DAFTAR ISI Halaman ABSTRAK ABSTRACT KATA PENGANTAR.................................................................................. DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................. DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................ DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................ DAFTAR GAMBAR.................................................................................... PENDAHULUAN.........................................................................................
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BAB I. 1.1. 1.1.1. 1.1.2. 1.1.3. 1.1.4. 1.1.5. 1.2. 1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.3. 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 1.8.
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................... Tinjauan Tumbuhan ........................................................................ Klasifikasi tumbuhan kentut............................................................... Deskripsi tumbuhan............................................................................ Kandungan kimia ............................................................................... Kegunaan ........................................................................................... Ekologi dan penyebaran ..................................................................... Flavonoid........................................................................................... Sifat kelarutan flavonoid .................................................................... Penyebaran flavonoid di alam ............................................................ Radikal Bebas dan Antioksidan...................................................... DPPH ................................................................................................. Antioksidan ........................................................................................ Penapisan Fitokimia ........................................................................ Ekstraksi .......................................................................................... Fraksinasi.......................................................................................... Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) ................................................... Spektrofotometri UV Sinar Tampak .............................................
3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 10 11 11 13 14 15
II.
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .....................................................
17
III. 3.1. 3.2.
BAHAN DAN ALAT........................................................................ Bahan................................................................................................. Alat.....................................................................................................
19 19 19
IV. 4.1. 4.2.
PROSEDUR KERJA ....................................................................... Pengambilan Sampel Tumbuhan................................................... Pemeriksaan Makroskopik dan Mikroskopik...............................
20 20 20
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4.3. 4.3.1 a. b. c. d. e. f. g. 4.3.2. 4.4. 4.4.1. 4.4.2. 4.4.3. 4.4.4. 4.4.5. 4.4.6. 4.4.7. 4.4.8. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8.
Penetapan Parameter Standar Simplisia dan Ekstrak................. Penetapan Parameter Standar Simplisia............................................. Organoleptik....................................................................................... Penetapan susut pengeringan ............................................................ Penetapan kadar abu total .................................................................. Penetapan kadar abu yang tidak larut asam ....................................... Penetapan kadar air ............................................................................ Penetapan kadar senyawa yang larut dalam air.................................. Penetapan kadar senyawa yang larut dalam etanol ............................ Penetapan Parameter Standar Ekstrak................................................ Penapisan Fitokimia ........................................................................ Penapisan alkaloid.............................................................................. Penapisan polifenolat ......................................................................... Penapisan flavonoid ........................................................................... Penapisan saponin .............................................................................. Penapisan kuinon................................................................................ Penapisan tanin................................................................................... Penapisan monoterpen dan seskuiterpen............................................ Penapisan triterpenoid dan steroid ..................................................... Ekstraksi ........................................................................................... Fraksinasi dan Pemantauan dengan KLT ..................................... Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total .................................................. Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan menggunakan DPPH................
20 20 20 22 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 28
V. 5.1. 5.2. 5.3 5.4 5.4.1. 5.4.2 5.5. 5.6. 5.7. 5.8. 5.9. 5.10
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Pengambilan Sampel Tumbuhan.................................................... Pemeriksaan Makroskopik.............................................................. Pemeriksaan Mikroskopik .............................................................. Parameter Standar Simplisia dan Ekstrak.................................... Parameter standar simplisia................................................................ Parameter standar ekstrak................................................................... Penapisan Fitokimia......................................................................... Ekstraksi dan Pemekatan Ekstrak ................................................ Fraksinasi.......................................................................................... Pemantauan KLT............................................................................. Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total.................................................. Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan ...................................................
30 30 31 31 31 34 35 35 36 37 40 42
VI. 6.1. 6.2.
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................ Kesimpulan ....................................................................................... Saran..................................................................................................
45 45 45
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................... LAMPIRAN..................................................................................................
46 49
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DAFTAR TABEL Lampiran 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Halaman
Hasil determinasi................................................................................ Hasil pengamatan makroskopik ......................................................... Hasil pengamatan mikroskopik .......................................................... Rendemen ekstrak .............................................................................. Penetapan kadar air ............................................................................ Susut pengeringan .............................................................................. Kadar abu ........................................................................................... Kadar sari larut ................................................................................... Bobot jenis.......................................................................................... Penetapan kadar flavonoid total ......................................................... Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan.......................................................... Sertifikat analisis kuersetin ................................................................
49 50 51 53 54 55 56 58 60 61 64 75
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel
Halaman
V.1. Parameter Organoleptik Simplisia Daun kentut................................. V.2. Parameter Standar Simplisia Daun kentut.......................................... V.3. Parameter Organoleptik Ekstrak Daun kentut.................................... V.4. Penapisan Fitokimia Simplisia Daun kentut ...................................... V.5. Penapisan Fitokimia Ekstrak Daun kentut ......................................... V.6. Kadar Flavonoid Total pada Ekstrak serta Fraksi Daun kentut ......... V.7. Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak serta Fraksi Daun kentut ................... L.2.1. Hasil Pengukuran Panjang dan Lebar Daun Kentut........................... L.10.1.Hasil Pengukuran Absorbansi Kuersetin............................................ L.10.2. Hasil Pengukuran Absorbansi Ekstrak serta Fraksi Daun Kentut ..... L.11.1. Hasil Pengukuran Absorbansi Vitamin C setelah ditambah DPPH... L.11.2. Hasil Pengukuran Absorbansi Ekstrak Etanol setelah ditambah DPPH...................................................................... L.11.3.Hasil Pengukuran Absorbansi Fraksi Etanol setelah ditambah DPPH...................................................................... L.11.4.Hasil Pengukuran Absorbansi Fraksi Etil asetat setelah ditambah DPPH...................................................................... L.11.5. Hasil Pengukuran Absorbansi Fraksi N-Heksana setelah ditambah DPPH......................................................................
32 32 34 35 36 41 44 50 62 63 65 67 69 71 73
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar
Halaman
1.1. Daun kentut ........................................................................................ 1.2. Struktur umum flavonoid ................................................................... 1.3. Struktur DPPH.................................................................................... 1.4. Mekanisme penangkapan atom H senyawa antioksidan .................... 1.5. Instrumen spektrofotometer UV Sinar Tampak ................................. 2.1. Skema prosedur Penelitian ................................................................. V.1. Pola kromatogram ekstrak dan fraksi................................................. V.2. Pola kromatogram fraksi etanol ......................................................... V.3. Pola kromatogram dan uji kualitatif aktivitas antioksidan ............... V.4. Kurva kalibrasi kuersetin ................................................................... V.5. Diagram aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak serta fraksi daun kentut ......... L.2.1. Hasil pengamatan mikroskopik daun kentut ...................................... L.3.1. Penampang melintang daun kentut .................................................... L.3.2. Fragmen serbuk daun kentut .............................................................. L.10.1.Grafik dan nilai absorbansi kuersetin................................................. L.11.1.Grafik dan nilai absorbansi DPPH ..................................................... L.11.2.Kurva kalibrasi vitamin C .................................................................. L.11.3.Grafik aktivitas inhibisi ekstrak etanol daun kentut........................... L.11.4. Grafik aktivitas inhibisi fraksi etanol daun kentut............................. L.11.5. Grafik aktivitas inhibisi fraksi etil asetat daun kentut ....................... L.11.6.Grafik aktivitas inhibisi fraksi n-heksana daun kentut.......................
4 6 8 9 16 18 38 38 39 41 44 50 51 52 61 64 66 68 70 72 74
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