the thing yourself, some winter day, I will tell you how the Dodo managed it.) First it marked out a race-course, in a sort of circle, (“the exact shape doesn´t matter,” it said,) and then all the party were placed along the course, here and there. There was no “One, two, three, and away,” but they began running when they liked, and left off when they liked, so that it was not easy to know when the race was over. However, when they had been running half an hour or so, and were quite dry again, the Dodo suddenly called out “The race is over!” and they all crowded round it, panting, and asking, “But who has won?“ This question the Dodo could not answer without a great deal of thought, and it sat for a long time with one finger pressed upon its forehead (the position in which you usually see Shakespeare, in the pictures of him), while the rest waited in silence. At last the Dodo said, “Everybody has won, and all must have prizes.”

„Mluv jasně!” ohradil se Orlík, „Nerozumím polovině těch divných slov, které jsi řekl, a navíc myslím, že ty jim sám nerozumíš.” A Orlík sklonil hlavu, aby skryl úsměv: Někteří ptáci slyšitelně uchichtli. „Chystal jsem se říct,” uraženě se ohradil Blboun, „že nejlépe uschneme při koaličním běhu. „Co je to koaliční běh?”, zeptala se Alenka. Ne proto, že by to toužila vědět, ale Blboun se odmlčel, jako by očekával, že někdo bude mluvit a nikdo jiný se nechystal ke slovu. „Nuže,” odpověděl Blboun, „Nejlepší vysvětlení je názorná ukázka.” (A protože byste to někdy za chladných dní mohli chtít zkusit, povím vám, jak to Blboun udělal.) Nejdřív označil závodní pole, které mělo tvar podobný kruhu (“Přesný tvar není důležitý”, říkal) a potom se všichni postavili podél startovní čáry, sem a tam. Nebylo žádné „Připravit, pozor a teď”, ale všichni začali pobíhat, kdy se jim zachtělo, a přestali, kdy se jim zachtělo, takže nebylo jednoduché poznat, kdy závod skončil. Nicméně když pobíhali asi půl hodiny a byli už celkem suší, Blboun najednou vykřikl: „Závod skončil” a všichni se kolem něj shromáždili, funěli a ptali se, „Ale kdo vyhrál?” Na to mohl Dodo odpovědět až po dlouhém přemýšlení, kdy seděl s jedním prstem přitlačeným na čelo (V takové pozici obvykle na obrázcích vidíte Shakespeare), zatímco ostatní tiše čekali. Nakonec Blboun prohlásil, 24

“But who is to give the prizes?” quite a chorus of voices asked.

„Všichni vyhráli a každý musí dostat cenu.”

“Why, she, of course,” said the Dodo, pointing to Alice whit one finger; and the whole party at once crowded round her, calling out in a confused way, “Prizes! Prizes!”

„Ale kdo rozdá ceny?” zeptali se sborově.

Alice had no idea what to do, and in despair she put her hand in her pocket, and pulled out a box of comfits, (luckily the salt water had not got into it), and handed them round as prizes. There was exactly one a-piece all round. “But she must have a prize herself, you know,” said the Mouse. “Of course,” the Dodo replied very gravely. “What else have you got in your pocket?” he went on, turning to Alice. “Only a thimble,” said Alice sadly.

„No, ona, samozřejmě“, řekl Blboun a ukazoval prstem na Alenku. A celá sešlost se najednou shromáždila kolem ní, a zmateně vykřikovali, „Ceny! Ceny!” Alenka vůbec netušila, co má dělat a v zoufalství strčila ruku do kasy. Vytáhla krabičku kandovaného ovoce, (naštěstí se do ní nedostala slaná voda,) a rozdala je jako ceny. Na každého vyšel jeden kousek. „Ale ona musí také dostat cenu, viďte,” řekla Myška. „Samozřejmě,” velmi vážně odpověděl Blboun. „Co ještě máš v kapse?” pokračoval směrem k Alence.

“Hand it over here,” said the Dodo. Then they all crowded round her once more, while the Dodo solemnly presented the thimble, saying “We beg your acceptance of this elegant thimble”; and, when it had finished this short speech, they all cheered. Alice thought the whole thing very absurd, but they all looked so grave that she did not dare to laugh; and, as she could not thing of anything to say, she simply bowed, and took the thimble, looking as solemn as she could. The next thing was to eat the comfits: this caused some noise and confusion, as the large birds complained that they could not taste theirs, and the small ones

„Jenom náprstek,” odpověděla Alenka.

smutně

„Podej mi ho,” přikázal Blboun. Všichni ji ještě jednou obestoupili, zatímco Blboun vážně ukazoval náprstek a pronášel, „Dovolujeme si Vás požádat, abyste přijala tento vkusný náprstek”. Když dokončil tuto krátkou řeč, všichni tleskali. Alence to všechno přišlo prapodivné, ale ostatní se tvářili tak vážně, že se neodvážila smát. A protože ji nenapadalo nic, co by řekla, jednoduše se uklonila, vzala si náprstek a tvářila se tak slavnostně, jak jen mohla.

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choked and had to be patted on the back. However, it was over at last, and they sat down again in a ring, and begged the Mouse to tell them something more. “You promised to tell me your history, you know,” said Alice, “and why it is you hate – C and D,” she added in a whisper, half afraid that it would be offended again. “Mine is a long and a sad tale!” said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. “It is a long tail, certainly,” said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse´s tail; “but why do you call it sad?” And she kept on puzzling about it while the Mouse was speaking, so that her idea of the tale was something like this:“Fury said to a Mouse, That he Met in the House, “Let use Both go to Law: I will Prosecute You. – Come, I´ll take no Denial; We Must have a Trial: For Really this Morning I´ve Nothing To do.” Said the Mouse to the Cur, “Such A trial, Dear Sir, With

Potom se pustili do kandovaného ovoce. To způsobilo hluk a zmatek, protože velcí ptáci si stěžovali, že ani necítili chuť jejich kousíčku a malí se dusili a ostatní je museli bouchat do zad. Nicméně, nakonec to všechno skončilo, a všichni seděli znovu v kruhu a prosili Myšku, aby jim ještě něco vyprávěla. „Slíbila jste, že mi řeknete váš příběh, viďte,” řekla Alenka, „a proč nenávidíte K a P,” dodala šeptem, napůl se strachem že ji znovu urazí. „Je to dlouhý příběh, dlouhý a smutný,” otočila se Myška k Alence a vzdychla. Dlouhý určitě je,” řekla Alenka a dívala se s údivem na Myščin ocas, který teď měla omotaný kolem těla; “ale proč o něm říkáte, že je smutný?” A bádala nad tím, zatímco Myška vyprávěla, takže její představa příběhu byla asi takováto: Zuřivec myšce povídá, Že její přítomnost v domě odmítá, K soudu spolu pojďme Vyšetřit to nechme, Nepopřeš Svou vinu, Hleď na místo činu. Protože dnešní den, Mám na práci toto jen, Říká 26

No jury Or judge, Would be Wasting Our Breath.” “I´ll be Judge, I´ll Be jury” Said Cunning Old Fury “I´ll Try the Whole Cause And Condema You To Death.” “You are not attending!” said the Mouse to Alice severely. “What are you thinking of?” “I beg your pardon,” said Alice very humbly: “you had got to the fifth bend, I think?” “I had not!” cried the Mouse, sharply and very angrily. “A knot!” said Alice, always ready to make herself useful, and looking anxiously about her, “Oh do let me help to undo it!” “I shall do nothing of the sort,” said the Mouse, getting up and walking away. “You insult me by talking such nonsense!” “I didn´t mean it!” pleaded poor Alice. “But you´re so easily offended, you know!“

myška zbabělci, „Drahý pane, Soud bez soudce či obhájce ztráta času bude.” “Já Vezmu na sebe To Břímě,” vyhrkl zuřivec mírně. „Všechno to prošetřím a k smrti tě odsoudím.” „Nedáváš pozor!” okřikla Myška přísně Alenku, „Na co myslíš?” „Omlouvám se,” odpověděla pokorně Alenka: „jste tuším u pátého zákrutu” „Nejsem!” vypískla velmi rozzlobeně Myška. „Zádrhel”, odpověděla Alenka, která byla vždycky ochotná pomoci, a rozhlížela se netrpělivě kolem sebe, „nechte mne ho vyřešit.” „To teda nenechám,” odsekla Myška, vstala a šla pryč. „Urážíš mě, když říkáš takové nesmysly!” Já jsem to tak nemyslela!“, litovala nebohá Alenka. „Ale když vy se tak 27

The Mouse only growled in reply.

lehce urazíte.”

“Please come back and finish” the others all joined in choruse, “Yes, please do!” but the Mouse only shook its head impatiently, and walked a little quicker.

Myška místo odpovědi jen zavrčela.

“What a pity it wouldn´t stay!” sighed the Lory, as soon as it was quite out of sight; and an old Crab took the opportunity of saying to her daughter “Ah, my dear! Let this be a lesson to you never to lose your tempter!” “Hold your tongue, Ma!” said the young Crab, a little snappishly. “You´re enough to try the patience of an oyster!” “I wish I had our Dinah Here, I know I do!” said Alice aloud, addressing nobody in particular. “She´d soon fetch it back!” “And who is Dinah, if I might venture to ask the question?” said the Lory. Alice replied eagerly, for she was always ready to talk about her pet: “Dinah´s our cat. And she´s such a capital one for catching mice you can´t think! And oh, I wish you could see her after the birds! Why, she´ll eat a little bird as soon as look at it!” This speech caused a remarkable sensation among the party. Some of the birds hurried off at once: one old Magpie began wrapping itself up very carefully, remarking, “I really must be getting home; the night-air doesn´t suit my throat!” and a Canary called out in a trembling voice to its children, “Come away, my dears! It´s high time you were all in bed!” On various pretexts they all moved off, and Alice was soon left alone.

„Prosím, vrať se a dovyprávěj nám to“, přidali se sborově ostatní. „Prosím, vrať se!”, ale Myška jen netrpělivě potřásla hlavou a trošku zrychlila. „Jaká škoda, že nezůstala!” povzdychl si Papuchál, jakmile byla Myška z dohledu, a stará Krabice využila příležitosti, aby řekla dceři „Vidíš moje malá! Pouč se z toho a vždy si zachovej chladnou hlavu!” „Buď zticha, máti!” odsekla prudce mladá Krabice. „Sama jsi trpělivá jako beránek.” „Přála bych si, aby tu byla Micka, víte!” prohodila nahlas Alenka, „Ta by ji přivedla zpátky!” „A kdo je Micka, jestli se smím zeptat?” zeptal se Papuchál. Alenka s radostí odpověděla, protože vždycky ráda mluvila o svých mazlíčcích : „Micka je naše kočka. A je skvělá v chytání myší, to byste nevěřili! Ach, přála bych Vám vidět ji lovit ptáky. Opravdu, sežere ptáčka, sotva ho zahlédne.” Tato řeč způsobila mezi účastníky neobvyklou reakci. Někteří ptáci najednou spěchali pryč: jeden starý Strakoun se začal velmi důkladně zachumlávat do šály a poznamenal „Musím opravdu jít domů: z nočního vzduchu mě vždy začne bolet v krku!” a Kanářice roztřeseně svolávala své děti „Honem pojďte, děťátka! Už máte být dávno v posteli!“ Pod nejrůznějšími 28

“I wish I hadn´t mentioned Dinah!” she said to herself in a melancholy tone. “Nobody seems to like her, down here, and I´m sure she´s the best cat in the world! Oh, my dear Dinah! I wonder if I shall ever see you any more!” And here poor Alice began to cry again, for she felt very lonely and low spirited. In a little while, however, she again heard a little pattering of footsteps in the distance, and she looked up eagerly, half hoping that the Mouse had changed his mind, and was coming back to finish his story.

výmluvami se všichni vypařili a Alenka byla brzy sama. „Kéž bych jen o Micce” povzdechla si smutně. „Vypadá to, že ji tady dole nikdo nemá rád a přitom jsem si jistá, že je to nejlepší kočka na světě! Ach, moje malá Micinko! Zajímalo by mě, jestli tě ještě někdy uvidím!” A v tu chvíli se nešťastná Alenka zase rozplakala, protože se cítila hrozně opuštěná a smutná. Ale za chvilku uslyšela v dálce cupitání a zvědavě vzhlédla. Napůl doufala, že se Myška rozmyslela a vrátila se dokončit vyprávění.

Chapter IV

Kapitola IV

The Rabbit Sends in a Little Bill

Králík posílá Vildu

It was the White Rabbit, trotting slowly back again, and looking anxiously about as it went, as if it had lost something; and she heard it muttering to itself „The Duchess! The Duchess! Oh my dear paws! Oh my fur and whiskers! She´ll get me executed, as sure as ferrets are ferrets! Where can I have dropped them, I wonder?“ Alice guessed in a moment that it was looking for the fan and the pair of white kid gloves, and she very good-naturedly began hunting about for them, but they were nowhere to be seen – everything seemed to have changed since her swim in the pool, and the great hall, with the glass table and the little door, had vanished completely.

Byl to Bílý Králík, který cupital zpátky a nervózně se rozhlížel kolem, jako by něco ztratil. Slyšela ho mumlat: „Vévodkyně, Vévodkyně! Moje drahé pacičky! Můj kožíšek a fousky! Nechá mě popravit, jakože tchoři jsou tchoři! Zajímalo by mě, kde jsem je mohl ztratit.“ Alenka v mžiku uhádla, že hledá vějíř a bílé kozinkové rukavičky, a velmi ochotně po nich začala pátrat. Ale nikde po nich nebylo ani vidu ani slechu – vypadalo to, jako by se všechno změnilo od té doby, co plavala v jezeře. Velká hala se skleněným stolkem a malými dvířky dočista zmizely.

Very soon the Rabbit noticed Alice, as she went hunting about, and called out to her in an angry tone, „Why, Mary Ann, what are you doing out here? Run

Králík se brzy všiml Alenky, která prozkoumávala okolí a naštvaně na ni zavolal, „Proboha, Mariano, co tady děláš? Okamžitě utíkej domů a přines

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home this moment, and fetch me a pair of gloves and a fan! Quick, now!“ And Alice was to much frightened that she ran off at once in the direction it pointed to, without trying to explain the mistake it had made. “He took me for his housemaid,“ she said to herself as she ran. “How surprised he´ll be when he finds out who I am! But I´d better take him his fan and gloves – that is, if I can find them.“ As she said this, she came upon a neat little house, on the door of which was a bright brass plate with the name “W. RABBIT“ engraved upon it. She went in without knocking, and hurried upstairs, in great fear lest she should meet the real Mary Ann, and be turned out of the house before she had found the fan and gloves. “How queer it seems.“ Alice said to herself, “to be going messages for a rabbit! I suppose Dinah´ll be sending on me messages next!“ And she began fancying the sort of things that would happen: “Miss Alice! Come here directly, and get ready for you walk!“ “Coming in a minute, nurse! But I´ve got to watch this mouse-hole till Dinah comes back, and see that the mouse doesn´t get out.“ Only I don´t think,“ Alice went on, “that they´d let Dinah stop in the house if it began ordering people about like that!“ By this time she had found her way into a tidy little room with a table in the window, and on it (as she had hoped) a fan and two or three pairs of tiny white kid gloves: she took up the fan and a pair of the gloves, and was just going to leave the room, when her eye fell upon

mi pár rukavic a vějíř! Běž, hned!“ A Alenka byla tak vyděšená, že se ihned rozběhla směrem, který ukazoval Králík, a nesnažila se mu ani vysvětlit, jakého se dopustil omylu. „Myslí si, že jsem jeho služka,“ myslela si, když utíkala, „Bude překvapený, až zjistí, kdo jsem! Ale raději bych mu měla přinést jeho vějíř a rukavice – jestli je teda dokážu najít.“ Během tohoto přemýšlení doběhla k domečku jako ze škatulky, s vyleštěnou mosaznou cedulkou na dveřích, na které bylo vyryté B. Králík. Vběhla dovnitř bez klepání a utíkala po schodech nahoru, protož se bála, že potká skutečnou Marianu a ta ji vyhodí z domu, než stihne najít vějíř a rukavice. „Je to hodně divné“ myslela si Alenka, „dostávat příkazy od králíka! Řekla bych, že příště mi bude rozkazovat Micka!“ A začala si představovat, co všechno by se mohlo přihodit. „Slečno Alenko! Pojďte ihned sem a připravte se na procházku!“ „Už běžím, chůvo! Ale musím hlídat tuto myší díru, dokud se Micka nevrátí, aby se myš nedostala ven.“ Jen si myslím,“ pokračovala Alenka, „Že by Micka nemohla zůstat v domě, kdyby takto rozkazovala lidem.!“ Mezitím se dostala do uklizeného pokojíčku se stolkem pod oknem, na kterém byl (jak doufala) vějíř a dva nebo tři páry malinkatých bílých kožených rukaviček: vzala vějíř a jedny rukavičky a chystala se z pokoje odejít, když jí zrak padl na

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a little bottle that stood near the looking-glass. There was no label this time with the words “DRINK ME“, but nevertheless she uncorked it and put it into her lips. “I know something interesting is sure to happen“ she said to herself, “whenever I eat or drink anything; so I´ll just see what this bottle does. I do hope it´ll make me grow large again, for really I´m quite tired of being such a tiny little thing!“

lahvičku, která stála hned vedle zrcadla. Nebyl na ní žádný nápis „VYPIJ MĚ“, ale přesto ji odšpuntovala a přiložila ke rtům. „Jsem si jistá, že se stane něco zajímavého,“ řekla si „kdykoliv něco sním nebo vypiju, tak jen zjistím, co dělá tahle lahvička. Opravdu doufám, že zase vyrostu, protože už jsem unavená z toho být takhle malinkatá.“

It did so indeed, and much sooner that she had expected: before she had drunk half the bottle, she found her head pressing against the ceiling, and had to stoop to save her neck from being broken. She hastily put down the bottle, saying to herself “That´s quite enough –I hope I shan´t grow any more – As it is, I can´t get out at the door – I do wish I hadn´t drunk quite so much!“

A opravdu se něco stalo, dokonce dříve než čekala, nevypila ani polovinu lahvičky a zjistila, že hlavou naráží do stropu a musela ji ohnout, aby si nezlomila vaz. Chvatně položila lahvičku a řekla si: „To by asi stačilo – doufám, že už víc neporostu – už takhle nemůžu projít dveřmi – Kéž bych se jen nenapila tak moc!“

Alas! It was too late to wish that‘ She went on growing, and growing, and very soon had to kneel down on the floor: in another minute there was not even room for this, and she tried the effect of lying down with one elbow against the door, and the other arm curled round her head. Still she went on growing, and as a last resource, she put one arm out of the window, and one foot up the chimney, and said to herself „Now I can do no more, whatever happens. What will become of me?“ Luckily for Alice, the little magic bottle had now had its full effect, and she grew no larger: still it was very uncomfortable, and, as there seemed to be no sort of chance of her ever getting out of the room again, no wonder she felt unhappy.

Ale ouvej! Na toto přání bylo příliš pozdě! Alenka rostla a rostla a brzy si musela kleknout na podlahu a vzápětí ani to nestačilo a tak si zkusila lehnout s jedním loktem přimáčknutým na dveře a s druhou rukou obtočenou kolem hlavy. A pořád rostla, jako poslední šanci vystrčila jednu ruku z okna a jednu nohu vrazila do komína. Pomyslela si „Teď už nemůžu nic víc udělat, ať se stane cokoliv. Co se mnou bude?“ Naštěstí pro Alenku, kouzlo lahvičky bylo vyčerpáno a její růst se zastavil. Ale stejně se cítila velmi nepohodlně, a protože neměla šanci dostat se ven z pokoje, není divu, že byla i nešťastná. „Doma to bylo mnohem příjemnější,“ pomyslela si nebohá Alenka, „Tam

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„It was much pleasanter at home,“ thought poor Alice, „when one wasn´t always growing larger and smaller, and being ordered about by mice and rabbits. I almost wish I hadn´t gone down that rabbit-hotel – and yet – and yet- it´s rather curious, you know, this sort of life! I do wonder what can have happened to me! When I used to read fairy-tales, I fancied that kind of things never happened, and now here I am in the middle of one! There ought to be a book written about me, that there ought! And when I grow up, I´ll write one – but I´m grown up now,“ she added in a sorrowful tone; „at least there´s no room to grow up any more here.“ „But then,“ thought Alice, „shall I never get any older than I am now? That´ll be a comfort, one way – never to be an old woman – but then – always to have lessons to learn! Oh, I shouldn´t like that!“ „Oh, you foolish Alice! She answered herself. „How can you learn lessons in here? Why, there´s hardly room for you, and no more at all for any lessonbooks!“ And so she went on, talking first one side and then the other, and making quite a conversation of it together; but after a few minutes she heard a voice outside, and stopped to listen. „Mary Ann! Mary Ann!“ said the voice. „Fetch me my gloves this moment!“ Then came a little patterning of feet on the stairs. Alice knew it was the Rabbit coming to look for her, and she trembled till she shook the house, quite

jsem se pořád nezvětšovala a nezmenšovala a nepřikazovali mi tam myši ani králíci. Skoro si přeju, abych tou králičí norou neprolezla – a přesto – přesto je to docela zajímavé, ten život tady. Zajímá mě, co se mi ještě může přihodit! Když jsem četla pohádky, myslela jsem, že se takové věci nikdy nemůžou stát a teď uprostřed jedné takové pohádky jsem! Měli by o mně napsat knížku, to by měli! A až vyrostu, jednu napíšu – ale já vlastně už jsem velká“, dodala smutně, „tak velká, že už nemůžu víc růst.“ „Ale v tom případě“ zamyslela se Alenka, „Už nikdy nebudu starší, než jsem teď? To by bylo na jednu stranu skvělé – nikdy by ze mě nebyla stařenka – ale na druhou stranu – pořád bych se měla co učit! Ne, to by se mi nelíbilo!“ „Ach, ty hloupá Alenko“ odpověděla si. „Jak se tady můžeš něco naučit? Podívej, je tu stěží místo pro tebe, natož tak pro učebnice!“ A tak pokračovala, nejdřív mluvila na jednu stranu a pak na druhou, jako by vedla rozhovor, ale po pár minutách zaslechla zvenku hlasy a zaposlouchala se. „Mariano, Mariano!“ křičel hlas. „Dones mi okamžitě moje rukavice!“ A v tu chvíli slyšela, jak po schodišti cupitají nožky. Alenka věděla, že ji hledá Králík, a začala se třást tak, že se otřásal celý dům. Docela zapomněla na to, že je teď asi tisíckrát větší než on a nemá vůbec žádný důvod se ho bát.

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forgetting that she was now about a thousand times as large as the Rabbit, and had no reason to be afraid of it. Presently the Rabbit came up to the door, and tried to open it; but, as the door opened inwards, and Alice´s elbow was pressed hard against it, that attempt proved a failure. Alice heard it say to itself “Then I´ll go round and get in at the window.“ “That you won´t“ thought Alice, and, after waiting till she fancied she heard the Rabbit just under the window, she suddenly spread out her hand, and made a snatch in the air. She did not get hold of anything, but she heard a little shriek and a fall, and a crash of broken glass, from which she concluded that it as just possible it had fallen into a cucumber frame, or something of the sort. Next came an angry voice – the Rabbit´s – “Pat! Pat! Where are you?“ And then a voice she had never heard before, “Sure then I´m here! Digging for apples, yer honour!“ “Digging for apples, indeed!“ said the Rabbit angrily. “Here! Come and help me out of this!“ (Sounds of more broken glass.) “Now tell me, Pat, what´s that in the window?“ “Sure, it´s an arm, yer honour!“ (He pronounced it „arrum.“) “An arm, you goose! Who ever say on that size? Why, it fills the whole window!“ “Sure, it does, yer honour: but it´s an arm for all that.“

Teď se Králík dostal ke dveřím a zkoušel je otevřít, ale jelikož se otevíraly směrem dovnitř a Alenčin loket na ně tlačil, nepodařilo se mu to. Alenka ho slyšela mumlat: „Tak obejdu dům a dostanu se dovnitř oknem.“ „To teda ne,“ pomyslela si Alenka a chvilku čekala, dokud si nemyslela, že slyší Králíka přímo pod oknem. V tu chvíli najednou vystrčila ruku a máchla jí ve vzduchu. Nic nechytila, ale zaslechla krátké zapištění a pád a zvuk tříštícího se skla. Z toho vyvodila, že Králík mohl, spadnou do skleníku nebo něčeho takového. Vzápětí se ozval rozzlobený hlas – to králík křičel – „Pat! Pat! Kde jsi?“ a potom odpovídal hlas, který nikdy předtím neslyšela, „Přece jsem tady! Vykopávám jablka, Vaše ctihodnosti!“ „Teď vykopává jablka!“ rozčiloval se Králík. „Sem! Pojď a pomoz mi dostat se ven!“ (další zvuk tříštěného skla). „Teď mi řekni, Pat, co je to v okně?“ „Samozřejmě, je to ruka, vaše ctihodnosti! (znělo to jako „všectisti“.) „Ruka, ty osle! Kdo to kdy viděl, tak obrovskou ruku, je velká přes celé okno.“ „Samozřejmě, to je, vaše ctihodnosti. Ale určitě je to ruka.“ „No, stejně tam nemá co dělat, běž a odstraň ji!“

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“Well, it´s got no business there, at any rate: go and take it away!“ There was a long silence after this, and Alice could only hear whispers now and then; such as, “Sure, I don´t like it, yer honour, at all, at all!“ “Do as I tell you, you coward!“ and at last she spread out her hand again, and made another snatch in the air. This time there were two little shrieks, and more sounds of broken glass. “What a number of cucumber-frames there must be!“ thought Alice. “I wonder what they´ll do next! As for pulling me out of the window, I only wish they could! I´m sure I don´t want to stay in here any longer!“ She waited for some time without hearing anything more: at last came a rumbling of little cartwheels, and the sound of a good many voices all talking together: she made out the words: “Where´s the other ladder? – Why, I hadn´t to bring but one; Bill´s got the other – Bill! Fetch it here, lad! – Here, put ´em up at this corner – No, tie ´em together first – they don´t reach half high enough yet – Oh, they´ll do well enough; don´t be particular – Here, Bill, catch hold of this rope – Will the roof bear? – Mind that loose slate – Oh, it´s coming down! Heads below!“ (a loud crash) – “Now, who did that? – It was Bill, I fancy – Who´s to go down the chimney? – Nay, I shan´t! You do it! – That I won´t, then! – Bill´s to go down – Here, Bill! The master says you´re to go down the chimney!“ “Oh! So Bill´s got to come down the chimney, has he?“ Said Alice to herself. “Why, they seem to put everything upon Bill! I wouldn´t be in Bill´s place

Potom následovalo dlouhé ticho a Alenka slyšela jen šeptání a potom něco jako: „Samozřejmě, nelíbí se mi to, vaše ctihodnosti. Vůbec ne, vůbec ne!! „Udělej, co ti říkám, ty zbabělče!“. Nakonec zase vystrčila ruku a znovu s ní máchla ve vzduchu. Tentokrát zaslechla dvě zapištění a větší hluk rozbíjeného skla. „Musejí mít hodně skleníků!“ pomyslela si Alenka. „Zajímalo by mě, co teď udělají! Kdyby mě jen mohli vytáhnout ven z okna! Vím jistě, že už tady nechci déle zůstat!“ Chvilku čekala, ale nic dalšího neslyšela: nakonec se ozvalo rachocení malých žebřiňáků a sbor hlasů, které se překřikovaly. Rozeznala pár slov: „Kde je další žebřík? – Jakže?, přinesl jsem jen jeden, Vilda má ten druhý – Vildo, přines ho sem, chlapče! – tady, položte je tady k rohu! – Ne, nejdřív je svažte k sobě – nedosahují ani do půlky – Ále, budou dost stačit, nesýčkuj – Chytej, Vildo, drť to lano – unese to střecha? – Pozor na tu uvolněnou tašku – Bacha, padá to! Skloňte hlavy“ (hlasitá rána – „Tak, kdo to udělal? – To byl Vilda, myslím – Kdo poleze dolů komínem? – Já teda ne! Ty tam vlez – Ani náhodou! – Vilda tam vleze – Hej Vildo, pán říká, že máš slézt dolů komínem!“ „Takže Vilda musí slézt komínem?“ Řekla si Alenka, Nuže, vypadá to, že chtějí všechno hodit na Vildu! Nechtěla bych být na jeho místě: ten krb je určitě moc úzký, ale myslím, že dokážu trošku kopnout.“ Natáhla nohu, jak daleko mohla a počkala, dokud nezaslechla malé 34

for a good deal: this fireplace is narrow, to be sure; but I think I can kick a little!“ She drew her foot as far down as she could, and waited till she heard a little animal (she couldn´t guess of what sort it was) scratching and scrambling about in the chimney close above her: then, saying to herself “This is Bill,“ she gave one sharp kick, and waited to see what would happen next. The first thing she heard was a general chorus of “There goes Bill! Then the Rabbit´s voice alone – “Catch him, you by the hedge!“ then silence, and then another confusion of voices – “hold up his head – Brandy now – Don´t choke him – How was it, old fellow? What happened to you? Tell us all about it!“ Last came a little feeble, squeaking voice, (“That´s Bill,“ thought Alice,) “Well, I hardly know – No more, thank ye; I´m better now – but I´m a deal too flustered to tell you – all I know is, something comes at me like a Jack-inthe-box, and up I goes like a skyrocket!“ “So you did, old fellow!“ said the others “We must burn the house down!“ said the Rabbit´s voice; and Alice called out as loud as she could, “If you do, I’ll set Dinah at you!“ There was a dead silence instantly, and Alice thought to herself, “I wonder what they will do next! If they had any sense, they´d take the roof off.“ After a minute or two, they began moving about again, and Alice heard the Rabbit say. “A barrowful will do, to begin with.“¨

zvířátko (nedokázala uhodnout, jaký druh) jak se škrábe a šplhá v komíně blízko její nohy. Potom si řekla „To je Vilda“ a prudce vykopla a čekala, co se bude dít. Nejdřív zaslechla sborový výkřik „To je Vilda!“ potom Králíka jak volá – „Chyťte ho, vy tam u plotu!“, potom bylo ticho a vzápětí další zmatené hlasy – „držte mu hlavu – teď brandy – Neuduste ho – Jaké to bylo, parťáku? Co se ti stalo? Pověz nám to!“ Nakonec zazněl slabý, krákavý hlásek („to je Vilda,“ pomyslela si Alenka), „No, sám nevím, - už ne, díky; Už je mi líp – ale jsem dost otřesený, abych vám vyprávěl – vím jen to, že něco vystřelilo jako čertík z krabičky a už jsem letěl jako raketa!“ „To teda jo, parťáku!“ Odvětili ostatní. „Musíme ten dům spálit!“ ozval se Králíkův hlas; a Alenka zakřičela tak nahlas jak dovedla, „Jestli to uděláte, pošlu na vás Micku!“ Najednou bylo hrobové ticho a Alenka si říkala, „Zajímá mě, co budou teď dělat. Kdyby měli trochu rozumu, strhli by střechu.“ Po pár minutách začali zase ožívat a Alenka slyšela, jak Králík rozkazuje: „Jeden trakař bude pro začátek stačit.“ „Trakař čeho?“ přemýšlela Alenka, ale nenechali ji dlouho na pochybách, protože v dalším okamžiku začaly do okna s rachotem narážet drobné oblázky a některé z nich ji udeřily do

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“A barrowful of what?“ thought Alice; but she had not long to doubt, for the next moment a shower of little pebbles came rattling in at the window, and some of then hit her in the face, “I´ll put a stop to this,“ she said to herself, and shouted out, “You´d better not do that again!“ which produced another dead silence. Alice noticed with some surprise that the pebbles were all turning into little cakes as they lay on the floor, and a bright idea came into her head. “if I eat one of these cakes,“ she thought, “it´s sure to make some change in my size; and as it can´t possibly make me larger, it must make me smaller, I suppose.“ So she swallowed one of the cakes, and was delighted to find that she began shrinking directly. As soon as she was small enough to get through the door, she ran out of the house, and found quite a crowd of little animals and birds waiting outside. The poor little Lizard, Bill, was in the middle, being held up by two guinea-pigs, who were giving it something out of a bottle. They all made a rush at Alice the moment she appeared; but she ran off as hard as she could, and soon found herself safe in a thick wood.

tváře. „Udělám tomu přítrž,“ řekla si a zakřičela, „Tohle už raději nedělejte!“, což způsobilo další hrobové ticho. Alenka si s překvapením všimla, že oblázky na podlaze se mění v malé koláčky. To ji přivedlo na nápad „Když sním jeden koláček“ myslela si „určitě změním velikost a protože mě to už nemůže zvětšit, musí mě to zmenšit, předpokládám“ Tak spolkla jeden koláček a s radostí zjistila, že se začíná rovnou zmenšovat. Jakmile byla dost malá na to, aby prošla dveřmi, utíkala pryč z domu a venku narazila na dav zvířat a ptáků. Chudáka malou ještěrku, Vildu, uprostřed podpíraly dvě morčata, která mu dávaly napít z nějaké lahve. Všichni se vyřítili směrem k Alence, když se objevila, ta ale utíkala pryč, jak nejrychleji mohla a brzy se ocitla sama v hustém lese. „První věc co musím udělat“ řekla si Alenka, když procházela lesem, „Je dostat se na moji skutečnou velikost, a druhá věc je najít cestu do té krásné zahrady. Myslím, že to bude nejlepší plán.“

“The first thing I´ve got to do,“ said Alice to herself, as she wandered about in the wood, “is to grow to my right size again; and the second thing is to find my way into that lovely garden. I think that will be the best plan.“

Bezpochyby to znělo jako skvělý plán a velmi jasný a jednoduchý. Jediná potíž byla ta, že vůbec netušila, jak ho provést. Zatímco se zvědavě rozhlížela mezi stromy, ostré štěknutí nad hlavou ji přimělo rychle zvednout hlavu.

It sounded an excellent plan, no doubt, and very neatly and simply arranged; the only difficulty was, that she had not the smallest idea how to set about it;

Dívalo se na ni obří štěně s velkýma kulatýma očima, které zlehka natahovalo packu, aby se jí dotklo. 36

and while she was peering about anxiously among the trees, a little sharp bark just over her head made her look up in a great hurry. An enormous puppy was looking down at her with large round eyes, and feebly stretching out one paw, trying to touch her. “Poor little thing!“ said Alice, in a coaxing tone, and she tried hard to whistle to it; but she was terribly frightened all the time at the thought that it might be hungry, in which case it would be very likely to eat her up in spite of all her coaxing. Hardly knowing what she did, she picked up a little bit of stick, and held it out to the puppy; whereupon the puppy jumped into the air off all its feet at once, with a yelp of delight, and rushed at the stick, and made believe to worry it; then Alice dodged behind a great thistle, to keep herself from being run over; and the moment she appeared on the other side, the puppy made another rush at the stick, and tumbled head over heels in its hurry to get hold of it; then Alice, thinking it was very like having a game of play with a cart-horse, and expecting very moment to be trampled under its feet, ran round the thistle again; then the puppy began a series of short charges at the stick, running a very little way forwards each time and a long way back, and barking hoarsely all the while, till at last it sat down a good way off, panting, with its tongue hanging out of its mouth, and its great eyes half shut. This seemed to Alice a good opportunity for making her escape; so she set off at once, and ran till she was quite tired and out of breath, and till the

„Chudáčku!“ zvolala chlácholivě Alenka, a ze všech sil zkoušela zapískat, ale zároveň byla hrozně vyděšená, že štěně může být hladové. V tom případě by bylo dost pravděpodobné, že ji navzdory jejímu chlácholení sní. Ani přesně nevěděla, co dělá, ale sebrala ze země klacík a ukázala ho štěněti. Hned na to štěně vyskočilo do vzduchu s radostným zaštěknutím, a hnalo se za klacíkem. A protože vypadalo nebezpečně, Alenka uskočila za velký bodlák, aby ji štěně nezašláplo. Jakmile se objevila na druhé straně bodláku, štěně znovu vyrazilo a hnalo se střemhlav za klacíkem. Alenka už si myslela, že je to jako hrát si s tažným koněm a čekala, že bude každou chvilkou udupána a znovu oběhla bodlák. Štěně udělalo pár výpadů po klacíku, popoběhlo kousek k Alence a zase couvalo zpátky, ochraptěle každou chvilku štěkalo, až si nakonec sedlo dost daleko, funělo s vyplazeným jazykem a mělo přimhouřené oči. To Alence přišlo jako dobrá příležitost k útěku, takže najednou vyrazila a utíkala, dokud nebyla dost unavená a bez dechu a dokud psí štěkání neznělo dost slabě v dálce. „A stejně, jaké to bylo roztomilé malé štěňátko“ řekla Alenka, když se opřela o pryskyřník, aby si odpočinula a ovívala se jeho listem. „Ráda bych ho naučila nějaké kousky, kdyby – kdybych na to měla správnou velikost! Ach jo, skoro jsem zapomněla, že musím znovu vyrůst! Jen se podívejme, jak to můžu

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puppy´s bark sounded quite faint in the distance.

udělat? Myslím, že bych měla něco sníst nebo vypít, ale otázka je co?“

“And yet what a dear little puppy it was!“ said Alice, as she leant against a buttercup to rest herself, and fanned herself with one of the leaves: “I should have liked teaching it tricks very much, if – if I´d only been the right size to do it! Oh dear! I´d nearly forgotten that I´ve got to grow up again! Let me see – how is it to be managed? I suppose I ought to eat or drink something or other; but the great question is, what?“

Otázka opravdu byla co? Alenka se rozhlížela kolem po kytkách a stéblech trávy, ale neviděla nic, co by se dalo v tuto chvíli sníst nebo vypít. Poblíž rostl velký hřib, skoro stejně velký jako ona. Když se podívala pod něj, kolem něj i za něj, napadlo ji, že by se mohla také podívat na jeho vršek.

The great question certainly was, what? Alice looked all round her at the flowers and the blades of grass, but she could not see anything that looked like the right thing to eat or drink under the circumstances. There was a large mushroom growing near her, about the same size as herself; and when she had looked under it, and on both sides of it, and behind it, it occurred to her that she might as well look and see what was on the top of it.

Natáhla se na špičky a koukla se přes okraj houby. Její pohled se okamžitě setkal s pohledem velké modré housenky, která seděla na vrcholku s rukama složenýma na prsou a tiše kouřila vodní dýmku. Nevěnovala pozornost Alence ani ničemu jinému.

She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of the mushroom, and her eyes immediately met those of a large blue caterpillar, that was sitting on the top with its arms folded, quietly smoking a long hookah, and taking not the smallest notice of her or of anything else.

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Chapter V

Kapitola V

Advice from a Caterpillar

Houseňákova rada

The Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some time in silence: at last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of his mouth, and addressed her in a languid, sleepy voice.

Houseňák a Alenka se na sebe chvíli dívali beze slov: nakonec si Houseňák vyndal z pusy vodní dýmku a zeptal se mdlým, ospalým hlasem.

“Who are you? “ said the Caterpillar. This way was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied, rather shyly. “I – I hardly know, sir, just at present – at least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then.“ “What do you mean by that?“ said the Caterpillar sternly. “Explain yourself!“ “I can´t explain myself, I´m afraid sir,“ said Alice “because I´m not myself, you see.“ “I don´t see,“ said the Caterpillar.

„Kdo jsi? Nebyl to povzbudivý začátek rozhovoru. Alenka docela stydlivě odpověděla. „Já – Já vlastně nevím, pane, zrovna teď – poslední co vím je to, kdo jsem byla, když jsem se ráno vzbudila. Ale myslím, že jsem se od té doby určitě několikrát změnila.” „Co tím myslíš? Zeptal se příkře Houseňák. „Vyjádři se!” „Myslím, že se nemůžu vyjádřit, pane” odpověděla Alenka, „protože já nejsem já, jak víte.” „Nevím,“ odpověděl Houseňák.

“I´m afraid I can´t put it more clearly,“ Alice replied very politely, “for I can´t understand it myself to begin with, and being so many different sizes in a day is very confusing.“

„Obávám se, že to nemůžu líp vysvětlit,” uctivě odpověděla Alenka, „Protože ani sami nevím kde začít, a tolikrát za den změnit velikost je dost matoucí.”„

“It isn´t,“ said the Caterpillar.

„Není”, odvětil Houseňák.

“Well, perhaps you haven´t found it so yet,“ said Alice; “but when you have to turn into a chrysalis – you will someday, you know – and then after that into a butterfly, I should think you´ll feel it a little queer, won´t you?“

„No, možná jste si toho ještě nevšiml,” odpověděla Alenka, „ale až se proměníte v kuklu – a jednoho dne se proměníte – a potom se změníte v motýla, budete se cítit trochu divně, ne?”

“Not a bit,“ said the Caterpillar.

„Vůbec ne,” řekl Houseňák.

“Well, perhaps your feelings may be different,“ said Alice; “all I know is, it would feel very queer to me.

„No, možná jsou vaše pocity jiné,” řekla Alenka, „já vím je to, že mě by to přišlo hodně divné.“

“You!“ said the Caterpillar contemptuously. “Who are you?“

„Ty!”vybafl Houseňák opovržlivě. „Kdo jsi?”

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Which brought them back again to the beginning of the conversation. Alice felt a little irritated at the Caterpillar´s making such very short remarks, and she drew herself up and said, very gravely, “I think you ought to tell me who you are, first.“

Což je přivedlo zpátky na začátek rozhovoru. Alenka byla trochu naštvaná kvůli Houseňákovým krátkým poznámkám. Zvedla se a velmi vážně řekla, “Myslím, že byste mi měl nejdřív říct, kdo jste vy.”

“Why?“ said the Caterpillar.

“Proč?” zeptal se Houseňák.

Here was another puzzling question; and as Alice could not think of any good reason, and as the Caterpillar seemed to be in a very unpleasant state of mind, she turned away.

To byla další nelehká otázka; a protože Alenka nepřišla na žádnou vhodnou odpověď a Houseňák vypadal, že je špatně naladěn, otočila se a šla pryč.

“Come back!“ the Caterpillar called after her. “I´ve something important to say!“

“Vrať se!” volal za ní Houseňák. “Musím ti říct něco důležitého!”

This sounded promising, certainly; Alice turned and came back again. “Keep your temper,“ said the Caterpillar. “Is that all?“ said Alice, swallowing down her anger as well as she could. “No,“ said the Caterpillar. Alice thought she might as well wait, as she had nothing else to do, and perhaps after all it might tell her something worth hearing. For some minutes it puffed away without speaking, but at last it unfolded its arms, took the hookah out of its mouth again, and said, “So you think you´re changed, do you?“ “I´m afraid I am, sir,“ said Alice; “I can´t remember things as I used – and I don´t keep the same size for ten minutes together!“ “Can´t remember what things?“ said the Caterpillar

To znělo celkem slibně, takže se Alenka otočila a vrátila se. Zachovej si chladnou hlavu,” řekl Houseňák. „To je všechno?“ zeptala se Alenka a polykala zlost, jak nejlépe mohla. „Ne,“ řekl Houseňák. Pak si pomyslela, že stejně nemá nic jiného na práci a tak může počkat. Možná nakonec přece jen uslyší něco zajímavého. Houseňák několik minut beze slova vyfukoval kouř, ale nakonec rozložil ruce, vyndal si dýmku z úst a řekl, „Takže ty si myslíš, že ses změnila?“ „Bojím se, že ano, pane,“ řekla Alenka; „Nepamatuju si věci, které jsem dřív věděla – a nezůstanu stejně veliká ani deset minut!“ „Jaké věci si nepamatuješ?“ zeptal se Houseňák. „No, zkoušela jsem si říct „Jak podařilo se malému krokodu“, 40

“Well, I´ve tried to say “How doth the little busy bee,“ but it all came different!“ Alice replied in a very melancholy voice. “Repeat, “You are old, Father William,“ said the Caterpillar. Alice folded her hands, and began:“You are old, Father William,“ the young man said, “And your hair has become very white; And yet your incessantly stand on your head – Do you think, at your age, it is right?“ “In my youth,“ Father William replied to his son, “I feared it might injure the brain; But, now that I´m perfectly sure I have none, Why, I do it again and again.““ “You are old,“ said the youth, “as I mentioned before, And have grown most uncommonly fat; Yet you turned a back-somersault in at the doorPray, what is the reason of that?“ “In my youth,“ said the sage, as he shook his grey locks,”„I kept all my limbs very supple By the use of this ointment – one shilling the box – Allow me to sell you a couple?“ “You are old,“ said the youth, “and your jaws are too weak For anything tougher than suet; Yet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak – Pray how did you manage to do it?”

ale byl to úplný nesmysl!“ odpověděla Alenka velmi smutným hlasem. „Opakuj, „Jsi starý, otče Viléme,“ rozkázal Houseňák. Alenka si složila ruce na prsa a začala:„Jsi starý, otče Viléme, mladý jinoch děl, A bílé staly se tvé vlasy, Ale stále jich máš přehršel, Nemyslíš, že pryč jsou ty časy?“ „Za mých mladých let,“ otec synovi dí, „bál jsem se, že s vlasy rozum ztratím, „leč žádný nemám, a vlasy si lebedí, Nuže, proč znepokojoval bych se tím.“ „Jak už jsem řek, jsi starý,“ děl ten floutek, „A s věkem přibila ti kila, Však stále ohebný jsi jak proutek, Jak taková věc se ti podařila?“ „Za mého mládí,” řekl děd, A prohrábl šedivé kudrny, „Udržoval jsem se v kondici, Touto Mastí – deka za tři koruny Nekoupíš si jí krabici?“ „Jsi starý,“ děl mladík, „a zuby máš zkažené, a pokousat nedokážeš sousto. Leč po huse nezůstalo ani pírko omaštěné. Pověz, jak dokázals to?“ „Za mého mládí“ otec odvětil, „chtěl jsem, aby svět spravedlivý byl, A s manželkou jsem se pořád hašteřil, Sílu v čelistech jsem tím nabyl, A ani čas to nezměnil”

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“In my youth,“ said his father, “I took to the law, And argued each case with my wife; And the muscular strength, which it gave to my jaw, Has lasted the rest of my life.“ “You are old,“ said the youth, “One would hardly suppose That your eye was as steady as ever; Yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose – What made you so awfully clever?“ “I have answered three questions, and that is enough,“ Said his father; “don´t give yourself airs! Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff? Be off, or I´ll kick you down stairs!“ “That is not said right,“ said the Caterpillar. “Not quite right, I´m afraid,“ said Alice, timidly; “some of the words have got altered.“ “It is wrong from beginning to end,“ said the Caterpillar decidedly, and there was silence for some minutes. The Caterpillar was the first to speak. “What size do you want to be?“ it asked? “Oh, I´m not particular as to size,“ Alice hastily replied; “only one doesn´t like changing so often, you know.“ “I don´t know,“ said the Caterpillar. Alice said nothing: she had never been so much contradicted in all her life

„Jsi starý,“ začal synek, „a jeden by hádal ztěžka, Že tvůj zrak je pořád ostrý, A mazaný stale jsi jak liška, Dík čemu zůstáváš tak bystrý?“ „Na tři otázky tři odpovědi stačí” Řekl otec, „Vidím, že jsi celkem namyšlený” Nemám čas poslouchat tvé štěbetání ptačí. Zmiz, nebo ze dveří poletíš jak blesk namydlený.” „To nebylo správně,” řekl Houseňák. „Bojím se, že ne tak docela,” řekla Alenka stydlivě; „některá slova se zaměnila.” „Je to špatně od začátku do konce,” rozhodně prohlásil Houseňák a následovalo několik minut ticha. Houseňák promluvil jako první. „Jak velká bys chtěla být?” zeptal se. „No, netrvám na určité velikosti,”rychle odpověděla Alenka, „Jenom se mi nelíbí měnit se tak často, víte.” “Nevím,” odpověděl Houseňák. Alenka nic neřekla, ještě nikdy jí nikdo tak neodporoval a cítila, že začíná být rozrušená. “Jsi teď spokojená?” zeptal se Houseňák. “No, ráda bych byla trošku větší, pane, kdyby vám to nevadilo,” odpověděla Alenka; “Sedm a půl centimetru je tak ubohá výška.”

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before, and she felt that she was losing her temper. “Are you content now?“ said the Caterpillar. “Well, I should like to be a little larger, sir, if you wouldn´t mind,” said Alice: “three inches is such a wretched height to be.” “It is a very good height indeed!” said the Caterpillar angrily, rearing itself upright as it spoke (it was exactly three inches high). “But I´m not used to it!” pleaded poor Alice in a piteous tone. And she thought to herself, “I wish the creatures wouldn´t be so easily offended!” “You´ll get used to it in time,” said the Caterpillar; and it put the hookah into its mouth and began smoking again. This time Alice waited patiently until it chose to speak again. In a minute or two the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth and yawned once or twice, and shook itself. Then it got down off the mushroom, and crawled away into the grass, merely remarking as it went, “One side will you grow taller, and the other side will make you grow shorter.” “One side of what? The other side of what?” thought Alice to herself. “Of the mushroom,” said the Caterpillar, just as if she had asked it aloud; and in another moment it was out of sight. Alice remained looking thoughtfully as the mushroom for a minute, trying to

„Je to docela dobra výška!” rozzlobeně odsekl Houseňák, a natahoval se do vzduchu, když mluvil (byl přesně sedm a půl centimetru vysoký.) „Ale já na to nejsem zvyklá!” obhajovala se úpěnlivě Alenka. A myslela si, „Kdyby jen ty bytosti nebyly tak urážlivé.” „Za čas sin a to zvykneš,” odpověděl Houseňák, strčil si do pusy dýmku a začal zase kouřit. Tentokrát Alenka trpělivě čekala, než se rozhodne znovu promluvit. Za minutu či dvě vytáhl Houseňák dýmku z úst a jednou dvakrát zívl a zatřásl se. Potom slezl z hřibu a plazil se pryč do trávy. Při tom jen podotkl, „Jedna strana tě zvětší, druhá strana tě zmenší.” „Jedna strana čeho? A druhá strana čeho?” Myslela si v duchu Alenka. „Hřibu,” odpověděl Houseňák, jako by se zeptala nahlas a v tu chvíli zmizel z dohledu. Alenka zůstala stát a chvíli se zamyšleně dívala na hřib. Zkoušela uhodnout, které dvě strany Houseňák myslel, a protože hřib byl dokonale kulatý, bylo to hodně těžké přemýšlení. Nicméně, nakonec rukama objala hřib, jak nejvíc dokázala a ulomila z něj každou rukou kousek. „A teď, který je který?” řekla si a uždíbla si kousek z kousku v pravé ruce, aby zkusila, co se stane. Vzápětí cítila silný závan vzduchu pod

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make out which were the two sides of it; and as it was perfectly round, she found this a very difficult question. However, at last she stretched her arms round it as far as they would go, and broke off a bit of the edge with each hand. “And now which is which?” she said to herself, and nibbled a little of the righthand bit to try the effect: the next moment she felt a violent blow underneath her chin: it had struck her foot! She was a good deal frightened by this very sudden change, but she felt that there was no time to be lost, as she was shrinking rapidly; so she set to work at once to eat some of the other bit. Her chin was pressed so closely against her food, that there was hardly room to open her mouth; but she did it at last, and managed to swallow a morsel of the left-hand bit “ “Come, my hand´s free at last!” said Alice in a tone of delight, which changed into alarm in another moment, when she found that her shoulders were nowhere to be found: all she could see, when she looked down, was an immense length of neck, which seemed to rise like a stalk out of a sea of green leaves that lay far, below her. “What can all that green stuff be?” said Alice. “And where have my shoulders got to? And oh, my poor hands, how is it I can´t see you?” She was moving them about as she spoke, but no result seemed to follow, except a little shaking among the distant green leaves. As there seemed to be no chance of getting her hands up to her head, she tried to get her head down to them, and

bradou, která narazila do jejích nohou! Byla tou náhlou proměnou hodně zaskočená, ale cítila, že není času nazbyt, protože se rychle smršťovala. Tak se dala do práce a snědla kousek z druhé ruky. Její brada byla tak přimáčknutá k nohám, že stěží mohla otevřít pusu, ale nakonec se jí to povedlo a spolkla ždibíček z kousku v levé ruce. „Tak, konečně mám volné ruce!” oddechla si Alenka, ale vzápětí se vyděsila, když zjistila, že nemá ramena. Když se podívala dolů, viděla jenom nekonečně dlouhý krk, který trčel jako stonek z moře zeleného listí hluboko pod ní. „Co jsou zač ty zelené věci?” řekla si Alenka. „A kde mám ramena? A Ach, moje nebohé ruce, jak je možné že vás nevidím?” Mávala jimi, když mluvila, ale nic se nedělo, kromě malého zašumění vzdálených listů. Protože se zdálo, že její ruce nemohou dosáhnout k hlavě, zkusila dostat hlavu dolů k rukám. Byla nadšená, když zjistila, že se krk dokáže snadno ohnout kterýmkoliv směrem, jako had. Zrovna se jí podařilo stočit se v ladných smyčkách dolů a chystala se vnořit mezi listy, které byly jen vršky stromů, pod kterými se předtím potulovala. Z ničeho nic ji ale ostré zasyčení přinutilo vystřelit nahoru. Velký holub jí vletěl přímo do tváře a zběsile ji mlátil křídly. „Had!” ječela Holubice.

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was delighted to find that her neck would bend about easily in any direction, like a serpent. She had just succeeded in curving it down into a graceful zigzag, and was going to dive in among the leaves, which she found to be nothing but the tops of trees under which she had been wandering, when a sharp hiss mad her draw back in a hurry: a large pigeon had flown into her face, and was beating her violently with his wings. “Serpent!” screamed the Pigeon. “I´m not a serpent!” said Alice indignantly. “Let me alone!” “Serpent, I say again!” repeated the Pigeon, but in a more subdued tone, and added with a kind of sob, “I´ve tried every way, and nothing seems to suit them!” “I haven´t the least idea what you´re talking about,” said Alice. “I´ve tried the roots of trees, and I´ve tried banks, and I´ve tried hedges,” the Pigeon went on, without attending to her; “but those serpents! There´s no pleasing them!” Alice was more and more puzzled, but she thought there was no use in saying anything more till the Pigeon had finished “As if it wasn´t trouble enough hatching the eggs,” said the Pigeon; “but I must be on the look-out for serpents night and day! Why, I haven´t had a wink of sleep these three weeks!” “I´m very sorry you´ve been annoyed,” said Alice, who was beginning to see its meaning.

„Já nejsem had!” ohradila se pohoršená Alenka. „Nechte mě na pokoji!” „Opakuju, had!” nedala si říct Holubice, ale teď byla zaraženější a dodala se zavzlykáním,“Zkoušela jsem všechno a nic jim není dobré!” „Nemám tušení, o čem mluvíte,” odpověděla Alenka. „Zkoušela jsem kořeny stromů, zkoušela jsem břehy, zkoušela jsem ploty,” vedla si svou Holubice, aniž by jí věnovala pozornost; „ale tihle hadi! Jeden se jim nezavděčí!” Alenka byla čím dál tím víc zmatenější, ale myslela si, že nemá význam něco říkat, dokud Holubice neskončí. „Jako by nestačilo snášet vajíčka,” stěžovala si Holubice, „Ještě ke všemu musím být ve dne v noci na hlídce kvůli hadům! Tak, tak, za tři týdny jsem ani očka nezamhouřila!” „Velmi se omlouvám, že jsem Vás vyrušila,” omlouvala se Alenka, když začala chápat souvislosti. „A proto jsem si vybrala nejvyšší strom v lese,” teď už ječela Holubice., „a už jsem si myslela, že od nich konečně budu mít pokoj, když se sem musí začít plazit z oblohy! Fuj, Hadi!” „Ale já vám povídám, že nejsem had!” opakovala Alenka. „Já jsem – Já jsem –“ „No, co jsi?” zeptala se Holubice. „Vidím, jak se snažíš něco vymyslet!”

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“And just as I´d taken the highest tree in the wood,” continued the Pigeon, raising its voice to a shriek, “and just as I was thinking I should be free of them at last, they must needs come wriggling down from the sky! Ugh, Serpent!” “But I´m not a serpent, I tell you!” said Alice. “I´m a – I´m ...” “Well, what are you?” said the Pigeon. “I can see you´re trying to invent something!” “I – I´m a little girl,” said Alice, rather doubtfully, as she remembered the number of changes she had gone through that day. “A likely story indeed!” said the Pigeon in a tone of the deepest contempt. “I´ve seen a good many little girls in my time, but never one with such a neck as that! No, no! You´re a serpent; and there´s no use denying it. I suppose you´ll be telling me next that you never tasted an egg!” “I have tasted eggs, certainly,” said Alice, who was a very truthful child; “but little girls eat eggs quite as much as serpents do, you know.” “I don´t believe it,” said the Pigeon; “but if they do, why then they´re a kind of serpent, that´s all I can say.” This was such a new idea to Alice, that she was quite silent for a minute or two, which gave the Pigeon the opportunity of adding, “You´re looking for eggs, I know that well happens; and if I was, I shouldn´t want yours: I don´t like them raw.”

„Já jsem holčička,” řekla Alenka celkem nejistě, protože si vzpomněla na množství změn, které za celý den prodělala. „To ti tak věřím!” řekla Holubice s nejhlubším opovržením. „Už jsem viděla hodně malý holčiček, ale žádná neměla tak dlouhý krk jako ty! Ne, ne! Jsi had a nemá cenu to popírat. Vsadím se, že mi teď budeš tvrdit, že jsi nikdy nejedla vajíčka!” „Jedla jsem vajíčka, to ano,” řekla Alenka, která byla opravdu pravdomluvná, „Ale holčičky jedí vajíčka skoro tak často jako hadi, víte.” „Tomu nevěřím,” řekla Holubice, „ale jestli je to pravda, tak musejí být nějaký druh hada, to k tomu můžu říct.” To bylo pro Alenku tak novátorská myšlenka, že zůstala minutu dvě v tichém údivu, což dalo Holubici příležitost, aby si dosadila. „Hledáš vajíčka, to vím dobře. A co mi záleží na tom, jestli jsi had nebo holčička?” „Mě na tom záleží hodně,” rychle odvětila Alenka, „ale nehledám vajíčka, jak se domníváš. A I kdybych hledala, nechtěla bych tvoje: nemám je ráda syrová.” „Dobrá, tak běž pryč!” odvětila nabručeně Holubice a znovu si sedla do hnízda. Alenka se zanořila mezi stromy, jak nejlíp dovedla, protože se jí krk zamotával mezi větve a co chvíli se Musela zastavit a oduzlovat

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“Well, be off then!” said the Pigeon in a sulky tone, as it settled down again into its nest. Alice crouched down among the trees as well as she could, for her neck kept getting entangled among the branches, and every now and then she had to stop and untwist it. After a while she remembered that she still held the pieces of mushroom in her hands, and she set to work very carefully, nibbling first at one and then at the other, and growing sometimes taller and sometimes shorter, until she had succeeded in bringing herself down to her usual height. It was so long since she had been anything near the right size, that it felt quite strange at first; but she got used to it in a few minutes, and began talking to herself, as usual. “Come, there´s half my plan done now! How puzzling all these changes are! I´m never sure what I´m going to be, from one minute to another! However, I´ve got back to my right size; the next thing is, to get into that beautiful garden – how is that to be done, I wonder?” As she said this, she came suddenly upon an open place, with a little house in it about four feet high. “Whoever lives there,” thought Alice, “It´ll never do to come upon them this size; why, I should frighten them out of their wits!” So she began nibbling at the right-hand bit again, and did no venture to go near the house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high

ho. Po chvilce si vzpomněla, že v rukou pořád drží kousky houby a opatrně se pustila do práce. Uždibovala nejdřív z jedné a potom z druhé ruky, zvětšovala se a zmenšovala, dokud se jí nepodařilo dostat se do obvyklé velikosti. Bylo to tak dávno, kdy byla v té správné výšce, že jí to ze začátku přišlo divné, ale po pár minutách si zvykla a začala si povídat sama se sebou, jako obvykle. „Tak, půlka mého plánu je hotová! Jak jsou všechny tyto změny matoucí! Nemůžu si být jistá, co se ze mě stane v příštím okamžiku! Nicméně, dostala jsem se zpátky do mé správné velikosti, další věc je dostat se do té nádherné zahrady. Zajímalo by mě, jak to jen provedu?” Jak si tak povídala, najednou se ocitla na mýtině, na které stál domeček vysoký asi metr a čtvrt. „Ať tam bydlí kdokoliv,” myslela si Alenka, „Nemůžu k nim přijít takhle veliká, Ach ne, vyděsila bych je k smrti!” Tak začala zase uždibovat z kousku v pravé ruce a neodvážila se přiblížit k domu, dokud nebyla vysoká deset centimetrů

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2. Theoretical Part: Functional EQUIVALENCE

The idea of functional equivalence suggests that unit in source language do not need to have the exactly same meaning as unit in target language though they can be both used in the same context situation (Knittlová Překlad a překládání, p. 7). Essential is that both texts, in source language as well as in target language, carry the same message, have the same meaning and fulfil the same function in semantic, pragmatic and have the same denotation and connotation meaning. Newmark in his More paragraphs on translation claims that functional equivalence is usually defined as producing virtually the same effect on the target readership in translation as was produced by the original text on the source language readership (83). Equivalency is one of the corner-stones of translation. It is well known fact that it is more difficult to translate into target language that has one or more extra word category or on the other hand that lacks some word category that source language has. Sometimes translator can guess from the context but sometimes it is up to the translator to understand authors aim. Speaking about English to Czech translation we can find many of such cases. English as analytical language has different syntax, different length of sentences, it is common to use different punctuation than in Czech texts etc. The length of senteces is dealt with in more details in special chapter. As some scholars suggest, it is important that the translator considers translatability and comprehensibility of the translated text and therefore it is essential to adjust and consider all the aspects mentioned above. “Translatability is a relative notion and has to do with the extend to which, despite obvious differences in linguistic structure (grammar, vocabulary, etc.), meaning can still be adequately expressed across languages. But, for this to be possible, meaning has to be understood not only in terms of what the Source text contains, but also and equally significantly, in terms of such factors as communicative purpose, target audience and purpose of translation. This must go hand in hand with the recognition that, while there will always be entire chunks of experience and some unique ST values that will simply defeat our best efforts to convey them across cultural and linguistic boundaries, translation is always possible and cultural gaps are in one way or another bridgeable. To achieve this, an important criterion to heed must be TT comprehensibility.”

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(Translation, An Advanced resource book, Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, p. 15) From previous text we can deduce, that everything is translatable but the translator should keep in mind the comprehensibility of the text. British linguistic theoretic Catford who first came with idea of equivalence claims that “translation equivalence occurs when text or its unit in source language as well as in target language relate to the same situational features” (Knittlová, Překlad a překládání, p. 9, translated J.H.). From this point of view the pragmatic aspects can be seen as the most important aspect in translation process. For translator is very important to understand author´s thoughts and transform them into target language. There can be different variants of language features, “because speakers differ in age, origin, social background, level of education etc. or because they find themselves in different situations, have different communication motives, different range of listeners (…)” (Knittlová, Překlad a překládání, p. 11, translated J.H.). Translation is seen as kind of communication act and therefore it is supposed to preserve the same pragmatic meaning although the recipient of target language is different from recipient of source language, and at the same time preserve the comprehensibility of the text. But as Knittlová in her K teorii i praxi překladu warns “the translator´s chose of Czech equivalents is based on collocations, personal feelings and liking and experiences” (91, translated J.H.). 2.1 Possible varieties of equivalence Process of translation can be very divers and translators use different ways and methods and use different terms but they all have one intention mentioned above. The principle of equivalency is based on the same semantic relationship towards the reality in both source language and target language. There can be more than one world equivalent in target language expressing the meaning of one world in source language. The translator can add or reduce the translation when s/he feels that it is necessary. Adding information should be compensated by compression (K teorii I praxi překladu, 12), when the reader can guess the meaning of omitted information from the context. 49

Knittlová says that there are two possibilities in finding equivalent: 1: Equivalent exists and is: a) Complete equivalent b) Partial equivalent c) There are more than one equivalent possible 2: Equivalent does not exist and in this case translator: a) Uses transcription, calque or buzz world b) Replaces unknown situation in target language with situation familiar (Knittlová, K teorii I praxi překladu, 20, Translated J.H.)

There are also cases when no suitable equivalent exists in target language. Following plan most of the Czech translators use to deal with lack of direct equivalents in target language: 

Transcription – the expressions is just phonetically adjustested to target language reader



Calque – e.g. literal, word-to-word translation



Substitution – e.g. replacement of one grammatical unit by different type



Transposition – e.g. necessary grammar changes to adjust the text to target language reader



Modulation – e. g. Changing of point of view



Equivalence – e.g. use of stylistical and structural methods which are different from the original text



Adaptation – e.g. substitution of situation described in original text by another adequate situation (K teorii I praxi překadu, 14, translated J.H.) 50

In practical part I use several of methods mentioned above and they will be discussed on following pages of the theoretical part with the focus on lexical equivalence.

3. Grammatical equivalence

The source language and the target language usually do not have the same grammatical patterns. Translators have to deal with cases, when there is word category missing or on contrary there are more word categories in target language than in source language. When the target language is Czech, then there usually occur “difficulties in grammatical cathegories of number, grammatical aspect, person, tense or voice. (Knittlová, K teorii I praxi překladu, p. 92, translated J.H.,).” 3.1 Perfect tenses As it was said above it is always more difficult for translator to translate units from source language that the target language does not have. It is the case of English perfect tenses. The translator should know from the context if the translated text needs use of present or past tenses. Knittlová in her K teorii i praxi překladu mentions that the most common mistake is misinterpretation of tenses that lack in Czech (93). “Especially when translating past perfect tense the translator should compensate the lack of grammatical equivalent in Czech language by adding other expression, for example adverbial expressing time, perfective aspect, the appropriate sequence of events with explicit connector or biding” (Knittlová, K teorii I praxi překladu, translated J.H., 93). Original: There were doors all round the hall, but they were all locked; and when Alice had been all the way down one side and up the other, trying every door, she walked sadly down the middle, wondering how she was ever to get out again. (p. 9)

Hrůzová´s translation: Kolem celé haly byly dveře, ale všechny byly zamčené. Alenka šla halou po jedné straně tam a po druhé zpátky a zkoušela otevřít každé dveře, potom se smutně ploužila prostředkem a přemýšlela, jak se jen dostane pryč. (p. 9) 51

The anteriority is expressed by English past perfect tense. As this tense lacks in Czech translator have to find another way to express the time sequence. In this case I chose to insert an adverbial expressing time, which is according to Knittlová the good solution. 3.2 Determiners Determiners introduce another grammatical category that lacks in Czech and the translator have to deal with it. There two ways translator can choose. One way is to omit the article and the other way is use a lexical device instead of grammatical one (K teorii I praxi překladu 92). In the second case the translator emphasizes the unit which can be redundant. Original: How she longed to get out of that dark hall, and wander about among those beds of bright flowers and those cool fountains, but she could not even get her head through the doorway; … (p. 10) Hrůzová´s translation: Moc si přála dostat se z té tmavé místnosti a procházet se mezi těmi záhonky pestrobarevných květin a těmi chladivými fontánami, ale nemohla dveřmi prostrčit ani hlavu. (p.10) Skoumals´ translation: Zatoužila dostat se z té tmavé síně a procházet se mezi bujně kvetoucími záhonky a chladivými vodotrysky, ale nemohla dvířky prostrčit ani hlavu: … (12) In this type of equivalence I chose to translate the demonstratives as “těmi”, Skoumals decided not to translate them. In my opinion the demonstrative those put emphasis on the fact that Alice wanted to get into this particular garden with those particular bed of flowers. If we omit translation of these words the reader could lack the information that Carroll meant.

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Original: (...) who were giving it something out of a bottle. (p. 36) Hrůzová´s translation: (...) která mu dávala napít z nějaké lahve. (p. 36) In this case I also chose to translate indefinite article by Czech „nějaký“. Knittlová in Překlad a překládání warns that “using lexical mean in source language to replace lacking grammatical cathegory often needlessly emphasize the meaning” (p. 121), but I think that in this case it supports the original idea and gives the Czech reader the impression of indefiniteness.

4. Lexical equivalence

The translator should consider whether use literary or non-literary language, whether use common vocabulary or professional or special vocabulary and s/he should pay attention to the fact that both source language as well as target language does not usually possess the same measure of abstraction and accents different symbol´s characters (Překlad a překládání, 39). The most common equivalent is partial, but also complete and non-existing equivalents will be discussed further. 4.1 Complete equivalents Complete equivalents are mostly the appellative units of basic lexical stock, mostly the nouns (Překlad a překládání, 40). These units usually have the exact unambiguous meaning in extra linguistic environment. World with one or more possible opposites can be included in this group. Knittlová in her Překlad a překládání warns the translators that Slavic verb carries more information than English verb and so the translator should use all the riches that Czech language offers (40).

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Original: „They must go by the carrier,“ she thought; „and how funny it´ll seem, sending presents to one´s own feet! And how odd the directions will look! (p. 14) Hrůzová´s translation: „Budu je muset poslat donáškovou službou,“ přemítala, „Ale bude to legrační, posílat dárky vlastním nohám! A jak vtipně bude vypadat adresa! (p. 14) Skoumals´ translation: “Budu jim je musit dát doručit,” řekla si, “to bude legrace, posílat dárky vlastním nohám. A jak divně se bude vyjímat adresa!” (p. 15) The main goal of my translation was to use current language, from this point of view Skoumals´ translation sounds quite old-fashioned to me. The carrier in the original text express noun and I wanted to preserve the same nominal expression while Skoumals chose to use verbal structure. 4.2 Partial equivalents Partial equivalent are the most common, and they could be formal, semantic (denotation and connotative) or pragmatic. “Because Czech and English are not only typologically, but also

culturally and historically, gregariously and geographically

different and outlying, different in the position they have on axe of racionality and emocionality, in traditions, usage, collocations and phraseology, there are relatively a few of complete equivalents and partial equivalents dominate” (Knittlová, Překlad a překládání, p.41, translated J.H.). 4.2.1 One world vs. multi-word world English as an analytical language has more multi-words words which are also more explicit than Czech which is the synthetic language (K teorii I praxi překladu, 36). The analytical multi-words words are used mostly when expressing positive or negative relationship towards some specific object. Czech can be analytical too especially when there is no one-word equivalent for English expression or when the translator wants to emphasise the positive or negative relationship. 54

Original: „Poor little thing!“ said Alice, in a coaxing tone, and she tried hard to whistle to it; (...) (p. 37) Hrůzová´s translation: „Chudáčku!“ zvolala chlácholivě Alenka, a ze všech sil zkoušela zapískat, (...) (p. 36) Skoumals´translation: „Drobečku!“ mazlila se s ním Alenka a hvízdala na ně; (....) (p. 32) This is an example of analytical English expression translated with synthetic Czech expression. As Knittlová says “at multi-word, analytical expressions it is almost always about the decomposition into semantically relatively poor controlling term and a complement, which bears the information and is the base for semantic denotational but also connotational meaning” (Překlad a překládání, p. 42, translated J.H.). I think that the significant complement bearing the meaning here is the word “poor”, while Skoumals in their translation emphasized the word “little”.

Original: It was all very well to say “drink me”, but the wise little Alice was not going to do that in a hurry. (p. 10) Hrůzová´s translation: To se lehko řekne, vypij mě, ale moudrá Alenka s tím nehodlala spěchat. (p. 10) On this example we can see that English uses more intensificators than Czech. The meaning of little Alice is already expressed in Czech Alenka and there is no need to add further information. Also Knittlová in her Překlad a překládání says that sometimes there is suggests that sometimes there is evident redundancy in multi-word expresions. Those are not single-valued terms, thoug, but their meaning is sufficiently understood from the context (p. 42).

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4.2.2 Explicitness vs. implicitness “The part of a message that is encoded linguistically is explicit, while the information which can be understood from the message without being directly referred to by linguistic material is implicit” (Explicitness in translation and Interpreting: a critical review and some empirical evidence (of an elusive concept), N. Baumgarten, B. Meyar and D. Özçetin). Knittlová claims that multi-word languages are also more explicit, which is proved by bigger amount of information which are expressed explicitely (Překlad a překládání, p. 44). Czech equivalents of English nominal phrases are at least grammatically more explicit (Knittlová, Překlad a překládání, p. 44).

Original: Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: (...) (p. 6) Hrůzová´s translation: Sedět na lavičce a nemít do čeho píchnout začínalo být pro Alenku opravdu únavné. (p. 6) Skoumals´ translation: Alenku už mrzelo sedět na břehu vedle cesty a nic nedělat (…) (p. 9) The word “bank” has several meaning in Czech language and we could say that the most common translation is “břeh”. I chose to use the word “lavička” thought as it is explicitly understood from the context and from point of view of contemporary reader it is more usual to sit on. Skoumals, on the other hand, chose the implicit translation “na břehu vedle cesty”, although the original text says nothing about road or a bank nearby road.

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Original: (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion, that wherever you go to on the English coast you find a number of bathing machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them a railway station.) (p. 18) Hrůzová´s translation: (Alenka byla u moře jen jednou a došla k obecnému závěru, že kdekoli na pobřeží je v moři spousta převlékacích kabinek, děti vyhrabávající písek dřevěnými lopatkami, potom řada hotelů a za nimi vlakové nádraží.) (p. 18) Skoumals´ translation: (Byla totiž jednou jedinkrát u moře a hned usoudila, že ať jde člověk na anglickém pobřeží, kam chce, všude uvidí v moři spoustu převozoných kabin, dále děti, jak nabírají dřevěnými lopatkami písek, potom řadu penzionů a za nimi nádraží.) (p. 18) In this original sentence we can find several examples of explicitness. First, unlike to Skoumals, I decided to leave out the expression that says, that Alice visited English coast. According to me this is redundant information and Czech readers usually do not visit England to go to the beach. As I decided to replace English units of measure for Czech ones, there is no trace of Alice living in England. “Bathing machines” are now unknown to the readers as well as “převozní kabiny” used by Skoumals. As I mentioned above, I tried to use current language and replace the expression by the one which is familiar to nowadays reader. I also decided to translate “lodging houses” as “hotely” because the goal of the thesis was to use current language and “lodging houses” is expression not used in nowadays Czech. Czech readers of this time are also familiar with the image of rows of hotels on the coast at the tourist’s´ areas.

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Original: (…) and her eyes immediately met those of a large blue caterpillar, that was sitting on the top with its arms folded, quietly smoking a long hookah, and taking n ot the smallest notice of her or of anything else. (p. 38) Hrůzová´s translation: Její pohled se okamžitě setkal s pohledem velké modré housenky, která seděla na vrcholku s rukama složenýma na prsou a tiše kouřila vodní dýmku. Nevěnovala pozornost Alence ani ničemu jinému. (p. 38) English original text is the example of implicitness while I chose to use explicit expression. “Se složenýma rukama” is used collocation; I wanted to be clearer though. The arms can be folded in many ways and I want the reader to imagine the caterpillar the way I do and therefore I emphasized that he has his arms folded on his breast.

Original: The Rabbit started violently, dropped the white kid gloves and the fan, and skurried away into the darkness as hard as he could go. (p. 15) Hrůzová´s translation: Králík zprudka nadskočil, upustil rukavičky i vějíř a pelášil do tmy, jak nejrychleji mohl. (p. 15) In this case it seem redundant to me to translate the underlined passage literary. Readers can understand from context, that the Rabbit dropped the white kid gloves and there is no need to remind them of it. For my purposes is enough to translate it just like “rukavičky”, the type of gloves is expressed implicitly. This is also method recomanded by Knittlová in her Překlad a překládání, where she says: “Regaridng the fact, that in many cases there is necessary to extend the text, which is not desirable, it is necessary, as far as possible, to compensate the extenstion with help of compression of the text, which relates with elimination, omitions of informations, that ,according to translator, do not need to be necessarily reproduced.” (p. 45, translated J.H.) 58

4.3 Zero equivalents

Original: The Antipathies, I think –“ (p. 8) Hrůzová´s translation: “Naprotinožnci, myslím-“ (p. 8) This is the great example of zero equivalent, as the word “antipathies” is made up by Carroll and the author had to think of word of similar meaning. As Carroll´s goal was to use word which is incorrect but evoke in reader the idea of “antipodes”, the author of thesis wanted the translation to have the same impact on Czech reader. It is common to use the name “protinožci” for people living in Australia and New Zealand and by adding the redundant prefix to this is created new word “naprotinožci”, which carries the same meaning.

Original: However, on the second time round, she came upon a low curtain she had not noticed before, and behind it was a little door about fifteen inches high: (...) (p. 10) Hrůzová´s translation: Nicméně, když obcházela místnost podruhé, našla Alenka dlouhý závěs, kterého si předtím nevšimla, a za ním byly malé dveře vysoké asi čtyřicet centimetrů. (p. 10) Skoumals´ translation: Ale když podruhé obcházela síň, octla se před záclonkou, které si předtím nevšimla, a za ní byla dvířka nějakých patnáct palců vysoká; … (12) Using Czech units of measure seems right in this case of literature, where translator focuses on meaning and wants to adjust the story to reader from Czech environment. The decision of letting English inches, foot etc. in the translated text “can 59

be seen as an attempt at preserving some of the culture-specific aspects” (Miššíková, 98). Newmark also suggested that “For fiction, the decision whether to convert or transfer depends on the importance of retaining local colour” (A textbook of translation, 218). In this case, for reader is not important to know, that Alice lives in United Kingdom, in fact the Wonderland is fictional country and so I wanted to make translation more Czech readers´ friendly. Original: (...) when suddenly, thump! Thump! Down she came upon a heap of sticks and dry leaves, and the fall was over. (p. 9) Hrůzová´s translation: (...) když v tom náhle: Bum! Bác! Spadla na hromadu větví a suchého listí a její pád byl u konce. (p. 9) On this sentence we can also observe the phenomena of translation of echoic and phatic units. “Czech has to adjust its usage the opposite of English phatic units “oh”, “well”, “now”, “why”, etc. The failure of translation can be caused by wrong interpretation of speech acts, ignoring various cultural standarts. The important thing is what you want to say, how it is said” (Knittlová, Překlad a překládání, p. 32, translated J.H.)

Original: (it had, in fact, a sort of mixed flavor of cherry-tart, custard, pine-apple, roast turkey, toffee, and hot buttered toast,) (p. 11) Hrůzová´s translation: (vlastně to byla směs chutí višňového koláče, pudinku, ananasu, pečeného kuřete, karamelek a teplého toustu s máslem) (...) (p . 11)) Skoumal´s translation: (chutnalo to jako třešňový koláč, krém, ananas, pečený krocan, karamel a topinky s máslem dohromady) (....) (page 13) 60

English custard is not known to many Czech readers, except from them who spend some time in England. It is therefore necessary to find its Czech example. Using the method of modulation I chose “pudink” as Czech equivalent, as Czech vanilla pudding has similar colour and structure as English custard. Skoumals chose the word “krém” which, for me, does not evoke the resemblance with custard. On the other hand “pečený krocan”, although it is translated literary, is not very familiar to Czech reader, therefore I translated it as “pečené kuře”, which every Czech reader has already tasted. 4.4 Selected lexical aspects 4.4.1 Proper names Newmark claims that “people´s first and surnames are transferred, thus preserving their nationality, and assuming that their names have no connotations in the text” (A textbook of translation, 214). But Carroll used capital letters for animal names. This, and the fact that animals are speaking and acting like human beings, suggests that Carroll used personification in his text. Thus I decided to translate animals´ names to give the readers the same impression as readers of source language have. Original

Hrůzová´s translation

Skoumals´

Alice

Alenka

Alenka

Dinah

Micka

Micka

White Rabbit

Bílý Králík

Bílý Králík

Mouse

Myška

Myš

Duck

Kačer

Kachna

Dodo

Blboun Nejapný

Blboun

Lory

Papouch

Papoušek

Eaglet

Orlík

Orlík

Crab

Krabice

Krabice

translation

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Bill

Vilda

Vilík

Caterpillar

Houseňák

Houseňák

Pigeon

Holoubice

Holubice

The translation from Aloys and Hana Skoumals also signifies that animals are taken for human being. Most of the names are similar in both translations thus the differences are discussed further. First question was whether translate the name of the main character. The name of Alice is normally used in Czech and as my goal was translation for today´s reader, I was considering using it in Czech translation. Alice would give the Czech translation the touch of modernity, but Alenka has become very familiar to Czech reads and the change of name would also demand the change of title of the book. This could cause misunderstandings among readers and so I decided not to translate it. Both translation use name Micka for the Alice´s cat Dinah. It is common name for cat in Czech countries and from the context we understand that Dinah is a queen cat. The author jof the thesis also considered the name Královna or Lady for the cat´s name, as Micka is rather modest name for common cat and we would guess that Dinah is noble cat. But this could be confusing for reader because in the book we also speak about “Vévodkyně” so “Micka” was considered to be the good choice. White Rabbit is also translated Bilý Králík in both translations. But Skoumals use “V. Králík” (27) as translation of the plate on the door sign which does not make much sense as we think that Bílý is first name and Králík is a surname. This unit is in the practical part translated as B. Králík. In the practical part Pigeon is translated as Holoubice, as from the context is clear that it is about female Pigeon. The translation should evocate the name “holoubek” and marked its female form. Such a form does not exist in Czech language but as Carroll meant the animals´ names to be real names, it seems appropriate to me to modify them. Skoumals´ choice of Holubice is also good choice though.

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4.4.2 Collocations Collocations are, from linguistic point of view, said to be group of words that often co-occur together in settled connection. “Translation is sometimes a continual struggle to find appropriate collocations, a process of connecting up appropriate nouns with verbs and verbs with nouns, and, in the second instance, collocation appropriate adjectives to the nouns and adverbs or adverbial groups to the verbs; in the third distance, collocating appropriate connectives or conjunctions (the prepositions are already in the adverbial groups). ” (Newmark, A textbook of translation, 213). Original: There was not a moment to be lost: away went Alice like the wind, and was just in time to hear it say, as it turned a corner, “Oh my ears and whiskers, how late it´s getting!” She was close behind it when she turned the corner, but the Rabbit was no longer to be seen: (p. 9) Hrůzová´s translation: Nebylo času nazbyt, Alenka uháněla za králíkem s větrem o závod a než zahnul za roh, slyšela ho mumlat: „Ó, mé dlouhé uši a fousky, jak se opozdívá!” Byla kousek za ním, když zahnula za roh, ale Králíka už neviděla. (p. 9) Skoumals´ translation: Měla nejvyšší čas. Běžela s větrem o závod, a jak zahýbal za roh, zaslechla ještě: „U sta slechů a fousků, to už je pozdě.“ Ještě když zahýbala za roh, byla mu v patách, ale Králíka už vidět nebylo; … (p. 11) The use of “nebylo času nazbyt“ seems to be appropriate in this situation. It has stroking meaning in Czech and expresses the idea of urgent and lack of time Alice has. The other collocation „go like wind“ can also be translated as “uháněla jako vítr“, but in this type of writing the author thinks that use of “běžela s větrem o závod” is more accurate. It sounds more like artistic form and suits the text better.

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Original: (...) Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, (...) (p. 6) Hrůzová´s translation: (...) Alenka seskočila z lavičky, protože jí najednou blesklo hlavou, že nikdy předtím neviděla králíka s vestičkou nebo hodinkama, které by vytahoval z kapsy a hořela zvědavostí, když ho pronásledovala přes pole. (p. 6) This time was used word-to-word translation, which expresses Carroll´s intention, though.

Original: (...) all because they would not remember the simple rules their friends had taught them: such as, that a red-hot poker will burn you if you hold it too long; (...) (p. 11) Hrůzová´s translation: Protože četla několik povídek o dětech, které se spálily nebo byly snědeny divokou zvěří a staly se jim další nepěkné věci jenom proto, že si nezapamatovaly to jednoduché pravidlo, které je jejich přátelé učili. Jako například že doběla rozpálený pohrabáč vás spálí, pokud ho budete držet moc dlouho, (...) (p. 11) Skoumals´ translation: Co už se načetla hezkých povídek o tom, jak děti uhořely, jak je diva zvěř sežrala a mnoho jiných nepříjmeností je potkalo jen proto, že nedbaly prostých ponaučení, která jim jejich přátelé vštěpovali; tak např.: že se spálíš, když držíš moc dlouho v ruce žhavý pohrabáč, (…) (p. 12) This time the red functions as intesificator to hot, but in Czech we do not use the expression “doruda rozpálený“. “Doběla rozpálený” sounds more natural to Czech

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reader. Skoumals, on the other hand, left the intensificator “red-hot” and preserved just the common collocation without any level of intensification.

Original: It was all very well to say “drink me”, but the wise little Alice was not going to do that in a hurry. (p. 10) Hrůzová´s translation: To se lehko řekne, vypij mě, ale moudrá Alenka s tím nehodlala spěchat. (p. 10) English collocation “well to say“ cannot be translated literary into Czech. There exists the collocation clause “To se lehko řekne“. Adding anything into this clause, like intensification in form of adverb would sound confusing for Czech reader.

Original: There was a dead silence instantly, (...) (p. 35) Hrůzová´s translation: Najednou bylo hrobové ticho (...) (p.35) The collocation „mrtvé ticho“ is not very common in Czech, thus it is impossible to translate this literary. I decided to choose „hrobové ticho“ instead which sounds very alike and it is usual collocation.

Original: “Hold your tongue, Ma!” said the young Crab, a little snappishly. “You´re enough to try the patience of an oyster!” (p. 28)

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Hrůzová´s translation: „Buď zticha, máti!” odsekla prudce mladá Krabice. „Sama jsi trpělivá jako beránek.” (p. 28) Skoumals´translation: „Buď zticha, mami!“ odsekla dcera. „Ty bys i ústřici dožrala!“ (p. 25) This is an example of zero equivalent of proverb. In English the expression “patience of an oyster” means very patient person. In Czech there is no such a proverb, but there is an expression “trpělivý jako beránek” which comes from The Bible. The reporting clause suggests, that the young Crab is rude like many children and teenagers are and the next sentence “Sama jsi trpělivá jako beránek” is therefore meant ironically. Skoumals translated this senteces with use of the word “oyster”, it does not seem as lucky choice to me, as Czech reader cannot understand the collocation, because an oyster is not a symbol of patience. On the other hand, the rest of the sentence sounds very natural and express well the young Crab´s mood. 4.4.3 Verbal-nominal phrases Verbal-nominal phrases are used in English more than in Czech language. The translator into Czech should therefore search for other ways of expression. Original: (...) whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, (...) (p. 6) Hrůzová´s translation: (...) jestli jí radost z pletení věnečku ze sedmikrásek stojí za to, aby se zvedla a natrhala drobná kvítka, (...) (p. 6) The use of dependent clause in this case sounds more natural to Czech readers. It is also possible to translate this verbal-nominal phrase by Czech infinitive „vstát a natrhat drobná kvítka“, but it sounds awkward as in Czech clauses are used more often.

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Original: “Well!” thought Alice to herself, “after such a fall as this, I shall think nothing of tumbling down stairs! (p. 7) Hrůzová´s translation: „Teda“, pomyslela si Alenka „po takovém letu už se nebojím, že spadnu ze schodů! (p. 7) In this case we can see another example of using relative clause instead of English verbal phrase. At first I translated this part literary, but then I became aware of its “czenglish” sounding. It is said that one cannot recognize translations as far as it is a good one. Therefore translator should avoid words and expressions that do not sound natural in target language. 4.4.4 Intensification “Their meaning generally expresses enormous intensity of some feeling, attitudes, evaluations, without closer specification. (…) Using intensifications underlies persistance of language for inovation.” (Knittlová, K teorii I praxi překladu, 72, translated J.H.). Intensifications can be used both in positive as well as negative meaning. Original: I do hope it´ll make me grow large again, for really I´m quite tired of being such a tiny little thing!“ (p. 31) Hrůzová´s translation: Opravdu doufám, že zase vyrostu, protože už jsem unavená z toho být takhle malinkatá. (p. 31) In the original text the “little thing“ is emphasised by use of “tiny“. In Czech exists word „malinkatá“ for this expression, which means „littler than little“. Therefore it would be redundant to put more emphasis before it, the function of expressing strong feeling is sufficiently fulfilled. In this case, according to Knittlová, “the blending of connotative components of emotionality and intensity” occurs (K teorii I praxi 67

překladu, 74, translated J.H.) On this example we can also follow the principle of multiword to one word translation.

Original: I shall be a great deal too far off to trouble myself about you: you must manage the best way you can. (p. 14) Hrůzová´s translation: Budu moc daleko na to, abych si o vás dělala starosti, musíte si poradit, jak nejlépe umíte. (p. 14) Skoumals´ translation: Budu od vás tuze daleko, kdepak bych se o vás mohla starat: musíte si poradit samy – (…) (p. 15) On this example we can observe case of cumulation of intensifications expressing the big distance. Great deal support and intensify the idea of too far, which is already expression for great distance. In Czech translation would such intensity and emphasizing the distance sound queer and that is why I chose to use unmarked expression. Skoumals chose the same method but the language is archaic, which I wanted to avoid. 4.4.5 Possessives In English is common to put possessives before part of the body. Czech does not use this type of possession and it could cause some difficulties for inexperienced translator. Therefore, for natural sounding Czech translation, it is essential to avoid over-using possessives in it. Original: (…) but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, (…) (p. 6)

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Hrůzová´s translation: Ale když Králík vytáhl z kapsičky na vestě hodinky, podíval se na ně a pak uháněl dál, Alenka seskočila z lavičky, (...) (p. 6) In English is common to use determiner before noun, in this case Carroll used possessive pronoun its, but in Czech it would sound unnatural to say “z kapsičky na své vestě”. This sentence also provides an example of rheme and theme theory, introduced by Prague Linguistic School. Following this theory, I had to change the word order, because “The arrangement of information within an information unit typically proceeds from what is already give to a new piece of information” (Dontcheva-Navratilova, Gramatical Structures in English: Meaning in Context, p. 44).

Original: Soon her eyes fell on a little glass box that was lying under the table: (...) (p. 12) Hrůzová´s translation: Vzápětí jí oči padly na malou skleněnou krabičku, která ležela pod stolem. (page 12) Using possessives for part of the body is not common in Czech, therefore the translator must be aware of this rule. It happens that translator translates mechanically and this rule does not come to his or her mind. In that case the reader finds out that he or she is reading a translation. The main goal of translation is to avoid this and make the translation as natural as possible.

5. Textual equivalence

Textual equivalence deals with organisation of translated text its informative structure, coherence and cohesion (K teorii i praxi překladu, 96). Different languages can have different usual length of sentences or world order and it is up to translator to

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choose whether s/he wants to adapt the translated text to target language rules or let the text in the form the author meant it to be. While translation Alice´s adventures in Wonderland I had to deal especially with different length of sentences in source language and target language. Carroll uses long sentences but Czech language prefers short sentences that keep reader´s attention and give the text more action. If the original text were translated without change of sentences´ length the target text would be unnecessary long to read. Following unit of text are just one of many similar examples: Original: Hardly knowing what she did, she picked up a little bit of stick, and held it out to the puppy; whereupon the puppy jumped into the air off all its feet at once, with a yelp of delight, and rushed at the stick, and made believe to worry it; then Alice dodged behind a great thistle, to keep herself from being run over; and the moment she appeared on the other side, the puppy made another rush at the stick, and tumbled head over heels in its hurry to get hold of it; then Alice, thinking it was very like having a game of play with a cart-horse, and expecting very moment to be trampled under its feet, ran round the thistle again; then the puppy began a series of short charges at the stick, running a very little way forwards each time and a long way back, and barking hoarsely all the while, till at last it sat down a good way off, panting, with its tongue hanging out of its mouth, and its great eyes half shut. (p. 37) Hrůzová´s translation: Ani přesně nevěděla, co dělá, ale sebrala ze země klacík a ukázala ho štěněti. Hned na to štěně vyskočilo do vzduchu s radostným zaštěknutím, a hnalo se za klacíkem. A protože vypadalo nebezpečně, Alenka uskočila za velký bodlák, aby ji štěně nezašláplo. Jakmile se objevila na druhé straně bodláku, štěně znovu vyrazilo a hnalo se střemhlav za klacíkem. Alenka už si myslela, že je to jako hrát si s tažným koněm a čekala, že bude každou chvilkou udupána a znovu oběhla bodlák. Štěně udělalo pár výpadů po klacíku, popoběhlo kousek k Alence a zase couvalo zpátky, ochraptěle každou chvilku štěkalo, až si nakonec sedlo dost daleko, funělo s vyplazeným jazykem a mělo přimhouřené oči. (p. 37) As Knittlová suggests, the translated text should be adjusted to the reader and so the translator should has in mind the historical, cultural and economic situation and society´s way of live (Překlad a překládání, p. 12). Bearing in mind Knittlová´s suggestion I divided this paragraph into several sentences, while Carroll used just one

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long sentence. It would be possible to translate it as one sentence into Czech, but it would be hardly comprehensible and it would certainly lack the level of tension.

6. Other difficulties in translation

6.1 Homonymy Homonymies exist in every language and it is very difficult task for translators. As there is no direct equivalent, translator should search for the homonymy of similar meaning in target language or express author´s idea by another way. Usually it is necessary to add something to translation for the reader of target language should appreciate author´s idea. Original: “Mine is a long and a sad tale!” said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. “It is a long tail, certainly,” said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse´s tail; “but why do you call it sad?” (p. 26) Hrůzová´s translation: “Je to dlouhý příběh, dlouhý a smutný,” otočila se Myška k Alence a vzdychla.

“Dlouhý určitě je,” řekla Alenka a dívala se s údivem na Myščin ocas, který teď měla omotaný kolem těla; “ale proč o něm říkáte, že je smutný?” (p. 26) This sequence is based on difference between English „tail“ and „tale“ – both of which have the same pronunciation but different spelling and meaning. As I could not think up any similar Czech example fitting in the text, I decided to use the method of adaptation, which is suggested by Knittlová, and also add some information about how the Mouse was turning and her tail followed her, to illustrate the image to the Czech reader.

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Original: “Edwin and Morcar, the earls of Mercia nad Northumbria, declared for him, and even Stigand, the patriotic archbishop of Canterbury, found it advisable – “” “Found what?” said the Duck. “Found it,” the mouse Replied rather crossly: “of course you know what “it” means.” “I know what “it” means well enough, when I find a thing,” said the Duck: “it´s generally a frog or a worm. The question is, what did the archbishop find?” (p. 23) Hrůzová´s translation: “Edvin a Moracar, hrabata z Mercie a Northumbrie, pro něj hlasovala a dokonce Stigand, vlastenecký arcibiskup z Canterbury, shledal –“ “Hledal co?” zeptal se Kačer. “Shledal” odpověděla Myška docela naštvaně. “Samozřejmě víte, co znamená „shledal“.“ “Vím celkem dobře, co to znamená, když něco hledám,” odpověděl Kačer. “obvykle je to žába nebo červ. Otázka zní, co hledal ten arcibiskup?” (p. 23) This is another difficult passage for translator as it is based on English different meaning for the verb find. One of them used in the book is „to discover“ and the other one is „to have a particular feeling or opinion“. Such a word with the same meaning does not exist in Czech language, therefore the method of substitution weas used, as it is based on the similar sounding of used words. This makes the impression that Duck just overheard what the Mouse said and it caused the misunderstanding 6.2 Poems Poem is specific work of literature, where form is the most important. It is up to the translator to choose the right form, follow the rhythm and the rhyme and also somehow express the meaning of the poem. In Alice´s adventures in Wonderland Carroll used his own words on poems well known of the English reader of his time and for current reader from different cultural background it could sound as a little nonsense. 72

Newmark in his A textbook of translation claims that “The translation of poetry is the field where most emphasis is normally put on the creation of a new independent poem, and where literal translation is usually condemned” (70). But translator´s goal is to understand author´s idea and preserve the same structure. There are rhymed verses and blank verses. Rhymed verse is more specific because “its loose relationship towards intellectual poem´s composition. It is rare to find the pair of words that semantically corresponds to the semantic pair from original” (Levý, Umění překladu, 228).

Original: “How doth the little crocodile Improve his shining tail, And pour the waters of the Nile On every golden scale! Hrůzová´s translation: Jak podařilo se malému krokodýlu Vynořit se z tmavé hlubiny, A vycídit vodou z Nilu Všechny své zlaté šupiny. As Levý in his Umění překladu suggests, the poet´s usual success is to find “unisonant pair among units from both verses, which then changes the semantic order of verses and their semantic flowline, but which can preserve their significant semantical content“ (229). Which is the case of this example, where I was able to use crocodile and Nile in the Czech translation. This helped me to keep Carroll´s idea and preserve the soul of the poem.

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“Fury said to a Mouse, That he Met in the House, “Let use Both go to Law: I will Prosecute You. – Come, I´ll take no Denial; We Must have a Trial: For Really this Morning I´ve Nothing To do.” Said the Mouse to the Cur, “Such A trial, Dear Sir, With No jury Or judge, Would be Wasting Our Breath.” (...) (p. 26)

Zuřivec myšce povídá, Že její přítomnost v domě odmítá, K soudu spolu pojďme Vyšetřit to nechme, Nepopřeš Svou vinu, Hleď na místo činu. Protože dnešní den, Mám na práci toto jen, Říká myška zbabělci, „Drahý pane, Soud bez soudce či obhájce ztráta času bude.” (...) (p.26)

This is a case of poem where the most important is its form. It should be in the shape of mouse´s tail. The rhyme occurs, it is not very obvious, though. That is why in Czech translation there are rhymed different parts than in original text. Carroll´s idea is preserved, but I used different vocabulary and different rhymed patterns. According to Levý, in some cases translator uses so called fillers – words with little meaning. This words need not to have disturbing effect on reader if verse pointing by semantic rhymes is not the essential feature of poet´s style (Umění překladu, 229). I think that in this case, although I chose to transform Carroll´s verses the outcome is not disturbing and express the original idea. “The precision of translation in rhymed poetry generally falls towards the end of the verse, that is why the translator´s approach and his own style is most evident in the end-words of the verse” (Levý, Umění překladu, 230).

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Original: „In my youth,“ said the sage, as he shook his grey locks, „I kept all my limbs very supple By the use of this ointment – one shilling the box – Allow me to sell you a couple?“ (p. 41) Hrůzová´s translation: “Za mého mládí,” řekl děd, A prohrábl šedivé kudrny, „Udržoval jsem se v kondici, Touto mastí – deka za tři koruny Nekoupíš si jí krabici?“ (p. 41) Skoumals´ translation : Že jsem tuze starý ? Ať! Břicho mám jak zelná káď A nožičky jako medvěd, Nemusí to každý vědět. (page 36) In this is part the translators have to deal with zero equivalents too. Czech reader is not familiar with shillings and therefore I chose current Czech currency, which happens to create rhyme with first line of the poem. Skoumals translated the whole poem, which has in the original form of dialog between son and father, from the point of view of the father. It seems very good idea to me and the outcome is very nice and comprehensible, although they put emphasis on different words than Carroll did.

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7. Conclusion

The thesis is based on recognising of already existing facts about functional equivalence and their practical application. Good translator grows with practise, but is also essential to know some theory. Language is developing and changing all the time, therefore it is necessary to keep up with new methods and theories. The theory of functional equivalence seems to deal with many problems that can occur in translation and I find it very useful to know it. I had no previous experience with translation, except for translating some short articles. Therefore I found the work on the thesis interesting, enriching and it was great challenge. While writing the thesis, I had worked on the practical part and then I studied the theory. Some details were changed after learning the theory of equivalence. But next time I would translate some phenomena in different way, using different methods. I had not read the Czech translation of the book before, so I was not affected by anyone´s translation . Skoumals´ translation of Alice´s Adventures in Wonderland was read after finishing my version. My translation is compared with translation of Aloys and Hana Skoumals in an effort to get as many details and different ideas as possible. Skoumals´ translation uses rather old vocabulary which reflects the period when their translated the book, and maybe it is also the purpose. I wanted my translation to be accurate and for adults, that is why up-to-date expressions were used and some words that would sound childish were avoided. The most of the differences occurs in translations of poems, but poem is a piece of art and it is on translator’s feelings and his artistic ability. I appreciate Skoumals translation very much, as I know that it is not easy work and they came up with methods that did not even cross my mind. Alice´s Adventures in Wonderland is a classical book, which is sometimes seen as a children book but in my opinion it more book for adults. It provides the great amount of challenges for translator and almost every paragraph has covered meaning.. Alice´s Adventures in Wonderland is often used by some teachers of unorthodox methods of learning, because it contains many sentences with no meaning. This could be interesting method to use in my future teaching practice. 76

8. Bibliography



Carroll, Lewis. Alenka v kraji divů a za zrcadlem. Transl. Aloys and Hana Skoumals, Praha: Academia Praha, 2010. Print.



Carroll, Lewis. Alice´s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Penguin Popular, London, 1994. Print.



Dontcheva-Navratilova, Olga. Grammatical Structures in English: Meaning in Context. Brno: Masarykova Univerzita, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury, 2009. Print.



Hatim, Basil and Jeremy Munday. Translation, An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, c2004. Print.



Knittlová, Dagmar et al. Překlad a překládání.Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, filozofická fakulta, 2010. Print.



Knittlová, Dagmar. K teorii I praxi překladu. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2003. Print.



Levý, Jiří. Umění překladu. Praha: Panorama Praha, 1983. Print.



Miššíková, Gabriela. Analysing Translation as Text and Discourse. Praha: JTP (Jednota tlumočníků a překladatelů), Praha, 2007. Print



Newmark, Peter. A textbook of translation. Hartfordshire: Prentice Hall International, 1988. Print.



---. About Translation. United Kingdom: Multilingual Matters, 2001. Print



---. More Paragraphs on Translation. Great Britain: Multilingual Matters, 1998. Print.

Internet sources:



Baumgarten Nicole, Meyar Bernd and Özçetin Demet. “Explicitness in translation and Interpreting: a critical review and some empirical evidence (of an elusive concept)”. Web University of Southern Denmark, Department of Business Communication and Information

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