BAB I : TENSES. SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ing (is, am, are)

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BAHASA INGGRIS BAB I : TENSES A. Pengantar Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam kalimat yang berhubungan dengan Waktu (saat kejadian). Dalam bahasa inggris secara lengkap terdapat 16 macam tenses, namun yang sering digunakan hanya 12 macam yaitu : B. Present 1. Simple Present Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + V1 +___ I You We They

SUBJECT + v +s,es + ___ He She It

They go to work by bus everyday. He earns his living by selling books. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west. 2. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung We watch television in the evening 3. Dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya. When Lisa Reading a novel, the phone rings, she picks it up and listens quietly….. c. Keterangan waktu Every morning/day/week/month/year Once, twice, three times, four times Occasionally, now and then, on and off, nowadays, habitually, frequently Juga sering digunakan keterangan keseringan, seperti : always, ussually, Sometimes, often, never, seldom. 2. Present Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ing (is, am, are) Mother is still cooking in the kitchen now. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu sekarang. They are still playing at moment. 2. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan belum tentu sedang berlangsung ketika pernyataan dikemukakan. She is studying English and learning French this year. Catatan : Beberapa kata kerja tidak dapat dipakai dalam bentuk continuous antara lain: Kata kerja berhubungan dengan panca indera (feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe) Kata kerja berhubungan dengan perasaan atau emosi (adore, appreciate, care, detest fear, hate, like, love, mind, want, wish) STAN-Nusantara

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Kata kerja berkaitan dengan aktivitas mental (agree, believe, expect, forget, mean, perceive ,realize, recall, recognize, remember, understand) c. Keterangan Waktu Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today. Kata kerja seperti : Look !, Listen !, Watch !, Notice !(imperative) 3. Present Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + V-3 + ____ I have seen the wolves in the forest. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau (waktunya tidak tertentu) John Smith has written a number of short stories. 2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan lagi di waktu yang akan datang. I have gone to Bali. 3. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan baru saja berakhir waktu bicara. I haven’t met you for a month.(sekarang sudah bertemu) c. Keterangan Waktu Since, for,….,just (baru saja),lately, recently, as yet, (hingga kini), so far (hingga kini) up to the present (hingga sekarang). 4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ing We have been studying English for six years. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang dimulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau Sekarang masih berlangsung dan mungkin masih akan dilanjutkan. Mr.Jones has been listening to the radio for an hour. 2. Untuk kata kerja “live” present Perfect Continuous mempunyai arti sama dengan Present Perfect. I have been living in Jakarta for two years = I have lived in Jakarta for two year (I still live in Jakarta now) c. Keterangan Waktu For …,since….,the whole day,all the morning, for the last…., for…now. C. Past 1. Simple Past Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + V-2 + O + ____ He presented his paper at seminar yesterday. Mother bought a new carpet last Sunday. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. He met Lina yesterday. 2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. He always carried his umbrella last season. STAN-Nusantara

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c. Keterangan Waktu Last week/month/year,…ago, this morning, this afternoon, just now, yesterday 2. Past Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + was / were + V-ing She was reading the magazine when he came. While they were talking the guests knocked on the door. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau. His wife was cooking in the kitchen. 2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau di mana kejadian lain terjadi dan biasanya disertai anak kalimat yang diawali dengan When/While/as. When I was walking to school, I met Ana. As she was having breakfast the phone rang. Dalam contoh diatas dapat kita melihat bahwa “When I was walking to school,as she was having breakfast, while they were playing,” peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut sedang berlangsung peristiwa lain terjadi. c. Bentuk was / were going to dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan di masa lampau tetapi keinginan tersebut tidak dilaksanakan. I was going to publish my book (but I didn’t). They were going to climb the mountain (but it was cloudy). 3. Past Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + HAD + V-3 The thief had escaped when police came. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya muncul di masa lampau . They went home after they had finished the work. 2. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga kedua terjadi pada waktu lampau. The family had waited for an hour when the doctor arrived. 3. Untukmenyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang sebelum peristiwa kedua muncul di waktu lampau. His mother had given him medicine for three days before she took him to the hospital. c. Keterangan Waktu When + clause (past tenses). 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung hingga peristiwa lain muncul di waktu lampau. Perbedaan Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense lebih menekankan pada proses berlangsungnya suatu peristiwa. a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + V-ing He had been working in that company for two years when the World War II Broke out.

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b. Fungsi Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sudah berlangsung terjadi sebelum saat tertentu pada waktu lampau peristiwa itu masih berlangsung atau tepat berhenti sebelum peristiwa lain menyertai. Contoh : 1. John had been working there for five years when the world war II ended. John worked there. He worked there for five years. Then the world war II ended and John was still working there and (we don’t know whether John would still work there or not after the war). D. Future 1. Future Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + V-1 + ____ The examonation will start next week. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan pendapat, anggapan, spekulasi, tentang kejadian yang akan datang, biasanya diikuti probably, possible, perhaps, surely. (I’m sure ) he will pass the exam. 2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi. I’ll come back the day after tommorow. 3. Untuk menyatakan maksud / kemauan I will not see her again (saya menolak bertemu dia). 4. Untuk mengumumkan suatu rencana formal dalam radio atau surat kabar yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang. The Prime Minister will open the museum next week. 5. Untuk menyatakan kehendak Dalam penggunaan ini ‘pronoun’ menggunakan ‘will’. She will study hard. 6. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa yang mendatang bukan karena keinginan atau kehendak subjek (pelaku). I dan We menggunakan shall sedang lainnya menggunakan will. He will be twenty-five next month. 2. Future Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + shall / will + be + V-ing _____ She will be watering the flowers at four tommorow. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu yang akan datang masih berlangsung sesudahnya. This time next week U will be studying hard. 2. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada preiode waktu yang sama mendatang. Kedua kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi main claus (induk kalimat) yang berbentuk Future Continuous The family will be thinking about farm while they are sitting in the sea shore. c. Keterangan Waktu When + Clause (present), at the usual next week, at this time tommorow, at three o’clock tommorow. 3. Future Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-3 + _____

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By the end of this week she will have finished reading the novel. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya terjadi yang akan datang. Future Perfect digunakan untuk kegiatan yang lebih dulu terjadi. The mechanics will have worked on the car before the race starts. 2. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas dalam periode waktu tertentu sebelum aktivitas lain terjadi yang akan datang. He will have run for five hours by the time of finish. c. Keterangan Waktu By then : menjelang waktu By ……= menjelang, by next week/month/year By the end of = …= menjelang akhir… Into two weeks/months/years = dalam dua minggu/bulan/tahun. Before + clause (present), when + clause (present). 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan telah berlangsungselama periode waktu tertentu sebelum kegiatan lain muncul di waktu yang akan datang. a.Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing +_____ We will have been studying English for six years next year. b. Keterangan Waktu By + keterangan waktu ______ for + keterangan waktu Next + keterangan waktu ____ for + keterangan waktu When + Keterangan waktu ___ for + keterangan waktu

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1.‘What are you looking for?’ ‘My wallet; I don’t know where I ____ it’. A.have been putting B.am putting C.had put D.was putting E.have put 2. ‘Anwar was promoted president of your company last week wasn,t he? A.had worked B.has been working C.was working D.would work E.worked 3. She____the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels came off. A.am only wearing. B.was only wearing. C. had only been wearing. D.have only been wearing. E.only wearing . 4. ‘So, you have finished typing those letters! When did you do it?” STAN-Nusantara

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‘When you ____the meeting.’ A.were attending B.attend C.have attended D.attended E.had attended 5. ‘Several hotels in this region are closing down.’ ‘That’s because tourism itself____since last year.’ A.is declining B.had declining C.declined D.was declining E.has been declining 6. ‘Don’t you think the bus driver is speeding ?’ ‘Yes, I ‘m afraid he____the lives of the passengers’. A.endangered B.will endangered C.would have endangered D.endangers E.would endanger 7. ‘While living in Bogor, we always went to this school on foot.’ This means that we___on foot while we were living in Bogor. A.go to school B.are going to school C.used to go to school D.are used to going to school E.liked going to school 8. ‘Can I see you tomorrow about the seminar?’ ‘all right, come at 10 o’clock, and I__teaching by then.’ A.will have finished B.have finished C.am finishing D.will be finishing E.will have been finishing 9. I___all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister had borrowed. A.had looked B.was looking C.looked D.am looking E.have been looking 10. Ridwan : When are the children going to see the rice field? Willy : In June, after the harvest time. Ridwan : Are they? So, by the time they get there, the famers … A.harvest B.harvested C.has harvested D.had harvested E.will have harvested.

BAB II : ELLIPTIC AND PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION

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A. Pengantar Kalimat elip adalah kalimat yang merupakan pemendekkan dari dua kalimat atau lebih dengan cara menghilangkann beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Kalimat elip digunakan untuk menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam satu kalimat. B. Cara Membentuk Kalimat Elip Kalimat elip dapat dibentuk dengan cara, antara lain dengan menggunakan : 1. and…too;and so…(dan….juga;dan demikian juga …) and …too;and so… digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat positif yang memiliki kesamaan. Adapun cara membuat bentuk elip dengan memakai to be auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu). Contoh a. Tony is playing football. Rudy is playing football. =Tony is playing football and Rudy is too. =Tony is playing football and so is Rudy. b. He can speak English well. She can speak English well. =He can speak English well and she can too. =He can speak English well and so can she. c. They work very hard. She work very hard. =He work very hard and she does too. =He work very hard and so does she. d. he passed the final examination. She passed the final examination. =He passed the final examination and she did too. =He passed the final examination and so did she. e. he has finished the work. I have finished the work. =He has finished the work and I have too. =He has finished the work and so have I. f. He has many books. I have many books. =He has many books and I do too. =He has many books and so do I. g. She had bought a dictionary. He had bought a dictionary. =She had bought a dictionary and he had too. =She had bought a dictionary and so had he. h. She had a new bag. He had new bag. =She had a new bag and he did too. =She had a new bag and so did he. i. She has to study regularly. We have to study regularly. =She has to study regulrly and we do too. =She has to study regularly and so do we. 2. and neither….;and…either (juga) and neither ….;and …..either juga digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat negatif. Contoh : a. He isn’t studying English. She isn’t studying English. =He isn’t studying English and neither is she. =He isn’t studying English and she isn’t either. b. He didn’t do the exercise. She didn’t do the exercise . =He didn’t do the exercise and neither did she. =He didn’t do the exercise and she didn’t either. 3. But (tetapi) But digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan. Contoh : He isn’t studying English. She is studying English. =He isn’t studying English but she is. 4. Both….and (keduanya). Contoh : a. He painted the door. He painted the window. STAN-Nusantara

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=He painted both the door and the window. b. Heni is in the thrid year. Sita is in the thrid year. =Both Heni and Sita are in the thrid year. 5. Either …or..(baik ..ataupun…./salahsatu). Contoh : Rini forgot where she put her new dictionary. =Isn’t either in living room or in the bedroom. 6. Neither ….nor…(baik…maupun…tidak). Contoh : a. He isn’t a teacher. He isn’t a doctor. =He is neither a teacher nor a doctor. b. He doesn’t say rude things. They don’t say the rude things. =Neither he nor they say the rude things. =Neither they nor he says the rude things. 7. And (dan) Contoh : I will write a letter. I will write a short story. =I will write a letter and short story. 8. Or (atau) Contoh : a. Does he buy a black and white or does he buy colour film? =Does he buy a black and white or colour film? b. You can go by bus. You can go by taxi. =You can go by bus or taxi. 9. Whether…or not(baik…atau tidak) Contoh : I will give you the money although you need it or you don’t need it. =I will give you the money whether you need it or not. C. Susunan Elliptic Dalam Klausa. Susunsn Elliptic biasanya digunakan dalam dependent dan independent clause bila kedua subjeknya sama. Contoh : a. Mary was poor but she was honest. =Mary was poor but honest. b. Although she was given everything, she was never satisfied. =Although given everything, she was never satisfied. c. However he is busy, he always comes on time. =However busy, he always comes on time. d. If you are sleepy, you may go to sleep. =If sleepy, you may go to sleep. e. While she was cooking,she listened to the radio. =While cooking, she listened to the radio. f. I saw him when she was crossing the road. =I saw him crossing the road. g. Nani washed the dresses and she hang them. =Nani washed and hang the dresses. h. When you stop a car, you always use a hand signal. =When stopping a car, you always use a hand signal. i. Before I eat, I always say a short prayer. =Before eating the meal, I always say a short prayer. SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

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1. Please remind me to return the book and___library card. A.that I renew B.to renew C.I must renew D.renewing E.have to renew 2. I think you had better tell her the truth before somebody else___ A.can B.tells C.did D.does E.him 3. I think my mother will be interested in reading this novel,but ____ A.so will my father B.my father won’t C.so does my father D.my mother is not E.my father will be 4. “Ridwan believes that advertisement on TV is the most effective”.”__” A.as I do B.the same I do C.so do I D.I do also E.so do I BAB III : SUBJUNCTIVE A. Pengantar Sesuai dengan ruang lingkup materi, kalimat subjunctive yang diperkenalkan dalam bab ini adalah kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’(ingin), ‘if only’ (jika,hanya jika),’would rather’(lebih suka) dan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ (seolah-olah). Kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’,’if only’ dan ‘would rather’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan. Sedang kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar adanya. Kata kerja atau ‘to be’ yang digunakan dalam kalimat subjunctive selalu dalam bentuk Past Tense, baik Simple Past maupun Past Perfect Tense. B.Bentuk Kalimat Subjunctive Dan Fakta a. Present Subjunctive Kalimat subjunctive ini menunjukkan pada keadaan sekarang. Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense. To be untuk semua kata ganti adalah ‘were’. Contoh : 1. I wish she were here. (faktanya : she isn’t here). 2. He wishes I went to the meeting . (faktanya : I don’t go to the meeting). 3. If only they were my friends. (faktanya : They aren’t my friends) 4. If only he didn’t ask me (faktanya : He asks me). 5. I would rather you told me the news. (faktanya : You don’t tell me the news). 6. He behaves as if he were the owner of the hotel. (faktanya : He isn’t the owner of the hotel). 7. She stares at me as though she didn’t know me. (faktanya : She knows me) STAN-Nusantara

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b. Past Subjunctive Past Subjunctive menunjukkan pada keadaan waktu lampau. Kata kerja yang digunakan bentuknya Past Perfect Tense. Contoh : 1. I wish she had been here. (faktanya : She wasn’t here). He wishes I had gone to the meeting. (faktanya : I didn’t go to the meeting). 2. If only they had been my friends. (faktanya : They were not my friends). 3. If only he hadn’t asked me. (faktanya : He asked me). 4. She would rather he had been at home with me yesterday. (faktanya : He wasn’t at home with me yesterday) I would rather you had told me the news. (faktanya : You didn’t tell me the news). 5. He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel. (faktanya : he wasn’t the owner of the hotel). She stared at me as thogh she hadn’t known me. (faktanya : She knew me). SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. Fatimah wished … to buy the book. A. she had enough money B. she had had enough money C. she has had enough money D. she will have enough money E. she has enough money 2. If only she … me about her problem yesterday. A. told B. has told C. had told D. tells E. was telling 3. I am thirsty. The subjunctive is …. A. I wish I am not thirsty. B. I wish I was not thirsty. C. I wish I were not thirsty. D. I wish I were thirsty E. I wish I was thirsty. 4. He wishes it … a holiday today. A. had been B. were C. was D. be E. is 5. His daughter wished he … a motorcycle. A. will have bought B. had bought C. bought D. buy E. buys 6. My uncle wishes I had not gone to the cinema. It means …. STAN-Nusantara

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A. I am going to go to the cinema. B. I went to the cinema. C. I would go to the cinema. D. I have not gone to the cinema. E. I did not go to the cinema. 7. Bram would rather his father … at BAC now. A. has taught B. is teaching C. had taught D. teaches E. taught 8. She acts as though she … the manager of the store. A. is being B. is C. has been D. were E. was 9. Most insurance agents would rather you … anything before an investigation. A. don’t do B. didn’t do C. didn’t D. do E. haven’t done 10.”I am sorry I don’t know the answer , but I really wish I …. A. had knew B. will knew C. knew D. know E. have known

BAB IV : VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION A. Verb Ciri-ciri kata kerja Kita telah melihat bahwa ciri tertentu yang membantu kita untuk mengenal kata Benda. Beberapa ciri yang mirip akan membantu kita dalam mengenal kata kerja. Ciri-ciri tersebut antara lain : a. Inflectional Suffixes Akhiran –s,-es pada kata kerja dengan subyek orang ketiga tunggal, akhiran –d,-ed dalam bentuk lampau, tambahan –ing dalam Present Participle serta tambahan –d.-ed pada Past participle. Contoh : 1. Rita thinks that we are fishing. 2. Surely he means something. 3. Finally he realized what happened. b. Position Kata kerja menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Posisi pada permulaan kalimat dapat berlaku dengan didahului – Please, Let’s or Don’t + V 1. Contoh : 1. Please open your dictionary. 2. Don’t be afraid, little girl. 3.Let’s give the boys a chance to rest. Kata kerja dapat pula terjadi dalam posisi antara dua kata benda atau antara subjek dan objek. STAN-Nusantara

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Contoh : 1. My friend bought books in the bookstore. 2. The men watched the football match. c. Auxiliary verbs Kata kerja dapat terjadi dalam frase yang disebut auxiliaries (kata kerja bantu). 1. Can / could must May / might dare Shall / should need + V-1 Will / would (had) better/ best Do/does/did 2.

3.

4.

Is / am / are / was / were Get / gets / got Keep / keeps / kept

+ V-ing

Is / am/ are / was / were Get / gets /got Have / has /had

+ V-3

Have / has/ had to Ought to Used to Is / am / are / was /were to

+ V-1

d. Derivational suffixes and prefixes : Kata kerja dapat pula dikenali dengan derivational suffixes and prefixes dalam pembentukan kata kerja. AFFIXS EXAMPLE -en hasten, strengthen -ze, -ize apologize, standardize -fy, -ify, -efy beautify, solidify, liquefy enencircle, enjoy SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN Answer questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage! Although speech is the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using speech. Signals, signs, symbols, and gestures may be found in every known culture. The basic function of a signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes of a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication is very great. Less adaptable to to the codification of words, signs also contain meaning in and of themselves. A stop sign or a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently. Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theatre provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages. Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they do have a major disadvantage. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. As a result, means of communication intended to be used for long distances and extended periods are based upon speech. Radio, television, and the telephone are only a few. 1. Which of the following would be the best tittle for the passage? A. Signs, Signals, and Symbols B. Gestures C. Communication D. Speech E. Culture

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2. Applauding was citied as an example of …. A. a gesture B. a symbol C. a signal D. a sign E. an attitude 3. According to the passage, what is a signal? A. The most difficult form of communication to describe. B. A form of communication which may be used across long distances. C. A form of communication that interrupts the environment. D. The form of communication most related to cultural perception. E. Same as speech. 4. Why were the telephone, radio, and TV invented? A. Because people were unable to understand signs, symbols, and signals B. Because people wanted to communicate across long distances C. Because people believed that signals, signs, and symbols are obsolete D. Because people wanted new forms of entertainment E. Yet people love them 5. It may be concluded from this passage that …. A. signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are forms of communication B. symbols are very easy to define and interpret C. only some cultures have signals, signs, and symbols D. waving and handshaking are not related to culture E. communication is important Next questions are not related with the passage above. 6. Although buses are scheduled to depart at a certain hour, they are often late. A. listed B. requested C. obligated D. loaded E. overloaded 7. Veterinarians usually give dogs an anesthetic so that they do not cry out in pain. A. gulp B. flip C. yelp D. purr E. in 8. Vendors must have a license. A. People employed in food service B. People who drive a car C. People engaged in selling D. People who work in hospital E. People who sell his self

9. The Miami port authorities have seized over a million dollars worth of illegal drugs. A. confiscated B. discarded C. concealed D. destroyed E. like 10. Because of the extreme pressure underwater, divers are often sluggish. STAN-Nusantara

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A. slow B. hurt C. careful D. worried E. careless 11. Travel agent will confirm your reservations for you free. A. purchase B. verify C. exchange D. obtain E. classify 12. Discretionary funds are included in most budgets to cover expenses that the contractor might run into during the work. A. forget to do B. pay for C. meet unexpectedly D. add on E. go on

BAB V : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES A. Pengantar Setiap kalimat conditional terdiri atas dua klausa, yaitu Main Clause dan if Clause. Sususnan atau letak Main Clause dapat berada di depan dan juga dibelakang. Perbedaan letak main Clause ini sama sekali tidak mempengaruhi arti. Main Clause dalam kalimat pengandaian selalu memiliki modal, sedang If Clause tidak. Modal yang paling sering digunakan adalah : “will” atau “shall” an Modal yang lain adalah “can”,”may”,”must”,”have to” dan “ought to”. Modal ini bisa dalam bentuk present atau past tense sesuai dengan tipe kalimat pengandaiannya. Sesuai dengan namanya, kalimat pengandaian menyatakan suatu hal yang diharapakan terjadi, akan tetapi kenyataan belum atau tidak terjadi sebagaimana yang diharapakan. Contoh : Main Clause If Clause 1. I will come to the party if Susi invites me 2. We shall go together if We have enough time Susunan kalimat di atas bisa diubah dengan memindahkan Main Clause di bagian belakang kalimat, sehingga susunannya menjadi : 1. If Susi invites me, I will go to the party 2. If we have enough time, we shall go together. B. Tipe-Tipe Kalimat Kondisional a. Tipe I (Future Conditional Sentences) Kalimat pengandaian tipe I menunjuk pada peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang, sehingga mungkin terjadi atau tidak. Modal pada Main Clause dan kata kerja pada If Clause semuanya dalm bentuk present. Contoh : 1. They will visit you if you meet them. (Artinya : They may visit you, you may meet they). 2. I can go for a swim the weather is not bad, (Artinya : I may go for a swim, the weather may not be bad). b.Tipe II Kalimat pengandaian tipe II untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan fakta pada waktu sekarang sehingga tidak mungkin terjadi atau kemungkinan kecil terjadi pada waktu sekarang. Modal

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pada Main Clause dan kata kerja atau to be dan If Clause semuanya dalam bentuk Past Tense. To be untuk semua pronoun adalah “were”. Contoh : 1. They would visit you if you met them. (Artinya : They don’t visit you because you don’t meet them). 2. I could go for a swim if the weather were not bad. (artinya : I can’t go for a swim because the weather is bad). c. Tipe III Kalimat pengandaian tipe III menunjuk pada peristiwa yang akan terjadi di waktu lampau, digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada waktu lampau sehingga tidak mungkin terjasi pada waktu sekarang. Modal pada Main Clause dalam bentuk Past Tense ditambah dengan ‘have’ dan kata kerja atau ‘to be’ bentuk ketiga, sedang kata kerja If Clause dalam bentuk Past Perfect Tense. Contoh : 1. They would have visited you if you had met them. (Artinya : They didn’t visit you because you didn’t meet them). 2. I could have gone for a swim if the had not been bad. (Artinya : I couldn’t go for a swim because the weather was bad). C. Kalimat Kondisional Tanpa If If Clause pada kalimat pengandaian tidak harus selalu dimulai dengan kata if. Kata-kata lain yang mempunyai makna setara adalah : ‘on condition that’ (dengan syarat bahwa), ‘provided that’ (asalkan) dan ‘unless’ (kecuali jika). If juga bisa dihilangkan dengan menggubnakan inversi atau susun balik. Bentuk inversi ini hanya bisa digunakan pada kalimat pengadaian tipe II yang memiliki to be ‘were’ dan kalimat pengandaian tipe-III. Contoh : 1. We shall go if we have enough time. We shall go on condition that we have enough time. We shall go provided that we have enough time. We shall not go unless we have enough time. 2. If she were sick, she couldn’t do the work. Were she sick, she couldn’t do the work. 3. If we had had enough time, we should have gone together. Had we had enough time we should gone together. SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. He ___ come if you call him. A. would B. would have C. would rather D. will E. will have 2. I won’t come if you ___ me. A. don’t invite B. did not invite C. have been invitation D. has been invited E. have invite 3. You ___ go this afternoon if you want to. A. can B. would C. should D. would have E. would have been STAN-Nusantara

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4. She wouldn’t have arrived at the station on time unless her father had driven her there. It means .___. A. She arrives at the station on time B. She came late to the station C. She did not miss the train D. Her father did not drive her to the station E. She didn’t go to the station 5. If it ___ today, I would not go to the school. A. rained B. rains C. had rained D. rain E. will rain 6. It’s very cold and windy outside. If you don’t have a coat, you ___ borrow mine. A. could B. shall C. can D. might E. must 7. Unless his father ___ him there, he would not have arrived at the station on time. A. has drive B. has driven C. drives D. had driven E. driving 8. If my mother ___ the money, I ___ the book. A. had given, would buy B. gives, shall buy C. gave, would have bought D. gave, will buy E. gives, would buy 9. Had I not been given the book, I would have failed the test. This sentence means __. A. I fail the test B. I failed the test C. I passed the test D. I was not given the book E. I gave the book 10. ___, I might borrow it from him. A. If his this novel B. If the novel him C. If his the novel D. Were the novel is E. The novel were his 11. When the boy saw the dog, he ran away and was bitten. We can conclude that __. A. If he had not run away, he wouldn’t have been bitten B. If he doesn’t run away, he won’t be bitten C. If he hasn’t run away, he wouldn’t be bitten D. Unless he run away, he wouldn’t be the bitten E, If he hasn’t run away, he shouldn’t be bitten 12. We won’t be able to go to the football game ___ we can still get tickets. A. if STAN-Nusantara

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B. whether C. unless D. but E. yet 13. Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I ___ my car. A. would not have lent him B. did not lend him C. will not lend him D. hadn’t lent him E. wouldn’t lent him 14. I deposit all my idle money in the bank; if not, I ___ it on things that I did not really need. A. will spend B. would have spent C. can spend D. could spend E. am going to spend

BAB VI : CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET Pengantar Causative “have”adalah sususnan kalimat menggunakan “have” yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang dikerjakan orang lain untuk “subject”. Jadi “have” ini berarti menyuruh atau memerintah. Kata kerja lain yang dapat untuk menggantikan “have” adalah kata kerja “get”. Dari dua kata kerja tersebut terdapat sedikit perbedaan dalam susunannya. A. Susunan causative Have dan Get a. Causative have dan get dengan objek aktif Di sini obyek melakukan kegiatan sesuai dengan keinginan subjek. Adapun susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut : S + HAVE + O-1 + V-1 + O-2 Contoh : I have the mechanic repair my car (Saya menyuruh montir itu memperbaiki mobil saya). Apabila mengunakan “get” susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut : S + GET + O-1 + to V-1 + O-2 Mother gets my sister to tidy up her room. (Ibu menyuruh adik saya merapikan kamarnya). b. Causative have dan get dengan objek pasif Dalam susunan ini subjek menghendaki seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu terhadap objek penderita. Adapun susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut : S + HAVE + O + V-3 Contoh : The manager had the letter typed soon. (Manajer itu menyuruh surat itu diketik segera). Apabila menggunakan “get” pola kalimatnya sebagai berikut : S + get + O + V-3 Contoh : STAN-Nusantara

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I get my trousers shortened (Saya menyuruh celana panjang saya dipendekkan)

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. I can’t accompany my little sister to go to school, but I’ve got to have her ___. A. accompanied B. to accompany C. accompanying D. to accompanying E. accompany 2. I’ll get my sister ___ my new dress. A. sew B. sewed C. sews D. to sew E. sewing 3. Lisa had the gardener ___ the grass. A. plant B. plants C. planted D. planting E. to plant 4. Rangga forgot to bring his glasses, so he had somebody ___ the announcement. A. reading B. to read C. to reading D. reads E. read 5. “Choki is a lazy boy.” “Yes, he always wants ___ for him. A. to have everything done B. everything having been done C. have everything done D. to has everything done E. everything has done 6. “Is your car new?” “No, I ___ at my brother’s garage.” A. only had it painted B. had only painted it C. had been asked to paint it D. only to had it painted E. just has it painted 7. We are going on a long trip, so we must ___. A. have checked the car B. have the car checked C. to have the car checked D. had the car checked E. have had the car checked 8. I’ll have my secretary ___ an appointment with Mr. Salim for next week. A. made STAN-Nusantara

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B. make C. to make D. making E. makes 9. I don’t know how to arrange these flowers. I’d rather ___. A. do it B. have to do it C. have it done D. have done it E. it has been done 10. “This English text on Accounting is too difficult for me to read.” “ Well, you’d better ___.” A. translate it B. to translate C. have it translated D. have translate it E. it translate

BAB VII : INFINITIVE A. Pengantar Pada prinsipnya infinitive adalah kata kerja yang meggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakn to. Pembahasan mengenai infinitive dalam bab ini hanya terbatas pada arti dan pemakaian kata kerja, baik yang menggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakan to secara khusus. Untuk mempermudah pembahasan digunakan istilah ‘to infinitive’ yang menggunakan to dan ‘infinitive tanpa to (bare infinitive)’ untuk infinitive yang tidak menggunakan to. B. Penggunaan To Infinitive a. Sebagai Subjek Contoh : To drive fast needs a lot of pratice. b. Sebagai Modifier (penjelas / pembatas) To-infinitive digunakan sebagai modifier (penjelas) dari : 1. Kata benda (modifier of a noun) Contoh : We need a lot of water to drink. 2. Kata sifat (modifier of an adjective) Contoh : She was sad to hear that terrible news. 3. Kata kerja (modifier of a verb) Contoh : The president was invited to open yhe conference. 4. Kata tanya atau frase yang dimulai dengan kata tanya (modifier of a WH-Word Or a WH-Phrases). Contoh : She was conviced when to start the business. C. Kata Kerja Yang Harus Diikuti To-infinitive Kata kerja berikut ini harus diikuti to-infinitive Advise force mean want Allow hope need wish Ask intend permit would like Bag invite promise tell Decide instruct propose teach Expect learn warn urge Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah : 1. S + V + TO-INFINITIVE + ___ Contoh : The Lady decided to go abroad 2. S + V + O + TO-INFINITIVE + ____ STAN-Nusantara

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Contoh : The headmaster asked us to wear the uniform every Saturday. D. Pengunaan Infinitive Tanpa To (Bare Infinitive) a. Setelah Modal (can, could, may; might, shall, should, ought to, will, would, must). b. Setelah kata : need not, dare not (tidak berani), would rather (lebih suka), had better (sebaiknya) dan would sooner (lebih suka) Contoh : 1. We had better tell him that you list it. 2. she would rather go than stay at home c. Setelah kata kerja sensasi, presepsi dan causative-have, kecuali dalam bentuk passive. Contoh : 1. She saw the boy steal the money 2. The teacher has his students clean the classroom 3. Birth Control has helped decrease the population growth. Jika digunakan dalam bentuk pasif kata kerja tersebut harus diikuti oleh bto-infinitive (dalam bentuk pasif). Contoh : 1. She was heard to leave the house 2. He was found to smoke in the class KECUALI : let Contoh : 1. They let him go Passive : He was let go 2. He lets Amir enter the room. Passive : Amir is let enter the room d. Beberapa katakerja yang bisa diikuti infinitive tanpa to : Feel hear see look at Get make watch let Have notice know listen to Help observe Kata kerja presepsi dan sensasi di atas juga bisa diikuti kata kerja bentuk –ing, kecuali : let have, know, dan help. Contoh : 1. They saw the thief run away. I saw the thief running away. 2. I notice him sleep under the tree. 3. She heard the boy call for help. Perbedaan bentuk infinitive tanpa to dan kata kerja bentuk –ing dalam pemakaian ini terletak pada sempurna tidaknya peristiwa yang dilakukan. Kata kerja bentuk –ing (V-ing) menunjukkan sedang berlangsungnya peristiwa kapan dimulai dan kapan berakhirnya tidak diketahui. Sedang bentuk infinitive tanpa to menunjukkan lengkapnya peristiwa tersebut, sejak dari awal sampai akhir e. Dalam dependent clause setelah adjective yang mengandung arti penting Misal : important, necessary, essential, etc. Contoh : It is important that she take the course Kadang-kadang infinitive tanpa to dalam dependen tclause semacam di atas didahului oleh “should”. Contoh : 1. I suggest that they should take a vacation 2. It is important that we should take a vacation SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. I called you up this morning ___ you about the news. A. tell B. telling STAN-Nusantara

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C. to tell D. told E. to telling 2. It’s difficult ___ to English correctly if you don’t practice. A. spelling B. spelled C. spells D. to spell E. spell 3. The girl begged the robber ___. A. not to take her money B. don’t take my money C. do not take my money D. didn’t take my money E. did not take my money 4. “What did Ali promise you yesterday?” “ ___ together in library. A. We study B. Studying C. In studying D. Studied E. To study 5. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife __. A. crying B. to cry C. cry D. cried E. has been cried 6. The reason Why I am here is ___ you fill in the forms for the scholarship. A. help B. helping C. I will help D. I’m helping E. to help 7. “What are you planning to do with all these paintings?” “ ___ them in the cultural center next month.” A. To exhibit B. To be exhibiting C. Exhibition D. We exhibit E. Be exhibiting 8. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ___ a balanced and healthful. A. kept B. they keep C. for keeping D. to keep E. keeping 9. As the road to Puncak had become very slippery after the rain, I told the bus driver __. A. not to speed B. do not speed C. didn’t speed STAN-Nusantara

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D. did not speed E. don’t speed 10. I usually take a walk early in the morning ___ some fresh air. A. get B. to get C. be getting D. getting E. gets

BAB VIII : MODAL AND MODAL PERFECT Modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) sehingga dapat diperlakukan seperti kata kerja bantu. Adapun fungsinya memberikan tambahan arti pada kata kerja. Modal selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk I tanpa to (infinitive without to). A. Modal 1. Can 2. Could a. Menyatakan kemampuan (ability) Menyatakan kemampuan pada waktu Contoh : She can speak three languages lampau. b. Menyatakan ijin (permission) Contoh : She couldswim well when Contoh : Can I borrow your dictionary? She was young. 3. May a. Menyatakan ijin (permission) Contoh : May I read this book? b. Menyatakan kemungkinan (possibility) Contoh : He may come late this morning

4. Might a. Bentuk lampau dari may Contoh : She said that I might go home early b. Menyatakan kemungkinan besar (strong possibility). Contoh : She might be at home today.

5. Must a. Menyatakan kebutuhan (necessity) Contoh : We must eat nutrious food. b. Menyatakan kesimpulan (conclusion) Contoh : He has been in England for year. He must speak English fluently B. Modal Perfect 1. Must + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan suatu kepastian atau kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. (past conclusion). Contoh : The oil was frozen. It must have been very cold last night. 2. Might + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan kemungkinan pada waktu lampau (past possibility). Contoh : Lany came late this morning, she might hve missed the bus. 3 .Should + have + V-3 = ought to + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan saran yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau (past suggestion). Contoh : Lena has an examination today but she saw the film last night, She should have been studying for her exam. 4. Could + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan kemampuan (capability) untuk melakukan sesuatu pada waktu lampau tetapi tidak digunakan. Contoh : We didn’t go out last night ; we could have gone to the cinema but we decided to stay at home. Mrs.Nancy was rich; she could have bought a motor car if she wanted.

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SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. It ___ rain tomorrow. A. may B. should C. would D. shouldn’t have E. bring 2. You’ve got a lot of time. You ___ to hurry. A. don’t have B. do C. have D. may E. can 3. They were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We ___ have bought them in advance. A. wouldn’t B. must not C. might not D. could not E. shouldn’t 4. They ___ discussing the matter when I came. A. are B. was C. were D. had E. been 5. I ___ to sit on the bus this morning because it was too crowded. A. can’t B. couldn’t C. isn’t able to D. wasn’t able to E. had been 6. He ___ not paint the whole building in one day. A. should B. may C. doesn’t D. shall E. can 7. It’s raining very hard. We ___ go out. A. ought not B. don’t have to C. can D. had better not E. should 8. There was a lot of work to do. He ___ gone home so early. A. mustn’t have B. wouldn’t have C. might not have D. couldn’t have E. shouldn’t have 9. It’s very quiet here. The children ___ be sleeping. STAN-Nusantara

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A. should B. must C. must have been D. could have E. will 10. ___ you ___ long when he finally arrived? A. Did; wait B. Could; have waited C. Had; been waiting D. Do; wait E. Have; been waiting

BAB IX : CONCORD (AGREEMENT) A. Pengantar Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur-unsur pembentuk suatu kata, frase atau kalimat sesuai dengan kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa. B. Jenis-Jenis Concord : a. Concord of person (persesuaian kata ganti orang) Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti orang yang menunjukkan. Contoh : 1. John is my brother. He is a doctor. (Concord : John … he ) 2. The girl under the tree waved her hand. (Concord : went…last week) b. Concord of tense (persesuaian tenses) dalam bahasa Inggris bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan kata keterangan waktu yang mengikutinya. 1. They go to the movie every week (Concord : go……everyweek) 2. They went to the movie last week. (Concord : went …last week) c. Concord of number (persesuaian jumlah) Concord ini meliputi persesuaian antara : 1. Subjek dan Predikat : SUBYEK I We, You, They He, She, It

to be am are is

PREDIKAT to do to have do have do have does has

to verb go go goes

Contoh : 1. He has finished reading the book (Concord : He…has) 2. We go to school by bus (Concord : Betty…goes) Collective nouns dapat berpredikat tunggal atau jamak. Dianggap tunggal apabila dipandang kesatuannya dan dianggap jamak bilamenunjuk kepada anggota-anggotanya. Contoh : 1. The team is good. 2. The team are playing seriuously. 3. The village has been visited by the president. 4. The Village have worked hard for a week. STAN-Nusantara

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Everybody, everyone, nobody, no one,anybody dan anyone, menggunakan predikat bentuk tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak. Contoh 1. Everybody was running as fast as they could 2. No one knows where their king puts the crown Beberapa kata benda yang bentuknya jamak tetapi selalu digunakan dengan predikat (to be atau kata kerja) bentuk tunggal, antara lain : cards, billiards, dominos, mathematics, mechanics, physics, economics, phonetics, optics, statistics. Contoh : Billiards is an easy game. Ukuran jarak, waktu dan uang dianggap tunggal. Contoh : Five hundred miles is quite far for them. Nama judul buku (buku, cerita, film) dan beberapa benda yang disatukan dianggap tunggal. Contoh : Romeo and Juliet is a good story. Tetapi : 1. The number of workers takes a rest. 2. A number of cards are painted red. Noun and attributive : No. Attributive Uncountable 1. a / an 2. the v 3. some v 4. many 5. much v 6. few 7. little v 8. a lot of v 9. this / that v 10. these / those 11. each / every 12. all of v 13. one 14. two / three / four -

Noun Tunggal v v v v v v -

Jamak v v v v v v v v

Contoh : This man is my brother. Nama bilangan tidak boleh ditulis dalam bentuk jamak, kecuali jika menunjukkan kelipatan dari bilangan tersebut. Contoh : Two hundred two hundred books d. Concord of gender (persesuaian jenis kelamin) Contoh : John is my brother. He is a good student. SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. Each girl must contribute ___ share of the expenses. A. hers B. no word added STAN-Nusantara

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C. herself D. her E. she 2. The committee has begun ____ meeting. A. her B. his C. their D. its E. ours 3. The name of a river passing through some big towns ___ the title of a very popular Indonesian song. A. has become B. have become C. it has become D. to have become E. having become 4. An increase in the number of students ___ expected next year. A. is B. are C. was D. were E. will 5. Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/1999 ___. A. it needs reviewing B. needs to be reviewed C. need to review D. is needed to be reviewed E. needs review 6. About 10 % of the Earth’s land area, or nearly 5.8 million square miles ____ by glacial ice. A. are covered B. has covered C. is covered D. had covered E. to be covered 7. The local radio stations as well as newspapers ___ that riots have spread to other places in the city. A. confirm B. to be confirmed C. is confirmed D. are confirmed E. confirms 8. Siti’s sister and brother have got scholarship to study aboard. ___ are studying economies. A. Both of them B. One of them C. The tree of them D. Siti and her brother E. Siti and her sister 9. Mrs. Retno’s way of teaching and of dealing with the students ___ her the name of model teacher. A. has earned B. to have earned C. have been earning D. have earned E. have to earne STAN-Nusantara

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10. At the beginning of d semester, each of the students ___ given a new time-table. A. is B. be C. he is D. they are E. are

BAB X : READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARY A. Noun Terdapat beberapa cara untuk mengenal kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris. Beberapa ciri yang membantu kita untuk mengenalnya antara lain : a. Inflectional Suffixes Inflectional suffixes adalah akhiran pada kata benda, tetapi tidak mengubah jenis kata benda yang mendapatkan akhiran tersebut seperti pembentukan kata benda jamak (pluralizer) –s, -es, dan penanda menyatukan kesamaan (possesive marker) ‘s-dan-s.’ Contoh : Mother must buy books and pencils for my little brothers and sister. b. Position : Kata benda menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Salah satu posisi adalah sebelum kata kerja sebagai subyek sedang posisi yang lain adalah sesudah kata kerja sebagai obyek. Contoh : The soldiers found tracks near their camps. c. Deteminers : Deteminers adalah kata yang terletak sebelum kata benda. Contoh : a its each many more An our every much most The their no few one My this both several two Your that some either ten His these any neither twenty-one Those all Several groups of outlaws lived in those mountains. d. Derivational Suffixes Derivational suffixes adalah akhiran pada suatu kata hingga mengubah jenis kata yang mendapatkan akhiran. Suffix Verb Noun -ment improve improvement -er, -or play player invent inventor -t complain complaint -ion, -tion act action -ation, -tion apply application compete competition -ance,-ence allow allowance -ist, -ant, -ent type typist apply applicant serve servant -al approve approval -ure, -ture, depart departure mix mixture -ature sign signature -y, -ery, -ary deliver delivery -age carry carriage

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SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN The text for number 1 to 5. Many government leaders are coming to realize that population growth is reaching a crisis point; they fell that the world’s land, water, and energy ____(1) will not be able to support many more people. This view however , is often in ____(2) to the traditions and beliefs of many people . ____(3) conflicts often exist between government policies ____(4) birth control people’s practices. Looking at three ____(5) countries, India, China, and Kenya, we can see how effectively the world population crisis is being dealt with. 1. A. assets B. supplies C. conditions D. alternatives E. demands 2. A. agreement B. counterpart C. contribution D. opposition E. approval 3. A. consequently B. in addition C. otherwise D. moreover E. nevertheless 4. A. due to B. regarding C. resulting in D. referring E. caused by 5. A. develop B. developed C. developing D. to developing E. development This text for number 6 to 9 Organic architecture—that is, natural architecture—may be varied in concept and form, but it is always faithful to principle. Organic architecture rejects rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately use it. If this natural principle is upheld, then a bank cannot be built to look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow function; form is inseparable from function. In other words, a building should be inspired by nature’s forms and constructed with materials that retain and respect the natural characteristics of the setting to create harmony with its natural environment. It should maximize people’s contact with and utilization of the outdoors. 6. What is another name for organic architecture? A. Natural architecture B. Aesthetic architecture C. Principle architecture D. Varied architecture E. Mixed architecture 7. In organic architecture, which of the following of is true? A. form follows function STAN-Nusantara

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B. function follows form C. function is not important to form D. form and function are one E. no comment 8. A good example of natural principles is a ___. A. bank that is built to look like a Greek temple B. bank built so that the location is unimportant to the structure C. bank that is built to conform to the natural surrounding D. bank that is built to be beautiful rather than functional E. the sweaty bank 9. Which of the following statements best describes the architect’s view of nature? A. Nature should be conquered. B. Nature should not be considered C. Nature should be respected D. Nature should be improved E. Nature should be broken

BAB XI : DEPEDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSES A. Pengantar Adjective Clause (klausa ajektif) yaitu suatu klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat dalam kalimat majemuk. Klausa ajektif untuk menerangkan orang biasanya daiawali dengan relative clause who, whom, atau whose sedangkan untuk benda dan binatang which, that atau whose. 1. Non-defening Adjective Clause a. Who : menggantikan subjek orang Cth : Dila’s father plays tennis twice a week. b. Whom : menggantikan objek orang Cth : Do you know Mr.Hadi? I talked with him yesterday. c. Whose : menggntikan possesive adjective orang. Cth : We take a pity to Dina’s father. d. Which : menggantikan subjek benda binatang Cth : Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. e. Which : menggantikan objek benda / binatang Cth : Linda told me her address. f. Whose : menggantikan possesive adjective benda / binatang Cth : The book is mine. It’s cover is torn. 2. Defening adjective clause a. Who, that : menggantikan subjek orang Contoh : That boy is a new student; He is speaking English with Santi. b. Whom, that : menggantikan objek orang. Contoh : That man is a manager; she introduced him to me. That man whom she introduced to me is manager. That man that she introduced to me is manager. That man she introduced to me is a manager. c. Which,that : menggantikan subjek kata benda / binatang. Contoh : Jane showed dewi a book. It belongs to Rina. d. Which/that : menggantikan objek benda / binatang Contoh : The dictionary belongs to Sita. I showed it to Lina yesterday. B. Adverb Clause Adverb Clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (keterangan) dalam kalimat majemuk. Jadi dapat menggantikan adverb dalam kalimat tunggal. Adverb Clause mempunyai banyak ragam seperti halnya adverb yaitu : a. Adverbial clause of time

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Adverbial clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after,before, when, as, as soon as, until, while. b. Adverbial clause of place Adverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau wherever c. Adverbial clause of reason Adverbial clause of reason diawali dengan konjungsi because, since, as atau for d. Adverbial clause of purpose Adverbial clause of purpose diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that, in order that. e. Adverbial clause of consession Adverbial of consession diawali dengan konjugsi though, although, eventhough, while atau wherleas. f. Adverbial clause.of condition Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if, unless, as long as, on condition that. C. Noun Clause Noun Clause dalam kalimat menduduki fungsi kata benda. Jadi dapat sebagai subjek, objek maupun pelengkap. a. Sebagai subjek Contoh : What he decided makes the number happy. b. Sebagai objek Contoh : The student have to do what their teacher assigned them. c. Sebagai pelengkap contoh : This is where I work. SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1. He asked me ___ A. whether I grew my own vegetables B. you grow your own vegetables C. did I grow my own vegetables? D. I grew my own vegetables E.If I did grow my own vegetables? 2. He is only one of my friend___French. A. that studies B.that study C. studies D. who study E. study 3. The Businessman___we met at the party yesterday is the general manager of big company. A. whom B. who C. which D. with whom E. whose 4. The student succeeded in getting a scholarship. The teacher like him. The above sentences can be joined as follows: The student ___ succeeded in getting a scholarship. A. whom the techers like B. he is like by the teachers C.the teachers like him D. which the teachers like E. is like by the teacher 5. His supervisor___, is a very genereous person. A. he borrowed a car from him. B. where he borrowed a car STAN-Nusantara

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C. from whom he borrowed a car D. his car he borrowed E. the person he borrowed a car 6. It is known ___ solar energy can be used to generate electricity. A. whether B. that C. in case D. what E. in fact 7. The book ___ is only available in the library. A. From which these two chapter sre taken B. These two chapter are taken C. Where these two chapter are taken from D. It was from them are two chapter are E. The two chapter are taken 8. This is Mr. Tasroni ___. A. which i told you B. whom I told you about C. I told you D. that I told you E. about which I told you 9. The tourist asked me___ A. where the nearest bank is B. the nearest bank C. where is the nearest bank D. which the nearest bank is E. that is the nearest bank 10. ‘ How could July afford to go about at least twice a year?’ ‘I am also wondering___. A. that she has earned her living B. what she was earning a living for C. why does she earn her living? D. how she earns her living E. does she earn a living

BAB XII : GERUND A. Pengantar Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda gerund bisa digunakan sebagai subjek, objek, komplemen, dan penjelas kata benda lainnya. B. Fungsi Gerund 1. Sebagai Subjek Contoh : Cooking is a good hobby. 2. .Sebagai Objek Contoh : I don’t like smoking Beberapa kata yang mengikuti gerund : Admit (mengakui) fancy (menghayalkan) Appreciate (menghargai) forgive (memnfaatkan) Avoid (menghindari) keep (terus menerus) Anticipate (mengantisipasi) mind (berkeberatan) Consider (mempertimbangkan) neglect (meremehkan) Continue (meneruskan) practise (mempraktekkan) Deny ( menyangkal) postpone (menunda) Delay (menunda) pardon (memaafkan) STAN-Nusantara

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Detest Enjoy Excuse Finish

(membenci) (menikmati) (menolak) (menyelesaikan)

prevent resist risk understand

(mengcegah) (menahan) (mengambil resiko) (memahami)

b. Objek kata depan (preposisi) Contoh : He gave up drinking beer Beberapa preposisi yang perlu diketahui adalah : at, after, before, from, in, on, of, under, up, though, about, without, for, and to. Preposisi yang paling sulit dikenali adalah : ‘to’ karena di samping ‘infinitive’. Karena itu untuk mempermudah memahaminya, hafalkanlah bentuk ‘to’ yang harus diikuti gerund dalam kelompok kata berikut ini : To be used to To be accustomed to To object to

(terbiasa) (terbiasa) (berkeberatan)

to take to (menyukai) to look forward to (menanti-nanti) to be averse to (terbiasa)

Contoh : 1. I am used to drinking coffe. 2. c. Sebagai Komplemen Contoh : My hobby is drawing. Gerund sebagai komplemen selalu diletakkan setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were) d. Sebagai penjelas kata benda noun modifier : Contoh : the waiting room is very large. e. Sebagai menyatakan larangan Contoh : No smoking C. Perbedaan Gerund dan To Infinitive Beberapa kata kerja yang bisa diikuti gerund dan to infinitive : Advise intend Allow love Attempt prefer Begin regret Continue remember Forget start Hate stop Like try Diantara kata kerja diatas, ada kata kerja yang memiliki perbedaan yang sangat kontras apabila diikuti oleh gerund dan to-infinitive. Contoh : I stop to smoke (Artinya : berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu baru kemudian merokok). I stop smoking. (Artinya : berhenti dari perbuatan merokok untuk kemudian melakukan perbuatan yang lain). D. Perbedaan Gerund dan Active Participle : Gerund dan Active Participle memiliki bentuk yang sama, yaitu kata kerja bentuk –ing Sekalipun bentuknya sama, keduanya memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. Dari segi arti, gerund mengandung makna : “peristiwa yng sedang berlangsung”. Contoh : 1. The running boy is anwar, (active Participle) (The boy who is running is Anwar= Anak yang sedang berlari itu Anwar) 2. The running shoes are very expensive.(gerund) (Sepatu yang digunakan untuk berlari itu sangat mahal) 3. The walking man wants to meet you. (Activeparticiple) (orang yang sedang berjalan itu ingin menemuimu) STAN-Nusantara

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4. The old man needs a walking stick. (gerund) (orang tua itu memerlukan tongkt untuk berjalan) E. Gerund setelah Possesive Adjective : Seperti umumnya kata benda, gerund bisa diletakkan setelah possesive adjective dan pronoun bentuk object. Contoh : Her coming late makes her mother angry. SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1. Would you mind___your pet snake somewhere else? A. to put B. to putting C. putting D. put E. puts 2. X : “Do you like swimming?” Y : “NO, I prefer___to swimming. A. play badminton B. played badminton C. playing badminton D. has played badminton E. had played badminton 3. This knife needs___ it is dull. A. to be sharpening B. to sharpen C. sharpen D. sharpens E. sharpening 4. We were astonished at ___ a good score for TOEFL in spite of his poor English. A. her could get B. his being able to get C. to be able to get D. being able to get E. be able to get 5. She was very sad because her father did not approve of___too often. A. I saw her B. me to see her C. my seeing her D. me seeing her E. that I see her 6. “What don’t you like about Irwan ?” “____.” A. Why he wears earings B. To wearing earings C. His wearing earings D. For wearing earings E. Waering earings 7. ___ clothes can often be very time consuming. A. They buy B. To be buying C. In buying STAN-Nusantara

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D. Man buys E. Buying 8. Litte children are usually afraid of___ by their mother. A. left B. to leave C. being left D. leaving E. been left 9. ‘It’s hot here; the air conditioner is not working.’ ‘I think it only needs ___.’ A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. clean E. be cleaned 10. Facing hard times, people with very low income are looking forward to ___ by the well to do in getting the daily necessities. A. support B. supporting C. being supported D. supported E. be supporting

BAB XIII : PARTICIPLE A. Pengantar Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua macam participle : * Present Participle (Active Paticiple) dan * Past Participle Active Participle dan Past Participle memiliki bentuk dan arti berbeda. Active Participle adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk –ing dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat aktif (melakukan pekerjaan), sedang Past Participle adalah kata kerja bentuk ke-3 dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat pasif (dikenai pekerjaan). Perhatikan contoh berikut ini : 1. Active (Present Participle) : Running water = air yang sedang mengalir 2. Past Participle : Poured water = air yang tertumpah / ditumpahkan B. Penggunaan Active (Present) Participle a. Sebagai Adjective Contoh : 1. The boiling water is very hot. 2. the waiting man reads a magazine. b. Untuk membentuk Continuous Tense. Contoh : 1. We are studying English now. 2. You have been dreaming. c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception). Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah : S + V + O + Active Participle + …… Contoh : I hear the girl singing a new song. STAN-Nusantara

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Kata kerja yang bisa digunakan dalam pola seperti ini adalah : See hear feel notice Watch leave find catch Smell observe keep d. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang terjadi secara simultan (bersamaan) dan dilakukan oleh seorang subyek. Contoh : He rode away. He wishtled as he went. =He rode away whistling. =Whistling, he rode away. e. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang dilakukan oleh seorang subyek secara berurutan, maka peristiwa yang terjadi lebih dulu bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle. Contoh : He opened the drawer and took out a revolver. =Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver. f. Apabila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian atau akibat dari peristiwa yang pertama, peristiwa yang kedua bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle Contoh : As he knew her address, he sent her a letter. =Knowing her address, he sent her a letter. C. Penggunaan Past Participle a. Sebagai Adjective Contoh : The stolen money has been found. b. Untuk membuat kalimat pasif. Contoh : She was asked to open the meeting. c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception) apabila obyeknya pasif. Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah : S + V + O + PAST PARTICIPLE + …… Contoh : You will see the work finished on time. d. Untuk menggantikkan subjek + kata kerja pasif apabila subyek tersebut disebutkan secara berulang. Contoh : Beny came in. He was followed by his wife. =Beny came in, followed by his wife. D. Present Participle dan Past Participle Sebagai Adjective Contoh : They play was boring.(Permainan itu membosankan). SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1. They watched the soldiers ___ down the secret. A. marched B. marching C. to march D. be marching E. are maching 2. I heard him ___ very carefully in order not to wake the others. STAN-Nusantara

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A. is unlocking the door B. unlocked the door C. when unlocking the door D. he unlock the door E. unlock the door 3. “Having finished her work, the maid went home”. The underlined words mean ___. A. Although she had finished her work B. After she had finished her work C. She had to finish her work D. If she had finishing her work E. She was finishing her work 4. Students ___ to attend a student conference in the United States should be able to speak English fluently. A. choose B. were chosen C. chosen D. they choose E. have been chosen 5. The window pane ___ by Edi has not been repaired yet. A. was broken B. broken C. be broken D. breaking E. broke 6. When we came home last night, we saw a man ___ to get on our roof. A. trying B. to try C. to be trying D. tried E. he tries 7. On my way home, I saw a dog ___ by a boy. A. beating B. beat C. be beaten D. being beaten E. it was beaten 8. Two of the ___ prisoners were caught by the police. A. escape B. escaped C. was escaped D. having escaped E. was escaped 9. ___ near a beautiful beach, the town soon become a popular tourist resort. A. Situated B. Situates C. Situating D. It is situated E. Situation 10. The people ___ during the war were mostly young soldiers. A. killing B. killed STAN-Nusantara

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C. be killed D. were killing E. were killed

BAB IV : CONJUCTION Konjungsi atau kata penghubung ber fungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok kata dalam suatu kalimat. Konjungsi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu co-ordinate conjuction (konjungsi setara) dan subordinate conjuction atau konjungsi bertingkat. Konjungsi setara (co-ordinate conjuction) seperti misalnya and, but, or dan nor. Jenis konjungsi ini menghubungkan kata benda dengan kata benda, kata kerja dengan kata kerja, kata dengan kelompok kata, klausa dengan klausa dan sebagainya. Contoh : I lost my books and my pens. Konjungsi seperti di atas dapat digabungkan dengan kata-kata lain seperti misalnya : both … and, not only …, but also, either …or, neither….nor …. Dalam bab ini akan dibahas konjungsi bertingkat (subordinate conjuction) karena hal ini sangat penting dan perlu dikuasai bagi para siswa. 1. Accordingly : karena itu Contoh : STAN is famous college in indonesia; accordingly many students wants to study there. 2. After all : bagaimanapun juga Contoh : There are many good school; after all our school is the best. 3. All the same : namun demikian Contoh : The government has given them a new market places; all the same some of them keep selling their things at dirty place. 4. Consequently : akibatnya Contoh : His father died five years ago; consequently all the responsiblities to raise the children fell or his mother. 5. For = Since = because = as = Karena Contoh : Everyone is looking for him, for he is the only person who knows where the keys is. 6. Hence : karena alasan itu, dengan demikian, mulai saat ini. Contoh : He was born when his parents woerked in Irian, hence he is named Irianto. 7. In order that : supaya Contoh : We must study hard;in order that we can pass the exam. 8. In case : kalau-kalau Contoh : You’d better take an umbrella;in case it rains. 9. In the meantime : sementara itu, dalam waktu yang bersamaan. Contoh : Go to the shop and buy me a magazine;in the mean time I’ll take bath. 10. Moreover = futhermore = lagipula = terlabih lagi Contoh : Desy is beautiful; moreover she is very bright. 11. Namely : yaitu Contoh : There is only one student who fails the exam,namely Lena. 12. Nevertheless : however = namun demikian Contoh : She is poor;nevertheless she is happy. 13. On the contrary = on the other hand = sebaliknya Contoh : He loves rock music; on the contrary his father hates very much. 14. Otherwise : jika tidak Contoh : Please study hard;otherwise you’ll fail the exam. 15. Say : taruhlah Contoh : Can you lend me money;say five thousand rupiahs. SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1. I was late because I chugat the wrong bus.

It means I chaught the wrong bus: ___ I was late. A. although B. but STAN-Nusantara

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C. so that D. since E. when 2. ___ his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing exams.

A. Unless B. Although C. Instead of D. Even though E. Despite 3. I told Tommy to take the recruiting test seriously,___ he would not be accepted.

A. but B. and C. so D. for E. or 4. “ His two last musical shows were not professionally conducted.”

“You’re right; ___ , had contacted Kris, a professional in the entertainment business, for his next show.” A. so that B. in addition C. therefore D. in spite of that E. moreover 5. My uncle doesn’t eaern much; ___ he can send his children to college.

A. however B. and C. therefore D. so E. hence 6. The murder suspects wanted to tell the police the truth; ___, they were afraid.

A. so B. nevertheless C. otherwise D. moreover E. therefore 7. “How were you doing in your exam ?”

“Not very well ___ I studied hard for it.” A. while B. since C. whenever D. in spite of E. even though 8. The government is planning to liquidate several banks soon, ___ very few people know which ones are they. A. but B. or C. as D. for E. so 9. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders: ___ , it may harm non smokers.

A. consequently B. however STAN-Nusantara

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C. in addition D. nevertheless E. otherwise 10. All the members of the Parliament applauded ___ the president was walking to his seat.

A. so that B. although C. even if D. as soon as E. while

BAB XV : PASSIVE VOICE A. Pengantar Pola kalimat pasif adalah : To be + Verb-3 Bentuk – bentuk yang mungkin digunakan adalah : am, is, are, was, were, be dan been. B. Pembentukan Kalimat Pasif 1. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk Simple Present tense dan simple Past Tense. Pola : Am Is Are + V-3 Was Were Contoh : A : Hari kicks the ball over the fence. P : The ball is kicked over the fence. Bila objeknya berupa objek pronoun, maka dalam kalimat pasifnya harus dikembalikan ke bentuk subjek pronoun (lihat contoh 1). Contoh : A : The police asked me continuously. P : I was asked continuously. Apabila dalam satu kalimat aktif terdapat dua obyek, maka keduanya dapat dijadikan sebagai subyek dalam kalimat pasif. Contoh : A : The director tell us a new strategy of marketing. P1 : We are told a new strategy of marketing. P2 : a new strategy of marketing is told us. 2. Kalimat pasif dari pola kalimat continuous. Pola : Am Is Are + being – V3 Was Were Contoh : A : He is polishing the shoes now. P : The shoes are being polished now.

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3. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan modal. Pola : Modal + be + Verb-3 Contoh : A : He will paint the doors. P : The doors will be painted. 4. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk present dan past perfect. Pola : Have / has / had + been + Verb-3 Contoh : A : They have finished the job already. P : the job has been finished already. 5. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat yang menggunakan modal + Perfect Pola : Modal + have + been + Verb-3 Contoh : A : She should not have scolded him in public. P : he should not have been scolded in public. 6. Kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan (question) a. Yes / No question Contoh : 1. A : Does he write an article? P : Is an article written (by him)? 2. A : He is writing an article P : Is an article being written (by him)? 3. A : He can write an article P : Can an article be written (by him)? 4. A : He has written an article P : Has an article been written (by him)? Pola kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan adalah sebagai berikut : Pola I : untuk kalimat yang tidak memiliki modal. To be + subject + Verb-3 (lihat contoh 1 dan 2) Pola II : untuk kalimat yang memiliki modal Modal + subject + be + Verb-3 (lihat contoh 3 dan 4) b. W-H Question : Contoh : A : When does he write an article. P : When is an article written (by him)? Pola dasar kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (W-H Question) dapat dibuat hanya dengan menambahkan kata tanya pada masing-masng pola di atas. Contoh lain : STAN-Nusantara

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A : Did they kill the famous general in the battle. P : Was the famous general killed in the battle? Apabila subyek pada kalimat pasifnya tidak disebutkan, karena mungkin ditanyakan, maka to be pada kalimat tersebut langsung diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ketiga.(Verb-3). Contoh : A : What do they do? P : What is done by them ? Alternatif penambahan “not” dalam bentuk negatif adalah sebagai berikut : A : she is not washing the dishes. P : Aren’t the dishes being washed (by her)? 7. Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan impersonal it Impersonal it digunakan untuk membuat kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan subyek berupa : people, everybody dan everyone yang diikuti oleh that clause. Contoh : A : People say that Indonesia is a developing country. P : It said that Indonesia is developing country. Atau : Indonesia is said to be a developing country. Kata kerja yang biasa digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah acknowledge, claim, find, think, report, believe, consider, know, say. 8. Bentuk gerund yang mengandung arti pasif Gerund yang diletakkan setalah kata kerja : need, require, want, won’t / wouldn’t, bear mengandung arti pasif. Contoh : The garden needs watering = The garden needs to be watering SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. Lessons should ___ more interesting for children. A. be made B. being made C. make D. makes E. will make 2. The chickens ___ this morning. A. were feed B. were been feed C. were fed D. were been fed E. was been fed 3. The house ___ by the old gardener. A. will looking after B. will bw looking after C. will looked after D. will look after E. will be looked after 4. The window ___ by an unseen hand. A. has opened B. will open C. opened D. had been opened E. had opened STAN-Nusantara

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5. This gun ___ in Birmingham. A. was be made B. was made C. make D. was been making E. was being make 6. The book ___ beautifully. A. is writing B. is being written C. is write D. being written E. be written 7. This fish ___ very well. A. has been cooked B. has cooked C. be cooked D. cooked E. has being cooked 8. Some ink ___ on the carpet. A. be spiling B. being split C. be split D. have been split E. has been split 9. The student ___ a very difficult question by the teacher. A. has asked B. asked C. was asked D. ask E. asks 10. I became quite nervous when I knew that my speech ___. A. was being recorded B. to be recording C. being recorded D. to be recorded E. was to record* BAB XVI : ADVERB A. Adverb of frequency (keterangan keseringan) Kelompok I = always rarely hardly, sometimes Ever, scarcerly never, often Generally, seldom occasionally Adverb of frequency yang termasuk kelompok I penempatannya dalam kalimat adalah sebelum kata kerja utama. Contoh : 1. The sun always rises in the east 2. His wife never goes to the shop 3. I can hardly never hear such a song 4. They don’t often go to bed late 5. He is never advised by this mother 6. Do you usually study last night? 7. Have you ever been to Paris? STAN-Nusantara

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8. Does she

occasionally arrive at night?

Untuk memberikan jawaban pendek (short responses) bisa diletakkan sebelum to be, to do atau modal. Contoh : X : Do you ussually go to school on foot? Y : Yes, I usually do : Yes, I sometimes do : No, I never do Atau : No, never Adverb of frequency yang mengandung arti negative seperti : never, hardly, rarely, bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat untuk menekankan arti, akan tetapi kalimatnya bersususnan inversi. Contoh : 1. Never has she met us 2. Rarely do we eat rice there 3 Hardly will he write love letters Apabila kalimatnya memiliki “have to” (harus), adverb of frequency diletakkan di depan suku kata tersebut. Contoh : I often have to cook my own breakfast. Adverb of frequency bisa diletakkan sebelum ‘used to’ atau antaara ‘used dan to’. Contoh : He always used to help his mother Kelompok I : every day / week / month / year Once (sekali) a week / month Every other day Now and then Again and again Adverb of frequency yang termasuk dalam kelompok II pada akhir kalimat Contoh : We have English Lessons every week B. Adverb of degree (keterangan tahapan, tingkatan) : Contoh : Almost quite nearly only Enough soon fairly also Just (hanya) rather extremely merely Already too Adverb jenis ini biasa digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective atau yang lain diletakkan di depan kata yang diterangkan. Contoh : It was too hot to work. ‘Enough’ diletakkan setelah kata yang diterangkan, kecuali jika sebagai adjective (untuk menerangkan kata benda). Contoh ; He didn’t work quickly enough. Adverb of degree juga bisa digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja dan diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama. Contoh : 1. You nearly missed the bus 2. Leni still hopes to meet him 3. They soon found what they wanted 4. The students quite understand the lessons 5. We are merely waiting for the bus. 6. H e didn’t only know you. STAN-Nusantara

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7. The post have already come. ‘Only’ memiliki posisi yang bervariasi, kata ini diletakkan berdekatan dengan kata yang diterangkan. Contoh : He only had an apple (not anything else). C. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara) Pada umumnya adverb of manner dibentuk dari adjective + ly Contoh : Adjective Adverb Careful carefully Lazy lazily Kecuali : Ada beberapa adjective yang dijadikan sebagai adverb tanpa harus menambahkan akhiran-ly, yaitu: Deep early much Far high little Fast low leisurely Hard late near Contoh : It is a fast train.(adj) The train fast.(adv) Adverb of manner diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah objek, jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek. Contoh : He studies hard. He studies English hard. D. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Adverb of place diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah obyek langsung jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek. Contoh : They played there They played football there. Keterangan tempat yang spesifik diletakkan sebelum keterangan tempat yang lebih luas. Contoh : They worked in room 10 in the hotel. E. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu). Contoh : Then now everyday Still soon at seven Yet last week next week Pada umumnya adverb of time diletakkan pada akhir kalimat, tetapi jika digunakan untuk menekanakan makna bisa juga pada awal kalimat. Khusus untuk ‘still’ diletakkan sebelum kata kerja atau setelah to be. Contoh : He will come here tommorow Tommorow he will come here Adverb of time yang lebih pendek jangka waktunya diletakkan sebelum adverb of time yang lebih lama. Contoh : We arrived at five o’clock yesterday. SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. I did not go anywhere last holiday ___. A. I stayed at only home B. I stayed only at home C. I only stayed at home STAN-Nusantara

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D. I stayed only at home. E. only I stayed at home 2. The days were short ___ it was December. A. despite B. in spite C. so that D. for E. unless 3. He seems ___ that his eyes are red. A. such a sad B. such sad C. such sadly D. so sad E. so sadly 4. Aisyah looks much ___ she really is. A. young as B. younger than C. as young as D. more young than E. young than 5. She brings her umbrella ___ she goes. A. because B. so that C. until D. wherever E. where 6. The flower is ___ that I can’t resist smelling it. A. such odour B. such odorous C. so odorous D. such an odorous E. so an odorous 7. She acts ___ she were the boss of the company. A. whenever B. in order that C. as if D. because E. although 8. She doesn’t go to school ___ she is sick. A. whenever B. so that C. despite D. because of E. although 9. ___ you meet Uni, please give this letter to her. A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. If E. So that

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10. he left the house early ___ not to be late. A. as if B. although C. in order D. because E. so that

BAB XVII : VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION A. Adjective Ciri-ciri adjective Adjective (kata sifat) dalam suatu frase atau kalimat dapat diketahui dengan beberapa cara antara lain : 1.Inflectional suffixes :-er, -est, more-, most- : Contoh : tall taller tallest beautiful more beautiful most beautiful Tambahan more dan most bisa digunakan dengan adverb (kata keterangan) 2. Position : a. Setelah linking verb : look, sound, seem, appear, grow, feel. Contoh : He looks taller than his brother. b. Antara determiner dan kata benda : Contoh : An interesting book c. Setelah to be : am, is, are, were, be. Contoh : Durian are plentiful here B. Derivational Suffixes Suffix : -y -ly -ful -less -ous,-ious -al, -tal, -ial, -tial -ic, -etic, -atic -ish,

Contoh : sandy, wealthy friendly, weekly beautiful, painful careless, worthless dangerous, delicious

Suffix : -ed, -en tired, -ent, -ant -able, -ible -ive, -ative, tive -ing

Contoh : golden different, pleasant reasonable, sensible active, imaginative interesting, tiring

accidental, differential basic, symphathetic childish, reddish

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN The text for number 1 to 5 As a young man, Bela Lugosi was ___(1) and famous, but as he grew older, his ___(2) and his wealth disappeared. Audiences had come to associate him so ___(3) with the role of Count Dracula that producers were ___(4) to star him in any other films. Once the Dracula films were no longer popular, Lugosi was unable to find work, and his debt began to increase. Forgotten by Hollywood and his fans, Lugosi became addicted to drugs, and the last few years of his ___(5) were filled with poverty and bitterness. 1. A. rich B. richly C. richness D. enrich E. enrichment

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2. A. fame B. famous C. famously D. famed E. famely 3. A. strong B. strongly C. strength D. strengthen E. strengthened 4. A. hesitate B. hesitation C. hesitant D. hesitantly E. hesitance 5. A. live B. life C. alive D. lively E. livelihood This text for number 6 to 10 In an age of supersonic, it is difficult to imagine that at the beginning of the twentieth century, no one had ever flown in an aero plane. ____(6), people were flying in balloons and airships. The airship was ____(7) on the principle of the semi-rigid structure. In 1900, Ferdinand von Zeppelin fitted a petrol engine to a rigid balloon. The craft was the first really ____(8) airship. In 1919, an airship first carried passengers across the Atlantic, and in 1929, one traveled round the world during this time the design of airship was constantly being ____(9) and up to 1937 they ____(10) thousands of passengers on regular transatlantic services for million of miles. 6. A. in addition B. next C. however D. furthermore E. consequently 7. A. located B. based C. supported D. decided E. originated 8. A. success B. succeed C. succeeded D. successful E. successfully 9. A. repaired B. encouraged C. recovered D. established E. improved 10. A. applied B. lifted STAN-Nusantara

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C. sent D. delivered E. carried

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