AZ ING-ES ALAK HASZNÁLATA Gerund és Present Participle Fontos tudni, hogy MINDEN IGÉNEK van –ing-es alakja (még akkor is, ha folyamatos alakját nem szoktuk használni). Az igék –ing-es alakját különféle helyzetekben szoktuk használni: Folyamatos igealakok kifejezésére (a létige megfelelő alakja után) pl. I am writing at present. (Jelenleg írok.) They were travelling all day yesterday. (Tegnap egész nap utaztak.) I have been living here for a year. (Egy éve itt lakom.) By the time we got home the children had been sleeping for an hour. (Mire hazaértünk, a gyerekek már egy órája aludtak.) We will be travelling all day tomorrow. (Holnap egész nap utazni fogunk.) I will have been writing letters for an hour by the time she comes back. (Már egy órája levelet fogok írni, mire visszajön.) Főnévként (igéből képezve, a magyarban: -ás/-és – sel képezve) pl. Swimming is a sport. (Az úszás egy sport.) Smoking is a terrible habit. (A dohányzás borzasztó szokás.) Learning English is very enjoyable. (Az angoltanulás nagyon élvezetes.) Értelemszerűen elöljárószók után is ez az alak kell (t.i. elöljárószók után főnév szokott állni). pl. I am dreaming of moving to a new house. (Arról álmodom, hogy új házba költözöm.) Are you interested in playing tennis? (Érdekel a teniszezés?) She is good at singing. (Jól megy neki az éneklés.) Jelzőként (magyarban legtöbbször: folyamatos melléknévi igenévként (-ó/-ő)) pl. We saw a burning house. (Láttunk egy égő házat.) I am reading an exciting story. (Egy izgalmas történetet olvasok.) The boy standing in the corner is my brother. (A sarokban álló fiú a bátyám.) Megjegyzés: melléknévi igenevek – l. 40 – A jelző
Mellékmondatok jelentéssűrítése (a magyarban sokszor határozói igenévként (-va/-ve, ván/-vén)) pl. She was standing there crying. (=… and she was crying.) (Ott állt sírva.) Entering the room we saw that someone had made a mess. ( = When we entered the room …) (A szobába lépve láttuk, hogy valaki rendetlenséget csinált.)
Please inform me before coming. (=… before you come) (Kérlek értesíts, mielőtt jössz.) After doing my homework, I will go for a walk. (= ... after I do ...) (Miután elkészítettem a házi feladatomat, elmentem sétálni.) Bizonyos igék és kifejezések után (a magyarban sokszor főnévi igenévként (-ni) vagy mellékmondatként) APPRECIATE sy’s doing sg. (nagyra becsüli, értékeli, hogy....) pl. I appreciate your trying to help. (Nagyra becsülöm, hogy próbálsz segíteni.) AVOID doing sg. (kerüli, hogy…) pl. He avoided swimming in deep water. (Kerülte, hogy mély vízben ússzon.) DENY doing sg. (tagadja, hogy…) pl. The man denied having seen anything. (A férfi tagadta, hogy bármit is látott.) ENJOY doing sg. (élvez vmit) pl. The girls enjoyed dancing. (A lányok élvezték a táncolást.) FINISH doing sg. (befejez vmit) pl. Tom finished telling jokes. (Tom befejezte a viccmesélést.) GIVE UP doing sg. (abbahagy vmit, leszokik vmiről, felhagy vmivel) pl. You should give up smoking. (Le kéne szoknod a dohányzásról.) INVOLVE doing sg. (magába foglal vmit) pl. This job involves travelling a lot. (Ez a munka sok utazást foglal magába.) KEEP doing sg. (folytat vmit, folyton csinál vmit) pl. She keeps complaining all the time. (Állandóan panaszkodik.) PRACTICE doing sg. (gyakorol vmit) pl. You should practice cooking. (Gyakorolnod kéne a főzést.) PUT OFF doing sg. (elhalaszt, halogat valamit) pl. Don’t put off going to the dentist any longer. (Ne halogasd tovább, hogy elmenj a fogorvoshoz.) RISK doing sg. (kockáztat vmit) pl. He risks missing the plane if he waits. (Kockáztatja, hogy lekési a repülőt, ha vár.) SUGGEST doing sg. (javasol vmit) pl. She suggested going to the cinema. (Azt javasolta, hogy menjenek moziba.) Megj. ha a javaslatot tevő személy magát nem érti bele: ”suggest that sy. (should) do sg.” pl. He suggested that the children (should)go to the cinema. (Azt javasolta, hogy a gyerekek menjenek moziba.)
CAN’T STAND doing sg. (ki nem állhat valamit) pl. I can’t stand staying at expensive hotels. (Ki nem állhatom, hogy drága hotelekben szálljak meg.) CAN’T HELP doing sg. (Nem tudja megállni, hogy ne…) pl. We couldn’t help laughing. (Nem tudtuk megállni, hogy ne nevessünk.) FEEL LIKE doing sg. (kedve van vmihez) pl. Do you feel like eating some ice-cream? (Van kedved enni egy kis fagyit?) (BE) FOND OF doing sg. (imád vmit csinálni) pl. He is fond of skiing. (Imád síelni.) LOOK FORWARD TO doing sg. (alig várja, hogy…) pl. I am looking forward to meeting you. (Alig várom, hogy találkozzak veled.) IT’S NO USE doing sg. (nincs értelme vmit csinálni) pl. It’s no use calling Jill – her phone is out of order. (Nincs értelme felhívni Jillt - nem működik a telefonja.)
NOT MIND doing sg. (megtenné, hogy…, nem bán vmit) pl. Do you mind singing? (Énekelnél?) Megj. ha nem ugyanaz a mellékmondat alanya: birtokos jelző kerül elé pl. Do you mind my singing? (Nem bánod, ha énekelek?)
OBJECT TO doing sg. (ellenzi, hogy…) pl. She always objects to doing what we want. (Mindig ellenzi, hogy azt csinálja, amit mi akarunk.) BE/GET USED TO doing sg. (hozzászokik / hozzá van szokva vmihez) pl. He is used to getting up early. (Hozzá van szokva, hogy korán keljen.) Vigyázat! Ne keverjük össze a ”used to” azon használatával, amikor olyan múlt idejű cselekvést akarunk jelölni, amely régen igaz volt, de már nem (l. 28 – Múlt idejűség egyéb kifejező eszközei) – ott a ”used to” kifejezést NEM előzi meg a létige vagy a ’get’!
HALADÓKNAK A participle egyéb formái A PERFECT PARTICIPLE használata A perfect participle alakja: HAVING + 3. ALAK Azt jelezzük vele, hogy a mellékmondatban foglaltak hamarabb történtek meg, mint a főmondatban foglaltak. Használata: a) Mellékmondatok sűrítésére. A mellékmondat általában megelőzi a főmondatot. pl. Having drunk too much, he felt rather sick. (= After/Because he had drunk too much, he felt rather sick.) (Miután túl sokat ivott, elég rosszul érezte magát.) (v.ö.: Drinking too much he felt sick. = Miközben sokat ivott, rosszul érezte magát. → A present participle használata (-ing) azt jelöli, hogy a cselekvés egy időben történt a másikkal.)
a) Bizonyos igék és kifejezések után. pl. He is ashamed of having drunk so much. (Szégyelli, hogy olyan sokat ivott.) (v.ö.: He is aashamed of drinking so much. = Szégyelli, hogy olyan sokat iszik. → A present participle használata (-ing) azt jelöli, hogy a cselekvés egy időben történt a másikkal!)
A PERFECT CONTINUOUS PARTICIPLE használata A perfect participle alakja: HAVING + BEEN + -ING-es ALAK Azt jelezzük vele, hogy a mellékmondatban foglaltak hosszan ill. folyamatosan tartottak, és hamarabb történtek meg, mint a főmondatban foglaltak. Használata: a) Mellékmondatok sűrítésére. A mellékmondat általában megelőzi a főmondatot. pl. Having been drinking all night, he felt rather sick. (= After he had been drinking all night, he felt rather sick.) (Miután egész éjjel ivott, elég rosszul érezte magát.)
a) Bizonyos igék és kifejezések után. pl. He is ashamed of having been drinking all night. (Szégyelli, hogy egész éjjel ivott.) A SZENVEDŐ SZERKEZETŰ PARTICIPLE használata A szenvedő szerkezetű infinitive alakja: BEING + 3. alak Használata: az egyszerű szenvedő mellékmondatot alakíthatjuk így át, ha a mellékmondat alanya azonos a főmondatéval. pl. Joe became angry because he was deceived. Being deceived Joe became angry. (Miután átverték, Joe mérges lett.)
1) What do they like and don’t they like doing?
↔ e.g. He likes taking photos
but
1.
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2.
↔
3.
↔
4.
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he doesn’t like painting.
5.
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6.
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2) Choose the right answer. 1. It enjoys __________. dance dancing 2. She doesn´t like __________. reading read 3. He likes _________ photographs. takeing taking 4. I ________ playing tennis. liking like 5. We like ______ swimming. playing going 6. He likes _________ golf. playing going
7. She loves __________ on the beach. sunbathe sunbathing 8. He can't stand _________. listening to loud music. listening the loud music 9. I don't mind ________. to cook cooking 10. What do you like __________ ? do doing 11. Why did you give up ____________ meat? eating eat
3) Fill in the text with the right form of the words given in the box. play, sunbathe, make, stay, sledge, sail, jump, fly, swim It is autumn and it is raining. Pete hates rainy days. He likes summer. On sunny days he likes __________ in the garden, __________ in a lake or __________ on a beach. He also likes winter, because he likes __________ snowmen or __________ down the hill. He likes spring too. On windy days he likes __________ his kite or __________ over the waves. But what can he do today? He really can't stand __________ at home all day long. His mother comes in the room. "Come on Pete, we are going for a walk." "But Mum, it's raining!" "You can wear your Wellingtons." Pete is happy now. He likes __________ into big puddles.
4) Join the sentences using the present participle by the example. e.g. The boy is very tired. He is sitting on the bench. → The boy sitting on the bench is very tired. 1. At the gate there was a man. He was talking to a child. 2. The books were on the shelf. They belonged to my sister. 3. I chose a big room. It overlooked the park. 4. We listened to the birds. They were singing. 5. Yesterday I saw a cat. It was running after a mouse. 6. Do you see the photo? It is lying on the table. 7. They heard a noise. It was coming from the street. 8. They saw a girl. She was picking pebbles. 9. At last we found the path. It led to the house. 10. My brother told me some words. They ended the same. 5) Join the sentences using the perfect participle by the example. e.g. I wrote my essay. I went to school. → Having written my essay, I went to school. 1. I opened the box. I took some candies. 2. The boys had their lunch. They went out. 3. The parents said “good night”. They went to bed. 4. He locked the door. He left the house. 5. I chose a red blouse. I paid at the cashier’s desk. 6. They took a large sum of money. They bought a car. 7. We received a letter. We went to the hospital. 8. I found her book. I gave her a call. 9. You read the joke. You started to laugh. 10. Joan finished her dress. She put it on. 6) Join the sentences using the perfect participle by the example. e.g. I was hungry. So, I ate some sandwiches. → Being hungry, I ate some sandwiches. 1. I knew the lesson. So, I gave the answers. 2. You missed the class. So, you slept more. 3. Jim remembered her name. So, he called her. 4. We understood the situation. So, we went home. 5. I finished my book. So, I watched TV. 6. She saw the film twice. So, she didn’t go to the cinema. 7. I talked to him. I discovered the truth. 8. We heard the news. So, we were not surprised. 9. The dog ate the meat. So, it left the room. 10. You opened the door. So, you saw them in the garden. 7) Choose the right variant of the participles. 1.Be careful while _____the bridge. It’s dangerous. a) crossing b) having crossed
2. _____outside the office for an hour we decided to visit the café. a) having waited b) waiting 3. ____ the knife he began to threaten. a) catching b) having caught 4.They saw some men ______ towards the church. a) riding bikes b) having ridden bikes 5. ____ abroad for a long time she forgot her native language. a) having lived b) living 6. The woman was found _____in her bed. a) having read b) reading 7. _____ well for the speech we had a success. a) preparing b) having prepared 8. ______in the town they visited many shops. a) walking b)having walked 9._____ the whole month he got tired. a) working b) having worked 10. She stood near the shelf, ____a book. a) having looked through b) looking through 8) Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Szeretsz fényképezni? Utálok operába járni. Ki nem állhatom a dobolást. A jövő évben leszokom a dohányzásról. Nem bánom, hogy levelet kell írnom neki. Alig várom, hogy találkozzak a sógornőddel. Bob nem tudta megállni, hogy ne köhögjön. Amikor befejeztük a takarítást, elmentünk a boltba.
KEY: 1) 1. He likes driving but he doesn’t like cooking. 2. He likes watching TV but he doesn’t like playing the piano. 3. He likes fishing but he doesn’t like riding a bike. 4. They like playing cards but they don’t like running. 5. He likes singing but he doesn’t like collecting stamps. 6. He likes playing with his computer but he doesn’t like reading. 2) 1. dancing 2. reading 3. taking
4. like 5. going 6. playing
7. sunbathing 8. listening to loud music.
9. cooking 10. doing 11. eating
3) It is autumn and it is raining. Pete hates rainy days. He likes summer. On sunny days he likes playing in the garden, swimming in a lake or _sunbathing on a beach. He also likes winter, because he likes making snowmen or sledging down the hill. He likes spring too. On windy days he likes flying his kite or sailing over the waves. But what can he do today? He really can't stand staying at home all day long. His mother comes in the room. "Come on Pete, we are going for a walk." "But Mum, it's raining!" "You can wear your Wellingtons." Pete is happy now. He likes jumping into big puddles.
4) 1. At the gate there was a man talking to a child. 2. The books belonging to my sister were on the shelf. 3. I chose a big room overlooking the park. 4. We listened to the birds singing. 5. Yesterday I saw a cat running after a mouse. 6. Do you see the photo lying on the table? 7. They heard a noise coming from the street. 8. They saw a girl picking pebbles. 9. At last we found the path leading to the house. 10. My brother told me some words ending the same. 5) 1. Having opened the box I took some candies. 2. Having had their lunch the boys went out. 3. Having said “good night” the parents went to bed. 4. Having locked the door he left the house. 5. Having chosen a red blouse I paid at the cashier’s desk. 6. Having taken a large sum of money they bought a car. 7. We received a letter. We went to the hospital. 8. Having found her book I gave her a call. 9. Having read the joke you started to laugh. 10. Having finished her dress Joan put it on. 6) 1. Knowing the lesson I gave the answers. 2. Missing the class you slept more. 3. Remembering her name Joe called her. 4. Having understood the situation we went home. 5. Having finished my book I watched TV. 6. Faving seen the film twice she didn’t go to the cinema. 7. Having talked to him I discovered the truth. 8. Having heard the news we were not surprised. 9. Having eaten the meat the dog left the room.
10. Opening the door you saw them in the garden. 7) 1.a 2. a 3. a
8) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
4. a 5. a 6. b
7. b 8. a 9. b
Do you like taking photos? I hate going to the opera. I can’t stand playing the drums. I’ll give up smoking next year. I don’t mind writing him a letter (/a letter to him). I’m looking forward to seeing your sister-in-law. Bob couldn’t help coughing. When we finished cleaning, we went to the shop.
10. b
