MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
J. K. ROWLING: THE TALES OF BEEDLE THE BARD TRANSLATION AND ANALYSIS
Bachelor thesis
Brno 2015
Author: Monika Svítilová
Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Němec, Ph. D.
Bibliography Svítilová, Monika. J. K. Rowling: The Tales of Beedle the Bard, Translation and Analysis, Bachelor thesis. Brno: Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, Department of English language and literature. 2015. 62 pages. The supervisor of the Bachelor thesis: Mgr. Martin Němec, Ph. D.
Abstract This Bachelor thesis focuses on the translation and analysis of the four tales of the book “The Tales of Beedle the Bard” written by J. K. Rowling. This thesis is divided into two parts – the Practical part and Theoretical part. The practical part contents my translation of the book. Whereas, the Theoretical part deals with terminology of translation and equivalence. This part also covers analyses of my translation which is somewhere compared with a translation of Pavel Medek. It also deals with problems which appeared and which I found interesting during my translating.
Key words Translation, analysis, equivalence, proper names, The Tales of Beedle the Bard, a translator, process of translating, translating of prose
Bibliografický záznam Svítilová, Monika. J. K. Rowling: The Tales of Beedle the Bard, Translation and Analysis, Bachelor thesis. Brno: Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, Department of English language and literature. 2015. 62 pages. The supervisor of the Bachelor thesis: Mgr. Martin Němec, Ph. D.
Anotace Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá překladem a analýzou čtyř bajek z knihy „Bajky barda Beedleho“, která byla napsaná J. K. Rowling. Práce je rozdělena do dvou částí – praktické a teoretické. Praktická část obsahuje můj překlad této knihy. V teoretické části je obsaţena terminologie překladu a ekvivalence. Tato část také obsahuje analýzu mého překladu, který je v některých částech porovnáván s překladem Pavla Medka. Dále jsou v teoretické části rozebírány problémy, které se vyskytly během mého překládání.
Klíčová slova Překlad, analýza, ekvivalence, vlastní jména, Bajky barda Beedleho, překladatel, proces překládání, překládání prózy
Declaration I declare that I worked on this bachelor thesis on my own and that I used only the sources listed in the bibliography. I also agree that one copy of this thesis will be placed in the library of the Faculty of Education at the Masaryk University and accessed for academic purposes.
Prohlášení Prohlašuji, ţe jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, s pouţitím pouze citovaných literárních pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. Souhlasím také, aby kopie této práce byla uloţena na Masarykově univerzitě v Brně v knihovně Pedagogické fakulty a zpřístupněna ke studijním účelům.
Brno, 17th of March 2015
Monika Svítilová
Acknowledgements I would like to thank Mgr. Martin Němec, Ph. D. for his supervision of my bachelor thesis, his patience and valuable advice. I especially appreciate his useful comments and kind guidance. Further, I would like to give my thanks to my family and friends for their support and help.
Table of Content Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 7 1
About the book .......................................................................................................... 9 1.1
Names of the five stories .................................................................................... 9
1.2
About the author ............................................................................................... 10
1.3
Pavel Medek ..................................................................................................... 11
2
Practical part ........................................................................................................... 12
3
Theoretical part ....................................................................................................... 40 3.1
The term translation.......................................................................................... 40
3.1.1 3.2
A translator ....................................................................................................... 41
3.2.1
The translator´s knowledge and skills ....................................................... 41
3.3
Process of translating........................................................................................ 41
3.4
The product....................................................................................................... 42
3.5
Translation of Prose .......................................................................................... 42
3.6
Equivalence ...................................................................................................... 43
3.6.1 4
Categories of translation ........................................................................... 40
Aspects of equivalence.............................................................................. 43
Analysis ................................................................................................................... 45 4.1
Translating Titles .............................................................................................. 45
4.2
No-equivalence ................................................................................................. 47
4.2.1 4.3
Proper names ............................................................................................. 47
Partial equivalence............................................................................................ 48
4.3.1
Multi-words x one-word expression ......................................................... 48
4.3.2
Explicitness – Implicitness........................................................................ 49
4.3.3
Specifications ............................................................................................ 50
4.3.4
Generalization ........................................................................................... 51
4.3.5
Semantic connection – contiguity ............................................................. 52
4.3.6
Expressive connotation ............................................................................. 52
4.3.7
Pragmatic equivalence .............................................................................. 56
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 59 5
Bibliography............................................................................................................ 61
Introduction This Bachelor thesis is based on the book The Tales of Beedle the Bard which was written by J. K. Rowling and translated by Pavel Medek to the Czech. As a collection of books about Harry Potter makes a big role in my life, I decided to take it as my Bachelor thesis. However, there is not just one reason. J. K. Rowling is a great author who brought us a new world, the world of Harry Potter. To complete this world, she published books which follow up Harry Potter series. One of this book is actually the book on which this Bachelor thesis is based on. I have read this book both in Czech and in English. The English version is full of words as “Babitty Rabbitty, Hopping Pot, Sir Luckless, Hairy Heart” which are not normally used in our daily conversation, some of them have even no Czech equivalent. However, my admiration is not just for J. K. Rowling and her hilarious work but also for our Czech translator Pavel Medek. Pavel Medek together with his brother Vladimír gave us those astonishing new words as “Nebelvír, Havraspár, Králice Alice, Klofan”, he brought us to the Czech world of Harry Potter. As a future teacher, thinking about what new experience should be brought to children from primary school, it seems to me as a good idea to give them the opportunity to translate. The main reason of choosing this book as my Bachelor thesis is to discover what kind of translating problems could be discovered by children. To show the problems which children might realise or discover, I try to translate and analyse the problems of this book by myself. It is also important to find out if the book is suitable for children aged 11 – 15. By translating the book it will be verified whether the book contents appropriate grammar or their knowledge of vocabulary. Furthermore, The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a book full of fables and so pupils can find the moral there and my new modern translation can be closer to them. The second reason for choosing this book as the Bachelor thesis is the challenge of trying what it is actually like to be a translator. What skills and experience the translator needs to have. Also to get more into the depth of this book and think about new version which can bring different point of view is an acceptable reason. Dealing 7
with the issue of translating I followed up many theorists and their pieces of advice. Mostly, it was important to think that translation is actually an art and that the book could be translated really freely. It must be perceived everything what it should be. Firstly, it is the knowledge of both languages English and Czech. These knowledge are connected with lexical, grammatical and also pragmatic aspects of both languages. While translating I dealt mostly with English vocabulary and expressions therefore, the lexical equivalents were analysed. It must be said that the method of translation could be different. But I chose free translation. The main aim was to express the purpose of J. K. Rowling by my words. This Bachelor thesis is divided into several parts. The first part is Introduction where some of my reason for choosing this topic are mentioned. The second part informs readers about the book, author and translator. The third part contents my translation of the book and the last part shows both the terminology of translation and analysis of my and Medek´s translation of the book The Tales of Beedle the Bard.
8
1 About the book The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a collection of five children tales written by J. K. Rowling. The book follows up others books about Harry Potter and completes them. For the first time this book was mentioned in Harry Potter and Deathly Hallows, the very last book of Harry Potter series. For the public it was published in year 2008. J. K. Rowling firstly made just seven handmade copies of the Tales of Beedle the Bard for the most involved people with the Harry Potter series. Those copies were produced on 1st November 2007. The last seventh piece was given to the Auction to raise fund for children. The book was published by a charity LUMOS whose president is Rowling. This charity is working on transformation the lives of disadvantaged children. (Rowling, “Rowling – The Tales of Beedle the Bard”) On the other hand, the book is meant for young wizards and witches to moral them, showing what is right and / or wrong. To them it is like reading Cinderella or Sleeping Beauty in the world of Muggle. (Muggle is a non-magic person and do not have any magical blood.) Every wizard and every witch know stories about Babbity Rabbity or the Fountain of Fair Fortune as their parents read them before bed. In the world of magic this book is written by Beedle the Bard who lived in the fifteenth century and his life is a bit of mystery. Every tales in the book is provided by comments or notes of Professor Dumbledore which he left after his death in the Hogwarts Archives. From the original runes it was translated by one of the main characters Hermione Granger. (Rowling, “The Tales of Beedle the Bard”)
1.1 Names of the five stories 1) The Wizard and the Hopping Pot 2) The Fountain of Fair Fortune 3) The Warlock´s Hairy Heart 4) Babbity Rabbity and her Cackling Stump 5) The Tale of the Three Brothers 9
1.2 About the author Joanne Kathleen Rowling was born on 31st July in 1965 in Yate, England. Her official name is just Joanne Rowling, thus, she adopted J. K. Rowling as her pen name. Her grandmother was Kathleen. (Grimm, ”J. K. Rowling“) She grew up in Chepstow which she left for Exeter University where she earned a French and Classics degree. While doing a course she spent a year in Paris. (J. K. Rowling, “About J. K. Rowling) After graduating at Exeter University in year 1990 Rowling moved to Portugal to teach English. She married the Portuguese journalist and had his child Jessica who was born in 1993. After divorcing him, Rowling with her daughter moved to Edinburgh to live close to her younger sister. Back in the United Kingdom, Jo started working on the Harry Potter and the Philosopher´s Stone, the first book of Harry Potter collection which was published by Bloomsbury in 1997. During her work on Harry Potter series, she married anaesthetist Dr. Neil Murray with whom she has two more children – David and Mackenzie. All together, they live in Scotland (Grimm, ”J. K. Rowling“) Apart of being a famous writer of stories about Harry Potter, she also wrote others novels for adults. The first one, a dark comedy The Casual Vacancy, was published in year 2012. Under a different pen name, Robert Galbraith, she published the mystery novel Cuckoo´s Calling in 2013. (Grimm, ”J. K. Rowling“) Nowadays, Rowling is working on a website about world of Harry Potter, Pottermore.com, where will be published a new Harry Potter – related book. (Grimm, ”J. K. Rowling“)
10
1.3 Pavel Medek “Harry Potter is really the first children´s book I translated. In the past – I don´t know if I can call it a specialisation – mostly I did science fiction and fantasy books. This is first real children´s book I did.” (Pavel Medek, Tribute to top Czech translator Pavel Medek) Pavel Medek was born on 3rd January 1952. This great Czech translator passed away recently, on 2nd February 2015 at the age of 63. (Ondřej Bezer, “Zemřel Pavel Medek. Naučil česky Harryho Pottera i drsné detektivky”, Translated by MS1) Originally he worked as an economist. However, he got an opportunity to spend some time in England where he started with English as a self-taught. As a translator he said: Originally in Czech “Talent na jazyky musí být, ale v prvé řadě je důležitá vlastní snaha. A nejdůležitější je znalost jazyka původního, v mém případě češtiny. Ne nadarmo se mé profesi říká umělecký překladatel. Je vždy nutné převést tón a náladu autora do textu tak, aby to celé ladilo.” (Jan Sklenář, “Pavel Medek, překladatel Harryho Pottera, Červeného trpaslíka a Kojaka, translated by MS)2 Pavel Medek started with translating in the 80´s and translated over 60 books. He also worked on series such as Red Dwarf, Kojak and others. (Jan Sklenář, “Pavel Medek, překladatel Harryho Pottera, Červeného trpaslíka a Kojaka, Translated by MS)
1
2
Translated by Monika Svítilová Translated into English
“There has to be the talent for language but, above all, your own effort is important. And the most important is the knowledge of source language, in my case Czech. Not for nothing my profession is called an artistic translator. It is always necessary to bring the tone and mood of an author to the text so that it would harmonize together.” (Translated by MS)
11
2 Practical part My Practical part contents two columns – first one with the original text of “The Tales of Beedle the Bard” by J. K. Rowling and second one with my translation of this book. I have chosen this type of format as I think it looks clearly and organized. The words or phrases in bold means that they are somehow important for my analysis below.
The Wizard and the Hopping Pot
Čaroděj a hopsající hrnec
There was once a kindly old wizard who Byl jednou jeden laskavý starý čaroděj, used his magic generously and wisely for který vţdy pouţíval kouzla a čáry the benefit of his neighbours.
šlechetně a moudře ve prospěch sousedů.
Rather than reveal the true source of his Raději neţ aby vyšel najevo pravý zdroj power, he pretended that his potions, jeho
síly,
předstíral,
ţe
lektvary,
charms and antidotes sprang ready-made zaklínadla a protijedy skáčou uţ hotové from the little cauldron he called his z malého kotlíku, kterému říkal hrnec, který vaří štěstí.
lucky cooking pot.
From miles around people came to him Z dalekého
okolí
přicházeli
lidé
with their troubles, and the wizard was s potíţemi a čaroděj zamíchal v kotlíku a pleased to give his pot a stir and put dal jejich problémy do pořádku. things right. This well-beloved wizard lived to Milovaný čaroděj se doţil poţehnaného a goodly age, than died, leaving all his věku, a kdyţ umřel, zanechal celý svůj chattels to his only son.
majetek svému jedinému synovi.
This son was of a very different Syn byl ale úplně jiný neţ jeho laskavý disposition to his gentle father.
otec.
Those who could not work magic were, Nekouzlící lidé byli podle něj neschopní to the son´s mind, worthless, and he had a také nesouhlasil s otcovým zvykem often quarrelled with his father´s habit of rozdávat kouzelnou pomoc sousedům. dispensing
magical
aid
to
their
neighbours. Upon the father´s death, the son found Krátce po otcově smrti našel syn uvnitř 12
hidden inside the old cooking pot a small starého hrnce na vaření schovaný malý package bearing his name.
balíček se svým jménem.
He opened it, hoping for gold, but found Otevřel ho, doufaje ve zlato, ale místo instead a soft, thick slipper, much too toho našel měkkou, teplou a moc malou small to wear, and with no pair. A
fragment
of
bačkůrku, a ještě k tomu jen jednu.
parchment
within Na kousíčku pergamenu uvnitř bačkory
the slipper bore the words “In the fond stálo: „Pevně věřím, můj synu, ţe ji nikdy hope, my son, that you will never need. “
nebudeš potřebovat.“
The son cursed his father´s age- Syn proklínal myšlení svého starého otce softened mind, then threw the slipper a
třísknul
bačkoru
do
kotlíku,
back into the cauldron, resolving to use it přesvědčen, ţe od teď to bude koš. henceforth as a rubbish pail. That very night a peasant woman Právě knocked on the front door.
v tu
noc
zaťukala
na
dveře
venkovanka.
“My granddaughter is afflicted by a crop „Vnučka je celá posetá bradavicemi, of warts, sir,“ she told him.
pane,“ řekla.
“Your father used to mix a special „Váš otec míchával speciální obklad poultice in that old cooking pot – ”
v tom starém hrnci na vaření – “
“Begone!“ cried the son.
„Pryč!“ zařval syn.
“What care I for your brat´s warts?“
„Co je mi do bradavic tvého spratka?“
And he slammed the door in the old a prásknul dveřmi před nosem stařeny. women´s face. At
once
there
came
a
and banging from his kitchen.
clanging V tom okamţiku se z kuchyně ozvalo řinčení a bouchání.
The wizard lit his wand and opened Čaroděj si posvítil hůlkou, otevřel dveře, the door, and there, to his amazement, he a tam, k jeho údivu, uviděl otcův starý saw his father´s old cooking pot: it had hrnec na vaření: vyrašila mu jedna sprouted a single foot of brass, and was mosazná noha, hopsal na místě uprostřed hopping on the spot, in the middle místnosti a na kamenné dlažbě vydával of the floor, making a fearful noise upon hrozný zvuk. the flagstones. The wizard approached it in wonder, but Čaroděj se udiveně přiblíţil k hrnci, ale fell back hurriedly when he saw that rychle uskočil zpátky, kdyţ viděl, ţe celý 13
the whole of the pot´s surface was povrch hrnce byl posetý bradavicemi. covered in warts. “Disgusting object!“ he cried, and he „Fuj, hnus!“ zakřičel a pokusil se tried firstly to Vanish the pot, then to vyhnout hrnci, pak ho vyčistit pomocí clean it by magic, and finally to force it kouzel a nakonec ho vypudit z domu. out of the house. None of his spells Works, however, Ale nic nezafungovalo, hrnec za ním and he was unable to prevent the pot hopsal ven z kuchyně, pronásledoval ho hopping after him out of the kitchen, nahoru do postele s hlasitým řinčením and then following him up to bed, a boucháním
na
kaţdém
dřevěném
clanging and banging loudly on every schodu, a on tomu nemohl zabránit. wooden stair. The wizard could not sleep all night for Čaroděj nespal celou noc, protoţe starý the banging of the warty old pot by his hrnec mu řinčel u postele. I příští ráno bedside, and next morning the pot hrnec vytrval a hopsal za čarodějem insisted upon hopping after him to the k snídani. breakfast table. Clang, clang, clang, went the brass- „Břink, břink, břink,“ řinčel jednonohý footed pot, and the wizard had not even hrnec a čaroděj nestačil dojíst ani svoji started his porridge when there came ovesnou kaši, kdyţ někdo zaťukal na another knock on the door.
dveře.
An old man stood on the doorstep.
Na prahu stál staříček.
“Tis my old donkey, sir,“ he explained. „Tis,
moje
stařičká
oslice,
pane,“
“Lost, she is, or stolen, and without her I vysvětloval. „Ona se ztratila, nebo ji cannot take my wares to market, and my někdo ukradl, bez ní nemůţu vzít zboţí na family will go hungry tonight.“
trh a moje rodina bude dnes večer o hladu.“
“And I am hungry now!“ roared „Teďka jsem hladový já!“ zařval čaroděj the wizard, and he slammed the door a prásknul dveřmi starému muži před upon the old man.
nosem.
Clang, clang, clang, went the cooking „Břink, břink, břink,“ řinčela mosazná pot´s single brass foot upon the floor, but noha po podlaze a z hloubky kotlíku se now its clamour was mixed with the ozýval povyk smíchaný s hýkáním osla 14
brays of a donkey and human groans of a sténáním hladových lidí. hunger, echoing from the depths of the pot. ”Be still. Be silent!“ shrieked the wizard, „Ustaň! Buď zticha!“ zavřískal čaroděj, but not all his magical powers could ale ţádná z jeho magických schopností quieten the warty pot, which hopped at nedokázala utišit bradavičnatý hrnec, his heels all day, braying and groaning který poskakoval celý den na nohách, and clanging, no matter where he went hýkající, sténající a řinčející, kdekoliv or what he did.
byl a cokoliv dělal.
That evening there came a third knock Ten večer přišlo i třetí zaklepání, na prahu upon the door, and there on the stála mladičká ţena a naříkala tak, až to threshold stood a young woman sobbing srdce trhalo. as though her heart would break. ”My baby is grievously ill,” she said.
„Moje děťátko je těţce nemocné,“ řekla.
“Won´t you please help us? Your father „Prosím, pomůţete nám? Váš otec mě bade me come if troubled –“
nabádal, abych v nouzi přišla –“
But the wizard slammed the door on her.
Ale čaroděj prásknul dveřmi.
And now the tormenting pot filled to V tu chvíli se usouţený hrnec naplnil po the brim with salt water, and slopped okraj slanou vodou, řinuly se z něj slzy na tears all over the floor as it hopped, and podlahu, jak poskakoval a hýkal a sténal, brayed, and groaned, and sprouted more a vyrašilo mu ještě více bradavic. warts. Though no more villagers came to seek Ačkoliv po zbytek týdne uţ do čarodějova help at the wizard´s cottage for the rest domu nepřišli ţádní vesničané, hrnec ho of the week, the pot kept him informed nadále informoval o jejich nemocích. of their many ills. Within a few day, it was not only Během pár dnů to nebylo pouze hýkání, braying and groaning and slopping and sténání, bryndání, poskakování a rašení hopping and sprouting warts, it was also nových bradavic, ale také dušení a dávení, choking and retching, crying like a baby, dětský
pláč,
psí
kňučení,
zvracení
whining like a dog, and spewing out bad zkaženého sýra a zkyslého mléka a moře cheese and sour milk and a plague of hladových slimáků. hungry slugs. 15
The wizard could not sleep or eat with Čaroděj nemohl ani spát a ani jíst the pot beside him, but the pot refused s hrncem za zády, ale hrnec ne a ne odejít to leave, and he could not silence it or a on ho nemohl utišit, nebo zastavit. force it to be still. At last the wizard could bear it no more.
Nakonec uţ to čaroděj neunesl.
“Bring me all your problems, all your „Přijďte za mnou se všemi problémy troubles, and your woes!” he screamed, a potíţemi a trápeními!“ křičel a vyběhl fleeing into the night, with the pot do noci s hrncem za zády. hopping behind him along the road into the village. “Come! Let me cure you, mend you „Přijďte! Vyléčím Vás, napravím a and comfort you! I have my father´s utěším! Mám otcův hrnec na vaření a cooking pot, and I shall make you well!”
pomůţu vám.“
And with the foul pot still bounding A s poskakujícím špinavým hrncem za along behind him, he ran up the street, zády vyběhl na ulici a vrhal kouzla na casting spells in every direction.
všechny strany.
Inside one house the little girl´s warts Malé dívce zmizely bradavice přes noc; vanished as she slept; the lost donkey ztracená oslice se vrátila z vřesoviště was Summoned from a distant briar zpátky do stáje; nemocné děťátko bylo patch and set down softly in its stable; vyléčeno bylinkami a probuzeno do the sick baby was doused in dittany and růţova vyspané. woke, well and rosy. At every house of sickness and sorrow, Kaţdý dům plný nemoci a zármutku the wizard beside him stopped groaning přestal před čarodějem sténat a zvracet and retching, and became quiet, shiny a stal se tichým, zářivým a čistým. and clean. “Well, Pot?” asked the trembling wizard, „V pořádku, hrníčku?“ zeptal se třesoucí as the sun began to rise.
se čaroděj, kdyţ začalo svítat.
The pot burped out the single slipper he Hrnec si říhnul a vyplivnul ven starou had thrown into it, and permitted him to bačkůrku, kterou do něj čaroděj zahodil fit it on to the brass foot.
a dovolil mu, aby ji nasadil na mosaznou nohu.
Together, they set off back to the Společně se vraceli do čarodějova domu, 16
wizard´s
house,
the
pot´s
footstep konečně hrnec hopsal potichu.
muffled at last. But from that day forward, the wizard Od toho dne čaroděj pomáhal vesničanům helped the villagers like his father before přesně jako jeho otec, bál se, aby si hrnec him, lest the pot cast off its slipper, nesundal bačkoru a nezačal znovu hopsat. and begin to hop once more. The Fountain of Fair Fortune
Fontána štěstěny
High on a hill in an enchanted garden, Na vysokém kopci, v začarované zahradě enclosed by tall walls and protected by obehnané vysokými zdmi a chráněné strong magic, flowed the Fountain of mocnou magií, tryskala Fontána štěstěny. Fair Fortune. Once a year, between the hours of Jednou
za
rok,
mezi
svítáním
a
sunrise and sunset on the longest day, a soumrakem při nejdelší dni, dostal jeden single unfortunate was given the chance nešťastník šanci probojovat si cestu to fight their way to the Fountain, bathe k Fontáně, vykoupat se v pramenu a in its waters and receive Fair Fortune for získat Štěstěnu navěky. evermore. On the appointed day, hundreds of V ten den cestovala stovka lidí ze všech people
travelled
from
all
over koutů království, aby se sešla před zdmi
the kingdom to reach the garden walls uţ před svítáním. before dawn. Male and female, rich and poor, young Muţi a ţeny, bohatí i chudí, mladí i staří, and old, of magical means and without, s kouzelnými schopnostmi i bez nich, se they gathered in the darkness, each scházeli ještě za tmy a doufali, ţe právě hoping that they would be the one to oni budou Ti praví, které zahrada gain entrance to the garden.
vybere.
Three witches, each with her burden of Tři čarodějky, kaţdá se svojí fůrou woe, met on the outskirts of the crowd, starostí, se setkaly na začátku davu a při and told one another their sorrows as dlouhém čekání na východ slunce si they waited for sunrise.
vyprávěly svoje trápení.
The first, by name Asha, was sick of První, Asha, byla těţce nemocná a ţádný a malady no Healer could cure.
léčitel ji nedokázal vyléčit. 17
She hoped that the Fountain would Doufala, ţe by Fontána mohla zaţehnat banish her symptoms and grant her a její příznaky a obdarovala jí dlouhým long and happy life.
a šťastným ţivotem.
The second, by name Altheda, had been Druhá čarodějka, Altheda, byla okradena robbed of her home, her gold and her o domov, zlato a hůlku zlým čarodějem. wand by an evil sorcerer. She hoped that the Fountain might Doufala, ţe Fontána utěší její bezmoc relieve her of powerlessness and poverty. a chudobu. The third, by name Amata, had been Ta třetí se jmenovala Amata, opustil ji deserted by a man whom she loved muţ, kterého hluboce milovala, bála se, dearly, and she thought her heart would ţe uţ nikdy nedokáţe zapomenout. never mend. She hoped that the Fountain would Doufala, ţe Fontána utěší její ţal a touhu. relieve her of her grief and longing. Pitying each other, the three women Všechny
tři
ţeny
spolu
soucítily
agreed that, should the chance befall a souhlasily, ţe by měly dostat šanci, them, they would unite and try to reach spojit se a dosáhnout Fontány společně. the Fountain together. The sky was rent with the first ray of Nebe bylo prostoupeno prvním paprskem sun, and a chink in the wall opened.
slunce a puklina ve zdi se otevřela.
The crowd surged forward, each of them Čarodějky a čarodějové i ostatní lidé se shrieking their claim for the Fountain´s drali dopředu a všichni vykřikovali své benison.
nároky na poţehnání od Fontány.
Creepers from the garden beyond snaked Popínavky ze zahrady se začaly plazit through the pressing mass, and twisted přes tlačící se masu lidí a obtočily se themselves around the first witch, Asha.
kolem první čarodějky, Ashy.
She grasped the wrist of the second Ta se chytla zápěstí druhé čarodějky witch, Altheda, who seized tight upon Althedy, která drţela hábit třetí čarodějky the robes of the third witch, Amata. And
Amata
became
caught
Amaty. upon A Amaty se chytil neutěšeně vyhlíţející
the armour of a dismal-looking knight rytíř v brnění, který seděl na vyhublé who was seated on a bone-thin horse.
kobyle.
The creepers tugged the three witches Popínavky protáhly ty tři čarodějky skrz 18
through the chink in the wall, and puklinu ve zdi a zároveň s nimi i rytíře, the knight was dragged off his steed after kterého stáhly z koně. them. The furious screams of the disappointed Zuřivý křik zklamaného davu proťal ranní throng rose upon the morning air, then klid, a jak se zeď znovu zavřela, dav se fell silent as the garden walls sealed once odmlčel. more. Asha and Altheda were angry with Asha a Altheda byli naštvané na Amatu, Amata, who had accidentally brought která s sebou omylem vzala i rytíře. along the knight. “Only one can bathe in the Fountain!
„Jen jeden se můţe vykoupat ve Fontáně!
It will be hard enough to decide which of I bez něj bude dost těţké rozhodnout, us it will be, without adding another!”
která z nás to bude!“
Now, Sir Luckless, as the knight was Sir Smolař, jak ho nazývali v zemi za known in the land outside the walls, zdmi, si povšimnul, ţe to jsou čarodějky, observed that these were witches, and, a protoţe neuměl kouzlit a čarovat a having no magic, nor any great skill at neměl ani ţádné skvělé vlastnosti, jako jousting or duelling with swords, nor například bojovat s mečem i bez něj a ani anything that distinguished the non- nic dalšího, v čem by vynikal jako magical man, was sure that he had no obyčejný smrtelník, si byl jistý, ţe hope beating the three women to nemůţe porazit tři ţeny před Fontánou. the Fountain. He therefore declared his intention of A proto se rozhodl vrátit se zpátky. withdrawing outside the walls again. At this, Amata became angry too.
Ale to Amatu velice naštvalo.
“Faint heart!” she chided him.
„Slabochu!“ vyčinila mu.
“Draw your sword, Knight, and help us „Tas svůj meč, rytíři, a pomoz nám reach our goal!”
uspět!“
And so the three witches and the forlorn A tak se tři čarodějky a bezútěšný rytíř knight ventured forth into the enchanted vydali vpřed do začarované zahrady, kde garden,
where
rare
herbs,
fruit po obou stranách prosluněné cesty rostlo
and flowers grew in abundance on mnoho vzácných bylin, stromů a květin. either side of the sunlit paths. 19
They met no obstacle until they reached Po cestě se nesetkali s ţádnou překáţkou, the foot of the hill on which the Fountain aţ došli na úpatí kopce, na kterém stála stood.
Fontána Štěstěny.
There, however, wrapped around the Avšak tam, kolem úpatí kopce, byl base of the hill, was a monstrous white omotán obrovský bílý Červ, nafouklý a Worm, bloated and blind.
slepý.
At their approach, it turned a foul face Kdyţ k němu přistoupili, otočil odporný upon them, and uttered the following obličej k nim a pronesl tato slova: words: “Pay me the proof of your pain.” Sir
Luckless
drew
his
„Zaplať mi důkazem tvého utrpení.“ sword Sir Smolař tasil meč a pokusil se tu
and attempted to kill the beast, but his potvoru zabít, ale jeho čepel se ulomila. blade snapped. Then Altheda cast rocks at the Worm, Zatímco
Altheda
házela
na
Červa
while Asha and Amata essayed every kameny, Asha a Amata zkoušely kaţdičké spell that might subdue or entrance it, zaklínadlo, které by mohlo přemoci but the power of their wands was no Červa, ale síla jejich kouzelných hůlek more effective than their friend´s stone, nebyla o nic lepší neţ kameny nebo meč or the knight´s steel: the Worm would jejich přátel: Červ je projít nenechá. not let them pass. The sun rose higher and higher in the Sluníčko na obloze postupovalo výš a výš sky, and Asha, despairing, began to a Asha začala ze zoufalství plakat. weep. Then the great Worm placed its face V tom Červ poloţil hlavu k té její a pil upon hers and drank the tears from her slzy z jejích tváří. cheeks. Its thirst assuaged, the Worm slithered Jeho ţízeň se utišila, Červ se odplazil aside, and vanished into a hole in stranou a zmizel v díře v zemi. the ground. Rejoicing at the Worm´s disappearance, Šťastni z Červova zmizení, začaly tři the three witches and the knight began čarodějky s rytířem lézt do kopce, jisti to climb the hill, sure that they would tím, ţe přijdou k Fontáně před polednem. reach the Fountain before noon. 20
Halfway up the steep slope, however, Avšak v polovině strmého kopce narazili they came across words cut into na vrytá slova do země. the ground before them. Zaplať mi plody tvé námahy.
Pay me the fruit of your labours.
Sir Luckless took out his only coin, Sil Smolař vytáhl svoji jedinou minci and placed it upon the grassy hillside, a poloţil ji na travnaté úbočí, ale mince se but it rolled away and was lost.
skutálela a ztratila.
The three witches and the knight Společně stoupali dál, ale připadalo jim, continued to climb, but though they ţe jdou hodiny a hodiny, a navíc walked for hours more, they advanced nepostoupili ani o krok; vrcholek nebyl not a step; the summit came no nearer, o nic blíţ a nápis leţel pořád před nimi. and still the inscription lay in the earth before them. All were discouraged as the sun rose Všichni čtyři byli znechucení, kdyţ viděli, over their heads and began to sink ţe slunce postupuje dál a pomalu zapadá towards the far horizon, but Altheda za
kopec,
ale
Altheda
pokračovala
walked faster and harder than any of rychleji a tvrději neţ kdokoliv jiný a them, and exhorted the others to follow vyzývala ostatní, aby ji následovali, her example, though she moved no v domnění, ţe se posunou ještě víc ke further up the enchanted hill.
kouzelnému kopci.
“Courage, friends, and do not yield!” she „Odvahu, cried, wiping the sweat from her brow.
přátelé,
nevzdávejte
to!“
vykřikovala a sama si utírala pot z čela.
As the drops fell glittering on to Jak kapičky potu padaly na zem, nápis, the earth, the inscription blocking their bránící jim v pokračování, zmizel, a tak path vanished, and they found that they mohli opět pokračovat směrem nahoru. were able to move upwards once more. Delighted by the removal of this second Překonání druhé překáţky je tak potěšilo, obstacle,
they
hurried
towards ţe spěchali k cíli tak rychle, jak jim síly
the summit as fast as they could, until stačily, dokud nezahlédli Fontánu, třpytící at last they glimpsed the Fountain, se jako krystal v květinovo-stromovém glittering like crystal in a bower of altánku. flowers and trees. Before they could reach it, however, they Ale neţ se k ní dostali, přišli k potoku, 21
came to a stream that ran round který se táhl kolem kopce a bránil jim the hilltop, barring their way.
v cestě.
In the depths of the clear water lay Na dně v té průzračné vodě leţel hladký a smooth stone bearing the words:
kámen nesoucí tato slova:
Pay me the treasure of you past.
Zaplať mi pokladem Tvé minulosti.
Sir Luckless attempted to float across Sir Smolař se pokusil přeplavat potok na the stream on his shield, but it sank.
svém štítu, ale ten šel ke dnu.
The three witches pulled him from Čarodějky ho vytáhly z vody, a kdyţ the water, then tried to leap the brook viděly, ţe slunce zapadá níţ a níţ, themselves, but it would not let them pokusily se pak přeskočit potok samy, ale cross, and all the while the sun was ten je nenechal. sinking lower in the sky. So they fell to pondering the meaning of A tak všichni začali přemýšlet, co asi the stone´s message, and Amata was zpráva napsaná na kameni znamená a jako the first to understand.
první to pochopila Amata.
Taking her wand, she drew from her Pomocí
hůlky
si
z hlavy
vytáhla
mind all the memories of happy times vzpomínky na šťastné chvíle se svým she had spent with her vanished lover, zmizelým milencem a upustila je do vody. and dropped them into the rushing waters. The
stream
and stepping
swept stones
them appeared,
away, Pramen je odhodil stranou, z hlubin se and vynořila lávka z kamenů, a tři čarodějky
the three witches and the knight were s rytířem se konečně dostali na vrchol able to pass at last on to the summit of kopce. the hill. The Fountain shimmered before them, Před nimi se třpytila Fontána Štěstěny, set amidst herbs and flowers rarer and obklopená bylinami a květinami mnohem more beautiful than any they had yet vzácnějšími a krásnějšími, neţ jaké kdy seen.
předtím viděli.
The sky burned ruby, and it was time to Obloha se začínala červenat, bylo načase decide which of them would bathe.
rozhodnout, kdo z nich se ponoří do Fontány.
Before they could make their decision, Avšak 22
neţ
se
stačili
rozhodnout,
however, frail Asha fell to the ground. Exhausted
by
their
struggle
slaboulinká Asha omdlela. to Vyčerpaná z cesty k cíli, byla blízko
the summit, she was close to death.
k smrti.
Her three friends would have carried her Její tři přátelé jí chtěli pomoci do to the Fountain, but Asha was in mortal Fontány, ale Asha strašlivě trpěla a agony and begged them not to touch her.
prosila je, aby se jí nedotýkali.
Then Altheda hastened to pick all those A tak Altheda spěchala nasbírat bylinky, herbs
she
thought
most
hopeful, které by mohly pomoci, smíchala je
and mixed them in Sir Luckless´s gourd s vodou a nalila lektvar Ashe do úst. of water, and poured the potion into Asha´s mouth. At once, Asha was able to stand.
V mţiku se Asha mohla postavit.
What was more, all symptoms of her A co víc, všechny příznaky hrozivé dread malady had vanished.
nemoci byly tytam.
“I am cured!” she cried.
„Jsem vyléčená!“ křičela.
“I have no need of the Fountain – let „Uţ Fontánu nepotřebuji – nechme Altheda bathe!”
vykoupat Althedu!“
But Altheda was busy collecting more Ale Altheda sbírala a sbírala další herbs in her apron.
bylinky do zástěry.
“If I can cure this disease, I shall earn „Kdyţ umím vyléčit tuto nemoc, můţu si gold aplenty! Let Amata bathe!”
tím vydělávat zlato! Nechte vykoupat Amatu!“
Sir Luckless bowed, and gestured Amata Sir Smolař se uklonil a pokynul Amatě towards the Fountain, but she shook her směrem k Fontáně, ale ona zatřásla head.
hlavou.
The stream had washed away all regret Všechen ţal ze ztráty milence odnesla for her lover, and she was now that he voda z potoka, teď uţ věděla o jeho had been cruel and faithless, and that it krutosti a nevěrnosti a byla ráda, ţe se ho was happiness enough to be rid of him.
zbavila.
“Good sir, you must bathe, as a reward „Pane, jako odměnu za Vaši rytířskost, for all your chivalry!” she told Sir vykoupejte se!“ řekla Siru Smolařovi. Luckless. So the knight clanked forth in the last A tak v posledních paprscích zapadajícího 23
rays of the setting sun, and bathed in slunce rytíř vykročil vpřed a vykoupal se the Fountain of Fair Fortune, astonished ve Fontáně Štěstěny, ohromen, ţe byl that he was the chosen one of hundreds vybrán ze stovek dalších, radostí celý bez and giddy with his incredible luck.
sebe, jaké měl neuvěřitelné štěstí.
As the sun fell below the horizon, Sir Jak Slunce klesalo za obzor, Sir Smolař se Luckless emerged from the waters with vynořil z vody a ve slávě svého triumfu the glory of his triumph upon him, and padl ve svém rezavém brnění k nohám flung himself in his rusted armour at Amaty,
která
byla
tou
nejhodnější
the feet of Amata, who was the kindest a nejkrásnější ţenou, jakou kdy spatřil. and most beautiful woman he had ever beheld. Flushed with success, he begged for her Omámen úspěchem, ţádal o její ruku a hand and her heart, and Amata, no less srdce a potěšená Amata si uvědomila, ţe delighted, realised that she had found je to muţ, který je jí hoden. a man worthy of them. The three witches and the knight set off Tři čarodějky a rytíř sestoupili z kopce down the hill together, arm in arm, and společně ruku v ruce, ţili dlouhé a šťastné all four led long and happy lives, and ţivoty, aniţ by věděli nebo tušili, ţe none of them ever knew or suspected Fontána Štěstěny nemá vůbec ţádné that the Fountain´s waters carried no kouzelné vlastnosti. enchantment at all. The Warlock´s Hairy Heart
Čarodějovo chlupaté srdce
There was once a handsome, rich Byl and talented
young
warlock,
jednou
jeden
krásný,
bohatý
who a talentovaný mladý čaroděj, který viděl,
observed that his friends grew foolish ţe jeho přátelé, kdyţ se zamilovali, tak when they fell in love, gambolling zhloupli, začali dovádět, šlechtit se, and preening, losing their appetites and ztratili chuť k jídlu a svoji důstojnost. their dignity. The young warlock resolved never to fall Mladý čaroděj byl odhodlaný nikdy prey to such weakness, and employed nepropadnout takové slabosti, a tak se Dark Arts to ensure his immunity.
očaroval
černou
ochraňovala. 24
magií,
aby
ho
Unaware of his secret, the warlock´s Jeho rodina o tajemství nevěděla a tak se family laughed to see him so aloof smála, kdyţ viděla, jak je odměřený and cold.
a chladný.
“All will change,” they prophesied, „Všechno se změní, jen co ho políbí “when a maid catches his fancy!”
krásná panna.“ Říkali si.
But the young warlock´s fancy remained Ale fantazie mladého čaroděje zůstala untouched.
nedotčena.
Though many a maiden was intrigued by Ačkoli mnoho dívek bylo fascinováno his haughty mien, and employed her jeho povýšeným chováním, snaţily se ho most subtle arts to please him, none potěšit, jak nejlépe uměly, ale ani jedna succeeded in touching his heart.
ho u srdce nezahřála.
The warlock gloried in his indifference Čaroděj and the sagacity that had produced it.
si
liboval
ve
své
roli
nedobytného.
The first freshness of youth waned, Mládí ubíhalo, a čarodějovi vrstevníci se and the warlock´s peers began to wed, začali ţenit a mít děti. and then to bring forth children. “Their hearts must be husks,” he sneered „Jejich srdce musí být zaslepená,“ ušklíbl inwardly, as he observed the antics of se v duchu, kdyţ pozoroval mladé rodiče, the young
parents
around
him, jak
dovádějí,
„ztrhaná
těmi
všemi
“shrivelled by the demands of these poţadavky jejich spratků!“ mewling offspring!” And once again he congratulated himself A opět chválil sám sebe, jak zmoudřel upon the wisdom of his early choice.
velice brzy.
In due course, the warlock´s aged S přibývajícím věkem, čarodějovi staří parents died.
rodiče zemřeli.
Their son did not mourn them; on Syn ale vůbec netruchlil, ba naopak, the contrary,
he
considered
himself myslel si, ţe mu bylo smrtí rodičů
blessed by their demise.
poţehnáno.
Now he reigned alone in their castle.
A tak začal na zámku vládnout sám.
Having
transferred
his
greatest Srdce – svůj největší poklad – zamknul
treasure to the deepest dungeon, he gave do nejhlubšího ţaláře, a tím si zabezpečil himself over to a life of ease and plenty, bezstarostný a hojný ţivot, o jeho pohodlí his comfort the only aim of his many se starali sluţebníci. 25
servants. The warlock was sure that he must be Čaroděj si byl jistý, ţe musí být an object of immense envy to all who předmětem obrovské závisti pro všechny, beheld his splendid and untroubled kdo solitude.
spatřili
jeho
ohromnou
a
bezstarostnou samotu.
Fierce were his anger and chagrin, Krutý byl jeho hněv a zklamání, kdyţ therefore, when he overheard two of his jednoho dne slyšel své dva lokaje, jak se lackeys discussing their master one day.
baví o svém pánu.
The first servant expressed pity for První sluha vyjádřil lítost k čarodějovi, the warlock who, with all his wealth který sice byl bohatý a silný, ale nikým and power, was yet beloved by nobody.
nemilovaný.
But his companion jeered, asking why Druhý sluha se však posmíval a ptal se, a man with so much gold and a palatial jak je moţné, ţe tak bohatý muţ castle to his name had been unable s honosným zámkem a jménem nebyl to attract a wife.
schopný přilákat ţenu.
Their words dealt dreadful blows to Jejich slova uštědřila čarodějově pýše the listening warlock´s pride.
velkou ránu.
He resolved at once to take a wife, Rozhodl se, ţe se oţení a vezme si tu and that she would be a wife superior nejlepší ţenu ze všech. to all others. She would possess astounding beauty, Měla by být ohromně krásná, vzbudit exciting envy and desire in every man závist a touhu u kaţdého muţe, který ji who beheld her; she would spring spatří, pocházet z kouzelnického rodu, from magical lineage, so that their a zdědit offspring
would
inherit
obrovitánské
kouzelné
dary,
outstanding a měla by být bohatá jako je on, aby měli
magical gifts; and she would have wealth stále zajištěné pohodlí včetně pohodlí ve at least equal to his own, so that his své domácnosti. comfortable existence would be assured, in spite of additions to his household. It might have taken the warlock fifty Mohlo to trvat 50 let, neţ by čaroděj našel years to find such a woman, yet it so takovou ţenu, ale stalo se, ţe den po jeho happened that the very day after he rozhodnutí přijela do sousedství panna, decided to seek her, a maiden answering která odpovídala jeho poţadavkům. 26
his
every
wish
arrived
in
the
neighbourhood to visit her kinsfolk. She was a witch of prodigious skill Byla to čarodějka úţasných schopností se and possessed of much gold.
spoustou zlata.
Her beauty was such that it tugged at Její krása byla tak mocná, ţe lámala srdce the heart of every man who set eyes všem muţům, kteří na ni jen pohlédli, on her; of every man, that is, except one.
všem, kromě jednoho.
The warlock´s heart felt nothing at all.
Čarodějovo srdce bylo studené jako led.
Nevertheless, she was the prize he Nicméně ona byla ta pravá, kterou hledal, sought, so he began to pay her court.
a tak se jí začal dvořit.
All who noticed the warlock´s change Všichni, kdo si povšimli čarodějovy in manner were amazed, and told the změny v chování, byli ohromeni a říkali té maiden that she had succeeded where krásné čarodějce, ţe tam, kde uspěla ona, a hundred had failed.
stovka dalších selhala.
The young woman herself was both Mladá ţena byla sama fascinována, ale fascinated and repelled by the warlock´s zároveň attentions.
odpuzována
čarodějovou
pozorností.
She sensed the coldness that lay behind Cítila chlad za jeho vřelými lichotkami, the warmth of his flattery, and had never nikdy nepotkala nikoho tak zvláštního met a man so strange and remote.
a odtaţitého.
Her kinsfolk, however, deemed theirs Nicméně její příbuzní je povaţovali za a most
suitable
match
and,
eager příhodný pár a dychtivě jejich vztah
to promote it, accepted the warlock´s podporovali, a proto přijali pozvání na invitation to a great feast in the maiden´s bál, který se pořádal na počest panny. honour. The table was laden with silver and gold Stůl zdobily stříbrné a zlaté podnosy bearing the finest wines and most a poháry obsahující nejlepší víno a sumptuous foods.
vybraná jídla.
Minstrels strummed on silk-stringed Potulní pěvci hráli na hedvábně-strunné lutes and sang of a love their master had loutny a zpívali o lásce, kterou jejich pán never felt.
nikdy necítil.
The maiden sat upon a throne beside Panna seděla na trůně vedle čaroděje, the warlock, who spoke low, employing který ji tiše říkal slova něhy naučená 27
word of tenderness he had stolen from z básniček, bez nejmenšího tušení, co the poets, without any idea of their true znamenají. meaning. The maiden listened, puzzled, and finally Panna v rozpacích naslouchala a pak replied, “You speak well, Warlock, and I pravila: „Mluvíš krásně, čaroději, a tvojí would be delighted by your attentions, if pozorností bych byla uchvácena, kdybych only I thought you had a heart!”
si myslela, ţe máš srdce!“
The warlock smiled, and told her that she Čaroděj se usmál a řekl jí, ţe o tohle se need not fear on the score.
bát nemusí.
Bidding her follow, he led her from Nabídl jí doprovod a odvedl ji z hostiny the feast, and down to the locked pryč, dolů do uzamčeného ţaláře, kde dungeon where he kept his greatest drţel svůj největší poklad. treasure. Here, in and enchanted crystal casket, Tady, v začarované truhle z krystalů, was the warlock´s beating heart.
bylo čarodějovo tlukoucí srdce.
Long since disconnected from eyes, ears Dávno ukryto před lidským zrakem, and fingers, it had never fallen prey nikdy nepodlehlo kráse, zvukům hudby to beauty, or to musical voice, to the feel nebo doteku hedvábné pleti. of silken skin. The maiden was terrified by the sight Panna
se
při
pohledu
na
scvrklé
of it, for the heart was shrunken and a dlouhými černými vlasy zarostlé srdce covered in long black hair. “Oh,
what
have
you
vyděsila. done?”
she „Ach, co jsi to provedl?“ bědovala.
lamented. “Put it back where it belongs, I beseech „Dej ho tam, kam patří, snaţně tě you!”
prosím!“
Seeing that this was necessary to please Viděl, ţe to bylo nezbytné, aby ji potěšil, her,
the
warlock
drew
his
wand, a tak vzal hůlku, odemknul truhlu
unlocked the crystal casket, sliced open z krystalů, nařízl svá vlastní prsa a umístil his own breast and replaced the hairy chlupaté srdce do toho prázdného místa, heart in the empty cavity it had once kde uţ jednou bylo. occupied. “Now you are healed and will know true „Teď jsi vyléčený a poznáš pravou 28
love!” cried the maiden, and she lásku!“ zvolala panna a sevřela ho embraced him.
v náruči.
The touch of her soft white arms, Dotek jejích hebkých bílých paţí, zvuk the sound of her breath in his ear, jejího dechu v jeho uších, vůně těţkých the scent of her heavy gold hair: all zlatavých vlasů: všechno probodlo znovu pierced the newly awakened heart like probuzené srdce jako kopí. spears. But it had grown strange during its long Ale během svého dlouhého vyloučení exile, blind and savage in the darkness vyrostlo podivně, slepě a hrubě v temnotě, to which it had been condemned, and its ke které bylo odsouzeno, a jeho chuť se appetites
had
grown
powerful probouzela v silnou a zvrhlou.
and perverse. The guests at the feast had noticed Hosté si všimli odchodu svého hostitele the absence of their host and the maiden.
a panny z hostiny.
At first untroubled, they grew anxious as Zprvu byli klidní, ale jak hodiny ubíhaly, the hours passed, and finally began rostla v nich nervozita a nakonec začali to search the castle. They
found
the
prohledávat hrad. dungeon
at
last, Kdyţ přišli do ţaláře, naskytl se jim
and a most dreadful sight awaited them strašlivý pohled. there. The maiden lay dead upon the floor, her Panna
leţela
na
podlaze
mrtvá
breast cut open, and beside her crouched s rozříznutou hrudí a vedle ní se krčil the mad warlock, holding in one bloody šílený čaroděj, v krvavé ruce drţel velké, hand a great, smooth, shining scarlet hladké, červeně zářící srdce, které líbal, heart, which he licked and stroked, hladil a chtěl ho zaměnit za to svoje. vowing to exchange it for his own. In his other hand, he held his wand, V druhé ruce drţel hůlku a snaţil se trying to coax from his own chest the dostat scvrklé, chlupaté srdce ven z hrudi. shrivelled, hairy heart. But the hairy heart was stronger than he Ale chlupaté srdce bylo silnější neţ on, was, and refused to relinquish its hold odmítalo se vzdát vlády nad jeho smysly upon his senses or to return to the coffin a vrátit se zpátky do truhly, ve které bylo in which it had been locked for so long.
tak dlouho uvězněno. 29
Before the horror-struck eyes of his Před zděšenýma očima hostů odhodil guests, the warlock cast aside his wand, čaroděj svoji hůlku a chopil se stříbrné and seized a silver dagger.
dýky.
Vowing never to be mastered by his own
Snaţil se vysekat srdce z hrudi ven,
heart, he hacked it from his chest.
přísahal si totiţ, ţe se jím nikdy nenechá ovládnout.
For one moment, the warlock knelt V tu chvíli čaroděj vítězoslavně poklekl, triumphant, with a heart clutched in each srdce sevřené v rukou, padl přes tělo hand; then he fell across the maiden´s panny a zemřel. body, and died. Babitty Rabbitty and her Cackling Ušatá pradlenka Madlenka a skřehotavý Stump
pařez
A long time ago, in a far-off land, there Před dávnými časy, v daleké předaleké lived a foolish king who decided that he zemi, ţil byl hloupý král, který se rozhodl, alone should have the power of magic.
ţe by chtěl ovládat sílu čar a kouzel.
He therefore commanded the head of his A proto rozkázal generálovi své armády, army to form a Brigade of Witch- aby vytvořil skupinu Lovců čarodějnic, Hunters, and issued them with a pack of kterou vybaví smečkou divokých černých ferocious black hounds.
psů.
At the same time, the King caused V tu samou dobu byla vydána králem proclamations to be read in every village listina do kaţdé vesnice a města napříč and town across the land: “Wanted by zemí, na které stálo: „Král hledá učitele the King, and Instructor in Magic.”
magie.“
No true witch or wizard dared volunteer Ţádná pravá čarodějka ani čaroděj se for the post, for they were all in hiding neodváţili dobrovolně přihlásit na toto from the Brigade of Witch-Hunters.
místo, protoţe se všichni schovávali před Lovci čarodějnic.
However, a cunning charlatan with no Avšak šanci zbohatnout uviděl lstivý magical power saw a chance of enriching šarlatán bez kouzelnických schopností himself, and arrived at the palace, a rozjel se do paláce, kde prohlašoval, ţe claiming to be a wizard of enormous je 30
kouzelníkem
s mimořádnými
skill.
schopnostmi.
The charlatan performed a few simple Šarlatán předvedl několik jednoduchých tricks, which convinced the foolish King triků, kterými přesvědčil hloupého krále o of
his
magical
powers,
and
was své
kouzelné
immediately appointed Grand Sorcerer jmenován
síle,
a
velitelem
okamţitě
velkých
byl
mudrců
in Chief, the King´s Private Magic a královým soukromým učitelem magie. Master. The charlatan bade the King give him Šarlatán vybídnul krále, aby mu dal a large sack of gold, so that he might obrovský
pytel
zlata
ke
koupi
purchase wands and other magical kouzelnických hůlek a dalších nezbytností necessities.
pro čarování.
He also requested several large rubies, Poţádal také o několik velkých rubínů, to be used in the casting of curative které
měly
poslouţit
k vytvoření
charms, and a silver chalice or two, léčebných zaklínadel, a jeden či dva for the storing and maturing of potions.
stříbrné kalichy na uchovávání a zrání lektvarů.
All these things the foolish King Král mu všechny tyto věci poskytnul. supplied. The charlatan stowed the treasure safely A tak šarlatán bezpečně uloţil poklad in
his
own
house
and
returned ve svém domě a vrátil se zpátky do
to the palace grounds.
paláce.
He did not know that he was being Nevěděl
však,
ţe
byl
pozorován
watched by an old woman who lived in stařenou, která ţila v chatrči na okraji a hovel on the edge of the grounds.
královské zahrady.
Her name was Babbitty, and she was Její
jméno
bylo
Madlenka
a
byla
the washerwoman who kept the palace to pradlenka, která udrţovala prádlo v linens soft, fragrant and white.
paláci měkoučké, voňavoučké a čistě bílé.
Peeping from behind her drying sheets, Vykukující za schnoucími prostěradly, Babbitty saw the charlatan snap two Madlenka viděla šarlatána, jak utrhl dvě twigs from one of the King´s trees větvičky z jednoho z králových stromů and disappear into the palace.
a ztratil se s nimi v paláci.
The charlatan gave one of the twigs to Šarlatán dal jednu z větviček králi a ujistil 31
the King and assured him that it was ho, ţe je to hůlka s ohromnou magickou a wand of tremendous power.
sílou.
“It will only work, however,” said „Jestli jste toho hoden,“ pravil šarlatán, the charlatan,” when you are worthy „hůlka bude fungovat.“ of it.” Every
morning
the foolish
King
the
charlatan
walked
out
and Kaţdé ráno vycházeli šarlatán a hloupý into král
na
zahradu,
mávali
hůlkami
the palace grounds, where they waved a vykřikovali hlouposti do nebes. their wands and shouted nonsense at the sky. The charlatan was careful to perform Šarlatán byl opatrný, aby předvedl více more tricks, so that the King remained triků a král zůstal přesvědčený nejen convinced of his Grand Sorcerer´s skill, o jeho schopnostech Velkého Mudrce, ale and of the power of the wands that had i o síle hůlky, která ho stála mnoho zlata. cost so much gold. One morning, as the charlatan and Jednoho rána, kdyţ se šarlatán a hloupý the foolish King were twirling their král točili se svými hůlkami, poskakovali twigs, and hopping in circles, and v kruhu a pokřikovali nesmyslná říkadla, chanting meaningless rhymes, a loud ke cackling reached the King´s ears. Babbitty
the
washerwomen
královým
uším
dolehlo
hlasité
skřehotání. was Madlenka pradlenka pozorovala krále a
watching the King and the charlatan šarlatána z okna své malé chatrče a smála from the window of her tiny cottage, and se tak silně, aţ se jí podlomila kolena, was laughing so hard she soon sank out byla příliš slabá na to, aby stála. of sight, too weak to stand. “I must look most undignified, to make „Musím vypadat nedůstojně, kdyţ se mi the old washerwoman laugh so!” said the ta stará pradlenka tak směje!“ řekl král. King. He ceased his hopping and twig twirling, Přestal poskakovat a mávat větvičkou and frowned.
a zamračil se.
“I grow weary of practise! When shall I „Uţ mne unavuje cvičit! Kdy budu be ready to perform real spells in front připraven předvést opravdové zaklínadlo of my subjects, Sorcerer?”
před svými poddanými, Mudrci?“ 32
The charlatan tried to soothe his pupil, Šarlatán se snaţil uklidnit svého ţáka, assuring him that he would soon be ujišťoval ho, ţe brzy bude schopný capable of astonishing feats of magic, úţasných
kouzelnických
but Babbitty´s cackling had stung the Madlenčino
skřehotání
výkonů,
ale
probodávalo
foolish King more than the charlatan hloupého krále víc, neţ si šarlatán myslel. knew. “Tomorrow,” said the King, “we shall „Zítra,“ řekl král, „pozveme náš dvůr, aby invite our court to watch their King se podívali, jak jejich král kouzlí!“ perform magic!” The charlatan saw that the time had Šarlatán věděl, ţe teď přišel čas vzít come to take his treasure and flee.
poklad a utéct.
“Alas, Your Majesty, it is impossible! I „Ţelbohu, Vaše Výsosti, to není moţné! had forgotten to tell Your Majesty that I Já jsem Vám zapomněl říct, Vaše Výsosti, must set out on a long journey tomorrow ţe zítra musím odjet na dlouhou cestu – “ –“ “If you leave this palace without my „Mudrci, jestliţe opustíš palác bez mého permission,
Sorcerer,
my
Brigade svolení, moji Lovci čarodějnic tě i se
of Witch Hunters will hunt you down svými psy chytí! Zítra ráno mi budeš with their hounds! Tomorrow morning pomáhat s předváděním kouzel, abychom you will assist me to perform magic for potěšili mé šlechtice a dvorní dámy, a the benefit of my lords and ladies, and if jestli se mi někdo bude smát, dám ti anybody laughs at me, I shall have you useknout hlavu!“ beheaded!” The King stormed back to the palace, Král se vyřítil zpátky do paláce a nechal leaving the charlatan alone and afraid.
vystrašeného šarlatána samotného.
Not all his cunning could save him Teď už ho jeho mazanost nezachrání, now, for he could not run away, nor nemohl ani utéct pryč, ani pomoci králi could he help the King with magic that s kouzlením. neither of them knew. Seeking a vent for his fear and his anger, Hledaje, jak vypustit svůj strach a vztek, the charlatan approached the window přišel of Babbitty the washerwoman.
šarlatán
k oknu
pradlenky
Madlenky.
Peering inside, he saw the little old lady Koukal dovnitř a viděl, jak malá stará 33
sitting at her table, polishing a wand.
ţena sedí u stolu a leští hůlku.
In a corner behind her, the King´s sheets Za ní v rohu se v neckách samo pralo were washing themselves in a wooden královo prádlo. tub. The charlatan understood at once that Šarlatán pochopil, ţe Madlenka je pravá Babbitty was a true witch, and that she čarodějka, a ţe kdyţ mu tak zavařila, who had given him his awful problem tak by mu mohla i pomoci. could also solve it. “Crone!” roared the charlatan.
„Babizno!“ zařval šarlatán.
“Your cackling has cost me dear! If you „Tvoje skřehotání mě přišlo draho! Jestli fail to help me, I shall denounce you se ti nepodaří mi pomoci, udám tě jako as a witch, and it will be you who is torn čarodějnici a budeš to ty, kdo bude apart by the King´s hounds!”
roztrhán královými psy.“
Old Babbitty smiled at the charlatan Stará Madlenka se na šarlatána usmála and assured him that she would do a ujistila ho, ţe udělá všechno, co bude everything in her power to help.
v jejích silách, aby mu pomohla.
The charlatan instructed her to conceal Šarlatán jí nařídil, aby se ukryla v křoví, herself inside a bush while the King gave aţ bude král předvádět kouzla, a kouzlila his magical display, and to perform místo něj. the King´s spells for him, without his knowledge. Babbitty agreed to the plan but asked one Madlenka souhlasila s plánem, ale měla question.
jednu otázku.
“What, sir, if the King attempts a spell „Pane, a co kdyţ se král pokusí o Babbitty cannot perform?”
zaříkadlo,
které
Madlenka
neumí
předvést?“ The charlatan scoffed.
Šarlatán se Madlence vysmál.
“Your magic is more than equal to that „Tvoje
magie
je
více
neţ
rovná
fool´s imagination,” he assured her, s představou toho hlupáka,“ ujistil ji and he retired to the castle, well pleased a vrátil se zpátky do paláce, opět potěšen with his own cleverness.
svojí chytrostí.
The following morning all the lords Následujícího rána se shromáţdili všichni and ladies of the kingdom assembled šlechticové a dvorní dámy z království 34
in the palace grounds.
na zahradě.
The King climbed on to a stage in front Král vylezl na jeviště se šarlatánem po of them, with the charlatan by his side.
svém boku.
“I shall firstly make this lady´s hat „Nejprve nechám zmizet klobouk této disappear!” cried the King, pointing his dámy!“ twig at a noble-woman.
vykřikoval
král
a
namířil
kouzelnou hůlku na šlechtičnu.
From inside a bush nearby, Babbitty Z nedalekého křoví namířila Madlenka pointed her wand at the hat and caused it svoji hůlku na klobouk a nechala ho to vanish. Great
zmizet. was
the
astonishment Veliký byl úţas a obdiv davu, hlasitý byl
and admiration of the crowd, and loud potlesk pro jásajícího krále. their applause for the jubilant King. “Next, I shall make that horse fly!” cried „Dále nechám támhle toho koně létat!“ the King, pointing his twig at his own vykřikoval král a mířil hůlkou na svého steed.
koně.
From inside the bush, Babbitty pointed Z křoví namířila Madlenka svoji hůlku her wand at the horse and it rose high na koně a ten se vznesl vysoko do into the air.
vzduchu.
The crowd was still more thrilled Dav byl ještě nadšenější a ohromenější and amazed,
and
they
roared
their a křičel své uznání směrem ke kouzlícímu
appreciation of their magical King.
králi.
“And now,” said the King, looking all „A teď,“ řekl král a hledal okolo nějaký around for an idea; and the Captain of nápad; kapitán Lovců čarodějnic mu his
Brigade
of
Witch-Hunters
ran přispěchal na pomoc.
forwards. “Your Majesty,” said to Captain, “this „Vaše Výsosti,“ pravil kapitán, „dnes very morning, Sabre died of eating ráno zemřel Sabr, kdyţ snědl jedovatou a poisonous toadstool! Bring him back to muchomůrku! Přiveďte ho Vaší hůlkou life, Your Majesty, with your wand!”
zpět k ţivotu, Vaše Výsosti!“
And the Captain heaved on to the stage A the
lifeless
body
of
the
of the witch-hunting hounds.
kapitán
vyzvedl
bezvládné
tělo
largest největšího psa Lovců čarodějnic na jeviště.
The foolish King brandished his twig Hloupý král začal mávat hůlkou a mířit na 35
and pointed it at the dead dog.
mrtvého psa.
But inside the bush, Babbitty smiled, Ale uvnitř křoví se Madlenka usmála a and did not trouble to lift her wand, for ani se nesnaţila pozvednout svoji hůlku, no magic can raise the dead.
protoţe dobře věděla, ţe ţádná magie nemůţe probudit mrtvého.
When the dog did not stir, the crowd Dav si začal šepotat a pak smát, kdyţ se began first to whisper, and then to laugh.
pes nepohnul.
They suspected that the King´s first two Mysleli si, ţe první dva královy kousky feats had been mere tricks after all.
byly pouhými triky.
“Why doesn´t it work?” The King „Proč to nefunguje?“ ječel král na screamed
at
the
charlatan,
who šarlatána, který rozmýšlel, jak se dostat
bethought himself of the only ruse left to z této zapeklité situace. him. “There,
Your
Majesty,
there!”
he „Tam,
Vaše
Výsosti,
tam!“
křičel
shouted, pointing at the bush were a ukazoval na křoví, kde seděla ukrytá Babbitty sat concealed.
Madlenka.
“I see her plain, a wicked witch who is „Zřetelně ji vidím, zlou čarodějnici, která blocking your magic with her own evil blokuje Vaše kouzlení svými vlastními spells! Seize her, somebody, seize her!”
zlými zaříkadly! Chyťte ji někdo, chyťte ji!“
Babbitty
fled
from
the
bush, Madlenka
and the Brigade of Witch-Hunters set off čarodějnic
prchala ji
in pursuit, unleashing their hounds, who s vypuštěnými bayed for Babbitty´s blood.
z křoví
začali psy,
a
Lovci
pronásledovat
kteří
prahli
po
Madlenčině krvi.
But as she reached a low hedge, the little Ale malá čarodějka přeskočila nízký ţivý witch vanished from sight, and when plot a ztratila se jim z dohledu. Kdyţ pak the King,
the
charlatan
and
all král, šarlatán a dvořané přelezli na druhou
the courtiers gained the other side, they stranu, našli smečku psů štěkajících found the pack of witch-hunting hounds a škrábajících na letitý strom. barking and scrabbling around a bent an aged tree.
36
“She has turned herself into a tree!” „Proměnila se ve strom!“ křičel šarlatán, screamed the charlatan and, dreading lest a protoţe se děsil, ţe by se mohla vrátit Babbitty turn back into a woman do lidské podoby a obvinit ho, dodal: and denounce him, he added, “Cut her „Pokácejte ho, Vaše Výsosti, to je ta down, Your Majesty, that is the way správná to treat evil witches!”
cesta,
jak
zacházet
se
zlými čarodějnicemi!“
An axe was brought at once, and the old Sekerou udeřili jednou a letitý strom byl tree
was
felled
to
loud
cheers pokácen za hlasitého jásotu dvořanů
from the courtiers and the charlatan.
a šarlatána.
However, as they were making ready Avšak kdyţ se připravovali na návrat to return to the palace, the sound of loud do paláce, na jejich cestě je zastavil zvuk cackling stopped them in their tracks. “Fools!”
cried
Babbitty´s
hlasitého skřehotání.
voice „Hlupáci!“
from the stump they had left behind.
Křičel
Madlenčin
hlas
z pařezu, který tam zůstal.
“No witch or wizard can be killed by „Ţádná čarodějka ani čaroděj nemůţe být being cut in half!
zabit rozseknutím na dvě poloviny!
Take the axe, if you do not believe me, Jestli and cut the Grand Sorcerer in two!”
mi
nevěříte,
vezměte
sekeru
a přesekněte Velkého Mudrce!“
The captain of the Brigade of Witch- Kapitán Lovců čarodějnic byl dychtivý Hunters
was
eager
to
make to ihned vyzkoušet, ale kdyţ pozvedl
the experiment, but as he raised the axe sekeru, šarlatán padl na kolena, doţadoval the charlatan fell to his knees, screaming se smilování a přiznával všechny svoje for
mercy
and
confessing
all
his špatnosti.
wickedness. As he was dragged away to the Kdyţ byl odvlečen do ţaláře, pařez dungeons, the tree stump cackled more zaskřehotal hlasitěji neţ kdy jindy: loudly than ever. 37
“By cutting a witch in half, you have „Rozpůlením čarodějky jste rozpoutali unleashed a dreadful curse upon your strašlivé prokletí Vašeho království!“ řekl kingdom!” it told the petrified King.
zkamenělému králi.
“Henceforth, every stroke of harm that „Od této chvíle kaţdý bolestivý úder, you inflict upon my fellow witches který způsobíte čarodějkám a čarodějům, and wizards will feel like an axe stroke budete cítit, jako by sekera udeřila do vás, in your own side, until you will wish you do té doby, neţ si budete přát svoji vlastní could die of it!”
smrt!“
At that, the King fell to his knees too, Na to padl na kolena i král a řekl pařezu, and told the stump that he would issue ţe by pro jednou vydal prohlášení a proclamation at once, protecting all o ochraně všech čarodějek a čarodějů the witches and wizards of the kingdom, z království a dovolil jim vykonávat čáry and allowing them to practise their a kouzla v míru. magic in peace. “Very good,” said the stump, “but you „Velmi dobře,“ řekl pařez, „ale dosud jste have not yet made amends to Babbitty!” “Anything,
anything
at
all!”
neodškodnil Madlenku!“
cried „Cokoliv, cokoliv!“ zvolal hloupý král,
the foolish King, wringing his hands lomící rukama před pařezem. before the stump. “You will erect a statue of Babbitty upon „Postavíte me,
in
memory
washerwoman,
and
sochu
Madlenky,
jako
of
your
poor vzpomínku vaší chudé pradlenky a jako
to
remind
you připomínku vaší vlastní hlouposti!“ řekl
for ever of your own foolishness!” said pařez. the stump. The
King
agreed
to
it
at
once, Král najednou souhlasil a slíbil, ţe zapojí
and promised to engage the foremost nejpřednější sochaře v zemi a postaví sculptor in the land, and have the statue sochu celou z čistého zlata. made of pure gold. Then
the
the noblemen
shamed
King
and
women
and
all Pak se zostuzený král a všichni jeho
returned poddaní vrátili zpět do paláce a nechali
to the palace, leaving the tree stump skřehotající pařez být. cackling behind them. When the grounds were deserted once Kdyţ byly pozemky opuštěné, z díry mezi 38
more, there wriggled from a hole kořenem a pařezem se vykroutil statný between the roots of the tree stump a a zarostlý starý králík s hůlkou mezi zuby. stout and whiskery old rabbit with a wand clamped between her teeth. Babbitty hopped out of the grounds Madlenka
vyhopsala
pryč,
daleko
and far away, and ever after a golden z království, a od té doby stála na pařezu statue of the washerwoman stood upon zlatá socha pradlenky a ţádná čarodějka the tree stump, and no witch or wizard ani
čaroděj
was ever persecuted in the kingdom pronásledováni. again.
39
uţ
nebyli
v království
3 Theoretical Part The Theoretical Part of this Bachelor thesis is concentrated on translation as the term and on its way of translating. It is divided into several chapters where it is mentioned what translation actually is, the way of translating and what a good translator should have. It also deals with the issues of equivalence. This part is based on thoughts and knowledge of famous translators and experts which are important for every either new or experienced translator.
3.1 The term translation According to Hatim and Munday, commercial translation as well as literary is an activity that is growing phenomenally in today´s globalized world. It has a huge effect on everyday life. (Hatim and Munday 3) Bell (4) points out that “the linguist inevitably approaches translation from a “scientific” point of view, seeking to create some kind of “objective” description of the phenomenon”. Munday (5) points out that translation as the term has several meanings as referring to the general subject field, the text that has been translated also called the product or the process or act of producing the translation also known as translating. Newmark (5) defines translation as rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.
3.1.1 Categories of translation Jakobson (114) divides translation onto three categories: -
Intralingual translation = rewording. It is e. g. rephrasing an expression or text in the same language to explain something what was said or written.
-
Intersemiotic translation = transmutation. It would occur if a written text were translated e. g. into music, painting or films.
-
Interlingual translation = translation proper. It is the traditional translation, focus on translation studies. 40
3.2 A translator According to Bell, all communicators are translators who receive signals containing messages encoded in a communication system which is not identical with their own. (Bell 52) However, the translator has been also defined as a “bilingual mediating agent between monolingual communication participants in two different language communities”. (qtd. in Bell 53) To be a good translator, it is needed to have a flair for own language with combination of intelligence, intuition, sensitivity and knowledge. (Newmark 4)
3.2.1 The translator´s knowledge and skills Bell (36) points out that the translator´s knowledge has to contain: -
Target language knowledge
-
Text-type knowledge
-
Source language knowledge
-
Subject area knowledge
-
Contrastive knowledge
3.3 Process of translating As it was already mentioned, a good translator has to have for translating a good sense of language and needs to be a good reader. While translating, it is important to have four levels in mind. First of all, an adequate level of the source language (SLT) is needed, then the referential level which is an essential part of comprehension and then reproduction process. Another of those four levels is the way of thinking and feeling about the SL text – cohesive level which also cover the both comprehension and reproduction process and the last one is the level of naturalness which is concerned only with reproduction. (Newmark 19) While according to Levý, there are the three phases of the translating process. The first one is understanding of a draft which requires a translator as a good reader. Secondly, it is an interpretation of a draft and the last one is a restyling of a draft. (Levý 41
50, translated by MS3) Finally, by creating the reflection of the text in the mind of the reader the process of perception ends. (Levý 47, translated by MS) Knittlová points out that the modern attitudes in the Anglo-Saxon world are focused more on the process of which the product is result. Firstly, the Anglo-Saxon concentrate on macro attitude (macrotext) such as cultural environment, historic and local fitting, facts or life and institutions, author´s relation to the topic and to the reader, type of the text and function of the text. Secondly, there is a microtext processing which is focused on concrete individualities, grammatical structures and their lexical meanings, thus, all of this creates final text. (Knittlová 27, translated by MS4) However, many theorists think that explanation, interpretation and reformulation make main idea of translation than transformation of words, thus, the role of language is secondary and it is just a vector or carrier of thought. (Newmark 75)
3.4 The product The product is actually the final version of translation. Hickey (5) considers a translation firstly, as a product of its culture and its time and secondly, the product is critical and evaluative.
3.5 Translation of Prose Although, a lot of translators and the books with translation theory are mostly focused on how to translate poems, Susan Bassnett (119) points out that it has not been really mentioned how to translate a prose. It is maybe true that translating poems could be harder than translating a prose. On the other hand, translators of a prose has a more complex task to do in particular cultural and linguistic difference. (Ray 57) Belloc points out that the translator should have a moral responsibility to the original text but also the translator has the right to alter the text in the translation process providing better stylistic and idiomatic norms into target language. (qtd. in Bassnett 126) The prime unit, in this case, is the text must be understood in a dialectical relationship with other texts and located within a specific historical context.
3 4
Translated by Monika Svítilová Translated by Monika Svítilová
42
(Bassnett 126) Translator should, firstly, determine the function of the Source language and then try to find adequate solution of function in Target language. (Bassnett 128)
3.6 Equivalence The possibility of conversion of entire information from target language into source language, even if there are differences of grammatical system of both language, is called equivalence. (Knittlová 7, translated by MS5) “Text in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent), in respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc.) and at different ranks (word-forword, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).” (Sperber, Wilson qtd. in Bell 6) However, Bell (7) points out if the translator picks literal translation – word-for-word – the translation might be criticized as “ugliness”. The translator should also focuses on other aspects of the text not just the lexical or semantic meaning of the words. The target text should function in all aspects – factual meaning (denotative, referential), connotative (expressive, associational) and pragmatic. (Knittlová 7, translated by MS) Catford (27) defines a textual translation equivalent as it is actually any target language text which is observed to be the equivalent of a given source language text.
3.6.1 Aspects of equivalence House (30) divided the “meaning” which is important for translation into 3 categories. A semantic aspect of meaning A pragmatic aspect of meaning A textual aspect of meaning
5
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43
However, Knittlová (39) adds into the semantic components three types of equivalence. The first is Absolute equivalence which contents basic words fund i. e. parts of the body, people around, things and objects that surround us, animals and so on. It is actually an appellation with denotative meaning e. g. eye - oko, window – okno, roof – střecha, tree – strom. (Knittlová 40, translated by MS). The second one, according to Knittlová (42-43), is Partial equivalence which is divided into formal equivalence, semantic denotative equivalence, semantic connotative equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. (translated by MS) And the last one is no-equivalence. It means that there is not a Czech equivalent e. g. names (Harry: Harry), countries (Ohio: Ohio). On the other hand, the word can be adapted (Aunt Gastonia: teta Gastónie), borrowed (software, hardware) or left (jar of her walking: její krok). (Knittlová 113 – 114, translated by MS6)
6
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44
4 Analysis In this part of the Bachelor thesis I focus on analysing of my translation. I discuss the problems which appeared during my translating. First of all, I read the tales in both Czech and English really attentively. Then I study the theory of translation and translating. Where I have ready that translation is actually an art. I tried to keep that in mind and focused on free translation, not translation word-for-word. While I was translating, I highlighted words and expressions which I had problem with or which were somehow important for the right translation. These expressions are analysed and explained in this part of thesis. Also I connect them with thoughts of famous theorists and translators. This part is divided into several parts. Firstly, I deal with the titles and proper names contained in the book. Then I searched expressions which explain lexical and pragmatic aspects of this translation.
4.1 Translating Titles “The title should sounds attractive, allusive, suggestive, even if it is a proper name, and should usually bear some relation to the original, if only for identification.” (Newmark 56) Newmark (57) divides translating titles into descriptive titles which describe the topic of the text, and allusive titles which have some kind of metaphorical relationship to the topic of the text. J.K. Rowling´s title
Medek´s title
The Tales of Beedle the Bajky barda Beedleho
My titles Pověsti básníka Beedleho
Bard
“The Tales of Beedle the Bard” is an official English title of the above translated book. Medek translated this title into Czech as “Bajky barda Beedleho” which, according to Newmark, is a descriptive title. Firstly, I have to mention that not every child of primary school could know who “bard” is. 45
“Bard is a poet, traditionally one reciting epics and associated with a particular oral tradition.” (Hobson 42) “Bard” is actually a person who collects and/or composes some poets or tales and tells them to other people. Into Czech “bard” could be translated also as “pěvec, básník”. However, “Pověsti básníka Beedleho” sounds rather peculiar to me. So, I decided to leave Medek´s title as it is more precise and nicer title than the versions I thought about. According to Levý (140), the title is not just a title of a whole book but also of chapters, in this case of individual tales. J. K. Rowling The
Wizard
Pavel Medek and
the Čaroděj a skákající hrnec
Monika Svítilová Čaroděj a hopsající hrnec
Hopping Pot The
Fountain
of
Fair Fontána příznivé sudby
Fontána štěstěny
Fortune The
Warlock´s
Hairy Mágovo chlupaté srdce
Čarodějovo chlupaté srdce
Heart Babitty Rabbitty and her Králice Alice a chechtavý Ušatá Madlenka pradlenka Cackling Stump
pařez
a skřehotavý pařez
As I know Medek´s translated titles very well it was really hard not to copy them and think about something new and more precise. While translating those titles, firstly I focused on individual words of titles and translated them. However, thinking about plot of a tale and connecting it with a title is also really important for getting a good title. So secondly, I was thinking how to connect a plot and title together. And finally, the J. K. Rowling´s official titles are playful, full of puns and also e. g. “Babitty Rabbitty” is without Czech meaning. The first tale “The Wizard and the Hopping Pot” automatically gave me the translation “čaroděj”. However, the word “hopping” has many translations to Czech. It could be “skákající, poskakující” but I chose a word “hopsající” as it is really 46
imaginable. Moreover, the word “hopping” with the word “hopsající” sound similar as they both starts on letter “h”, so it could be taken as puns. A challenge of translating the tale “Babitty Rabbitty” and her Cackling Stump” was taken by Medek very cleverly. Therefore non-equivalent “Babitty Rabbitty” takes me plenty of time to think about something much better. My translation “Ušatá Madlenka pradlenka a skřehotající pařez” has either connection with the text and maintenance the wordplay or puns. As it is written in the story above, Madlenka was a washerwomen, therefore I used “pradlenka” which is also a rhyme to “Madlenka”. “Ušatá” is because of changing herself into image of a rabbit. To mention also “Cackling Stump” here I agree with translation of Medek as “chechtavý pařez” fulfils all functions – context and also lexical translation. However, I wanted to make it more emphatic and stronger and therefore I used “skřehotavý pařez”.
4.2 No-equivalence No-equivalence according to Knittlová (113), means that there is no Czech equivalent or word of the English expression e. g. “Babitty Rabbitty, Amata, Sabre” and so on.
4.2.1 Proper names According to Newmark, in fairy tales and children´s stories the names should be translated. In this case, as it is showed below, I did not translated the names of the three witches from the tales “The Fountain of Fair Fortune” as it is good to show the cultural differences and I just used the declension e.g. “were angry with Amata” into “byli naštvané na Amatu”. Whereas, I translated “Sir Luckless” into “Sir Smolař” as importance of contextual meaning. The name “Smolař” shows that “Sir Smolař” was not a lucky man and everybody knew it. Asha and Altheda were angry with Asha a Altheda byli naštvané na Amatu, Amata, who had accidentally brought která s sebou omylem vzala i rytíře. along the knight. Now, Sir Luckless, as the knight was Sir Smolař, jak ho nazývali v zemi za known in the land outside the walls, zdmi, si povšimnul, ţe to jsou čarodějky, a 47
observed that these were witches, and, protoţe neuměl kouzlit a čarovat a neměl having no magic, nor any great skill at ani ţádné skvělé vlastnosti, jako například jousting or duelling with swords, nor bojovat s mečem i bez něj a ani nic anything that distinguished the non- dalšího, v čem by vynikal jako obyčejný magical man, was sure that he had no hope smrtelník, si byl jistý, ţe nemůţe porazit beating the three women to the Fountain.
tři ţeny před Fontánou.
4.3 Partial equivalence Knittlová (41) points out that Czech and English are languages differing in typological, cultural, historical, geographical and moreover in phraseology, colocations and even differently take place on axis of rationality and emotionality. (translated by MS)
4.3.1 Multi-words x one-word expression According to Knittlová (42), English language has more multi-words expressions which is analytic, whereas, Czech language is more synthetic, i. e. one-word expressions. Czech appellation is expressed by word-forming of base of word. It means that English multi-words expression could be translated into Czech as one-word expression. (translated by MS7) That very night a peasant woman Právě knocked on the front door.
v tu
noc
zaťukala
na
dveře
venkovanka.
And he slammed the door in the old A prásknul dveřmi před nosem stařeny. women´s face. An old man stood on the doorstep.
Na prahu stál staříček.
These examples show that translating from English multi-words into Czech oneword sound more natural and pragmatic than e. g. translating it as “starý muž” or “vesnická žena”. By changing prefix or suffix we could show the attitude of the word e. g. “Stařík, stařenka”. 7
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48
Moreover, translation of verbs with added mark, which show the analytic English, is in Czech mostly expressed by one-word expression but with changing its prefix. No matter if it is meaning of space, direction or intensity. (Knittlová 43, translated by MS8) Together, they set off back to the wizard´s Společně se vraceli do čarodějova domu, house, the pot´s footstep muffled at last.
konečně hrnec hopsal potichu.
Asha and Altheda were angry with Amata, Asha a Altheda byli naštvané na Amatu, who had accidentally brought along která s sebou omylem vzala i rytíře. the knight. Halfway up the steep slope, however, they Avšak v polovině strmého kopce narazili came across words cut into the ground na vrytá slova do země. before them.
On the other hand, the multi-words expressions could appear also in Czech language where some intensification is need. (Knittlová 44, translated by MS) The wizard could not sleep or eat with Čaroděj nemohl ani spát a ani jíst the pot beside him, but the pot refused s hrncem za zády, ale hrnec ne a ne odejít to leave, and he could not silence it or a on ho nemohl utišit, nebo zastavit. force it to be still. “Now you are healed and will know true „Teď jsi vyléčený a poznáš pravou lásku!“ love!”
cried
the
maiden,
and
she zvolala panna a sevřela ho v náruči.
embraced him.
4.3.2 Explicitness – Implicitness Explicitness manifests more amount of information explicitly expressed in form of level of language, it means that one language has more information than the other one. There are some appellation which are require or, on the other hand, could be omitted. Sometimes it leads to the longer target text. (Knittlová 44, translated by MS9)
8 9
Translated by Monika Svítilová Translated by Monika Svítilová
49
Minstrels strummed on silk-stringed lutes Potulní pěvci hráli na hedvábně-strunné and sang of a love their master had never loutny a zpívali o lásce, kterou jejich pán felt.
nikdy necítil.
The table was laden with silver and gold Stůl zdobily stříbrné a zlaté podnosy bearing
the
finest
wines
and
most a poháry
sumptuous foods.
obsahující
nejlepší
víno
a vybraná jídla.
“Their hearts must be husks,” he sneered „Jejich srdce musí být zaslepená,“ ušklíbl inwardly, as he observed the antics of se v duchu, kdyţ pozoroval mladé rodiče, the young parents around him, “shrivelled jak by the
demands
of
these
dovádějí,
„ztrhaná
těmi
všemi
mewling poţadavky jejich spratků!“
offspring!” The son cursed his father´s age-softened Syn proklínal myšlení svého starého otce a mind, then threw the slipper back into třísknul bačkoru do kotlíku, přesvědčen, ţe the cauldron, resolving to use it henceforth od teď to bude koš. as a rubbish pail. A
fragment
of
parchment
within Na kousíčku pergamenu uvnitř bačkory
the slipper bore the words “In the fond stálo: „Pevně věřím, můj synu, ţe ji nikdy hope, my son, that you will never need. “
nebudeš potřebovat.“
4.3.3 Specifications The most common semantic difference between lexical unit in the English text and Czech text is that some of them contain some extra semantic component. The translator can add information which is given from context or on the other hand, information which explains the text. (Knittlová, 47-48, translated by MS) Specification is especially used while translating verbs from English into Czech. Knittlová in her book “Překlad a překládání” (48, Translated by MS10) mentions the verb “go” which has several equivalents in Czech e. g. “jít, jet, odjet, vyrazit, štrádovat si to”. Generally the verb “go, come” are the most using verbs, nevertheless, in this book there are not many cases. So I searched the verb “cry” in the past tense which I translated as “zařval, vykřikoval, křičel”. On the other hand, this verb could also mean “plakat, brečet” but in this case the context is different. 10
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50
“Begone!“ cried the son.
„Pryč!“ zařval syn.
“Courage, friends, and do not yield!” she „Odvahu,
přátelé,
nevzdávejte
to!“
cried, wiping the sweat from her brow.
vykřikovala a sama si utírala pot z čela.
“I am cured!” she cried.
„Jsem vyléčená!“ křičela.
However, in other word classes there are not many cases of adding the semantic component. In some of them it could be added the specific information or the emotional component. (Knittlová 58, translated by MS11) The wizard lit his wand and opened the Čaroděj si posvítil hůlkou, otevřel dveře, a door, and there, to his amazement, he saw tam, k jeho údivu, uviděl otcův starý hrnec his father´s old cooking pot: it had sprouted na vaření: vyrašila mu jedna mosazná noha, a single foot of brass, and was hopping on hopsal na místě uprostřed místnosti a na the spot, in the middle of the floor, making kamenné dlažbě vydával hrozný zvuk. a fearful noise upon the flagstones. Clang, clang, clang, went the brass-footed „Břink, břink, břink,“ řinčel jednonohý pot, and the wizard had not even started his hrnec a čaroděj nestačil dojíst ani svoji porridge when there came another knock ovesnou kaši, kdyţ někdo zaťukal na dveře. on the door. The crowd surged forward, each of them Čarodějky a čarodějové i ostatní lidé se shrieking their claim for the Fountain´s drali dopředu a všichni vykřikovali své benison.
nároky na poţehnání od Fontány.
”My baby is grievously ill,” she said.
„Moje děťátko je těţce nemocné,“ řekla.
4.3.4 Generalization Reduction of semantic components e. g. generalization, increasing levels of abstraction, substitution of specific words is in case of English language toward Czech language less frequent. (Knittlová 59, translated by MS) In this example I translated “dittany” as “bylinky” because I think that pupils do not know what actually “třemdava” is. So I avoided it by using its hypernym. I also would not say that it is not important for readers to know what kind of herbs it is. 11
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Inside one house the little girl´s warts Malé dívce zmizely bradavice přes noc; vanished as she slept; the lost donkey was ztracená oslice se vrátila z vřesoviště Summoned from a distant briar patch zpátky do stáje; nemocné děťátko bylo and set down softly in its stable; the sick vyléčeno bylinkami a probuzeno do baby was doused in dittany and woke, růţova vyspané. well and rosy.
4.3.5 Semantic connection – contiguity Contiguity is semantic connection where the basic semantic component is not changed but differential semantic features differ without their adding or removing. (Knittlová 60, translated by MS12) And he slammed the door in the old A prásknul dveřmi před nosem stařeny. woman´s face.
In this example I would like to show what contiguity is. The expression “the old woman´s face” could be translated as “před obličejem staré ženy”. However, it is not really the right Czech expression therefore I preferred translation “před nosem stařeny”. The specificity is nearly on the same level but meaning is not the same. (Knittlová 60, translated by MS)
4.3.6 Expressive connotation Contemporary translators prefer functional translation than to philological. Since it is more readable, fluent, idiomatic etc. Translators take the advantage of rich Czech language. (Knittlová 64, translated by MS) Emotionally neutral expressions correspond with counterpart of Czech diminutives. The translator has the choice of using rational or on the other hand emotional equivalent. (Knittlová 64 – 65, translated by MS) As I wanted to make the text more readable, I used emotional expressions somewhere.
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”My baby is grievously ill,” she said.
„Moje děťátko je těţce nemocné,“ řekla.
The sun rose higher and higher in the sky, Sluníčko na obloze postupovalo výš a výš and Asha, despairing, began to weep. The
three
witches
and
the
a Asha začala ze zoufalství plakat.
knight Společně stoupali dál, ale připadalo jim, ţe
continued to climb, but though they jdou hodiny a hodiny, a navíc nepostoupili walked for hours more, they advanced not ani o krok; vrcholek nebyl o nic blíţ a a step; the summit came no nearer, and nápis leţel pořád před nimi. still the inscription lay in the earth before them.
On the other hand, the Czech diminutives are also important as they denote things which are smaller than normal. In English this semantic component could be seen from the context. (Knittlová 65, translated by MS13) Peeping from behind her drying sheets, Vykukující za schnoucími prostěradly, Babbitty saw the charlatan snap two twigs Madlenka viděla šarlatána, jak utrhl dvě from one of the King´s trees and větvičky z jednoho z králových stromů a disappear into the palace.
ztratil se s nimi v paláci.
Upon the father´s death, the son found Krátce po otcově smrti našel syn uvnitř hidden inside the old cooking pot a small starého hrnce na vaření schovaný malý package bearing his name.
balíček se svým jménem.
He opened it, hoping for gold, but found Otevřel ho, doufaje ve zlato, ale místo toho instead a soft, thick slipper, much too našel měkkou, teplou a moc malou small to wear, and with no pair.
bačkůrku, a ještě k tomu jen jednu.
A fragment of parchment within the Na kousíčku pergamenu uvnitř bačkory slipper bore the words “In the fond hope, stálo: „Pevně věřím, můj synu, ţe ji nikdy my son, that you will never need. “
nebudeš potřebovat.“
Those examples show that it was crucial for me to emphasize how small the twigs, package, slipper and fragment were.
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Addressing is also a part of the expressive connotation. According to Knittlová (70), it can be complimentary addressing which expresses positive attitude from speaker to addressee. (translated by MS) As in the book there is not so much addressing, I chose just one where I wanted to express that the wizard´s attitude of hate to the Pot has been changed. So the wizard addressed the Pot in a good way. “Well, Pot?” asked the trembling wizard, „V pořádku, hrníčku?“ zeptal se třesoucí as the sun began to rise.
se čaroděj, kdyţ začalo svítat.
Secondly, I selected expressions of addressing where a speaker has reverence for an addressee. Although English language has not the polite form of addressing, which is in Czech expressed by “Vy, Vám”, it is important to distinguish it in our translation. It means that instead of using “Tvoje Výsosti” in expression “Your Majesty” we have to take polite form into consideration. We use “Vaše Výsosti” as the King is honoured and revere person. The polite form of addressing is also “sir”. Of course, I could have left there Czech expression “sire” as pupils probably know what it is but it seemed to me rather ridiculous. “Good sir, you must bathe, as a reward for „Pane, jako odměnu za Vaši rytířskost, all your chivalry!” she told Sir Luckless.
vykoupejte se!“ řekla Siru Smolařovi.
“Alas, Your Majesty, it is impossible! I „Ţelbohu, Vaše Výsosti, to není moţné! had forgotten to tell Your Majesty that I Já jsem Vám zapomněl říct, Vaše Výsosti, must set out on a long journey tomorrow – ţe zítra musím odjet na dlouhou cestu – “ “ “My granddaughter is afflicted by a crop „Vnučka je celá posetá bradavicemi, of warts, sir,“ she told him.
pane,“ řekla.
Other examples below show that addressing can be also negative. However, this book is meant for children so it was not so difficult to find some equivalent. Expression “Fools” could be also translated as “blázni, pošetilci” but I decided to translate it as “Hlupáci” because it emphasizes the context.
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“Crone!” roared the charlatan.
„Babizno!“ zařval šarlatán.
“Fools!” cried Babbitty´s voice from the „Hlupáci!“
Křičel
Madlenčin
stump they had left behind.
z pařezu, který tam zůstal.
“Faint heart!” she chided him.
„Slabochu!“ vyčinila mu.
hlas
Knittlová (70) points out that interjections are conventional symbols of human emotions, words of strong emotional sense. Primary interjection lacks a denotative value of the word. (translated by MS14) My translation of the second example “Oh” into “Ach” is really simple as it is literal expression. However, the first example “Clang” was tough to me. Clang means in Czech “břinkat, řinčet”. Medek translated this as “Klink” which sounds quite nice. On the other hand, I cannot really imagine the sound. And that is why I translated this as “Břink”. 1
Clang, clang, clang, went the brass- „Břink,
břink,
břink,“
řinčel
footed pot, and the wizard had not jednonohý hrnec a čaroděj nestačil even started his porridge when there dojíst ani svoji ovesnou kaši, kdyţ came another knock on the door. 2
někdo zaťukal na dveře.
“Oh, what have you done?” she „Ach, co jsi to provedl?“ bědovala. lamented.
Secondary derived interjections can keep their portion of their original denotative meaning which is heavily prevailed by connotative meaning. It is rather about words and phrases with interjectional function. This expressions might be taken as “curse”. However, some experts think about this issues as it is “vulgarism”. Generally, a speaker takes a negative view of a situation. (Knittlová 71-72, translated by MS) “Alas, Your Majesty, it is impossible! I „Želbohu, Vaše Výsosti, to není moţné! had forgotten to tell Your Majesty that I Já jsem Vám zapomněl říct, Vaše Výsosti, must set out on a long journey tomorrow – ţe zítra musím odjet na dlouhou cestu – “
14
Translated by Monika Svítilová
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“ “Disgusting object!“ he cried, and he tried „Fuj, hnus!“ zakřičel a pokusil se vyhnout firstly to Vanish the pot, then to clean it by hrnci, pak ho vyčistit pomocí kouzel a magic, and finally to force it out of the nakonec ho vypudit z domu. house.
4.3.7 Pragmatic equivalence Translators should pay attention to different linguistic and extralinguistic speaker´s experience of source and target language. Moreover, they should make available and give an idea of facts and experience of language community of source language to target language. (Knittlová 92, translated by MS) We can add information into translation where there is some non-understandable information for our readers. Especially, in cases where our readers do not know any appellation the translators can add a general classifier. (Knittlová 92, translated by MS) 1
Minstrels strummed on silk-stringed Potulní pěvci hráli na hedvábnělutes and sang of a love their master strunné loutny a zpívali o lásce, kterou had never felt.
2
jejich pán nikdy necítil.
As the drops fell glittering on to the Jak kapičky potu padaly na zem, nápis, earth, the inscription blocking their bránící jim v pokračování, zmizel, a tak path vanished, and they found that mohli opět pokračovat směrem nahoru. they were able to move upwards once more.
3
Inside one house the little girl´s warts Malé dívce zmizely bradavice přes noc; vanished as she slept; the lost donkey ztracená oslice se vrátila z vřesoviště was Summoned from a distant briar zpátky do stáje; nemocné děťátko bylo patch and set down softly in its stable; vyléčeno bylinkami a probuzeno do the sick baby was doused in dittany růţova vyspané. and woke, well and rosy.
4
The wizard lit his wand and opened Čaroděj si posvítil hůlkou, otevřel the door, and there, to his amazement, dveře, a tam, k jeho údivu, uviděl otcův he saw his father´s old cooking pot: it starý hrnec na vaření: vyrašila mu jedna had sprouted a single foot of brass, mosazná 56
noha,
hopsal
na
místě
and was hopping on the spot, in the uprostřed místnosti a na kamenné middle of the floor, making a fearful dlažbě vydával hrozný zvuk. noise upon the flagstones.
English version of the example 1 “Minstrel” actually means “a medieval singer or musician, esp. one who sang or recited lyric or heroic poetry to a musical accompaniment for the nobility”. (Hobson 278) So it means that we cannot really translate it as “pěvci”. We have to add the information “potulní” as it completes the expression. “Potulní” also gives to a reader the idea that it is medieval time and bring him to the right vision. In my opinion, in example 3 there is also added information as the source text mention just “donkey” but it does not say the sex of the donkey. It is not really important to know that the donkey is a female and a reader knows it probably from the context before. I found quite nice the expression “oslice”. On the other hand, we can also omit some information. If the expression needs generalization, the specifying semantic component can be omitted. (Knittlová 93, translated by MS) 5
In a corner behind her, the King´s Za ní v rohu se v neckách samo pralo sheets were washing themselves in a královo prádlo. wooden tub.
6
The son cursed his father´s age- Syn proklínal myšlení svého starého softened mind, then threw the slipper otce a třísknul bačkoru do kotlíku, back into the cauldron, resolving to use přesvědčen, ţe od teď to bude koš. it henceforth as a rubbish pail.
7
“My granddaughter is afflicted by a „Vnučka je celá posetá bradavicemi, crop of warts, sir,“ she told him.
pane,“ řekla.
In the example 5 the expression “wooden” has been omitted as it is not really needed to say what kind of tub it is. In my opinion, in Czech we do not have any other “necky” than wooden. Moreover, every children from primary school will imagine the typical old Czech “tub”. However, in the example 6 we can translate “a rubbish 57
pail” more generally into “koš” which expresses everything what is necessary. “Pail” could be translated as “vědro” but connection of these two translated words is not really reasonable as it would be “odpadkové vědro” which I cannot really imagine.
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Conclusion In this thesis I discussed the problem of translating a book The Tales of Beedle the Bard. Firstly, it must be said that the work on this thesis was really enjoyable but also a big challenge for me. As we know Pavel Medek is a celebrity in the world of translation so it was not an easy task. His translation of the book is excellent. However, it was great to become for some time the part of the magic world and find words and expression which could express enough the story, feelings, thoughts etc. The practical part of this thesis contents my translation of four fables. The choice of fables was clearly to me from the beginning. The last fable is skipped as it is the most famous one and every child who knows Harry Potter also knows this fable. So there are the less known fables which I want to introduce more to children from primary school. The theoretical part deals with both the terminology of translation and equivalence as well as the analyses of my translation. The terminology of translation and translating was covered for several reasons. Firstly, it is important to follow professional translators and experts´ pieces of advice, secondly, it helped me during my translation follow up rules and last but not least theory is never enough. In the fourth part I analysed my translation. The aim was to find the examples which refill the theory of Dagmar Knittlová and Peter Newmark. The examples of my analysis showed there that it is possible to find different equivalents which are more readable for readers of all ages. I also found out that Pavel Medek had his translation really elaborated. As it is a book written for children, the style of language is quite easy. Although the grammar and the vocabulary are not so difficult and quite understandable for them, I found expressions of which I had to think longer and much deeper. For example, it would be great to know how pupils would deal with the most mentioned expression “Babbitty Rabbitty”. Also the pragmatic aspects of language would be good to observe e. g. I dealt with expressions relating to the magic world. Becoming a newly-qualified teacher brings some responsibility of doing something interesting for children. Something what can educate them, motivate them and entertain them. In my opinion, all these options are covered in translation. 59
Moreover, there are not many fables in the Czech Republic. In my opinion, the word “fable” is getting to be more archaic for children and it is replaced by series, TV shows and comics. The most famous writer of fables was Ezop who put to his stories animals with human characters. However, not many children read or even know Ezop. But Harry Potter captivated the world, those books are read by people in all ages and of course, they attracts people´s attention. In the future, children will learn about J. K. Rowling and Harry Potter and it will be definitely translated more than once. Therefore, this thesis can be used as a base for new translators and translation.
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5 Bibliography Printed: Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. 4th ed. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2014. Print. Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman, 1991. Print. Catford, John Cunnison. A Linguistic Theory of Translation an Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford UP, 1965. Print. Das, Bijay. Handbook of Translation Studies. S.l.: Atlantic, 2005. Print. Hatim, B., and Jeremy Munday. Translation an Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2004. Print. Hickey, Leo. The Pragmatics of Translation. Clevedon [England: Multilingual Matters, 1998. Print Hobson, Archie. The Oxford Dictionary of Difficult Words. Oxford University Press Pbk. ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2004. Print. House, Juliane. Translation Quality Assessment: A Model Revisited 1997. Print.
: G. Narr,
Jakobson, Roman. On Linguistic Aspects of Translation. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1959. Print. Knittlová, Dagmar. Olomouci,
, 2010. Print.
Levý, Jiří. Umění překladu. Nakladatelství Miroslav Pošta – Apostrof. Praha, 2012. Print Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2008. Print. Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice-Hall International, 1988. Print. Ray, Mohit Kumar. Studies in Translation. 2nd Rev. and Enl. ed. New Delhi: Atlantic & Distributors, 2008. Print. 61
Sperber, Dan, and Deirdre Wilson. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. Print.
Web Sources: Bezr, Ondřej. "Zemřel Pavel Medek. Naučil česky Harryho Pottera i drsné detektivy IDNES.cz." IDNES.cz. 3 Feb. 2015. Web. 26 Mar. 2015. Grimm, Laura. "J. K. Rowling Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television. Web. 29 Mar. 2015. Radio Prague. Special Tribute to Top Czech Translator Pavel Medek. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. Rowling, J. K. J. K. Rowling. 2012. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. Rowling, J. K. The Tales of Beedle the Bard. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. Sklenář, Jan. "Pavel Medek, Překladatel Harry Pottera, Červeného Trpaslíka a Kojaka." Pavel Medek, překladatel Harry Pottera, Červeného Trpaslíka a Kojaka. Web. 26 Mar. 2015.
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