ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN SISTEM APLIKASI BASIS DATA ADMINISTRASI KURIKULUM PADA SEKOLAH CITRA KASIH
SKRIPSI
Oleh
Dhini Putrianti
0900802645
Norika Vitrisa Arya
0900826752
Kelas / Kelompok : 08PBT / 07
Universitas Bina Nusantara Jakarta 2009
ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN SISTEM APLIKASI BASIS DATA ADMINISTRASI KURIKULUM PADA SEKOLAH CITRA KASIH
SKRIPSI
diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk gelar kesarjanaan pada Jurusan Teknik Informatika Jenjang Pendidikan Strata-1
Oleh
Dhini Putrianti
0900802645
Norika Vitrisa Arya
0900826752
Kelas / Kelompok : 08PBT / 07
Universitas Bina Nusantara Jakarta 2009
PRAKATA
Kami mengucapkan syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berkat dan penyertaan-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul ”Analisis dan Perancangan Sistem Aplikasi Basis Data Administrasi Kurikulum pada Sekolah Citra Kasih”. Penulisan skripsi ini sendiri dilakukan untuk memenuhi persyaratan dalam menyelesaikan pendidikan jenjang Strata-1 (S1) di Bina Nusantara University. Dalam kesempatan ini pula, penulis ingin menyampaikan rasa terima kasih yang sebesarbesarnya pada: 1. Bapak Prof. Dr. Ir Harjanto Prabowo, M.M, selaku Rektor Bina Nusantara University. 2. Bapak Ir. Sablin Yusuf, M.Sc., M.Comp.Sc., selaku Dekan Bina Nusantara University. 3. Bapak Fredy Purnomo, S.Kom., M.Kom., selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik Informatika Bina Nusantara University. 4. Ibu Yenlina Prasetio, S.Kom., M.Comp.Sc., selaku Sekretaris Jurusan Teknik Informatika Bina Nusantara University. 5. Yusrizal Oenzil, Drs., M.Sc. selaku Dosen Pembimbing yang telah memberikan bimbingan dalam pembuatan skripsi dari awal hingga akhir. 6. Semua dosen Bina Nusantara University yang telah mendidik dan membimbing penulis selama masa perkuliahan, hingga selesainya penulisan skripsi ini.
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7. SEKOLAH CITRA KASIH yang telah memberi kami kesempatan untuk melakukan survei dan mengumpulkan data dan informasi yang diperlukan dalam penulisan skripsi ini. 8. Orang tua dan saudara-saudara yang telah memberikan bimbingan, dukungan dan bantuan baik secara moril maupun materiil. 9. Teman-teman yang telah memberikan dukungan dan saran-saran yang berharga kepada penulis dari awal hingga akhir penyusunan skripsi ini. 10. Semua pihak yang tidak dapat penulis sebutkan satu persatu, yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Akhir kata, penulis berharap agar penulisan skripsi ini bermanfaat bagi para pembaca. Penulis menyadari bahwa masih ada kekurangan di dalam penulisan skripsi ini yang diakibatkan oleh keterbatasan waktu, pengalaman, serta pengetahuan penulis. Karena itulah, penulis sangat menghargai masukan, saran, serta kritik yang diberikan oleh para pembaca sehingga dapat memperbaiki kekurangan skripsi ini di masa mendatang.
Jakarta, Juni 2009
Penulis,
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul Luar .......................................................................................................... i Halaman Judul Dalam ...................................................................................................... ii Halaman Persetujuan Hard Cover ................................................................................... iii Abstrak ..........................................................................................................................iv Prakata
..........................................................................................................................v
Daftar Isi .........................................................................................................................vii Daftar Tabel ................................................................................................................... xiv Daftar Gambar .............................................................................................................. xvii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang......................................................................................... 1 1.2
Ruang Lingkup ........................................................................................ 2
1.3
Tujuan dan Manfaat ................................................................................. 3
1.4 Metodologi .............................................................................................. 4 1.5
Sistematika Penulisan .............................................................................. 5
BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI ........................................................................................... 7 2.1
Teori Umum................................................................................................7 2.1.1
Data dan Informasi ........................................................................ 7
2.1.2
Basis Data ...................................................................................... 7
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2.1.3
DBMS (Database Management System) ....................................... 8 2.1.3.1
Definisi DBMS ............................................................... 8
2.1.3.2 Fungsi-fungsi DBMS...................................................... 8 2.1.3.3
Komponen-komponen DBMS.......................................10
2.1.3.4
Keuntungan DBMS.......................................................11
2.1.3.5 Kerugian DBMS............................................................12 2.1.4 Perangkat Analisa Sistem..............................................................12
2.1.5
2.1.4.1
State Transition Diagram (STD)...................................13
2.1.4.2
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)...........................................14
2.1.4.2.1
Pengertian Data Flows........................................14
2.1.4.2.2
Pengertian Data Flow Diagram...........................14
2.1.4.2.3
Merancang Data Flow Diagram..........................15
DBLC...........................................................................................18 2.1.5.1
Perencanaan Basis Data (Database Planning)...............20
2.1.5.2
Definisi Sistem (System Definition) .............................21
2.1.5.3
Pengumpulan dan Analisis Kebutuhan (Requirement Collection and Analysis)..............................................21
2.1.5.4
Desain Basis Data (Database Design) ......................... 22 2.1.5.4.1
Pendekatan dalam perancangan Basis Data 22
2.1.5.4.1.1
Top-Down....................................... 22
2.1.5.4.1.2
Bottom-Up.......................................22
2.1.5.4.1.3
Inside-Out........................................23
2.1.5.4.1.4 Mixed................................................23
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2.1.5.4.1.5 Data Modelling.................................23 2.1.5.4.1.5.1 Perancangan Basis Data Konseptual...................................25 2.1.5.4.1.5.2 Perancangan Basis Data Logikal.........................................27 2.1.5.4.1.5.3 Perancangan Basis Data Fisikal.. 30 2.1.5.5 Pemilihan DBMS (DBMS selection) ............................ 32 2.1.5.6 Desain Aplikasi (Application Design) .......................... 33 2.1.5.6.1
Transaction Design.............................................33
2.1.5.6.2
User Interface Design..........................................34
2.1.5.6.3
Prototyping .......................................................... 35
2.1.5.6.4
Implementasi (Implementation) .......................... 36
2.1.5.6.5 Data Conversion and Loading ............................. 37 2.1.5.6.6 Pengecekan (Testing)........................................... 37 2.1.5.6.7 Operational Maintainance .................................. 37 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.2
Entity-Relationship ...................................................................... 38 Normalisasi.....................................................................................43
Teori Khusus ........................................................................................... 45 2.2.1
Web Database ............................................................................. 45 2.2.1.1
Aplikasi Web.......................................................45
2.2.1.2
Web Enchanced Database System......................46
2.2.1.3
Konsep Dasar Web..............................................47
.
2.2.2
Pengembangan Sistem Sederhana ............................................... 49 2.2.2.1
Permulaan Sistem................................................49
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2.2.3
2.2.2.2
Analisis Sistem....................................................50
2.2.2.3
Perancangan Sistem.............................................50
2.2.2.4
Implementasi Sistem...........................................51
Perangkat Lunak Pembangun Sistem ......................................... 51 2.2.3.1
PHP Hipertext Preprocessor...............................54
2.2.3.2
My Structure Query Language (MySQL)............54
2.2.3.4
Javascript............................................................55
BAB 3 ANALISIS SISTEM YANG SEDANG BERJALAN ....................................... 57 3.1 Riwayat Perusahaan ................................................................................. 57 3.2
Struktur Organisasi Perusahaan dan Pembagian Tugas, Tanggung Jawab, Wewenang, dan hal-hal lain yang menyangkut Perusahaan.......................58
3.3
3.4
Tata Laksana / Prosedur yang berjalan .................................................... 77 3.3.1
Prosedur Publikasi.......................................................................77
3.3.2
Prosedur Pendaftaran dan Penerimaan Siswa Baru.....................78
3.3.3
Prosedur Penjadwalan Mata Pelajaran........................................78
3.3.4
Prosedur Laporan Penilaian Siswa..............................................79
3.3.5
Prosedur Pasca Lulus...................................................................79
Diagram Aliran Data ................................................................................ 80 3.4.1
Diagram Konteks .......................................................................... 80
3.4.2
Diagram Nol ................................................................................. 81
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3.5
3.6
Definisi Sistem ........................................................................................ 82 3.5.1
Mission Statement ...................................................................... .. 82
3.5.2
Mission Objectives........................................................................ 82
3.5.3
System Boundaries ....................................................................... 83
3.5.4
Analisa User Views ...................................................................... 84
User Requirement Spesifications.............................................................. 85 3.6.1
Data Requirement..........................................................................85
3.6.2
Transaction Requirement..............................................................86
3.6.3
General System Requirement........................................................88
3.7 Permasalahan yang Dihadapi .................................................................. 89 3.8 Alternatif Pemecahan Masalah ................................................................ 90
BAB 4 PERANCANGAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI ..................................................... 91 4.1
Perancangan Sistem Basis Data................................................................ 91 4.1.1
Perancangan Basis Data Konseptual ............................................ 91 4.1.1.1
Identifikasi Tipe Entitas................................................. 91
4.1.1.2
Identifikasi Tipe Relasi.................................................. 94
4.1.1.3
Identifikasi Atribut ........................................................ 97
4.1.1.4 Menentukan Domain Atribut ....................................... 105 4.1.1.5
Menentukan Kandidat dan Primary Key Tiap Entitas . 116
4.1.1.6 Pertimbangan Penggunaan Konsep Model ERD ......... 119 4.1.1.7 Memeriksa Model yang Redundan .............................. 119
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4.1.1.8
Validasi Model Konseptual Berdasarkan Transaksi Pengguna ..................................................................... 120
4.1.1.9 Melihat Kembali Model Data Konseptual dengan Pengguna ..................................................................... 122 4.1.1.10 Pemilihan DBMS..........................................................122 4.1.2
Perancangan Basis Data Logikal ................................................ 127 4.1.2.1
Hilangkan fitur-fitur yang tidak kompatibel ................ 127
4.1.2.2
Bentuk Table atau relasi untuk model data logikal ..... 130
4.1.2.3 Validasi Relasi dengan Menggunakan Normalisasi ..... 147 4.1.3
Perancangan Basis Data Fisikal.................................................. 164 4.1.3.1
Perancangan Relasi Dasar ........................................... 164
4.1.3.2
Merancang Enterprise Constraints.............................. 180
4.1.3.3 Analisis Transaksi ....................................................... 181 4.1.3.4
Pembuatan Index Setiap Entitas .................................. 186
4.1.3.5
Mengestimasi Kapasitas Penyimpanan yang Dibutuhkan .................................................................. 191
4.1.3.6
Merancangan Mekanisme Keamanan .......................... 203
4.2 Implementasi ......................................................................................... 210 4.2.1
Spesifikasi Perangkat Keras ....................................................... 210
4.2.2
Spesifikasi Perangkat Lunak .................................................... 211
4.2.3
Jadwal Implementasi ................................................................ 211
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4.3
Evaluasi .................................................................................................. 212 4.3.1 Evaluasi Terhadap Teori IMK ................................................... 213
4.4
Perancangan Aplikasi ...........................................................................214 4.2.1
Struktur Menu ...........................................................................214
4.2.2
State Transition Diagram............................................................219
4.5 Spesifikasi Proses.....................................................................................232 4.6
Prosedur Penggunaan...............................................................................290 4.6.1
Prosedur Penggunaan Aplikasi oleh Public User........................290
BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN.......................................................................356 5.1
Kesimpulan .............................................................................................356
5.2
Saran .......................................................................................................357
Daftar Pustaka..............................................................................................................358 Riwayat Hidup.............................................................................................................360 Lampiran .......................................................................................................................L1 Surat Survei
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Perbandingan Simbol Diagram Aliran Data .................................................. 15 Tabel 3.1 Table Userviews ............................................................................................. 84 Tabel 3.2 Cross References User Views ........................................................................ 85 Tabel 4.1 Identifikasi Tipe Entitas .................................................................................. 91 Tabel 4.2 Multiplicity Tipe Relasional ............................................................................ 95 Tabel 4.3 Entitas Ekstrakurikuler .................................................................................... 97 Tabel 4.4 Entitas TabHari ............................................................................................... 97 Tabel 4.5 Entitas JenisJenjang ........................................................................................ 98 Tabel 4.6 Entitas JenisKaryawan .................................................................................... 98 Tabel 4.7 Entitas JenisNewsnEvent ................................................................................ 98 Tabel 4.8 Entitas Jenjang ................................................................................................ 99 Tabel 4.9 Entitas Karyawan ............................................................................................ 99 Tabel 4.10 Entitas KelasMataPelajaran ........................................................................ 100 Tabel 4.11 Entitas KelasTahunAjaran .......................................................................... 100 Tabel 4.12 Entitas MataPelajaran ................................................................................. 101 Tabel 4.13 Entitas NewsnEvent .................................................................................... 101 Tabel 4.14 Entitas TabShift........................................................................................... 102 Tabel 4.15 Entitas Student ............................................................................................ 102 Tabel 4.16 Entitas TabTahunAjaran ............................................................................. 104 Tabel 4.17 Domain Atribut Ekstrakurikuler ................................................................ 105 Tabel 4.18 Domain Atribut TabHari ............................................................................. 105 xiv
Tabel 4.19 Domain Atribut JenisJenjang ...................................................................... 106 Tabel 4.20 Domain Atribut Jenis Karyawan ................................................................. 106 Tabel 4.21 Domain Atribut JenisNewsnEvent .............................................................. 106 Tabel 4.22 Domain Atribut Jenjang .............................................................................. 107 Tabel 4.23 Domain Atribut Karyawan .......................................................................... 107 Tabel 4.24 Domain Atribut Kelas Mata Pelajaran ........................................................ 108 Tabel 4.25 Domain Atribut Kelas Tahun Ajaran .......................................................... 109 Tabel 4.26 Domain Atribut Mata Pelajaran .................................................................. 109 Tabel 4.27 Domain Atribut NewsnEvent ...................................................................... 110 Tabel 4.28 Domain Atribut TabShift ............................................................................ 110 Tabel 4.29 Domain Atribut Student .............................................................................. 111 Tabel 4.30 Domain Atribut TabTahunAjaran ............................................................... 115 Tabel 4.31 Identifikasi Candidate Key dan Primary Key ............................................. 116 Tabel 4.32 Perbandingan antara Microsoft SQL Server 2000, MySQL AB, MySQL 4.0 dan Oracle 9i ............................................................................ 123 Tabel 4.33 Strong Entity Types ..................................................................................... 130 Tabel 4.34 Weak Entity Types ....................................................................................... 133 Tabel 4.35 Matriks Referensi Silang dengan Relasi ..................................................... 183 Tabel 4.36 Matriks Referensi Silang dengan Relasi (Lanj) .......................................... 184 Tabel 4.37 Matriks Referensi Silang dengan Relasi (Lanj) .......................................... 185 Tabel 4.38 Index ........................................................................................................... 187 Tabel 4.39 Estimasi Tabel MataPelajaran ..................................................................... 191 Tabel 4.40 Estimasi Tabel StudentNilai........................................................................ 192 Tabel 4.41 Estimasi Tabel TabShift .............................................................................. 192 xv
Tabel 4.42 Estimasi Tabel KelasMataPelajaran............................................................ 193 Tabel 4.43 Estimasi Tabel KelasMurid......................................................................... 193 Tabel 4.44 Estimasi Tabel TabHari .............................................................................. 194 Tabel 4.45 Estimasi Tabel StudentTelp ........................................................................ 194 Tabel 4.46 Estimasi Tabel KaryawanTelp .................................................................... 195 Tabel 4.47 Estimasi Tabel Karyawan ........................................................................... 195 Tabel 4.48 Estimasi Tabel KelasTahunAjaran.............................................................. 196 Tabel 4.49 Estimasi Tabel JenisKaryawan ................................................................... 196 Tabel 4.50 Estimasi Tabel Jenjang................................................................................ 197 Tabel 4.51 Estimasi Tabel Tahun Ajaran...................................................................... 197 Tabel 4.52 Estimasi Tabel JenisJenjang........................................................................ 198 Tabel 4.53 Estimasi Table Ekstrakurikuler ................................................................... 198 Tabel 4.54 Estimasi Table JenisNewsnEvent ............................................................... 199 Tabel 4.55 Estimasi Tabel NewsEvent ......................................................................... 199 Tabel 4.56 Estimasi Tabel Student................................................................................ 200 Tabel 4.57 Estimasi Pertumbuhan Kapasitas Penyimpanan ......................................... 202 Tabel 4.58 Tabel Akses Vs User ................................................................................... 208 Tabel 4.59 Tabel Akses Vs User (Lanj) ........................................................................ 209 Tabel 4.60 Jadwal Implementasi Sistem Basis Data ..................................................... 212
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 DBLC.......................................................................................................... 19 Gambar 2.2 Notasi Entity Relationship Modelling ........................................................ 39 Gambar 2.3 One-to-One (1:1) Relationships.................................................................. 40 Gambar 2.4 Notasi One-to-One Relationships .............................................................. 40 Gambar 2.5 One –to-Many Relationships ...................................................................... 41 Gambar 2.6 Notasi One-to-Many Relationships ............................................................ 41 Gambar 2.7 Many-to-Many Relationships ..................................................................... 42 Gambar 2.8 Notasi Many-to-Many Relationships.......................................................... 43 Gambar 2.9 Pendekatan Pengembangan Berurutan........................................................52 Gambar 2.10 Pendekatan Pengembangan Berulang........................................................53 Gambar 3.1 Struktur Organisasi Yayasan Pendidikan Citra Kasih Tangerang .............. 58 Gambar 3.2 Diagram Konteks ....................................................................................... 80 Gambar 3.3 Diagram Nol .............................................................................................. 81 Gambar 3.4 System Boundaries .................................................................................... 83 Gambar 4.1 ERD Konseptual ......................................................................................... 96 Gambar 4.2 ERD Konseptual dengan Primary Key ..................................................... 118 Gambar 4.3 ERD Konseptual dengan Pathway ............................................................ 121 Gambar 4.4 Menghilangkan Hubungan Many to Many Kelas Tahun Ajaran dengan Student ...................................................................................................... 128
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Gambar 4.5 Menghilangkan Hubungan Many to Many Kelas Tahun Ajaran dengan Kelas Mata Pelajaran.................................................................................128 Gambar 4.6 Menghilangkan Atribut Multivalue .......................................................... 129 Gambar 4.7 ERD Global .............................................................................................. 163 Gambar 4.8 Struktur Menu Untuk Public User............................................................ 215 Gambar 4.9 Struktur Menu Untuk Admin .................................................................... 216 Gambar 4.10 Struktur Menu Untuk Tata Usaha ........................................................... 216 Gambar 4.11 Struktur Menu Untuk Guru..................................................................... 217 Gambar 4.12 Struktur Menu Untuk Kepala Sekolah.................................................... 217 Gambar 4.13 Struktur Menu Untuk Student................................................................. 218 Gambar 4.14 Struktur Menu Untuk Alumni................................................................. 218 Gambar 4.15 STD Halaman Home untuk Public User ................................................ 219 Gambar 4.16 STD Halaman Register Public User ....................................................... 220 Gambar 4.17 STD Halaman Login Admin................................................................... 221 Gambar 4.18 STD Halaman Home Admin .................................................................. 221 Gambar 4.19 STD Halaman Manage Pages Admin ..................................................... 222 Gambar 4.20 STD Halaman Announcement Admin .................................................... 222 Gambar 4.21 STD Halaman Login Tata Usaha............................................................ 223 Gambar 4.22 STD Halaman Home Tata Usaha ........................................................... 223 Gambar 4.23 STD Halaman Management Tata Usaha ................................................ 224 Gambar 4.24 STD Halaman Announcement Tata Usaha ............................................. 224 Gambar 4.25 STD Halaman Login Guru...................................................................... 225 Gambar 4.26 STD Halaman Home Guru ..................................................................... 225
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Gambar 4.27 STD Halaman Nilai Guru ....................................................................... 226 Gambar 4.28 STD Halaman Login Kepala Sekolah..................................................... 226 Gambar 4.29 STD Halaman Home Kepala Sekolah .................................................... 227 Gambar 4.30 STD Halaman Announcement Kepala Sekolah...................................... 227 Gambar 4.31 STD Halaman Login Student.................................................................. 228 Gambar 4.32 STD Halaman Home Student ................................................................. 229 Gambar 4.33 STD Halaman Announcement Student ................................................... 230 Gambar 4.34 STD Halaman Login Alumni.................................................................. 230 Gambar 4.35 STD Halaman Home Alumni ................................................................. 231 Gambar 4.36 STD Halaman Announcement Alumni ................................................... 231 Gambar 4.37 Rancangan Layar Home Page Citra Kasih ............................................. 253 Gambar 4.38 Rancangan Layar About Us .................................................................... 254 Gambar 4.39 Rancangan Layar Achivement ................................................................ 255 Gambar 4.40 Rancangan Layar History ....................................................................... 256 Gambar 4.41 Rancangan Layar Facilities..................................................................... 257 Gambar 4.42 Rancangan Layar Contact Us ................................................................. 258 Gambar 4.43 Rancangan Layar Announcement ........................................................... 259 Gambar 4.44 Rancangan Layar News .......................................................................... 260 Gambar 4.45 Rancangan Layar Event .......................................................................... 261 Gambar 4.46 Rancangan Layar Register ..................................................................... 262 Gambar 4.47 Rancangan Layar Register Online Data Diri .......................................... 263 Gambar 4.48 Rancangan Layar Register Online Identitas Ayah.................................. 265 Gambar 4.49 Rancangan Layar Register Online Identitas Ibu ..................................... 267
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Gambar 4.50 Rancangan Layar Register Online Mutasi ............................................. 269 Gambar 4.51 Rancangan Layar Register Offline ......................................................... 271 Gambar 4.52 Rancangan Layar Login Admin.............................................................. 272 Gambar 4.53 Rancangan Layar Login Admin Manage Pages ..................................... 273 Gambar 4.54 Rancangan Layar Login Admin Email ................................................... 274 Gambar 4.55 Rancangan Layar Login Announcement NewsnEvent ........................... 275 Gambar 4.56 Rancangan Layar Login TU Change Password ...................................... 276 Gambar 4.57 Rancangan Layar Login TU Management ............................................. 277 Gambar 4.58 Rancangan Layar Login TU Management Master Student .................... 278 Gambar 4.59 Rancangan Layar Login TU Management Master Employee ................ 279 Gambar 4.60 Rancangan Layar Login TU Management Master Employee Edit ........ 280 Gambar 4.61 Rancangan Layar Login TU Management Master Materi ...................... 281 Gambar 4.62 Rancangan Layar Login TU Management Master Materi Edit .............. 282 Gambar 4.63 Rancangan Layar Login TU Class ......................................................... 283 Gambar 4.64 Rancangan Layar Login TU Management Eskul ................................... 284 Gambar 4.65 Rancangan Layar GuruNilai ................................................................... 285 Gambar 4.66 Rancangan Layar GuruJadwal ................................................................ 286 Gambar 4.67 Rancangan Layar Alumni Transkrip Nilai ............................................. 287 Gambar 4.68 Rancangan Layar Student Jadwal Pelajaran ........................................... 288 Gambar 4.69 Rancangan Layar StudentNilai ............................................................... 289
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