CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis In writing this thesis, the writer refers to some books which are relevan to the topic which give an adequate constribution in writing this thesis. Some of the theoritical statements are quoted from the books, such as Hartman and Stork (1972: 43) who say that Comparative and contrastive have similarities that is they compare two or more languages. It means, that the comparative and contrastive linguistics are the branch of linguistics that compare two or more languages. Then, Contrastive analysis (Naibaho 2006: 2) is an activity in contrasting the first language structure with the second language structure in order to identify the correspondences and non-correspondences of the two languages. Contrastive analysis has some purposes, such as to contrast the first language structure and the second’s; to predict the difficulties and the error in learning language and to arrange and to prepare the method in conveying the material. In this thesis, the writer wants to concentrate in language structure between English and Muko-Muko language Question words. Further, Contrastive analysis (Guntur 1972:43) has two aspects of analyzing, they are: 1. Psychological aspect Psychology aspect concerned with difficulties in learning, the way of arranging the teaching materials and how the way in giving the teaching materials. 2. Linguistics aspect
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Linguistics aspects concerned with the contrasted problems, what will be to be contrasted, and how to contrast them. Other than those above, Contrastive Analysis (CA) is also related to Comparative Linguistic. In Keraf (1990: 1), “Linguistik komparatif atau linguistik bandingan merupakan suatu cabang ilmu bahasa (linguistik) yang berusaha untuk meletakkan dasardasar pengertian tentang perkembangan dan kekerabatan antara bahasabahasa di dunia dan mencoba menemukan unsur-unsur pengaruh timbal balik antara bahasa-bahasa yang pernah mengadakan kontak dalam sejarah”. Comparative linguistics is a branch of the science of language (linguistics), which seeks to lay the basics of an understanding about development and kinship among the languages in the world and try to find the elements of mutual influence between languages which ever contact in history.
2.2 A Brief Description of Question Words According to Napa (1992: 41) “Question word question adalah pertanyaan yang dibentuk dengan menggunakan kata tanya, yakni What, Who, Where, Which, Whose, Why, dan How. Pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya tidak dapat dijawab dengan menggunakan kata Yes atau No walaupun dalam pertanyaan tersebut terdapat kata kerja bantu”. Question words is also related to Interrogative Sentence. In Cahyo (1995: 183) “kalimat tanya juga disebut kalimat interrogative. Kalimat tanya adalah kalimat yang isinya menanyakan sesuatu atau seseorang. Jika orang ingin mengetahui jawaban terhadap satu masalah atau keadaan maka ia menanyakannya dan kalimat yang dipakai adalah kalimat tanya”. Interrogative sentence is a sentence where the contens asks something or someone. If people want to know the answer to a problem or situation and then they ask that and the sentence used, is interrogative sentence. Question words are used by question, according to Chaer (1988: 222) “question words are words that used as supporting by interrogative sentence.
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Interrogative sentence is sentence that ask something or someone. Someone can use question sentence to look for information or know problem or situation”. An interrogative sentence usually contains a question word. According to Azar (1993: 128) Question words are words used to get information about time, place, reason, distance, things or person. The Question words, are who, whom, what, when, where, which, whose, why, and how.
2.3 A Brief Description of Muko-Muko Language Muko-Muko language is the language that used by Muko-Muko society. Muko-Muko is the one of regencies in Bengkulu. Suwarno et.al, (1993:1) say that “Di wilayah provinsi Bengkulu terdapat sembilan bahasa daerah yang sampai saat ini masih hidup, dalam arti masih dipergunakan oleh masyarakat penduduknya untuk kepentingan komunikasi sehari-hari, meduim pengungkap seni daerah, upacara-upacara tradisional, dan aktivitas sosial yang lain. Kesembilan bahasa daerah itu ialah bahasa Rejang, bahasa Melayu Bengkulu, bahasa Enggano, bahasa Lembak, bahasa Mulak Bintuhan, bahasa Pasemah, bahasa Serawai, bahasa Pekal, dan bahasa MukoMuko”. In the province of Bengkulu there are nine regional languages that still alive, in the mean are still used by the society for the benefit of daily communication, the meduim expression the art of areas, traditional ceremonies, and other social activities. The nine regional languages are Rejang Language, Malay Bengkulu Language, Enggano language, Lembak Language, Mulak Bintuhan Language, Pasemah Language, Serawai Language, Pekal Language, and Muko-Muko Language.
Wells and Hasyim, (1985:viii) state that “bahasa Muko-Muko dipengaruhi secara kuat oleh bahasa Minangkabau. Hal itu dapat dipahami mengingat daerahnya secara geografis terletak di perbatasan antara Provinsi Bengkulu dan Provinsi Sumatera Barat yang menggunakan bahasa Minangkabau”.
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Muko-Muko language is strongly influenced by the Minangkabau Language. It is understandable by looking geographical region located on the border between the provinces of Bengkulu and West Sumatera that used Minangkabau Language.
Suwarno et.al, (1993:3) state that “Bahasa Muko-Muko masih berfungsi sebagai alat komunikasi dan sebagai bahasa pengantar di Taman Kanak-kanak dan kelas awal sekolah dasar.”
Muko-Muko language still has function as a means of communication and as language of instruction in kindergarten and early primary school classes.
Manan et.al, (1986:1-2) say that “Dalam daerah Muko-Muko, BMM (Bahasa Muko-Muko) masih berfungsi secara penuh, yaitu sebagai (1) alat penghubung dalam keluarga dan masyarakat daerah Muko-Muko, (2) bahasa pengantar di taman kanak-kanak dan sekolah dasar pada tingkat permulaan, (3) lambang kebangsaan dan kesukuan masyarakat Muko-Muko serta pendukung perkembangan Kebudayaan, dan (4) sebagai lambang identitas daerah. Singkatnya adalah bahwa BMM dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan masih sangat diperlukan”. In Muko-Muko area, BMM (Muko-Muko Language) is still fully functional, as (1) the interface in the family and society in Muko-Muko area, (2) the language of instruction in kindergarten and early primary schools classes, (3) the symbol of nationality and Muko-Muko ethnic communities as well as supporting the development of Culture, and (4) as a symbol of regional identity. In short is that the BMM in many aspects of life is still very necessary.
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2.4 English Question Words There are 3 basic types of question in English: •
Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No")
•
Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information")
•
Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question")
2.4.1 Yes/No Questions Answer Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb Yes or No Do
you
want
dinner?
Yes, I do.
Could
he
drive?
Have
you
finished
your work? Yes, I have.
Did
they
Go
home?
No, he couldn't.
No, they didn't.
Exception! verb be simple present and simple past Is
Anne
French?
Yes, she is.
Was
Ram
at home?
No, he wasn't.
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2.4.2 Question Word Questions Question
Auxiliary
Main
Answer
Verb
Information
Subject Word
Verb
Where
Do
You
live?
In Paris.
When
Will
We
Have
lunch? At 1pm.
Who(m)
Did
She
meet?
Who
Has
Why
hasn't
She met Ram.
Run
out?
Done
it?
Ati has run out. Because she
Tara
can't. Exception! verb be simple present and simple past Where
Is
Bombay?
In India.
How
Was
she?
Very well.
Which
Is
your pen?
It is mine.
2.4.3 Choice Questions
Auxiliary
Main
Answer
Subject Verb Do
OR Verb
you
want
In the Question Tea
Or
coffee?
Coffee, please.
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Will
We
meet
Did
She
Go
John
Or
to
James?
John.
New
She went to
York?
London.
Or London
Exception! verb be simple present and simple past Is
your car
White
Or
black?
It's black.
Were
They
$15
Or
$50?
$15.
The Question words in English are nine. They are what, who, whom, whose, where, when, which, why, and how.
2.5 Muko-Muko Question Words Muko-Muko language is nearly similar to Malay language and Padang or Minang language. There are seven Question words in Muko-Muko language. They are, apo, mengapo, dimano, siapo, bilo, yang mano, berapo and macam mano. For examples: Question
Noun /
words in
Auxiliary
Muko-Muko
verb
Subject
Verb
O/C
The answer
Apo
yang ndak
aban
makan?
roti
ʌpəʊ
jʌŋ ndʌk
ʌbʌn
mʌkʌn?
:ɒtɪ
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Mengapo
Inyo
manding?
kareno kotor
məŋʌpəʊ
ɪnjəʊ
mʌndɪŋ?
kʌ:ənəʊ kɒtɒ:
Dimano
aban
Balajar
Bahaso
di Amerika
dɪmʌnəʊ
ʌbʌn
bʌlʌʤʌ:
Inggris?
dɪ ʌme:ɪkʌ
bʌhʌsəʊ ɪŋg:ɪs? Siapo
yang ndak
ambik
pena ambo? inyo
sɪʌpəʊ
jʌŋ ndʌk
ʌmbɪk
penʌ
ɪnjəʊ
ʌmbəʊ Bilo
toboh
Paing
kek pantai?
Haring
bɪləʊ
tɒbɒh
pʌɪŋ
kek pʌntaɪ
Minggung hʌ:ɪŋ mɪŋgʊŋ
Mano
Bukung
Aban
pilih?
yang gedang
mʌnəʊ
yang ndak
ʌbʌn
pɪlɪh?
jʌŋ gədʌŋ
bʊkʊŋ
jʌŋ
ndʌk Berapo
pena yang
Inyo
pinjam?
duo
bə:ʌpəʊ
penʌ jʌŋ
ɪnjəʊ
pɪnʤʌm?
dʊəʊ
Macam mano
toboh
paing
kek sakola?
naek becak
mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ
tɒbɒh
pʌɪŋ
kek
nӕk beʧʌk
sʌkɒlʌh ?
In Muko-Muko Language, the Question can made be the Choice Question. For example:
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Verb
1st Choice
Aban
Senang
umah gedang
atau
umah kecik?
umah gedang
ʌbʌn
sənʌŋ
ʊmʌh gədʌŋ
ʌtaʊ
ʊmʌh kəʧɪk?
ʊmʌh gədʌŋ
Ambo
Senang
belajar
atau
tidur?
Tidur
ʌmbəʊ
sənʌŋ
bəlʌʤʌ:
ʌtaʊ
tɪdʊ:
tɪdʊ:
Inyo
pilih
hadiah
atau
pitih?
Pitih
ɪnjəʊ
pɪlɪh
hʌdɪʌh
ʌtaʊ
pɪtɪh
pɪtɪh
Toboh
paing
kek pantai
atau
kek ladang
Pantai
tɒbɒh
pʌɪŋ
kek pʌntaɪ
ʌtaʊ
kek lʌdʌŋ
pʌntaɪ
Subject
Atau
2nd Choice
Answer
In Muko-Muko Language, the Question also can be made by the Yes/No Question. For example: Auxiliary verb
Subject
Verb
O/C
Answer
Apokah
aban
Senang
berenang?
Iyo
ʌpəʊkʌh
ʌbʌn
sənʌŋ
bə:ənʌŋ?
ɪjəʊ
Udahkah
Inyo
Makan
petang?
Elun
ʊdʌhkʌh
ɪnjəʊ
mʌkʌn
pətʌŋ?
əlʊn
Udahkah
abak inyo
Paing
kek sunge
iyo udah
ʊdʌhkʌh
ʌbʌk ɪnjəʊ
pʌɪŋ
gedang?
ɪjəʊ ʊdʌh
kek sʊŋe gədʌŋ Apokah
toboh
Balajar
Bahaso
idak
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ʌpəʊkʌh
tɒbɒh
bʌlʌʤʌ:
Inggris?
ɪdʌk
bʌhʌsəʊ ɪŋg:ɪs?
Ndakkah
Amak ambo
Pikikan
ambo?
iyo
ndʌkkʌh
ʌmʌk ʌmbəʊ
pɪkɪkʌn
ʌmbəʊ
ɪjəʊ
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