Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Vyjadˇrov´an´ı budoucnosti aneb Will Smith nebo Will Scarlet? Luk´aˇs R˚ uˇziˇcka
2013
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Vyjadˇrov´an´ı budoucnosti Angliˇctina nem´a ˇz´adn´y gramatick´y budouc´ı ˇcas, tak jak ho zn´ame z jin´ych jazyk˚ u. Pom´ah´a si tedy r˚ uzn´ymi gramatick´ymi konstrukcemi, kter´e maj´ı budouc´ı v´ yznam. Kaˇzdou z nich lze pouˇz´ıt, ale z´aroveˇ n kaˇzd´a m´a jin´ y v´ yznam pro vn´ım´an´ı budoucnosti. To mus´ıme m´ıt na zˇreteli. Jsou to n´asleduj´ıc´ı konstrukce: budoucnost vyj´adˇren´a pomoc´ı mod´aln´ıho slovesa will budoucnost vyj´adˇren´a pomoc´ı vazby going to budoucnost vyj´adˇren´a pomoc´ı pˇr´ıtomn´ eho pr˚ ubˇ ehov´ eho ˇcasu budoucnost vyj´adˇren´a pomoc´ı pˇr´ıtomn´ eho prost´ eho ˇcasu V tomto uˇcebn´ım materi´alu se budeme vˇenovat budoucnosti s will. Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Form´aln´ı tvoˇren´ı — will
Z hlediska formy se budouc´ı konstrukce s will tvoˇr´ı podle vzoru:
will + infinitive tedy:
will sleep
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Pˇr´ıklady
N´asleduj´ıc´ı tabulka ukazuje ˇcasov´an´ı kontstrukce will + inf. Oznamovac´ı I will sleep. You will sleep. He will sleep. She will sleep. It will sleep. We will sleep. You will sleep. They will sleep.
Z´ apor I will not sleep. You will not sleep. He will not sleep. She will not sleep. It will not sleep. We will not sleep. You will not sleep. They will not sleep.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Ot´ azka Will I sleep? Will you sleep? Will he sleep? Will she sleep? Will it sleep? Will we sleep? Will you sleep? Will they sleep?
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Funkce will
Konstrukce s will se pouˇz´ıv´a zejm´ena tehdy, chceme-li vyj´adˇrit neutr´alnˇe citovˇe zabarvenou budoucnost nebo jednu z n´asleduj´ıc´ıch funkc´ı:
2
okamˇzit´e rozhodnut´ı, nepˇripraven´a reakce vˇedeckou ˇci jasnovideck´a pˇredpovˇed’
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slib
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podm´ınkov´a vˇeta re´aln´a v pˇr´ıtomnosti (typ 1)
1
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Okamˇzit´a reakce Jako okamˇzitou reakci m˚ uˇzeme vn´ımat pˇr´ıpad, kdy nˇekdo pronese vˇetu o budoucnosti, jeˇz je reakc´ı na skuteˇcnost, o kter´e se dozvˇedˇel bezprostˇrednˇe pˇredt´ım a kterou si nemohl napl´anovat.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Pˇr´ıklady
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A: Oh, I’ve dropped the bag. B: I will help you.
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A: It’s beginning to rain. B: I will pull out an umbrella.
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A: We’ve missed the bus. B: Don’t worry, we will take the train.
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A: Look, I have a new dog. B: I will buy a dog, too.
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A: I am having a party on Friday. B: I will certainly come.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Vˇedeck´a (nebo jasnovideck´a) pˇredpovˇed’.
Vˇedeck´a pˇredpovˇed (pˇr´ıpadnˇe jasnovideck´a pˇredpovˇed’) vych´az´ı z pozorov´an´ı okoln´ıho svˇeta. M˚ uˇzeme tedy usuzovat, ˇze se v budoucnu nˇeco vypln´ı stejnˇe, jako se to vyplnilo jiˇz dˇr´ıve.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Vˇedeck´a (nebo jasnovideck´a) pˇredpovˇed’.
The count of bacteria will double every two hours.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Pˇr´ıklady
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Tomorrow, we will have rain.
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I think the river will freeze in three days.
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This material will wear off pretty soon.
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Look, at the bubbles, the water will boil soon.
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You will meet the right one next month.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Slib Chceme-li nˇeco sl´ıbit do budoucnosti, pouˇzijeme tvar s will.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Pˇr´ıklady
1
She will do it tomorrow.
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I will finish it soon.
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John will come and help us.
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Jessica will not spend any more money.
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They will open the bar next month.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Podm´ınkov´a vˇeta re´aln´a v pˇr´ıtomnosti (typ 1)
Podm´ınkov´a vˇeta re´aln´a v pˇr´ıtomnosti oznaˇcuje podm´ınku, kterou ted’ vn´ım´ame jako splnitelnou. Podm´ınkov´e souvˇet´ı m´a v hlavn´ı vˇetˇe tvar s will. Pˇr´ıklady: 1
If I am at home, I will repair the lamp.
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John will help us, if he has time.
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We will stay at home, if it rains.
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If you lose the key, you will not get another.
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If Sam watches TV today, he will be tired tomorrow.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Cviˇcen´ı Rozhodnˇete, zda n´asleduj´ıc´ı vˇety jsou okamˇzit´a rozhodnut´ı (O), vˇedeck´e pˇredpovˇedi (V), sliby (S) nebo podm´ınky (P). 1
I will wash the dishes later, mom.
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Cinema? Yeah, I certainly will go.
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Carrie will speak to you, if you apologise.
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In the spring, the snowman will melt.
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I can see it here . . . you will have a lot of problems.
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Excuse me, I will carry the bags for you.
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Natrium chloride will dissolve in water.
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You will hear about me!
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If it is cold outside, we will go skating.
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Peter will be there too? I will rather stay at home then.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
ˇ sen´ı Reˇ Rozhodnˇete, zda n´asleduj´ıc´ı vˇety jsou okamˇzit´a rozhodnut´ı (O), vˇedeck´e pˇredpovˇedi (V), sliby (S) nebo podm´ınky (P). 1
I will wash the dishes later, mom. (S)
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Cinema? Yeah, I certainly will go. (O)
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Carrie will speak to you, if you apologise. (P)
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In the spring, the snowman will melt. (V)
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I can see it here . . . you will have a lot of problems. (V)
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Excuse me, I will carry the bags for you. (O)
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Natrium chloride will dissolve in water. (V)
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You will hear about me! (S)
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If it is cold outside, we will go skating. (P)
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Peter will be there too? I will rather stay at home then. (O)
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
Prohl´aˇsen´ı
Prohlaˇsuji, ˇze tento uˇcebn´ı materi´al je m´ym duˇsevn´ım vlastnictv´ım, vˇcetnˇe veˇsker´e grafiky. Uˇcebn´ı materi´al byl vytvoˇren pomoc´ı leg´aln´ıho software: Operaˇcn´ı syst´em Archlinux S´azec´ı syst´em LATEX 2ε Vektorov´y program Inkscape Mgr. Luk´aˇs R˚ uˇziˇcka, 2013.
Luk´ aˇs R˚ uˇziˇ cka
Vyjadˇrov´ an´ı budoucnosti
