BAB V
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
BAil V
KESIMPIJLAN DAN SARAN
S.t KESIMPl!LAN Ikrdasarkan hasil pcngamatan dan penguJlan yang dilakukan
terhadap
ckllaliscri dan sistcm cfck distorsi , maka dapat diamhil kcsimpulan diantarannya : I. Pcnglljian rallgkaian cfck distorsi sudah tampak pada tampilan oscilloscope yang mcnunjukan adanya pemangkasan gelombang pucak dan lembah yang melebihi hatas kerja dari dioda germanium pada inputan (one control. 2. Hasil
pengukuran
masing-masing
penambahan penguatan
kanal
ekualiser
menunjukan
adanya
pada oulpul yang dihasilkan. Hal ini menunjukan
rangkaian analog switch yang disllsun bisa bekerja dengan masksimaI. Namum, pada level nol masih menunjukan penguatan yang. Hal ini disebabkan besamya tahanan (R) maksimal (memiliki penguatan terendah ) tidak mampll melemahkan
sinyal inpul yang ditapis. 3. Perubahan level pada tiap-tiap kanal belum menunjukan perubahan yang dapat terdengar jelas,
hal ini disebabkan karena resistor-resistor yang dipilih oleh
analog switch tidak menunjukan harga yang sesuai harga nyata dari jumlahan resistor-resistor tersehut.
44
S.2.
SAI~.AN
SARAN
Alat hasil
penelitian ini sebaiknya lebih cocok untuk gitar-gitar rilllem
dan rneJodi yang mernpunyai frekuensi 16 Hz
sarnpai 4Khz. Sedangkan
Ekualiser yang dikontrol secara digital ini bisa juga diberi input lain rnisanya
tape, radio,dan sebagainya asalkan mernpunyai range frekuensi yang sarna dengan ekualiser ini.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Amos, S.W., " Kilmlis Elektronika ., .. PT Elex Media Komputindo Jakarta., 1996
2. Denyer, Ralph., "11,e Guitar /land Book ., " Darling Kindersley., 1982
3. Embetltlell COil troller hamlbook, Vol. 1 Intel Corp., 1988 4. Howard, M.B and Frank, c., JR., .. Fllndamentals Of Operational Amplifiers alld Lillear /ntergTl,ted Circuit" ., Merril Publishing Company., 1992
5. MCS-51 Family User'Mallual, 1994 6. Wasito S., " Data Sheet Book / ., " PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta., 1985
SN54AHCT595, SN74AHCT595 a·BIT SHIFT REGISTERS WITH 3·STATE OUTPUT REGISTERS 1
•
• • • •
Inputs Are TTL-Voltage Compatible EPICTM (Enhanced-Performance Implanted CMOS) Process 8-Blt Serial-In. Parallel-Out Shift Shift Register Has Direct Clear Package Options Include Plastic Smail-Outline (D). Shrink Smail-Outline (DB). Thin Shrink Smail-Outline (PW). and Ceramic Flat (W) Packages. Ceramic Chip Carriers (FK). and Standard Plastic (N) and Ceramic (J) 300-mll DIPs
SN54AHCT595 ••• J OR W PACKAGE SN74AHCT595 ••• 0, DB, N, OR PW PACKAGE (TOP VIEW)
description The 'AHCT595 contain an 8-bit serial-in, parallel-out shift register that feeds an 8-bit Ootype storage register. The storage register has parallel 3-state outputs. Separate clocks are provided for both the shilt and storage ragister. The shift registar has a direct overriding clear (SRCLR) input. soria I (SEn) input, and serial outputs lor cascodlng. Whon Iho output-enable (OE) input Is hIgh, Ihe outputs Bro in the high-impedance state.
Os Oe 00
°EOF
OG OH
11
GND
Vee OA SEA OE ACLK SACLK SACLA' OH'
SN54AHCT595 ••• FK PACKAGE (TOP VIEW)
3
2 1 2019
00
4
Oe
5
17
NC
6 7
III 15
8
14
Both thl' shift ragistor clock (RCLK) and storage reglstor clock (SRCLK) are positive-edge trlggored. If both clocks are connected together, the shift register is always one clock pulse ahead of the storage register.
18
910 II 1213
SER CE' NC
RCLK SIICLK
-3: w > w a:
-
0.
NC ~ No inlemal CO""4O<'tlnn
The SN54AHCT595 is characterized for operation over the full military teh,perature range of -55"C 10 125"C. The SN74AHCT595 is characterized for operation from -40°C to 85°C.
~
::J C
aa: a.
EPIC Is a trademark 01 Texas Inslrumenls Incorporaled.
_-----
~PM'IIIW
. ==
_ _ productI" ... _
..
fI_~"'''''''''_ ............. ,.... ~,...,..I'Ie,.".. ..
Copyright CI 1997. T••as InslrumenlS Incorporated
-I./} TEXAS
INSTRUMENTS
POST OFFICE IIOx e65303 • OAl.l.AS. TEXA:ol 152e5
SN54AHCT595, SN74AHCT595 a-BIT SHIFT REGISTERS WITH 3-STATE OUTPUT REGISTERS SCLS374A- MAY 1997 - REVISED JUNE 1997
logic symbolt OE
RCLK SRCLR SRCLK SER
13 12
.J'..
10 11
EN3 C2 SRG8
r-. R
..,
14
C1/-
10
r
r
,. 20
C>
3'7
,
15 1 2 3 4
. 20
3: w
s:W
c:
I>
3,.,
5 8
7 9
a~ordance
tThis symbol is in with ANSIIIEEE SId 91-1984 and lEe Publication 617·12. Pin numbers shown ate lor the O. DB. ~. ~. PW. and W packages.
'\
a.
I-
o
:J
c
ac: a.
-------------------------------------- .. -----------------------If} TEXAS
INSTRUMENTS
3-462
~
POST OFFIce BOX 66s:J03 • DAU.<S. TElWI
7~
SN54AHCT595, SN74AHCT595 a-BIT SHIFT REGISTERS WITH 3-STATE OUTPUT REGISTERS SCLS31 .... - "''''V 19'17 - neV1:lF.O MNF '1)(17
logic diagram (positive logic) OE
RClK SRClR
_'3_ 12 10
S;:!ClK
11
SER
14 15
>---+----
OA
Os
'3: 2
->ww
Oc
a: c. 3
I-
00
0
::l
C
4
0
a: c.
OE
5 > - - 1 - - - - OF
6
>-+---- °G
7 >-----OH
>-_ _ _ 9_ Ow Pin numbers shown nre lor Iho 0, DB. J. N. PW. and W packages.
"!} TEXAS
INSTRUMENTS
POST OFFICE BOX 855J03 • DALLAS. TEXAS 15265
3--463
SN54AHCT595, SN74AHCT595 8-BIT SHIFT REGISTERS WITH 3-STATE OUTPUT REGISTERS SCLS374A- MAY 1997- REoVISEDJUNE 1997
absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature ranget
!.iupply volluga ,ango, Vee .......................................................... -0.5 V 10 7 V Input vClltllUII "lnyo,V, (see Nole 1).................................... . ... ··0.5 V 10 7 V 01l11J1I1 ~(Jl1u\Jo ,a"yo, Vo (see Note 1) ................................ -05 V 10 Vee. 0 5 V Inpul dump (;urrolli. 11K (VI < 0) .. ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -20 rnA Oulpul dump (;urront, tOK (VO < 0 or Vo > Vee) ....................... t2C rnA COlllinuou!I outpul current, 10 (VO= 0 to Vee) ......................... t?5 rnA Conlinullu!I Cllrrontthrough Vee or GND ............................. t 50 mA Puckage thermullmpedance. 8JA (see Nole 2): 0 package .............. 113 C,W DB package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131' C,W N package .......................... , ...... " 78"CfIN PW package ................................ 149"CfIN Storage temperature range. Tslg .................................... _.' .............. -65"C to 1SO'C t
~
w
Stresses beyond those listed undor "absolute maximum ratings' may cause permanent damage to the dovlCe. These am stress ratings only, and functional operation the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicaled under 'recommended operating conditions' is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum·rated conditions 'or extended periodS may affect deVICe reliability. NOTES: 1. The input and output voltage ratings may be exceeded ~ the input and output curr6nt ralings are obsOlVed. 2. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance WIth JESD 51, except for through-hole packages, which use a Irace length zero.
0'
0'
recommended operating conditions (see Note
:> w a:
$N54AHCT595
-,
Vee
Supply voltage
0.
V,H
High"evet input voltage
I-
V,L
Low-level input voltage
o
::l C
oa:
c..
3)
"
Input voltage
Vo
Output voltage
10H
High·level output current Low·level output current Input transition rise or fall rate
TA
Operating free-air temperature
electrical characteristics otherwise noted)
operating
over recommended
TEST CONomoNs 'OHa-SO,...,.
4.SV
'OL a SO,...,.
MIN
TYP
4.4
4.5
V
0.8
V
5.5
V
0
5.5
a
Vee
a a
4.5V
V, .. VCC or GND,
lJ.lee*
One input at 3.4 V, Other Inputs at Vee or GND
Ci
V, .. Vee or GND
'0 .. 0
~
...
Vee ~
V rnA
8
8 20
nsN
85
"e
125
-40
temperature
MIN
V
20
MAX
mA
range (unles3
SN74AHCT595 MIN
MAX
4.4
UNIT
V
J.8
38 0.1
0.1
0.1
0.36
0.44
0.44
V
5.5 V
to.1
tl
tl
pA
5.5 V
4
"'a
40
pA
S.SV
1.35
1.5
1.5
rnA
10
pF
5V
2
..
10
the Increase In supply current for each Input at one of the Specolled TIL voltage levels ralhor than 0 V or Vee .
~TEXAS
INSTRUMENTS 3-464
5.5
2
SNSoIAHCT595 MAX
3.94
IOL,,8rnA
"'ee
IS
4.5
free-air
TA·2S"C Vcc
'OH,,-8mA
V, .. Vee or GND
* This
5.5
-55
noatlno.
VOL
4.5 2
NOl E :1: Unused Inputs must be held high or low to prevent them from
VOH
MAX
~
10L
PARAMETER
MIN
0.8
lJ.UlJ.v
UNIT
MAX
".
V,
SN74AHCT595
MtN
sL'OST OFFIce IIOX 855J03 • OAUAS. TEXAS 75205
SN54AHCT595, SN74AHCT595 8·BIT SHIFT REGISTERS WITH 3·STATE OUTPUT REGISTERS SCLS374A-MAY 1997- REVISEOJUNE 1997
timing requirements over recommended operating free-air temperature range, Vee 5 V ± 0,5 V (unless otherwise noted) (see Figure 1)
=
SN54AHCT595
TA" 25·C MIN
Iw
tsu
Pulse durallan
Setup time
Hold lime
SN74AHCT595
MAX
MIN
SRCLK high or low
5
5
RCLK high or low
5
5
5
SRCLR low
5
5
5
MAX
UNIT
5
SER bolore SRCLKi
3
3
3
SRCLKf belore RCLKit
5
5
5
SRCLR low belare RCLKi
5
5
5 2.5
2.5
2.5
SER alter SRCLKf
2
2
2
SRCLKt after RClKi
a
0
a
SRCLf~ low after RCLKi
0
0
0
SRCLR high (inactive) before SRCLKi
'h
MIN
MAX
ns
ns
ns
11 h'~ solup lim.. onsu",s Ihn output "'glster sees slable-data Iram the shift· register outputs. The clocks mlty be lIod together, In whICh case the tlutrut rngl~.tllr i~ nnt't dot" pul
switching characteristics over recommended operating free-air temperature range, Vee = 5 V I 0.5 V (unless otherwise noted) (see Figure 1)
_.
~
PARAMETER
FROM (INPUT)
TO (OUTPUT)
lOAD CAPACITANCE
'mal
tpLll' tPHL' tpLH' tPHl' IPHl' tpZH' IPZl' IPHZ' IpLZ' IplH IPHL 'pLH IPHL tpHI, 'PZH tpZL tpHZ tpLZ
TA" 2S'C MIN
TYP
CL. 15 pF'
135
185
CL. 50 pF
95
155
RCLK
O,,-OH
CL,,15pF
SRClK
OH'
Cl" 15pF
SRClR
C,W
Cl-'5pF
OE
O,,-OH
Cl-'5pF
OE
O,,-OH
Cl= 15pF
AClK
O,,-OH
CL" 50 pF
SRCLK
OH'
CL" 50 pF
$RClR
OH'
5.4
::.
OE
O,,-OH
CL = 50 pF
OE
O,,-OH
CL
a
Mltl
MAli
.--.
".. 74
".. 1
UNIT
<-
n~
fl8
5.4
74
I
n~
6.2
82
I
9.4
6.2
8.2
I
9."
5.9
8
I
9.1
4.8
8.6
1
10
4.8
8,6
1
10
fl'
50 pF
6.9
9.4
1
10.5
6.9
9.4
1
10.5
7.7
10.2
1
11.4
7.7
10.2
1
11.4
7.4
10
1
11.1
8.3
10.6
1
12
8.3
108
1
12
7.6
10.3
1
11
7.6
10 J
1
11
ns
0.
ns ns ns ns ns
~TEXAS
• DALLAS. TEXAS
75~
c a:
o
INSTRUMENTS ~JOJ
f-
o :,)
ns
'0.1 ;>roducts compliant to Mll,PRF·J85J5. Ihls parameter is ensured but not production tested.
POST OfFtCE BOX
a:
0.
Mtlt
ns
CL" 50 pF
.,
MA.
->w
W
SN5U,IlCUllII
3-465
SN54AHCT595, SN74AHCT595 8-BIT SHIFT REGISTERS WITH 3-STATE OUTPUT REGISTERS SCLS374A- MAY 1997 - REVISED JUNE 1997
switching characteristics over recommended operating free-air temperature range, Vee = 5 V ± 0.5 V (unless otherwise noted) (see Figure 1) SN74AHCT595 FROM (INPUT)
PARAMETER
TO (OUTPUT)
LOAD CAPACITANCE
TA = 25 C TYP
MIN
...
tPLH tPHL tPLH tPHL tpHL
15 pF
135
185
115
95
155
65
tPHL tPt.H IPHL
C
8.2
I
9.4
6.2
8.2
I
9.4
CL" IS pF
•• 5.9
8
1
9.1
4.8
8.6
I
10
OA-OH
CL" 15 pF
OE
OA-OH
CL" 15pF
RClK
OA-O~I
Cl-50pF
SRCLK
OH'
CL" SOpF
QH'
CLaSOpF
.
.
OE
~
::J
o
6.2
OE
OE
IpZL
IPt.Z
=IS pF
OH'
IpZH
IPHZ
8.5
SRCLR
SRCLR
tPHL
a::
6.5
I
.
-
tPt.H
a.. .... u
I
7.4
CL
tPtZ
-
7.4
OH'
output·skew characteristics, CL
QA-OH
CLaSOpF
QA-OH
CL=50pF
48
UNIT
MHz
5.4
SRCLK
tPHZ
MAX
5.4 OA-OH
IPZL
3: w > w
z
CL" 1-5,pF
RCLK
tPZH
MIN
CL" SO pF
CL Imax
MAX
ns
ns ns
.-
n~
8.6
1
10
ns
69
9.4
1
10.5
69
9.4
I
10.5
77
10.2
11.4
7.7
10.2
7.4
10
83
10.6
8.3
10,6
, , ,
7.6
10.3
I
76
10.3
I
1
I
11.4 11.1 12 12
" It
ns ns
ns ns
=50 pF (see Note 4)
.-
SN74AHCT595
a::
PARAMETER
a..
TA = 25'C
Vce
MIN Isk(o)
OUIl'ul skow
5V ±0.5V
,
MAX
MIN
I
ns
MAX
,
UNIT
1'5
NOTE 4: Characloflsllcs aro dol ermined dunng produCI characlenzallon and ensured'by deSign.
noise characteristics,
Vee =5 V, CL =50 pF, TA =25°C (see Note 5) SN74AHCT595
PARAMETER VOl(PI
Quiel oUlpul, maximum dynamic VOL
VOL/VI
Quiet oulpul, minimum dynamic VOL
VOH/V)
Quiel OUlpul. minimum dynamic VOH
VIHIDI
High·lovel dynamic inpul vol/age
VIL/O)
Low·level dynamic inpul vol/age
MIN
MAX
UNIT
0.8
V
-0.8
V V
2
V 0.8
V
I
NOTE 5: Charactonsllcs are oolerrmned dunng product charactenzatlon and ensured by deSign lor surface·mounl packages only.
operntlng characteristics,
Vee =5 V, TA =25°C
E~!"~~ ~~:'~~I!I'~:'I~~'~' ,:,~I"'_'
'_I"_nc_e_PA_R_A_M_E_T_E_R_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~TEXAS
INSTRUMENTS 3·-oI(lij
pbsr OFFICE BOx M!)J()J • OAU..AS. ft.KAS
I~'M
L.N_:_I:_~_:_C_O_N_~_:T_:_~~_~_~I__'
__
..J.__~
SN54AHCT595, SN74AHCT595 8-BIT SHIFT REGISTERS WITH 3-STATE OUTPUT REGISTERS "1
SCLS37~A - IAAY 1997 - REVISEOJUNE. 1991
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
o
From Output Under Test
-r-
CL (a. . NoteA)
~
VCC
0 Open 0 GND
T -L
Eov
Input J 1 . 5 V
3V
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS PULSE DURAnON
Oat. Input
~OV
I
,.-M-th
~
14
J1.5 tau
I
Vee GND
jl.5V"\ --- 3V ______J.
tw - - - . :
I
51 Open
nmlnglnput
LOAD CIRCUIT
\4---
TEST tPU¥tPliL tpLZ"PZ1. tPHZ"PZH
I
V5~
V
3V
Output eontrol \ enabling)
.
tPLH
Output
~.;V-:---- : :
J,1.5V
I --jo!4t--to!
I
51 at Vee
tPHL
,..----T1' sOOt.
II (sOOt. Vee ________- J
I
Output tPZL -+t Waveform 1 1 (_NoteS)
!4~
~-.
V OH Vee VOL
.1:.....
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS SETUP AND HOLD TIMES
(low-leve!·1.5 V
Input
---::
tpZH Output Waveform 2 51 at GND (I . . Note B)
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS DELAY TIMES
~.---li'-l-
14I
,\50%
I !. 1 . - + f1 .
1
"'
./1.5 V
.
I
.
- - - __ 0 V
~ I+- tpLZ
1 I
• Vee
ve4 VvOL + 0.3 V
. t-~---
VOL
I I j4- tpHZ ~ V - G:iV VOH
~
50"4 Vee
OH ....---- - 0 V
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS ENABLE AND DISABLE nMES
NOTES: A. CL inc:Iudos probe and Jig capacitance. B. Waveform' is 101 an oulPUI wil" inlelnal condilions suc" lIIall"e OUlput is low axcept when disabled by lIIe outpu: control. Waveform 2 Is 101 an oulPUI wilh i",o,"al conditions such Ihat the oUlput is high except when disabled by the output control. C. Alilnpul pulS118 ale 5"''I,Iill<1 by lIonoralors having Ihe IoIlowing characteristics: PRR S 1 MHz. Zo • 50 0. tr • 3 ns. t, • 3 ns. D. The oulputs am moas"If,d ono al a lime wil" ona Inpuillansilion per maasurement.
Figure 1. Load Circuit and Voltage Waveforms
-If}
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS POST OFFICE BOX 6115J03 • DALLAS. TEXAS 75265
.;: W :;
w a: a..
b :::l C
o a: a..
BIODATA
NAMA
: RONALDUS FANCY D.
NRP
: 5103096056
n:MPAT I TGL LAHIR
: RLJTENG-FLORES, 21
ALAMAT
NOVEM BER 1976
: JL. RUNGKLJT ASRl BARAT 1154 SURABAYA
NO. TELEPON
: 8706629
RIWAYAT PENDIDIKAN :
•
TAHlJN 1990 LULUS SDK KUMBA I RUTENG
•
TAHlJN 1993 LULUS SMPK IMMACULATA RUT ENG
•
TAHUN 1996 LULUS SMA NEGERI17 SURABAYA
•
TAHUN 2001 LULUS SARJANA FAKULTAS TEKNIK JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO UNIVERSITAS KA TOLIK WIDY A MANDALA
--
PER P ~.~ " r " .~ A ~ N ,jniv..,.a>i8
i<~.,·"i~
Wid,. Ma.odala
Si)~!\BAY4
