DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ……………………………………………………............
i
HALAMAN SAMPUL DALAM ………………………………………….........
ii
HALAMAN PRASYARAT ……………………………………………….........
iii
HALAMAN LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ………………………………............
iv
HALAMAN PENETAPAN PANITIA PENGUJI TESIS ………………... ........
v
HALAMAN UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ………………………………...........
vi
HALAMAN ABSTRAK .....................................................................................
vii
DAFTAR ISI ………………………………………………………………........
viii
DAFTAR TABEL …………………………………………………………........
xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ……………………………………………………............
xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ……………………………………………………........
xvii
PENDAHULUAN ……………………………………………….........
1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................
1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ...........................................................................
4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................
4
1.4 Batasan Masalah...............................................................................
4
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian............................................................................
6
BAB II KAJIAN LITERATUR ..........................................................................
7
2.1 Mesin Bubut .....................................................................................
9
2.2 Menggunakan Mesin Bubut..............................................................
10
1 Bagian utama mesin bubut.............................................................
11
BAB I
2 Faktor untuk menentukan spesifikasi performa
operasional
mesin bubut.................................................................................... 13 3 Spesifikasi dimensi mesin bubut....................................................
13
2.3 Elemen-Elemen Dasar Pemotongan Pada Proses Bubut................
14
1 Kecepatan potong (Cutting speed )..............................................
16
2 Kecepatan gerak pemakanan atau Laju pemakanan (Feeding)...
16
3 Kedalaman pemakanan ( Depth of cut ).......................................
17
2.4 Pahat Bubut (Cutter)........................................................................
17
1 Mengasah pahat ………………………………..........................
18
2 Urutan pengasahan pahat .............................................................
19
3 Alat pengasahan pahat HSS………………..................................
20
4 Rancangan pengasahan pahat HSS..............................................
20
5 Pengukuran pahat HSS …………………….................................
20
2.5 Bahan ( Material) .............………..................................................
20
2.6 Kekasaran Permukaan( Surface roughnes).....................................
22
2.7 Keausan Pahat (Tool flank wear ) ..................................................
23
2.8 Pengukuran ( Measurement) ...........................................................
24
2.8 Pendingin ( Coolant) .....................................................................
25
2.9 Disain eksperimen............................................................................
25
2.10 Pengertian Kualitas ........................................................................
25
2.11 Pengendalian Kualitas ...................................................................
26
2.12 Optimasi ........................................................................................
26
2.13 Metode Taguchi..............................................................................
27
2.14 Prinsip Kerja Metode Taguchi........................................................
28
1 Pemilihan dan penyesuaian Orthogonal Array (OA).................
28
2 Derajat Bebas (Degree of Freedom)...........................................
30
2.15 Disain Eksperimen Taguchi ..........................................................
31
2.16 Disaian Sistem Kualitas ................................................................
38
1. Disain Kokoh (Robust Design) ...............................................
38
2. Disain Parameter Taguchi..........................................................
38
3. Langkah-langkah dalam melakukan eksperimen ......................
40
4. Memisahkan faktor kontrol dan noise faktor............................
41
5. Menentukan level dari faktor dan nilai faktor...........................
41
6. Mengidentifikasi faktor yang mungkin berinteraksi.................
42
7. Menggambarkan linear graph yang diperlukan untuk faktor kontrol dan interaksi.................................................................
42
8. Memilih Orthogonal array.........................................................
42
9. Memasukkan faktor atau interaksi ke dalam kolom..................
42
10. Melakukan percobaan.............................................................
42
11. Analisis hasil eksperimen........................................................
43
12. Pemilihan level faktor untuk kondisi optimal.........................
44
13. Perkiraan rata-rata proses pada kondisi optimal.....................
44
2.17 Rasio Signal to Noise (Rasio S/N) ...............................................
44
1. Smaller-the-Better (STB)...........................................................
44
2. Larger-the-Better (LTB) ..........................................................
45
3. Nominal-the-Better (NTB)........................................................
45
2.18 Uji Distribusi Normal ..................................................................
46
2.19 Uji Homogenitas Variansi (Uji Bartlett).......................................
47
2.20 Analisis Variansi (ANOVA).........................................................
48
2.21 Uji F pada Analisis Variansi..........................................................
51
2.22 Eksperimen Konfirmasi.................................................................
52
2.23 Uji Prediksi Regresi Linier..........................................................
53
2.24 Taguchi Multi Respon Signal to Noise (MRSN)............................
57
2.25 Melaksanakan Uji beda.................................................................
59
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS .........................................
61
3.1 Kerangka Konsep............................................................................
61
3.2 Hipotesis...........................................................................................
63
3.3 Alur Penelitian................................................................................
65
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN........................................................................
66
4.1 Obyek dan Subyek Penelitian ..........................................................
66
1. Obyek Penelitian ......................................................................
66
2. Subyek Penelitian .....................................................................
66
4.2 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ..............................................................
66
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ……………………………………...............
67
4.4 Variabel Penelitian dan Difinisi Operasional ..................................
68
4.4.1 Variabel Penelitian ………………………….....................
68
4.4.2 Difinisi Operasional Variabel.....……………………........
69
1. Mesin bubut .................................................................
69
2. Putaran mesin ................................................................
69
3. Kecepatan potong.........................................................
70
4. Laju pemakanan atau Kecepatan makan......................
71
5. Ketebalan pemakanan....................................................
71
6. Metode pengasahan ......................................................
72
7. Pahat ..............................................................................
73
8. Nilai kekasaran permukaan............................................
73
9. Nilai keausan mata pahat...............................................
73
10. Pendingin......................................................................
74
11. Geometri pahat..............................................................
74
4.5 Instrumen Penelitian..........................................................................
75
4.6 Pengumpulan Data..........................................................................
75
4.6.1 Data Primer..........................................................................
75
4.6.2 Data Sekunder.....................................................................
78
4.7 Desain Eksperimen...........................................................................
78
4.8 Prosedur Penelitian............................................................................
79
4.8.1 Tahap persiapan.....................................................................
79
1. Persiapan bahan dan peralatan yang dibutuhkan..............
79
2. Pembuatan spesimen .........................................................
79
3. Pengujian............................................................................
80
4.9 Prosedur Pengumpulan Data............................................................
80
4.9.1 Pengujian kekasaran permukaan............................................
81
4.9.2 Pengujian keausan pahat........................................................
82
4.10 Pengumpulan Data Hasil Eksperimen............................................
83
4.11 Analisis Data...................................................................................
84
4.12 Pengolahan Data..............................................................................
84
4.12.1 Kekasaran permukaan..........................................................
84
1. Uji Normalitas Data Kekasaran permukaan.......................
85
2. Uji Homogenitas Variansi Kekasaran permukaan.............
86
3. Analisis Variansi (ANOVA) Kekasaran permukaan.........
87
4. Perhitungan Signal to Noise Ratio (Rasio S/N).................
91
5. Perhitungan Efek Tiap Faktor............................................
92
4.12.2 Keausan Pahat.....................................................................
93
1. Uji Normalitas Data Keausan pahat .................................
94
2. Uji Homogenitas Variansi Keausan Pahat .......................
95
3. Analisis Variansi (ANOVA) Keausan pahat.....................
96
4. Perhitungan Signal to Noise Ratio (Rasio S/N).................
100
5. Perhitungan Efek Tiap Faktor............................................ 101 4.13
Prediksi Regresi Linear..............................................................
4.14
Penentuan Level Faktor Optimal Menggunakan Multi
102
Response Signal to Noise Ratio ( MRSN)................................... 104 4.15
Uji Beda.......................................................................................
108
1. Uji beda Kekasaran permukaan...............................................
109
2. Uji beda Keausan pahat...........................................................
111
BAB V PEMBAHASAN.....................................................................................
113
5.1 Analisa Hasil Eksperimen................................................................
114
5.1.1 Analisa Pengaruh Faktor Terhadap Analisis Variansi.............
114
5.2 Pemilihan Level Faktor ...................................................................
114
5.2.1 Variabel Kekasaran Permukaan............................................
114
5.2.2 Variabel Keausan Pahat .......................................................
116
5.3 Prosedur MRSN................................................................................
118
5.4 Perbandingan Keausan pahat dan Kekasaran Permukaan. Antara Formulasi Rasio S/N dengan MRSN……………………………
120
5.5 Uji Beda..........................................................................................
122
5.5.1. Persentase Kekasaran permukaan..........................................
122
5.5.2 Persentase Keausan pahat.......................................................
123
BAB VI PENUTUP............................................................................................ 6.1 Simpulan...........................................................................................
124
6.2 Saran ................................................................................................
125
Daftar Pustaka Lampiran
124
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1.
Tingkat kekasaran rata-rata menurut proses pengerjaannya..........
24
Tabel 2.2.
Strategi Taguchi untuk minimasi jumlah eksperimen...................
32
Tabel 2.3.
Full-factorial experiments.............................................................
33
Tabel 2.4.
1/2 FFE (Fractional-Factorial Experiment).................................
34
Tabel 2.5.
1/4 FFE (Fractional-Factorial Experiment)..................................
35
Tabel 2.6.
1/8 FFE (Fractional-Factorial Experiment)..................................
36
Table 2.7.
1/16 FFE (Fractional-Factorial Experiment)................................
37
Tabel 2.8.
Taguchi : L8 ( 27 ) OA Matrik.......................................................
38
Tabel 2.9.
Tabel Anova .................................................................................
52
Tabel 4.1.
Faktor dan Level...........................................................................
69
Tabel 4.2.
Kecepatan Potong Mesin Bubut .................................................
71
Tabel 4.3. Orthogonal Array L8 (27)...............................................................
76
Tabel 4.4. Seting parameter pengujiaan kekasaran permukaan dan keausan pahat.................................................................................
76
Tabel 4.5. Data kekasaran permukaan.............................................................
83
Tabel 4.6. Data keausan pahat.........................................................................
84
Tabel 4.7. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Kekasaran permukaan........................
85
Tabel 4.8. Daftar Penolong Uji Bartlett Kekasaran permukaan......................
86
Tabel 4.9. Tabel Rata-rata responTiap Eksperimen Kekasaran permukaan.....
88
Tabel 4.10. Hasil Perhitungan ANOVA Kekasaran permukaan.......................
91
Tabel 4.11. Hasil Perhitungan Rasio S/N Kekasaran permukaan......................
92
Tabel 4.12. Efek Nilai RasioS/N Tiap Faktor Utama Kekasaran permukaan.....
93
Tabel 4.13. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Keausan pahat....................................
94
Tabel 4.14. Daftar Penolong Uji Bartlett Keausan pahat.................................
95
Tabel 4.15. Tabel Rata-rata Respon Tiap Eksperimen Keausan pahat.............
97
Tabel 4.16. Hasil Perhitungan ANOVA Keausan pahat..................................
100
Tabel 4.17. Hasil Perhitungan Rasio S/N Keausan pahat................................
101
Tabel 4.18. Efek Nilai Rasio S/N Tiap Faktor Utama Respon Keausan pahat.
102
Tabel 4.19. Perbandingan Kondisi Industri dan Percobaan Optimal...............
108
Tabel 4.20. Perbandingan Kekasaran permukaan.............................................
109
Tabel 4.21. Perbandingan Keausan pahat.........................................................
111
Tabel 5.1.
Faktor-Level Optimal Kekasaran permukaan...............................
115
Tabel 5.2. Faktor-Level Optimal Keausan pahat.............................................
117
Tabel 5.3. Faktor-Level Optimal Berdasar MRSN..........................................
119
Tabel 5.4. Perbandingan Seting Parameter......................................................
121
Tabel 5.5. Faktor-Level Usulan.......................................................................
122
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1.
Gerakan pemakanan bubut........................................................
10
Gambar 2.2
Bagian–bagian mesin bubut.....................................................
13
Gambar 2.3.
Spesifikasi dimensi mesin bubut...............................................
14
Gambar 2.4
Proses bubut..............................................................................
15
Gambar 2.5.
Geometri pahat..........................................................................
19
Gambar 2.6.
Serpihan cip..............................................................................
21
Gambar 2.7.
Profil permukaan.......................................................................
22
Gambar 2.8.
Notasi Ortogonal Array............................................................
29
Gambar 3.1.
Kerangka Konsep......................................................................
62
Gambar 4.1.
Sudut Geometri pahat...............................................................
74
Gambar 4.2.
Benda ST 37..............................................................................
80
Gambar 4.3.
Pahat HSS.................................................................................
80
Gambar 4.4.
Surface Corder..........................................................................
81
Gambar 4.5.
Cara penggunaan Surface Corder.............................................
81
Gambar 4.6.
Timbangan digital.....................................................................
82
Gambar 4.7.
Photo mikroskop Olympus SZ-PT..............................................
82
Gambar 4.8.
Ujung pahat sebelum digunakan................................................
83
Gambar 4.9. Ujung pahat sesudah digunakan................................................
83
Gambar 4.10. Grafik Rasio S/N Faktor Utama Respon Kekasaran permukaan
93
Gambar 4.11. Grafik Rasio S/N Faktor Utama Respon Keausan pahat............
102
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 : Perhitungan Anova Kekasaran permukaan dan Keausan Pahat Lampiran 2 : Perhitungan MRSN Kekasaran permukaan dan Keausan Pahat Lampiran 3 : Uji Prediksi Lampiran 4 : Tabel Distribusi N Lampiran 5 : Tabel Distribusi t Lampiran 6 : Tabel Distribusi Chi-Kuadrat Lampiran 7 : Tabel Distribusi F Lampiran 8 : Data Linguistic terms Lampiran 9 : Surat keterangan uji kekasaran dan keausan pahat Lampiran 10 : Surat keterangan Uji beda Lampiran 11 : Dokumentasi Kegiatan Pengumpulan Data Tesis
