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Mycotoxins and Animal Nutrition Trouw Nutrition Hifeed
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Apakah mycotoxins ? Mycotoxins adalah racun , sisa metabolite jamur
Fungi spores
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Apakah mycotoxins ? •Bijian •Jagung •Kacang tanah •Bahan baku dari tumbuhan yg lain Mudah terinfeksi jamur. Kelembaban dan panas mempengaruhi pertumbuhan jamur yg memperoduksi mikotoksin Silo – silo di daerah tropis memiliki mikroklimate yang ideal untuk pertumbuhan jamur, karena adanya proses kondensasi yang diakibatkan oleh tingginya fluktuasi temperatur sepanjang hari.
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Fungi growth in silo’s Distribusi kelembaban dalam Silo : 1. Evaporasi pada siang hari (saat temperatur tinggi ) 2. Kondensasi saat malam hari saat temperatur rendah
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3. 1.
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3. Jamur tumbuh karena akumulasi kelambaban pada bagian atas.
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Jenis mycotoxins Terdapat spesies jamur yang berbeda , yg menghasilkan 5 group mikotoksin. •Aflatoxins •Zearalenone •Trichothecenes •Fumonisins •Ochatroxin A
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Effek masuknya mycotoxin Mikotoksin menghambat berbagai efek biologis dalam tubuh hewan setelah ia masuk : • Keracunan hati dan ginjal • Kegagalan system syaraf utama • Menyebabkan problem fertilitas dan reproduksi Efek biologis terlihat dalam berbagai tingkatan tergantung pada Jumlah mikotoksin yang masuk
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Effek dari keracunan Kerugian Pada ternak Phase 4: Kematian Phase 3: Gejala klinis kerusakan terget organ yg spesifik dengan type mikotoksin yg mengkontaminasi Phase 2: Kejadian penyakit meningkat (secondary infections) karena immune suppresion
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Phase 1: Penurunan produktivitas; pertum Buhan lambat, penurunan produksi, Immune suppression.
Tingkat kontaminasi mikotoksin
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SOLUSI : Detoxifikasi Terdapat 2 prinsip detoxifikasi: 1. Toxin-binding 2. Enzymatic breakdown Keduanya diterapkan untuk mikotoksin yang berbeda.
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1. Toxin-binding • Didasarkan pada polaritas elektrik toksin. • Toxin akan diikat oleh toxin binders untuk mencegah absorbsi yg dilakukan oleh saluran cerna.
TOX.
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2. Enzymatic breakdown • Berdasarkan konversi enzimatik toksin
TOX.
TOX.
ENZYME
TOX.
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TOX.
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Kapan dan harus menggunakan apa..??? Dua prinsip detoksifikasi seharusnya digunakan pada situasi yang benar. Binding/ Pengikatan : • Digunakan untuk Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A, karena sifat electric polarity toksin Enzymatic breakdown: • Digunakan untuk mykotoksin yg lain. (Zearalenone, Trichothecenes, Fumonisins)
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Presence of toxins in the world
Aflatoxins 14
Others
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What products can Trouw Nutrition offer you? Mengatasi aflatoxins dan ochratoxins:
Mengatasi semua Mycotoksin :
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What is
?
• Nama Generic Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) • Lebih spesifik , dikenal sebagai Calcium Montmorillonite • Sumber mineral alami ; Menggunakan teknologi yg tepat, ketersediaan, ditambang, diproses dgn teliti • Produk akhir memiliki luas permukaan internal > 1,000 meter-persegi per gram
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How does Novasilplus work? • When it’s in solution; I.e. when taken in by the animal • (left picture) Scanning electron micrograph of product (a spongelike PSC that binds aflatoxins in the GI tract of animals) 4,500 x
• The interaction with Calcium (metal ion) in the interlamellar region, being the major part of the adsorption of mycotoxins to the Novasilplus Îformation of a chelate
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SITES OF AfB ADSORPTION TO NOVASILPLUS 11
Basal surface
Edge site Interlayer surface
Edge site
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DOCKING AND CHELATION OF AFB AT METAL EDGE SITES IN NOVASILPLUS 11
Aflatoxin B1 Chemical structure O
O CH3
M O
O
AfB1 H
O
Novasilplus
H O Chelation of metal ions in Novasil by the β-dicarbonyl moiety in AfB
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MOLECULAR VISUALIZATION OF PROPOSED EDGE SITE MECHANISM
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Kenapa
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Penelitian independent telah membuktikan bahwa NovaSil plus adalah binder aflatoxin terbaik di dunia...
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Novasil/Novasilplus Researches
(1)
Animal Mycotoxin Type
Research Type
Who did it
What Publication
Chickens
Aflatoxin B1, up to 3.5ppm & Ochratoxin A1 up to 2ppm
In Vivo USDA/University trials
Dr. TD Phillips – TAMU Dr. LF Kubena, Kubena, Dr. RB Harvey & Dr. WE Huff – USDA
1992 Poultry Science 71; 646469
Chickens
Aflatoxin B1, up to 3.5ppm & DAS up to 5ppm
In Vivo USDA/University trials
Dr. TD Phillips – TAMU Dr. LF Kubena et al – USDA Dr. GE Rottinghaus – University of Missouri
1993 Poultry Science 72; 515159
Chickens
No mycotoxin contamination
In Vivo University trials; check if any negative effects from addition of Novasil to diets
Dr. DH Baker & Dr. TK Chung – University of Illinois
J. Anim. Anim. Sci. Sci. 1990; 68: 199219921998
Chickens
Aflatoxin B1 up to 3.5ppm
In Vivo USDA/University trials; also to check if any negative effects from addition of Novasil to diets with Virginiamycin
Dr. TD Phillips – TAMU Dr. LF Kubena et al – USDA
1995 Poultry Science 74; 626626632
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Novasil/Novasilplus Researches (2) Animal Mycotoxin Research Type Type
Who did it
What Publication
Studies In Vitro & then In Vivo studies with Chickens
Alfatoxin B1, up to 7.5ppm
Radioactivity labeled markers for adsorption tests; in vitro (TLC) and in vivo
Dr. Timothy Phillips – TAMU Dr.Leon Kubena & Dr. Roger Harvey – USDA
!988 Poultry Science 67; 243243-247 Vet. Hum Toxicol 32 (Supplement) 1990; 1515-19 Natural Toxins 3; 204204-213 (1995) The Toxicology of Aflatoxins; Aflatoxins; 383383-406
Chickens
Aflatoxin B1 up to 7.5ppm
In Vivo USDA/ University trials
Dr. Timothy Phillips, Dr. DE Corrier & Dr. WE Huff – TAMU Dr. LF Kubena & Dr. RB Harvey – USDA
1990 Poultry Science 69; 727727-735
Chickens
Aflatoxin B1 up to 5ppm
In Vivo USDA/ University trials
Dr. TD Phillips & Dr. BA Clement – TAMU Dr. LF Kubena & Dr. RB Harvey – USDA
1993 Poultry Science 72; 651651-657
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Novasil/Novasilplus Researches
(3)
Animal Mycotoxin Research Type Type
Who did it
What Publication
Chickens
Aflatoxin B1, up to 3.5ppm & TT-2 toxin (T(T2) up to 8ppm
In Vivo USDA/University trials
Dr. TD Phillips – TAMU Dr. LF Kubena et al – USDA Dr. GE Rottinghaus – University of Missouri
1990 Poultry Science 69; 107810781086
Turkeys
Aflatoxin, Aflatoxin, up to 1ppm
In Vivo USDA/University trials
Dr. TD Phillips – TAMU Dr. LF Kubena et al – USDA
1991 Poultry Science 70; 182318231830
Mink
Zearalenone up to 20ppm
In Vivo University trials
SJ Busian, Busian, RJ Aulerich, Aulerich, JK Cameron, NK Ames & BA Steficek – Michigan State University
Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 12(2); 8585-90 (1990)
Lambs
Aflatoxin up to 2.6ppm
In Vivo USDA/University trials
Dr. TD Phillips et al – TAMU Dr. LF Kubena et al – USDA
American Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol. 52, No. 1; 152152-156 (January 1991)
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Unmatched binding capacity Publicated by Dr. Pimdukdee of the Khon Kaen University Thailand in “Thailand Feed and Livestock” December 2003
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There are too many products in the market, how to make a good choice? • What’s the material; Kaolin, Zeolite, Sodium Bentonite or Calcium Montmorillonite? • Is the mine(s) and processing plant(s) known? • How much researches, especially In-Vivo ones, had been done? • How much have the products passed experts’ previews? – What Journal Publications?
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PREVENTION PREVENTION OF OF HEPATOTOXICITY HEPATOTOXICITY IN IN CHICKS CHICKS BY BY HSCAS HSCAS
AfB1 (7.5 ppm)
AfB1 + 0.5% HSCAS
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Adsorption of aflatoxins in the gastrointestinal tract and decrease in bioavailability to the blood and tissues. 27
References: Phillips, T.D. et al. (1988). Poult. Sci. 67:243-247. Phillips, T.D. et al. (1994). Toxicology of Aflatoxins, Academic Press, pp. 383-406.
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AFLATOXIN-INDUCED AFLATOXIN-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY HEPATOTOXICITY IN IN PIGS: PIGS: PROTECTION PROTECTION WITH WITH HSCAS HSCAS PHOTOMICROGRAPHS PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF OF LIVER LIVER
Hepatic portal triad showing fibrosis (Left) and protection (Right)
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Aflatoxin Control
AfL + 0.5% HSCAS
References: Harvey et al. (1989). Am. J. Vet. Res. 50:416-420. Harvey et al. (1994). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 6:88-92.
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EFFECTS EFFECTS OF OF AFLATOXIN AFLATOXIN AND AND SORBENTS SORBENTS ON ON EMBRYOLETHALITY EMBRYOLETHALITY Reference: Mayura et al. (1998). Toxicol. Sci. 41:175-182.
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% Resorptions
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Control
A HSCAS/A
Zeo/A
A - Aflatoxin B1 Zeo - Zeolite (clinoptilolite) HSCAS - NovaSil
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Experimental Treatments Untreated HSCAS + Corn OilZeo + Corn Oil AFB1
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HSCAS + AFB1 Zeo + AFB!
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TAMU Studies show Novasil & Novasilplus do not bind away nutrients (Vit A)
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Unmatched binding capacity
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A Look at a Cross-Section of a Mine
Picture taken from Feed Mix Magazine,Vol.8 No.1 - 2000
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Inclusion rates and test results
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Terima kasih atas perhatian Anda
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