DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abril, G., Etcheber, H., Borges, AV., Frankignoulle, M. (2000) Excess Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Transported by Rivers into the Scheldt Estuary. Surface Geoscience. Earth and Planetary Sciences 330. 761-768. Abril, G., Etcheber, H., Borges, AV., Frankignoulle, M. (2003) Carbonate Dissolution in the Turbid and Eutropic Loire Estuary. Marine Ecology Progress. Series 259. 129-138. Abril, G., Comarieu, MV., Maro, D., Fontugne, M., Guerin, F., Etcheber, H., (2004). A Massive Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Release at Spring Tide in a Highly Turbid Estuary. Geophysical Research Letter 31 (L09316): doi:10.1029/2004GL019714. Admiraal, W., Breugem, P., Jacobs, D., Stevenick, D.R., (1990) Fixation of Dissolved Silicate and Sedimentation of Biogenic Silicate in the Lower River During Diatom Blooms. Biogeochemistry 9. 175-185. Agus, F., Watung, R.L., Suganda, H., Tala’ohu, S.H., Wahyunto, Sutono, S., Setiyanto, A., Mayrowani, H., Nurmanaf, A.R., Kundarto, M. (2003). Assessment of Environmental Multifunctions of Paddy Farming in Citarum River Basin, West Java, Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Multifungsi dan Konversi Lahan Pertanian. Balitbang Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. Bogor. Aiken, G., Cotsaris, E., (1995). Soil and hydrology: their effect on NOM. Journal of American Water Works Association, 36-45. Aldrian, E., Nugroho, S.P., Adi, S., Prihartanto, Sudiana, N. (2006) The Final Project Report: The Brantas Catchment Water and Carbon Cycle. The Southeast Asia Regional Center for START (SARCS) – BPPT. Jakarta. Aldrian, E. (2007). Decreasing trends in annual rainfalls over Indonesia: A threat for the national water resource?. Jurnal BMG. Jakarta.. Aldrian E., Djamil, Y.S. (2008) Spatio-temporal climatic change of rainfall in East Java Indonesia, Int. J. Climatol. Int. J. Climatol., 23. 435-448. Aldrian, E., Chen, C.T.A., Adi, S., Prihartanto, Sudiana, N., Nugroho, S.P. (2008). Spatial and Seasonal Dynamics of Riverine Carbon Fluxes of the Brantas Catchment in East Java. J. of Geophysical Researc. Vo. 113, G03029. Alkhatib, M., Jennerjahn, T.C., Samiaji, J., (2007) Biogeochemistry of the Dumai River Estaury, Sumatra, Indonesia, a Tropical Black-Water River. Limnol Ocenogr. 52(6), 2410-2417. Andriwindrasti, B.K. (1997) Kajian Karakteristik Hidrologi DAS Cisadane. Program Pascasarjana. IPB. Bogor. APHA. (1989). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th ed. New York.
165
Arain, R., (1987) Persisiting Trends in Carbon and Mineral Transport Monitoring if the Indus River, in Transport of Carbon and Mineral in Major World Rivers, Vol.14. Mitt. Geol.-Pallaont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, SCOPE/UNEP Sonderbd. 64, edited by E.T. Degens, S. Kempe and Gan Wei-Bin, pp 417421, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg. Asdak, C. 1995. Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai. Gadjah Mada Univ. Press Astisiasari (2008) Perubahan Penggunaan Tanah Terkait Penyusutan Perairan Laguna (Studi Kasus di DA Citanduy dan DA Segara Anakan Tahun 19942006. Fakultas MIPA UI. Depok. Badan Pusat Statistik (2004). Statistik Indonesia 2004. BPS. Jakarta. Badan Pusat Statistik (2007). Statistik Indonesia 2007. BPS. Jakarta. Baird, D., Heymans, J.J. (1996). Assessment of Ecosystem Changes in Response to Freshwater Inflow of the Kromme River Estuary, St Francis Bay, South Africa: a Network Analysis Approach. Water SA 22(4):307-318. Bappedal Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan UGM (2003). Penyusunan Rencana Induk (Grand Design) Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup SWS Serayu Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Semarang. Bappenas, 2005. Studi Prakarsa Strategis SDA untuk Mengatasi Banjir dan Kekeringan di Pulau Jawa. Tidak Diterbitkan. Jakarta. Basuki, T.M, Paimin, C. Nugroho, S. Priyono, Wardoyo. (2002). Pencermatan Indikator Lahan dalam Monotoring dan Evaluasi Kondisi DAS. Prosiding Seminar Monitoring dan Evaluasi Pengelolaan DAS. Balitbang Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Barat. Surakarta. Barth, JAC., Cronin, AA., Dunlop, J. Kalim, RM. (2003) Influence of Carbonat on the Riverine Carbon Cycle in an Anthropogenically Dominated Catchment Basin: Evidence from Major Element and Stable Carbon Isotops in the Lagan River (N. Ireland). Chemical Geology 200, 203-216. Barth, JAC., Veizer, J. (1999) Carbon cycle in St. Lawrence aquatic ecosystem at Cornall (Ontario), Canada: seasonal and spatial variations. Chem. Geol. 159. 107-128. Baum, A., Rixen,T., Samiaji, J. (2007). Relevance of Peat Draining Rivers in Central Sumatra for the Riverine Input of Dissolved Organic Carbon Into the Ocean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 73: 563-570. Becerra, E. H. (1995). Monitoring and Evaluation of Watershed Management Project Achievements. FAO Conservation Guide 24. FAO. Rome Begon, M., J.L. Harper, and C.R. Townsend. (1990). Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities. Oxford: Blackwell. Beighley, R.E. and Moglen, G.E., (2002). Trend Assessment in Rainfall-Runoff Behavior in Urbanizing Watersheds. J. Hydrol. Eng., 7, 27-34.
166
Bennekom, A.J., and Salomons, W. in River Inputs to the Ocean Systems (eds Martin, J.M., Burton, J.D., Eisma). 33-51 (UNEP, IOC, SCOR, United Nations, New York, 1981). Benson, BB., Krause, D., (1984) The concentration and isotopic fraction-ation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29. 620-632. Bianchi, T.S., Filley, T., Dria, K., Hatcher, P.G. (2004) Temporal Variability in Sources of Dissolved organic Carbon in the Lower Mississippi River. Geochimia et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol.68. No.5:pp 959-967. Pergamon. Blair NE, Leithold EL, Ford ST, Peeler KA, Holmes JC, and Perkey DW (2003) The persistence of memory: The fate of ancient sedimentary organic carbon in a modern sedimentary system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 63– 74. Bolin, B., Degen, E.T., Duvigneaud, P., Kempe, S., (1977). The Global Biogeochemical Carbon Cylce. SCOPE 13. The Global Carbon Cycle. Borges, AV., Schiettecatte, LS., Abril, G., Delile, B., Gazeau, F. (2006). Carbon dioxide in European Coastal Waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 70, 375-387. Bouillon, S., Frankignoulle, M., Dehairs, F., Velimirov, Eiler, A., Abril, G., Etcheber, H., Borges, V., (2003). Inorganic and Organic Carbon Biogeochemistry in the Gautami Godavari Estuary During Pre-Monsoon: the Local Impact of Extensive Mangrove Forest. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17(4):1114-doi:10.1029/2002GB002026. BPPT (2007). Penyusunan Pola Pengelolaan DAS Siak, Provinsi Riau. Balitbangda Provinsi Riau. Jakarta. Brasse, S., Nellen, M., Seifert, R., and Michaelis, W., (2002) The Carbon dioxide System in the Elbe Estuary. Biogeochemistry 59:25-40. Breman, J., Gunawan, W., (2004) Masa Cerah dan Masa Suram Pedesaan Jawa. Studi Kasus Dinamika Sosio-Ekonomi di Dua Desa Menjelang Akhir Abad ke-20. LP3ES. Jakarta. Brooks, K. N, H. M. Gregersen, A. L. Lundgren, and R. M. Quinn. 1990. Manual on Watershed Management Project Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation . ASEAN-US Watershed Project. Philippines. Burn, D.H. and Hag Elnur, M.A. (2002). Detection of Hydrological Trends and Variability. J. Hydrol. 255, 107-122. Cai, W.J., (2003). Riverine norganic Carbon Flux dan rate of Biological Uptake in the Mississippi River Plume. Geophysical Research Letter 20 (2), 1032 doi:10.1029/2002GL016312. Cai, WJ., Pomeroy, LR., Moran, MA., Wang Y., (1999) Oxygen and carbon dioxide mass balance for estuarine-intertidal marsh complex of five rivers in the southeastern US. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44. 639-649.
167
Cai, WJ., and Wang, Y. (1998) The Chemistry, Fluxes and Sources of Carbon Dioxide in the Estuarine Waters of the Satila and Altamaha Rivers, Geogria. Limnology and Oceanography 43: 657-668. Cai, Wei-Jun, Minhan D., Yongchen D., Weidong Z., Tao H., Shuitu C., Fan Z., Zhaozhang C., Zhaohui W., (2004). The Biogeochemistry of Inorganic Carbon and Nutrients in the PearlRiver Estuary and the Adjacent Northern South China Sea, Continental Shelf Research 24, 1301-1319. Cauwet, G., Mackenzie, F.T., (1993). Carbon Inputs and Distributions in Estuaries of Turbid Rivers: the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers (China). Marine Chemistry 43, 235-246. Chen, C.T.A. (2004) Exchanges of Carbon in the coastal seas, in The Global carbon cycle: Integrating humans, climate and the natural world, eds. CB Field and MR Raupach, SCOPE 62, Island Press, Washington DC, 2004, 341-351. Chen C.T.A, Liu, J.T. and Tsuang, B.J. (2004) Island-based catchment – The Taiwan example, Reg. Environ.Change 4, 39-48. Chen, C.T.A (2008). Southeast Asia Regional Carbon and Water Project 20072008 (Funded by SARCS). In SARCS Annual Report 2006-2007. SARCS for START. Taiwan. Clark, JF., Wanninkhof, R., Schlosser P., Simpson, HJ., (1994) Gas exchange rates in the tidal Hudson River using a dual tracer technique, Tellus 46B. 274-285. Conley, D.J., Schelske, C.L., Stoermer, E.F. (1993) Modification of the Biogeochemical Cycle of Silica with Eutrophication. Marine Ecology Progress Series 101:179-192. Conley, L.C and McCuen, R.H. (1997). Modified Critical Values for Spearmen’s test of Serial Correlation. J. Hydrol. Eng., 2, 133-135. Coynel, A., Etcheber, H., Abril, G., Eric, M., Jacques, D., and Jean-Emmanuel, H. (2005). Contribution of small mountainous rivers to particulate organic carbon input in the Bay of Biscay. Biogeochemistry 74: pp 151-171. Crossland, C.J., Kremer. H.H., Lindeboom, H.J., Marshall, J.I., Tissier, M.D.A. (2005). Coastal Fluxes in the Anthropocene. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Dagg, M., Benner, R., Lohrenz, S. Lawrence, D. (2004) Transformation of Dissolved and Particulate Materials on Continental Shleves Influenced by Large Rivers: Plume Processes. Continental Shelf Research 24, 833-858. Degens, E.T. (1982) Riverine carbon. An overview. In “Transport of Carbon and Minerals in Major World Rivers” ed. E.T. Degens Mitt. Geol.-Paleaeont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, SCOPE/UNEP Sonderbd. 52, 633-654. Departemen Kehutanan (2001). Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai. Kep.Men.Hut. No.52/Kpts-II/2001. Tentang. Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Pengelolaan DAS. DitJen RLPS. Dit. RLKT.
168
Departemen Kehutanan (2002). Pedoman Penyusunan Master Plan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan (MP-RHL) Daerah. Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan 7211/Kpts-II/2002. Jakarta. Departemen Kehutanan (2009). Peraturan Direktorat Jenderal Rehabilitasi Lahan dan Perhutanan Sosial Nomor: P.04/V-SET/2009 tentang Pedoman Monitoring dan Evaluasi Daerah Aliran Sungai. Ditjen RLPS. Jakarta. Dery, S.J., Stieglizt, M., McKenna, Wood, E.F. (2005) Characteristics and Trends of River Discharge into Hudson, James, and Ungava Bays, 1964-2000. J. Climate, Vol. 18. 2540-2557. Devol, AH., Richey, JE., Quay, P., Martinelli, L. (1987) The role og gas exchange in the inorganic carbon, oxygen and 222Rn budget of the Amazon River. Limnol. Oceanogr. 32. 235-248. Dharmawan, A.H., Krisnamurthi, B., Tanjung, D., Tonny, F., Prasetyo, L.B., Fausia, L., Prasodjo, N.W. (2004) Desentralisasi Pengelolaan Dan Sistem Tata pemerintahan Sumberdaya Alam. Pusat Studi Pembangunan IPB dan UNDP. Bogor. Diemont, W.H., Nabuurs, G.J., Rieley, J.O., and Rijksen, H.D. (1997). Climate change and management of tropical peatlands as a carbon reservoir. In Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands. (Eds J.O. Rieley and S. E. Page). Samara Publishing, Cardigan, UK. pp. 363-368 Dillon, P.J., Mollot, L.A., (1997). Effect of landscape form onexport of dissolved organic carbon, iron, and phosphorus from forested stream catchments. Water Resources Research 33, 2591-2600 Douglas I (1996) The impact of land-use changes, especially logging, shifting cultivation, mining and urbanization on sediment yields in tropical Southeast Asia: a review with special reference to Borneo. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Publ 236, 463– 472. Douglas, E.M., Vogel, R.M. and Knoll, C.N. (2000) Trends in Floods and Low Flows in the United States, Impact of Spatial Correlation. J. Hydrol., 240, 90-105. Duan, S.W. (2000). The Distribution and Transportation of Nutrients and Carbon in the Yangtze. Institute of Geography of Academic Science, Beijing. Eckhardt, B.W., Moore, T.R. (1990) Control of Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentration in Stream, Southern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 47, 1537-1544. Effendi, H. (2003). Telaah Kualitas Air Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Pengairan. Penerbit Kanisius. Yogyakarta. Field, C.B., Raupach, M.R. (eds.) (2004) The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate and the Natural World. Island Press, Washington D.C. 526 pp. Frankignoule, M., Abril, G., Borges, A., Bourge, I., Canon, C., Delille, B., Libert, E., and Theate, J.M., (1998) Carbon dioxide Emission from European Estuaries. Science 282:434-436.
169
Frankignoule, M., and Borges, A.V., (2001) Direct and Indirect pCO2 measurements in a Wide Range of pCO2 and Salinity Values (The Scheldt Estuary). Aquat. Geochem. 7: 267-273. Fullazzaki, M.A., (2005), Assessment of Water Quality Degradation for the Citarum and Brantas River Using A New Developed Water Quality Index System, in Proceeding of International Symposium on Ecohydrology, IHP-UNESCO, Kuta-Bali. Gattuso, JP., Frankignoule, M., Wollast, R. (1998) Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystem. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 29. 405434. Gazeau, F., Gatusso, FG., Middelburg, JJ., Barron, C., Diarte, CM., Schiettagate, LS., Brion, N., Frankignoule, M., and Borges, A.V. (2004). Planktonic and Whole System Metabolism in a Nutrient Rich Estuary (the Schedt Estuary). Manuscript. Gillardet, J., Louvat, P., Dupe, P., Allegre, C. (1999) Global Silicate Weathering and CO2 Consumption Rated Deduced from the Chemistry of Large Rivers. Chem.Geol. 159:3-30. Gomez, B., Trustrum, N.A., Hicks, D.M., Rogers, K.M., Page, M.J. and Tate, K.R (2003) Production, storage and output of particulate organic carbon: Waipaoa River basin, New Zealand, Wat. Resour. Res., 39, 1161. Gonzales-Hidalgo, J.C., De Luis, M., Raventos, J. and Sanchez, J.R., (2001). Spatial Distribution of Seasonal Rainfall Trends in a Western Mediterranean Area. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 843-860. Gunawan, T. (2002). Pemanfaatan Penginderaan Jauh dan Sistem Informasi Geografis Untuk Monitoring dan Evaluasi Pengelolaan DAS (Studi Kasus di DAS Bengawan Solo). Prosiding Seminar Monitoring dan Evaluasi Pengelolaan DAS. Balitbang Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Barat. Surakarta. GWP-SEATAC. (1997). Key Issues and Strategies on Integrated Water Resource Management in the ASEAN Subregion. Makalah dipresentasikan pada “Regional Meeting on Water Resources Management in the ASEAN Countries”, Manila 10 - 11 Juni 1997. GWP-TAC. (2000). Integrated Water Resources Management. Background Papers N0. 4. Stockholm: Glogal Water Partnership.
TAC
Haining, R., (1995). Spatial Data Analysis in the Social and Environmental Science. Cambridge University Press. Hamilton, SK., Sippel, SJ., Melack, JM. (1995) Oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide and methane production in waters of the Pantanal wetlands of Brazil. Biogeochemistry 30. 115-141. Hardjono, J., Hill, H. (1989) West Java: Population Pressure and Regional Diversity. Dalam Unity and Diversity:Regional Economic Development in Indonesia since 1970. Ed.H. Hill, 255-282. Singapure. Oxford University Press.
170
Harrison, J., Caraco, N.F., Seitzinger, S.P. (2005) Global Pattern and Sources of Dissolved Organic Matter Export to the Coastal Zone: Result from a Spatially Explicit, Global Model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19. Hastenrath, S., Greischar, L., Colon, E., Gil, A. (1999) Forecasting the Anomalous Discharge of the Caroni River, Venezuela. Journal of Climate. Vol.12, 2673-2678. Hedges, .I. (1992) Global Biogeochemical Cycles: Progress and Problems. Mar.Chem.39, 67-93. Hedges, J.I., Cowie, G.L., Richey, J.E., Quay, P.D., Benner, R., Strom, M., Forsberg, B.R., (1994). Origins and processing of organic matter in the Amazon River as indicated by carbohydrates and amino acids. Limnology and Oceanography 39, 743-761. Heikinen, K., (1994). Organic matter, iron and nutrient transport and nature of DOM in the drainage basin of a boreal humic river in northern Finland. Science of the Total Environment 152, 81-90. Helie, JF., Marcel, CH., Rondeau, B. (2002). Seasonal Changes in the Sources and Fluxes of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Through the Sr. Lawrence River – Isotopic and Chemical Constraint. Chemical Geology 186, 117-138. Herpin, U., C.C. Ceri, M.C.S. Carvarlho, B. Markert, J. Enzweiler, , Friese, and G. Breulmann. (2002). Biological Dynamics Following Land Use Change from Forest to Pasture in a Humid Tropical Area (Rondonia, Brazil): A Multi-Element Approach by Menas of XRF-Spectroscopy. The Science of the Total Environment 286 (2002) 97-109. Elsevier Science. Hirsch R.M., Slack J.R. and Smith R.A. (1982), Techniques of Trend Analysis for Monthly Water Quality Data, Water Resources Research 18(1), 107-121 Hufschmidt, M.M., 1986. A Conceptual Framework for Analysis of Watershed Management Activities. Strategies, Approaches, and System in Integrated Watershed Management. FAO Conservation Guide 14. FAOUN, Rome. Humborg, C., Ittekkot, V., Cociasu, A., Bodongen, B.V. (1997) Effect of Danube River Dam on Black Sea Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Structure. Nature. Vol. 386, 385-388. Ilyas, M.A. (2002) Sedimentasi dan Dampaknya pada DPS Citarum Hulu. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan BPPT. Vol.3. 159-164. Indrawati, S.M., (2005). Bunga Rampai Pembangunan Kota Indonesia dalam Abad 21, Konsep dan Pendekatan Pembangunan Perkotaan di Indonesia. Buku 1. Yayasan Sugijanto Soegijoko dan Urban and Regional Development Institute (URDI). Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta IPCC. (2007a). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva.
171
IPCC. (2007b). Climate Change 2007. Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. Ishikawa, T., Trisliana, Yurenfric, Ardianor, Gumiri, S. (2006). Dissoloved Organic Carbon Concentration of a Natural Water Body and Its Relationship to Water Color in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Limnology 7:143-146. Ittekkot, V., (1988) Global trends in the nature of organic matter in river suspensions, Nature 332, 436–438. Ittekkot, V., Humborg, C., Schafer, P., (2000). Hydrological Alterations and Marine Biogeochemistry: A Silicate Issue? Bioscience 50(9): 776-782. Jackson, A.R.W and Jackson, J., (1998). Environmental Science: The Natural Environment and Human Impact. Longman. Harlow. Inggris. Jarvie, HP., Neal C., Leach, DV., Ryland, GP., House, WA., Robson, AJ., (1997) Major ions concentration and the inorganic carbon chemistry of the Humer Rivers. Sci. Tot. Environ. 194-195. 285-302. Jennerjahn, T.C., Ittekkot, V., Klopper, S., Adi, S., Nugroho, S.P., Sudiana, N., Yusmal, A., Prihartanto, and Gaye-Haake (2004). Biogeochemistry of a Tropical River Affected by Human Activities in Its Catchment: Brantas River Estuary and Coastal Waters of Madure Strait, Java, Indonesia. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 60, 503-514. Jennerjahn, T.C., Milliman, J.D., Chen, C.T.A., Ittekkot, V., Liu, S., (2008). Komunikasi Personal. JICA, (1998). The Study on Comprehensive Management Plan for the Water Resources of the Brantas River Basin in the Republic of Indonesia. DGWRD, Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia Johnson, M.J., P.S. Giller., J. O’Halloran, K. O’Gorman, and M.B. Gallagher. (2005). Applied Issues: A Novel Approach to Assess the Impact of Landuse Activity on Chemical and Biological Parameters in River Catchments. Freshwater Biology, 50, 1273-1289. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Jones, JB., Mulholland, PJ. (1998) Carbon dioxide variation in a hardwood forest stream: an integrative measure of whole catchment soil respiration. Ecosystem 1. 183-196. Kalbitz, K., Geyer, W., Geyer, S., (1999). Spectroscopic properties of dissolved humic substances - a reflection of land use history in a fen area. Biogeochemstry 47, 219-238 Kao, S.J and Liu, K.K. (1996) Particulate organic carbon export from a subtropical mountainous river in Taiwan, Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 1749– 1757. Kao, S.J. and Liu, K.K. (1997) Fluxes of DOC and fossil POC from an Oceania small river (Lanyang-Hsi) in Taiwan, Biogeochem. 39, 255– 269.
172
Kendall M.G. (1975), Rank Correlation Methods, Charles Griffin, London Lettenmaier D.P. (1988), Multivariate Nonparametric Tests for Trend in Water Quality, Water Resources Bulletin 24(3), 505-512 Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (2005). Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2004. KLH. Jakarta. Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian (KKP). (2006). Kajian Daya Dukung Pulau Jawa. Kemenko Perekonomian. Jakarta. Khiatuddin, M., (2003). Melestarikan Sumber Daya Air Dengan Teknologi Rawa Buatan. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. Kitheka, J,U., Obiero, M., Nthenge, P. (2005) River Discharge, Sediment Transport and Exchange in the Tana Estuary, Kenya. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science Vol. 63. 455-468. Komada T, Druffel, E.R.M. and Trumbore, S.E. (2004) Oceanic export of relict carbon by small mountainous rivers, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L07504. Kortelainen, P., (1999). Occurrence of humic waters. In: Keskit-alo, J., Eloranta, P. (Eds.), Limnology of Humic Waters. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 42-57. Kusmandari, A., Mitchell, B., (1997). Soil erosion and sediment yield in forest and agroforestry areas in West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Sep-Oct 1997 v52 n5 p376(5). Lavigne, F. and Gunnel, Y. (2006). Land Cover Change and Abrupt Environmental Impacts on Javan Volcanos, Indonesia: A Long-Term Perspective on Recent Events. Reg. Environ Change 6: 86-100. Lesack, L.R and Willmott, C.J. (1984) Transport of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Major Solutes in the Gambia River, West Africa. Limnol. Oceangr. 29, 816-830. Lettenmaier, D.P. (1988). Multivariate Nonparametric Test for Trend Water Quality. Water Resources Bulletin 24 (3), 505-512. Libiseller C. and Grimvall A. (2002), Performance of Partial Mann-Kendall Test for Trend Detection in the Presence of Covariates, Environmetrics 13, 71-84 Libiseller, C. (2004). A Program for the Computation of Multivariate and Partial Mann-Kendall Test. http://www.mai.liu.se/~cllib/welcome/PMKtest.html. Li, W.J., Dagaut, and Saliot, A., (1995). The Application of Sterol Biomakers to the Study of the Sources of Particulate Organic Matter in the Solo River System and the Serayu River, Java, Indonesia. Biogeochemistry, 31, 139154. LIPI, (2004), Katalog Sungai Indonesia, Jilid 1, Panitia Nasional Program Hidrologi IHP-UNESCO, Jakarta Ludwig, W., Probst, J.L. and Kempe, S. (1996) Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 23– 41.
173
Ludwig, W., Probst, J.L. (1998). River Sediment Discharge to the Oceans: Present Day Controls and Global Budgets. Am. J. Sci. 298:265-295. Lyons, W.B., Nezat, C.A., Carey, A.E., and Hicks, D.M. (2002) Organic carbon fluxes to the ocean from high-standing islands, Geology, 30, 443– 446. Malcom, R.L. and W.H. Durum. (1976) Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Concentrartion and Annual Organic Carbon Load of Six Selected Rivers of the United States. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. 1817F, 121. Mann H.B. (1945), Nonparametric Tests against Trend, Econometrica 13, 245259. Martins, O., and Probst, J.L. (1991). Biogeochemistry of Major African Rivers: Carbon and Mineral Transport, in Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers, SCOPE Rep.42 Edited E.T Degens, s. Kempe, and J.E. Richey, pp 127-155. John Wiley. New York. McCabe, G.J., Clark, M.P., Serreze, M.C. (2001) Trends in Northern Hemisphere Surface Cydlone Frequency and Intensity. J.Climate 14. 2763-2768. McDowell, W.H., Wood, T., (1984). Podsolisation: soil processes control DOC concentrations in stream water. Soil Science 137, 23-32. McKee, B.A. (2003) RiOMar: The transport, transformation and fate of carbon in river-dominated ocean margins, report of RiOMar Workshop, 1 –3 November 2001, Tulane Univ., New Orleans, La. Mellilo, J.M.(1996). Tropical Deforestation and Global Carbon Budget. Ann Ver Energy Environ 1996, 21: 293-311. Meybeck, M. (1982) Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous transport by world rivers. Am. J. Sci. 282, 401–450. Meybeck, M. 1993. Riverine transport of atmospheric carbon: Sources, global typology and budget. Water Air Soil Poll. 70: 443-463. Meybeck, M., and Ragu, A. 1996. River Disharge to the oceans: An Assessmentof Suspended Solids, Major Ions, and Nutrients. UNEP/WHO, Environment of Information and Assessment. UNEP. Nairobi. Milliman, J.D. and Meade, R.H. (1983) World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. J. Geol. 91, 1–21. Milliman, J.D., Xie, Q.H., Yang, Z.C., (1984) Transfer of Particulate Organic Carbon and Nitrogen from the Changjiang River to the Ocean. American Journal of Science 284. 824-834. Milliman, J.D., Ren, M.E., Qin, Y., and Saito, Y. (1987) Man’s influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian rivers: the Yellow River (Huanghe) example. J. Geol. 95, 751– 762. Milliman, J.D. and Syvitski, J.P.M. (1992) Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountainous rivers. J Geol 100, 525–544.
174
Milliman, J.D. (1997) Blessed Dams or Damned Dams? Nature 386, 325-327. Moore, T.R., Jackson, R.J., (1989). Dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in forested and disturbed catchments, Westland, New Zealand. Water Resources Research 25, 1331-1339. Mukhopadhyay, SK., Biswas, H., De, TK., Sen, S., Jana, TK., (2002) Seasonal Effect on the Air-Water Carbon Dioxide Exchange in the Hooghly Estuary, NE Coast of Gulf of Bengal, India. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 4: 549-552. Nazir, M. (1999) Metode Penelitian. Ghalia Indonesia. Cetakan Keempat. Jakarta. Neal, C., House, WA., Jarvie, HP., Eatherall A. (1998) The significance of dissolved carbon dioxide in major lowland rivers entering the North Sea. Tot. Environ. 210211, 187-203. N’Kunkou, R.R., and Probst, J.L., (1987) Hydrology and Geochemistry of the Congo River System, in Transport of Carbon and Mineral in Major World Rivers, Vol.14. Mitt. Geol.-Pallaont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, SCOPE/UNEP Sonderbd. 64, edited by E.T. Degens, S. Kempe and Gan Wei-Bin, pp 417421, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg. Nillson, C., Reidy, C.A., Dynesius, M., Revenga, C. (2005) Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World’s Large River Systems. Science Vo. 308. 405-408. Nippon Koei (2001) Comprehensif Development and Management Plan (CDMP) Study for Bengawan Solo River Basin. Final Report. Bengawan Solo River Basin Development Project. Solo. Nixon, S.W. (2003) Replacing the Nile: are Anthropogenic Nutrients Providing the Fertility Once Brought to the Mediterranean by a Great River? Ambio 32(1):30-39. Nugroho, S.P., (2002). Pengelolaan DAS dan Sumberdaya Air yang Berkelanjutan. Peluang dan Tantangan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air di Indonesia. Editor: Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, Seno Adi, Bambang Setiadi. P3TPSLK BPPT-HSF. Jakarta. Nugroho, S.P. (2005). Analisis Variabilitas dan Neraca Debit (Discharge Budget) pada Estuari dari Sungai-Sungai di Pulau Jawa. Jurnal ALAMI. Volume 10 No. 3. Direktorat TLWB BPPT. Jakarta. Nugroho, S.P., (2006). Analisis Variabilitas dan Neraca Debit (Discharge Budget) pada estuary dari Sungai-Sungai di Pulau Jawa. Vol.11 Tahun 2006. PTLWB BPPT. Jakarta. Nugroho, S.P. (2006). Karakteristik Aliran Sungai-Sungai di Pulau Jawa. Jurnal ALAMI. Volume 11 No. 1. Direktorat TLWB BPPT. Jakarta. Nugroho, S.P., (2007). Analisis Neraca Air Pulau Jawa. Jurnal Alami. Vol.12 Tahun 2007. PTLWB BPPT. Jakarta. Nugroho, S.P., (2008). Kondisi Neraca air Nasional dan Penyediaan 10 Juta Sambungan Baru Air Bersih. Makalah Seminar Nasional Penyediaan 10
175
Juta Sambungan Baru Air Minum. Perpamsi-Harian Sinar Harapan-Ditjen Cipta Karya Departemen PU. Jakarta. Opsahl, S., Benner, R., (1997). Distribution and Cycling of Terrigenous Dissolved Organic Matter in the Ocean. Nature 386, 480-482 Page, S.E., Rieley, J.O. (1998). Tropical peatlands: a review of their natural resource functions with particular reference to Southeast Asia. International Peat Journal 8: 95-106 Paimin, Sukresno, TM. Basuki, dan Purwanto. (2002). Monitoring dan Evaluasi Daerah Aliran dalam Perspektif Diagnosa Kesehatannya. Prosiding Seminar Monitoring dan Evaluasi Pengelolaan DAS. Balitbang Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Barat. Surakarta. Pawitan, H., Lass, I., (1996). Keseimbangan Air Hidrologi di Indonesia Menurut Kabupaten (Hydrology Water Balance of Indonesia). FMIPA IPB. Bogor Pawitan, H., Jayawardena, A.W., Takeuchi, K., Lee, S. (2000). Catalogue of Rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The Unesco-IHP Regional Stering. Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Japan. Pawitan, H., (2002) Mengatisipasi Krisis Air di Indonesia Memasuki Abad 21. Peluang dan Tantangan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air di Indonesia. Editor: Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, Seno Adi, Bambang Setiadi. P3TPSLK BPPTHSF. Jakarta. Pawitan, H., (2004). Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Hidrologi Daerah Aliran Sungai (Land Use Change and Their Impact on Watershed Hydrology). Prosiding Multifungsi Pertanian. Balai Penelitian Tanah. Bogor. Pawitan, H., Aldrian, E., Nugroho, S.P., (2007a) The Final Project Report: Carbon, Nutrient and Water Fluxes of River Basins of the Java Island. The Southeast Asia Regional Center for START (SARCS) – IPB Bogor. Bogor. Pawitan, H., Aldrian, E., Nugroho, S.P., (2007b) Carbon, Nutrient and Sediment Fluxes of the Java Major Rivers. Journal of Hydrologic Environment. Vol.3 No.1. 9-20. Kyungbuk, Korea. Pfeffer, M.J., Schlelhas, J.W., DeGloria, S.D., Gomez, J., (2005) Population, Conservation, and Land Use Change in Honduras. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 110 (2005):14-28. Elsevier. PIPWS Cimanuk Cisanggarung. (2004) Masterplan Pengembangan WS Cimanuk Cisanggarung. Laporan Akhir. Indramayu. PIPWS Ciujung Ciliman. (2004). Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air di WS Ciujung Ciliman Provinsi Banten. Laporan Akhir. Banten. Post, R.M., Emanuel, W.R., Zinke, P.J., and Stangenberger. (1982). Soil carbon pools and world life zones. Nature 298:156-159 Probst, J.L., Moratti, J., Tardy, Y., (1999). Carbon River Fluxes and Weathering CO2 Consumption in the Congo and Amazon River Basins. Applied Geochemistry 9, 1-13.
176
Putuhena, W.M., Wanny, K. Adidarma dan Yuningsih, Y.M. (2004). Karakteristik Banjir Puncak pada Sungai-Sungai di Pulau Jawa (The Characteristics of Peak Flood of Rivers in Java Island. Prosiding Multifungsi Pertanian. Balai Penelitian Tanah. Bogor. Raupach, M. (2005). Carbon-Climate-Human Interactions. SARCS Advanced Training Workshop on Regional Carbon and Water Issues. Kaoshiong. Taiwan. Raymond, PA., Bauer, JE., Cole, JJ. (2000) Atmospheric CO2 Evasion, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Production, and Net Heterotrophiy in the York River Estuary. Limnology and Oceanography 45: 1707-1717. Raymond, PA., Caraco, NF., Cole, JJ. (1997) Carbon dioxide concentration and atmospheric flux in the Hudson rivers. Estuaries 20. 381-190. Richey, J.E., Hedges, J.I., Devol, A.H., Quay, P.D., (1990) Biogeochemistry of Carbon in the Amazon River. Limnol Oceanogr, 35. 352-371. Rusastra, I. W., dan G. S. Budhi. (1997). Konversi lahan pertanian dan strategi antisipatif dalam penanggulangannya. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian 16 (4):107113. Rustiadi, E., Saefulhakim, S., Panuju, D. (2006). Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah. IPB Press. Bogor. Sabine, C.L., Heinman, M., Artaxo, P., Baker D. (2004). Current Status and Past Trends of the Global Carbon Cycle. In: The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World. Island Press. Washington DC. Sachse, A., Babenzien, D., Ginzel, G., Gelbrecht, J., Steinberg, C.E.W., (2001a). Characterization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a dystrophic lake and an adjacent fen. Biogeochemistry 54, 279-296. Sachse, A., Gelbrecht, J., Steinberg, C.E.W., (2001b). Compounds of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the porewater of fens adjacent to surface waters. In: Swift, R.S., Spark, K.M. (Eds.), IHSS-9-Proceedings: Understanding and Managing Organic Matter in Soils, Sediments and Waters. International Humic Substances Society, Adelaide, pp. 21— 28. Sachse, A., R. Hebrion, J. Gelbrecht, C.E.W. Steinberg. (2005). Classification of Dissolver Organic Carbon (DOC) in River System: Influence of Catchment Characteristics ans Autochthonous Processes. Organic Geochemsitry 36 (2005) 923-935. Elsevier. Salim, E. 1991. Pembangunan Berkelanjutan: Strategi Alternatif Dalam Pembangunan Dekade Sembilanpuluhan, Prisma I: 3-13. Salim, E., 2005. Agenda Bangsa 2005-2010. Bahan Kuliah Pascasarjana Program Studi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Tidak Dipublikasikan. Bogor. Salomons, W. (2004) European Catchments : Catchement Change and Their Impact on the Coast. Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
177
Sarma, VVSS (2003) Monthly Variability in Surface pCO2 and Net Air-Sea CO2 Flux in the Arabian Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (C8): 3255doi:10.1029/2001JC001062. Sarmiento, J.L., Gruber, N., 2006. Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics. Princeton Universcity Press. . Princeton. Sausa, ES., Salimon, CI., Victoria, RL., Krusche, AV., Alin, SR., Leite, NK., (2008). Dissoloved Inorganic Carbon and pCO2 in Two Small Draining Different Soil Types in Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science:v. 3n. 2. Sempere, R., Charriere, B., Wambeke, F.W., F.V. Cauwet, G,. 2000. Carbon Inputs of the Rhone River to the Mediterranean Sea: Biogeochemical Implications. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14. 669-681. Shaw, E.M., (1991). Hydrology in Practice (2 nd ed). Chapman and Hall. Shiklomanov, A. (1997) Comprehensif Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World: Assessment of Water Resources and Water Availability in the World. World Meteorological Organization and Stockhlom Environment Institute. Stockhlom. Smith, A.C. (1990) Forest Ecology on Java: Human Impact andVegetation of Montane Forest. J Trop Ecol 8:129-152. Smith, S.V., Renwick, W.H., Buddemeier, R.W., Crossland, C.J. (2001) Budgets of Soil Erosion and Deposition for Sediments and Sedimentary Organic Carbon Across the Conterminous United States. Global Biogeochemical Cycle 15(3):697-707. Smith, SV., Swaney, DP., Talaue-McManus L., Bartley, JD., Sandhei, PT., McLaughlin CJ., Dupra VC., Crossland CJ., Buddenmeier RW., Maxwell, BA., Wuff, F. (2003) Humans, Hydrology and the Distribution Inorganic Nutrient Loading to the Oceans. BioScience 53: 235-245. Soemarwoto, O. (1991). Interaksi Manusia dan Lingkungan: Faktor Kritis dalam Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, Prisma I: 14-22 Soeparmono, (2002), Kebijakan Pasokan Air 2020. Peluang dan Tantangan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air di Indonesia. Editor: Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, Seno Adi, Bambang Setiadi. P3TPSLK BPPT-HSF. Jakarta. Soewarno. (1995). Hidrologi: Aplikasi Metode Statistik untuk Analisa Data. Jilid 2. Penerbit Nova. Bandung. Spitzy, a., Ittekkot, V., (1991). Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter in Rivers. In: Mantoura, R.F.C. Martin, J.M., Wollast, R. (Eds), Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change. John Wiley and Sons. Chichester, UK. Suchet, AP., Probst, J.L. (1995) A global model for present-day atmospheric/soil CO2 consumption by chemical erosion of continental rocks (GEM-CO2). Tellus 47B, 273-280. Sudaryanto, T. (2002). Konversi lahan dan produksi pangan nasional. hlm. 57-65 dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Multifungsi dan Konversi Lahan
178
Pertanian. Bogor, 2 Oktober dan Jakarta, 25 Oktober 2002. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor. Sukresno dan Yonky, I. (2002). Penerapan Parameter Sedimentasi dan Indeks Erosi untuk Evaluasi Kesehatan DAS Pada Formasi Batuan Sedimen dan Vulkanik. Prosiding Seminar Monitoring dan Evaluasi Pengelolaan DAS. Balitbang Teknologi Pengelolaan DAS Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Barat. Surakarta. Sumaryanto, S. Friyanto, dan B. Irawan. (2001). Konversi lahan sawah ke penggunaan non-pertanian dan dampak negatifnya. hlm. 1-18. dalam F. Agus (Eds.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Multifungsi Lahan Sawah. Bogor, 1 Mei 2001. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor. Sutardi, (2003). Permasalahan Sumber Daya Air Indonesia. Makalah dalam ToT Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air. Jakarta. Syvitski, J.P.M., Vorosmarty, C.J. Kettner, A.J. Green P. (2005). Impact Humans on the Flux of Terrestrial Sediments to the Global Coastal Ocean. Scince 308. 376-380. Talaue-Mcanus, L., Kiemer, H.H., Marshal, J.I. (2001). LOICZ Reports and Studies No.17, ii+277 pages. LOICZ IPO, Texel, The Netherlands. Trie MS, Tjoek WS dan Aris Harnanto. (2005). Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, Bayumedia Malang. Tu, M., (2006) Assessment of the Effect of Climate Variability and Land Use Change on the Hydrology of the Meuse River Basin. PhD Thesis. Vrije Universiteit. Unesco-IHE Institute for Water Education. Turner, R.E., Qureshi, N., Rabelais, N.N., Dortch, Q., Justic, D., Shaw, R.F., Cope, J., (1998). Fluctuating Silicate:Nitrate Ratios and Coastal Plankton Food Webs. Proceeding National Academy of Scence. USA. Voortman, R.L. (1998). Recent Historical Climate Change and Its Effect on Landuse in the Eastern part of West Africa. Phys. Chem. Earth, 23(4), 385391. Walker, J and D.J. Reuter. (1996). Indicators of Catchment Health. A Technical Perspective. CSIRO Publishing. Australia. Walker, J., D. Alexander, C. Irons, B. Jones, H. Penridge, and D. Rapport. (1996). Catchment Health Indicators : An Overview. In. J. Walker and D. J. Reuter. Indicators of Cacthment Health. A Technical perspective. CSIRO. Australia. Walling, DE., and Fang,D. (2003). Recent Trends in the Suspended Sediment Loads of the World’s Rivers. Global and Planetary Change XX. Walsh, J.E., (2000) Global Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Relationships to Arctic Ocean, E.L. Lewis et al., Eds. NATO Science Series 2: Environmental Security, Vol. 7. Kluwer Academic, 21-43. Whitfield, P.H. and Cannon, A.J. (2000) Recent Variations in Climate and Hydrology in Canada. Can. Water Resour. J., 25. 16-25.
179
Whitten, T., Soeriaatmadja, R.E., Afiff, S.A. (1999). Ekologi Jawa dan Bali. Prehallindo, Jakarta. Wolanski, W, Spagnol, S., (2000). Environmental degradation by mud in tropical estuaries. Regional Environment Change (2000) 1:152-162. SpringerVerlag. World Bank, (1990). Indonesia. Sustainable development of forests, land and water. The World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank, (1994). Indonesia Environment and development. The World Bank, Washington,DC. WRI. (2000) World Resources 2000-2001. People and Ecosystems. The Fraying Web of Life. World Resources Institute. Washington DC. Wu, H., Green, M., Scranton, M.I., (1997). Acetate cycling in the water column and surface sediment of long Island Sound following a bloom. Limnology and Oceanography 42, 705-713. Wu, Y., J. Zhang, S.M. Liu, Z.F. Zhang, Q.Z. Yao, G.H. Hong, L. Cooper. (2007). Sources and Distribution of Carbon within the Yangtze River System. Estuarine, Coastal and Shef Science 71. 13-25. Elsevier. Xuelu, G., Jinming, S., Xuegang, L. (2008). pCO2 and Carbon Fluxes Across Sea-Air Interface the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. Vol. 26 No.3. 289-295. Yudhoyono, SB. (2009). Program Aksi Rencana Pengurangan Gas Rumah Kaca 26% dan 41%. Tidak dipublikasikan. Jakarta. Yue, S., Pilom, P. and Cavadias, G. (2002) Power of the Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s rho tests for Detecting Monotonic Trends in Hydrological Series. J. Hydrol., 259, 254-271. Zhang, X., Harvey, K.D. Hogg, W.D. and Yuzyk, E.F. (2001) Trends in Canadian Streamflow. Water Resources Res., 37. 987-998.
180
