4/28/2015
• World Bank Group berperan penting dlm Int. Development Assistance • Walau banyak juga sumber-sumber lain Int. Development Assistance yg berasal dari luar WB Group: • individual donors • states/governments (mis. Aust pada Indo) • regional organizations
World Bank Group Afifah Kusumadara, SH. LL.M. SJD. Hikmatul Ula, SH. MKn.
1
2
Bretton Woods Conference 1944 IBRD / World Bank (1946) + IMF + ITO/WTO
International Development Law merupakan sekelompok hukum yg berasal dari keputusan, perjanjian, dan kebijakan2 bantuan pembangunan yg dibuat oleh World Bank Group untuk negara2 anggotanya.
Ditambah
• Int. Development Association/IDA (1960) • Int. Finance Corporation/IFC (1956) • Int. Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes / ICSID (1966) • Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency / MIGA (1988) 3
4
1
4/28/2015
Fungsi IBRD Articles of Agreement IBRD
WORLD BANK GROUP • Int. Bank for Reconstruction & Development / World Bank • Int. Development Association/IDA • Int. Finance Corporation/IFC • Int. Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes / ICSID • Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency / MIGA 5
• (iii) To promote the long-range balanced growth of international trade and the maintenance of equilibrium in balances of payments by encouraging international investment for the development of the productive resources of members, thereby assisting in raising productivity, the standard of living and conditions of labor in their territories. • (iv) To arrange the loans made or guaranteed by it in relation to international loans through other channels so that the more useful and urgent projects, large and small alike, will be dealt with first. 7
Article 1 (i) To assist in the reconstruction and development of territories of members by facilitating the investment of capital for productive purposes, including the restoration of economies destroyed or disrupted by war, the reconversion of productive facilities to peacetime needs and the encouragement of the development of productive facilities and resources in less developed countries.
6
• Guna mendorong pertumbuhan dan ekonomi negara2 anggotanya, maka IBRD menerbitkan publikasi tahunan untuk menggambarkan (me-ranking) kemajuan negara2 anggotanya. • Publikasi tahunan IBRD yg terkenal: – Ease of Doing Business – World Development Report – World Development Indicator
8
2
4/28/2015
Fungsi IDA IDA Articles of Agreement
Target Development Assistance dari World Bank Group
Article 1 • The purposes of the Association are to promote economic development, increase productivity and thus raise standards of living in the less-developed areas of the world
• IBRD • IDA
• by providing finance on terms which are more flexible than those of conventional loans • furthering the developmental objectives of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 9
States
• IFC Private Sectors • MIGA States & Private (Foreign Investors ) • ICSID Catatan: Private sectors yg mereka bantu harus berasal dari negara yg menjadi member ketiga organisasi tsb.
10
Fungsi IFC IFC Articles of Agreement
• Membuktikan bahwa private (individu atau badan hukum) dapat menjadi subyek hukum dalam HEI, tidak hanya states yg menjadi subyek hukum HEI.
Article 1 To further economic development by encouraging the growth of productive private enterprise in member countries, by: • in association with private investors, assisting in (i) financing and (ii) making investments for the establishment, improvement and expansion of productive private enterprises 11
12
3
4/28/2015
Ada 2 jenis loan / kredit dari IFC pada sektor privat: I. A- Loan: Financing from its own fund
Financing private sectors melalui: i. Loans / pinjaman ii. Equity investment / penanaman saham
II. B- Loan: • IFC mobilizes funds from commercial banks through agreement, but IFC is the lender to the private enterprises. • Commercial banks enjoy the IFC privileges, including immunity from taxation. 13
14
Fungsi MIGA
IFC di Indonesia
Convention establishing the MIGA
Contoh-contoh kiprah IFC memberikan development assistance pada private sectors in Indonesia: Baca di: http://materikuliahfhunibraw.wordpress.co m/3-hk-ekonomi-internasional/kasus-kasusdi-bidang-hukum-ekonomi-internasional/
Article 2 The objective of the Agency shall be to encourage the flow of investments for productive purposes among member countries, To serve its objective, the Agency shall: (a) issue guarantees, against non-commercial risks in respect of investments in a member country which flow from other member countries; (b) carry out appropriate complementary activities to promote the flow of investments to and among developing member countries; and 15
16
4
4/28/2015
• Berdasar Art. 18 MIGA Convention: (Subrogation), maka:
MIGA’s Guarantee MIGA hanya memberikan Guarantee hanya utk non-commercial risks:*) i. the host government restrictions on the transfer outside the host country of its currency. ii. Expropriation and Similar Measures iii. any repudiation or breach by the host government of a contract with the holder of a guarantee iv. War and Civil Disturbance
– MIGA karena hak subrogasi, setelah membayar asuransi kerugian kepada investor asing yg menderita non-commercial risk di negara anggota MIGA, berhak menuntut pengembalian/ pembayaran kembali dari negara tsb atas asuransi yg sudah dibayarkannya kepada investor asing tsb
17
• Karena terdapat kewajiban negara membayar Subrogasi kepada MIGA, maka MIGA dapat membuat Contract of Guarantee dengan investor asing, HANYA setelah memperoleh persetujuan dari negara tersebut.
18
MIGA di Indonesia Baca artikel-artikel tentang kiprah MIGA di Indonesia di: http://materikuliahfhunibraw.wordpress.com/3hk-ekonomi-internasional/kasus-kasus-dibidang-hukum-ekonomi-internasional/
• Jika negara tsb tidak setuju, maka MIGA tidak dapat membuat Contract of Guarantee dengan investor asing yang melakukan investasi di negara ybs. (Art. 15 MIGA Convention) 19
20
5
4/28/2015
Kesimpulan ttg IFC dan MIGA
FUNGSI ICSID
•Hubungan hukum antara IBRD dan IDA dg member countries masuk dlm ranah HEI publik, yg diatur dg sumber hukum (HEI) publik. •Hub hukum antara IFC dan MIGA dg sektorsektor privat yg menjadi target development assistance-nya masuk dlm ranah HEI privat, yg diatur dg sumber hukum (HEI) privat.
Article 1(2): The purpose of the Centre shall be to provide facilities for conciliation and arbitration of investment disputes between Contracting States and nationals of other Contracting States in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.
– Misal: Lihat di file “MIGA Contract of Guarantee”
21
• ICSID merupakan lembaga penyelesaian sengketa atau arbitrase
22
• Jadi sengketa yg diajukan di hadapan ICSID haruslah merupakan sengketa yg muncul akibat perbuatan negara yg dikategorikan JURE IMPERII.
• Tetapi ICSID bukan arbitrase swasta
• Contoh: Sengketa antar Pemerintah RI dan PT Amco Asia yg disebabkan oleh pencabutan izin investasi asing PT Amco Asia oleh Pemerintah RI. Sengketa ini dibawa di hadapan ICSID.
• ICSID merupakan OEI/Bagian dari WB Group, yg beranggotakan negara2 peserta World Bank.
23
24
6
4/28/2015
Peranan ICSID: Memberikan development assistance dalam rangka membantu penyelesaian sengketa antara negara anggotanya dg sebuah investor asing yg menanam modal di negara anggota tsb. Dg syarat: • Sengketanya adalah ttg Foreign Direct Investment • Yg pihaknya adlh host country vs. foreign investor
ICSID di Indonesia Baca peranan ICSID menyelesaikan berbagai sengketa penanaman modal di Indonesia di: http://materikuliahfhunibraw.wordpress.com/3hk-ekonomi-internasional/kasus-kasus-dibidang-hukum-ekonomi-internasional/
25
26
• Dapatkah sengketa antara PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara dengan Pemerintah RI mengenai divestasi (pelepasan) sebagian saham PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara kepada Pemerintah RI, dibawa ke hadapan ICSID?
• Dapatkah sengketa penanaman modal (joint venture agreement) antara PT. Astra International, Tbk. vs. Toyota Motor Corp. dibawa ke hadapan ICSID? • Jelaskan alasan hukum jawaban anda.
– (catatan: PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara enggan melepas sebagian sahamnya kepada Pemerintah RI karena mereka lebih suka berpartner dg perusahaan swasta lainnya, disamping harga pembelian saham yg diajukan Pemerintah RI terlalu rendah bagi PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara) 27
28
7
