DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ...............................................................................
i
SAMPUL DALAM ..................................................................................
ii
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................
iii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ...................................................................
iv
INTISARI ................................................................................................
iv
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................
v
KATA PENGANTAR .............................................................................
vii
DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................
ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...............................................................................
xv
DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................
xx
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................... xxiv BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1
Latar Belakang ...................................................................................
1
1.2
Potensi Bak Pelepas Tekan (BPT) PDAM untuk mikrohidro..........
7
1.3
Potensi Mikrohidro pada BPT PDAM Kabupaten Gunungkidul Jawa Tengah ....................................................................................
8
1.4
Batasan Masalah
.................................................................
10
1.5
Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................
11
1.6
Keaslian Penelitian ..........................................................................
11
1.7
Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................
12
1.8
Manfaat Penelitian ..........................................................................
12
ix
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN DASAR TEORI 2.1
Tinjauan Pustaka ...............................................................................
14
2.1.1 Potensi Mikrohidro sebagai Sumber Energi ..........................
14
2.1.2 Turbin Air .............................................................................
15
2.1.3 Kriteria Pemilihan Jenis Turbin .............................................
17
2.1.4 Turbin Cross flow .................................................................
18
2.1.4.1 Bagian-bagian turbin Cross flow .............................
18
2.1.4.2 Keunggulan Turbin Cross Flow ...............................
21
2.1.4.3 Efisiensi Turbin Cross flow .....................................
22
2.1.5 Sistem Pemindah Daya ..........................................................
23
2.1.6 Pompa Air .............................................................................
26
2.1.7 Sumber Daya Air ...................................................................
31
2.1.8 Sistem Penyediaan Air Bersih Pedesaan................................
33
2.2. Landasan Teori ..................................................................................
35
2.2.1 Perencanaan Turbin Cross Flow ............................................
35
2.2.1.1 Pengukuran Tinggi Jatuh Air (Head) ......................
35
2.2.1.2 Head Kerugian .........................................................
37
2.2.1.3 Pengukuran Debit Air (Q)........................................
42
2.2.2. Perhitungan Parameter Turbin ...............................................
45
2.2.2.1 Perhitungan Daya Turbin Teoritis ...........................
45
2.2.3. Penentuan Jenis Turbin ...........................................................
46
2.2.4. Penentuan Parameter Runner Cross Flow..............................
46
2.2.5 Perhitungan Parameter Sudu Turbin Cross Flow...................
48
x
2.2.6 Perhitungan Parameter Sudu Turbin Cross Flow...................
52
2.2.7 Menghitung Parameter Guide Vane Turbin Cross Flow ........
53
2.2.8 Perhitungan Kebutuhan Daya Pompa ....................................
55
2.2.8.1 Head Total Pompa....................................................
57
2.2.9 Tumbukan Air (Water Hammer) ...........................................
58
2.2.10 Penentuan Kebutuhan Air ......................................................
60
2.2.10.1 Tingkat Pemakaian Air ............................................
60
2.2.10.2 Menghitung Kebutuhan Air .....................................
61
BAB III PERENCANAAN DAN GAMBAR DESAIN TURBIN CROSS FLOW 3.1
Perencanaan ......................................................................................
64
3.1.1 Perhitungan Daya Turbin .......................................................
70
3.1.2 Perhitungan Kecepatan Putaran Turbin .................................
72
3.1.3 Penentuan Jenis Turbin ..........................................................
73
3.1.4 Perencanaan Turbin Cross Flow ..............................................
75
3.1.4.1 Perhitungan Parameter Runner ................................
75
3.1.4.2 Perhitungan Parameter Sudu....................................
78
3.1.4.2.1 Perhitungan Segitiga Kecepatan..............
78
3.1.4.2.2 Efisiensi Turbin .......................................
84
3.1.4.3 Perhitungan Kelengkungan Sudu ............................
84
3.2. Spesifikasi Teknis ...............................................................................
87
3.2.1. Geometri Sudu Turbin dan Arah Aliran.................................
87
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3.3. Gambar Detail Desain ......................................................................
88
3.3.1. Gambar Detail Casing Turbin Tampak Samping dan Depan.
88
3.3.2. Gambar Detail Casing Turbin Tampak Samping dan Bawah
88
3.3.3. Diameter Turbin dan Sudu Turbin .........................................
89
3.3.4. Diameter Turbin dan Sudu Turbin .........................................
89
3.3.5. Runner Shaft ........................................................................
90
3.3.6. Plat Casing .............................................................................
90
3.3.7. Guide Vane Blade .................................................................
91
Rencana Bangunan Sipil ...................................................................
92
3.4.1. Kondisi Eksisting BPT Kweni ...............................................
92
3.4.2 Rencana Penambahan Bangunan/Konstruksi Sipil Pendukung PLTMH BPT Kweni ...........................................
93
3.4
BAB IV PENGUJIAN LABORATORIUM TURBIN, POMPA & SISTEM INSTALASI POMPA TENAGA MIKROHIDRO 4.1. Umum ................................................................................................
95
4.2. Data Spesifik Pompa dan Turbin .......................................................
96
4.2.1. Data spesifikasi pompa listrik .................................................
96
4.2.2. Data Spesifik Turbin I............................................................
97
4.2.3. Data Spesifik Turbin II ............................................................
99
4.3. Perhitungan NPSH Pompa
.......................................................... 101
4.3.1. Perhitungan NPSH yang tersedia ........................................... 101 4.3.2 Perhitungan NPSH yang diperlukan ...................................... 102 4.4. Perhitungan Kebutuhan Daya Pompa dan Transmisi ...................... 107
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4.4.1. Perhitungan Diameter Puli ....................................................... 108 4.4.2. Perhitungan Ukuran Sabuk ...................................................... 109 4.4.3. Perhitungan Panjang Sabuk ..................................................... 110 4.5. Sistem Pengujian Laboratorium......................................................... 110 4.5.1 Debit Pompa Sirkulasi ........................................................... 113 4.5.2 Pengujian Debit pipa 4” ......................................................... 114 4.5.3 Pengujian Torsi dan Daya Turbin I........................................ 114 4.5.4 Pengujian Torsi dan Daya Maksimum pada Turbin II........... 115 4.5.5 Pengujian Head Out Pompa, Pengujian IA ........................... 116 4.5.6 Pengujian Head Out Pompa, Pengujian IIA dan IIB.............. 117 4.5.7 Data Pengujian Debit Keluar Pompa pada H Out 4,5 m........ 121 4.5.8 Data Pengujian Debit keluar pompa pada H out 1+2+3+ 4,5+7,5m dengan menggunakan tabung ................................ 124 4.5.8.1 Pengujian Debit pompa pada H out 1+2+3+4,5+7,5 m untuk IIA dengan Tabung 1” ................................... 124 4.5.8.2 Pengujian Debit pompa pada H out 1+2+3+4,5+7,5 m untuk IIB dengan Tabung 1”.................................... 125 4.5.8.3 Pengujian Debit pompa pada H out 1+2+3+4,5+7,5 m untuk IIA dengan Tabung 4” ................................... 126 4.5.8.4 Pengujian Debit pompa pada H out 1+2+3+4,5+7,5 m untuk IIB dengan Tabung 4”.................................... 127 4.5.8.5 Perbandingan IIA dan IIB, tanpa tabung, dengan tabung 1” dan tabung 4” .......................................... 129 4.6
Pembahasan Hasil Percobaan ............................................................ 130 4.6.1. Pembahasan Hasil Model Tipe I A ........................................ 130
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4.6.2. Pembahasan Hasil Model Tipe II A ....................................... 130 4.6.3. Pembahasan Hasil Model Tipe II B ....................................... 130 4.6.4. Ringkasan Hasil Percobaan.................................................... 130 4.7. Perhitungan Losis Pipa In 4” ............................................................ 132 4.7.1. Debit In dan Out Turbin......................................................... 133 4.7.2. Kecepatan (V) pada penstock & Re ...................................... 134 4.7.3. Nilai Friction Faktor (f) ......................................................... 134 4.8. Perhitungan Losis Pipa In 1” ............................................................ 136 4.9. Perhitungan Losis Pipa Out 1“........................................................... 140 4.10. Kesetimbangan Energi ...................................................................... 144 4.10.1 Pengujian Tipe IIA ................................................................ 144 4.10.2 Pengujian II B ........................................................................ 145 4.11. Kesetimbangan Energi Pengujian IIA, opening guide van 50% dan 100% ................................................................................................ 146 4.12. Kesetimbangan Energi Pengujian IIB, opening guide van 50% dan 100% ................................................................................................ 149 BAB V PENUTUP 5.1. Kesimpulan ....................................................................................... 154 5.2. Saran ................................................................................................ 155
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