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CONTENTS Teknik bioinduksi pembentukan gaharu via jamur Fusarium solani
Introduction Fungal collections & identification Microscopies study Application of bioinduction The Results Summary
E. Santoso, M.Turjaman, R. Irianto, A. Subiakto, Pratiwi, S. Suharti, E. Purnomo, I. Sitepu, L. Agustini, Sarah A. Faulina, L. Efiyanti, A. Yani, Najmulah, Aryanto, S. Sentosa FOREST MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH GROUP, Centre for Conservation and Rehabilitation, Forestry Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Forestry Bogor, 1 Juni 2012 e-mail:
[email protected]
Introduction
Introduction
agarwood is the best of raw material for incense
TREE OF GOD
Agarwood is resin which has undergone physical and chemical change due to infection by a kind of fungi
GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th
GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI)
Gaharu Alam
Gaharu hasil inokulasi jamur
Menanam pohon gaharu Inokulasi Panen 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th
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ADA 3 PROSES PEMBENTUKAN GAHARU :
Biological- vs Mechanical- Agents
Wounding (pelukaan) MECHANICAL TOOLS
CHEMICAL
Blade (Cacah/Golok)
MICROBIOLOGY
Torula sp. (Bose, 1934) Epicoccum (Battcharrya, 1952) Aspergillus (Gibson,1977) Jasmonic Acid Fusarium solani (Santoso, 1984) Hammering of nails Botrydiplodia (Subansenee, 1985) ( paku ) Soybean Oil Penicillium (Tamuli, 2000) Acremonium (Rahayu, 2003) Cladosporium (Burfield,2005) kapak/ Sulfuric Acid Fusarium xylaroides (Agustini, gergaji (Dangerous) 2006)
Gula + Oli
Inokulasi dgn mekanis paku
Diinduksi dengan stress biologi : inokulan jamur
Diinduksi dengan stress mekanik ( paku); pohon membusuk & tumbang
INOKULAN BERBAHAN KIMIA BERBAHAYA TELAH BEREDAR
Aquilaria crassna Gyrinops veerstegii
Contoh ? Hitam ? Wangi ? Busuk? H2SO4-SULFURIC ACID ( KANKER PARU-PARU)
Pohon Pengahasil gaharu
Faktor Biologi
Apa jenisnya ? Berapa umurnya ? Ukuran diameter ? Apakah pohonnya sehat ?
Lingkungan
Fusarium solani
Apa jenisnya ? Tingkat serangannya ? Jumlah spora/hifa ? Apakah jamurnya hidup ? Tipe inokulumnya ? Bagaimana cara menyuntiknya ?
Tingkat kelembaban ? Apa diserang hama/penyakit ? Kesuburan tanah ? Perlakuan prunning ? Keamanan ?
Fungal collections & identification Fungal pathogen of gaharu-forming
FAKTOR2 PENENTU TERJADINYA PEMBENTUKAN GAHARU
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Fungal collections & identification Collected from : 17 provinces There are 70 isolates collected for bioinduction technology : - 36 strains have been identified - 34 strains are identification Analysis conducted in Tropical Forest Microbes Centre (FORDA-CC) FORDA Culture Collection (FORDA-CC) has been registered in WDCM (World Data Center for Microorganisms ( Http://wdcm.nig.ac.jp) Collection = 2,486 isolates They have been identified : - 300 fungal species - 750 bacteria - 250 yeasts
Table . Molecular identification of 36 strains of gaharu induction fungi collected from 17 provinces in Indonesia. No. Isolat number
Molecular Identification
Origin (Province)
1.
BHRK;FORDACC:00506
Fusarium solani
North Sumatra
2.
GTRL:FORDACC:00509
Fusarium solani
Gorontalo
3.
MTW:FORDACC:00503
Fusarium solani
West Sumatra
4.
Papua1:FORDACC:00512
Fusariun solani
Molucca
5.
JMB:FORDACC:00500
Fusariun solani
Central Kalimantan
6.
PDG:FORDACC:00501
Fusariun solani
West Kalimantan
7.
MLK:FORDACC:510
Fusariun solani
Molucca
8.
KLTG:FORDACC:00497
Fusarium solani
Central Kalimantan
No.
Isolate Number
Molecular identification
Origin (Province)
No.
Isolate Number
Molecular identification
Origin (Province)
9.
KALBAR:FORDACC:00499
Fusarium solani
West Kalimantan
24.
BKG-Tng:FORDACC:02371
Fusarium solani
Bangka Belitung
10.
Flores:FORDACC:02372
Fusarium solani
East Nusa Tenggara
25.
Yanlapa:FORDACC:02377
Fusarium solani
West Java
11.
Riau:FORDACC:00504
Fusarium solani
Riau
26.
LPG:FORDACC:00507
Fusarium solani f. batatas Lampung
12.
Papua:FORDACC:00514
Fusarium solani
Papua
27.
KLTG-2TL:FORDACC:00498
Fusarium solani
Central Kalimantan
13.
PDG-SL:FORDACC:00502
Fusarium ambrosium
West Sumatra
28.
PDG-STL:FORDACC:02369
Fusarium ambrosium
West Sumatra
14.
KP:FORDACC:00515
Fusarium sp.
East Nusa Tenggara
29.
KSL1:FORDACC:00495
Fusarium solani
South Kalimantan
15.
MLK:FORDACC:02379
Fusarium solani
Molucca
30.
MTR:FORDACC:02373
Fusarium solani f. batatas West Nusa Tenggara
16.
NTB:FORDACC:0511
Fusarium solani
West Nusa Tenggara
31.
KLT1:FORDACC:02374
Fusarium solani
East Kalimantan
17.
Tobo:FORDACC:02370
Fusarium solani
Bangka Belitung
32.
BKL:FORDACC:02374
Fusarium sp.
Bengkulu
18.
BGK-2:FORDACC:00517
Fusarium solani
Bangka Belitung
33.
MDN:FORDACC:00505
Fusarium solani
North Sumatra
19.
Papua-2:FORDACC:0513
Fusarium solani
Papua
34.
KSL2:FORDACC:00496
Fusarium solani f. batatas South Kalimantan
20.
SKB:FORDACC:00519
Fusarium falciforme
West Java
35.
BGK: FORDACC:00516
Fusarium solani
Bangka Belitung
21.
KLT2-LK:FORDACC:02375
Fusarium oxysporum
East Kalimantan
36.
KrasSKB: FORDACC:02378
Fusarium solani
West JAva
22.
BGR:FORDACC:0520
Fusarium solani f. Batatas West Java
23.
BLT:FORDACC:0518
Fusarium solani f. batatas Bangka Belitung
Microscopies study
Mikroskopis ADR 21 HSI
(Mucharomah, 2009)
Mikroskopis ADR 9 HIS – Isolat Fusarium (C1)
(Mucharomah, 2009)
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Penampang tangensial gaharu setelah diinokulasi 3 bulan
Penampang tangensial gaharu setelah diinokulasi 3 bulan
HIFA JAMUR HIFA JAMUR
PEMBULUH Jari-jari
Fig. Chemical content of gaharu originated from natural process & artificial bioinduction 3 months
1 year
6 months
2 years
9 months
Novriyanti et al., 2008)
3 years Morphology & Anatomy of gaharu product
(1) Natural gaharu from West Kalimantan
(2) Gaharu by induction from West Kalimantan
Application of bioinduction
16 isolates have been applied Research institution involved : FORDA, Forestry Agency, Universities, farmer group, private company, NGO. types of inoculant : powder, solid media, gel, liquid media. Inoculant of FORDA launched by Minister of Forestry on April 15, 2010 in Jakarta
(3) Natural gaharu
(4) Gaharu by induction from Gorontalo Novriyanti et al., 2008)
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Fusarium solani
INOCULANT OF AGARWOOD PRODUCED BY FORDA, MOF, INDONESIA
Isolasi dari infeksi gaharu alam 70 Isolates
BIOINDUCTION TECHNOLOGY
o Gorontalo (FORDA CC00509) o Jambi (FORDA CC00500) o Papua (FORDA CC00512) o NTB (FORDA CC0511)
Chipping
Alat injeksi otomatis untuk memasukan Inokulan gaharu di batang pohon
Drying
USD 8,000-20,000/Kg
bionduction Soaking
Semakin Efisien : 1 mL menjadi 0.5 mL Processing of gaharu oil from gaharu tree inoculated by fungi
Destilation
Process of gaharu tree inoculation in the field
1 mL = 1 x 1013 spora
Native agarwood tree in Aceh Province
Cultivated agarwood tree in Banten Province
Inoculation of agarwood tree by drilling and inoculant liquid of fungi
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SUMATERA UTARA
Perkembangan Teknik Rekayasa Produksi Gaharu •LUBANG SUNTIK BESAR (> 5mm) •INOKULAN PADAT (serbuk gergaji) •DITUTUP
Efektivitas: 40% dari populasi pohon yg diuji
•LUBANG SUNTIK KECIL (3mm) •INOKULAN CAIR •DIBIARKAN TERBUKA
Efektivitas: 100% dari populasi pohon yg diuji
By : Suparno
Prakondisi untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan pembentukan gaharu : Jenis isolat yang digunakan Kondisi kesehatan pohon Lingkungan tempat tumbuh Ukuran diameter batang ( ideal > 30 cm; 15 cm dpt diinokulasi tp hasil panen relatif lebih sedikit) • Kedalaman lubang bor: 1/3 diameter batang (terlalu dalam batang busuk) • • • •
HEART ROT
KOMPARASI DENGAN TEKNIK INDUKSI LAINNYA
Teknologi Inokulasi Dari Taiwan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Mikroba : 12 jenis – tidak ada data Teknik inokulasi : sistem infus – injeksi 80% dari diameter Pemanenan : 2 tahun setelah inokulasi Ongkos suntik : Rp 4 juta/pohon Hasil produk gaharu : bentuk gaharu pipa tebal 2-3 mm saja. 6. Kualitas : kurang baik. 7. Perusahaan gaharu Taiwan : belum mengadopsi teknologi ini
TEKNOLOGI INOKULASI TAIWAN
TEKNOLOGI INOKULASI TAIWAN
PRODUK GAHARU PIPA TEBAL 2-3 MMTENGAH BATANG BERLUBANG
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THE RESULTS Bioinduction technology has positive response (>90%) The symptoms showed at least 3 months after inoculation Response differe by tree species/fungal strain/region. agarwood sample collections : 6, 9, 12, 24, 36 months after inoculation type of product : chip, oil, soap, body lotion, tea, etc.
The Demonstration plot of agarwood tree inoculation in 12 locations >1400 trees >510 trees >500 trees >650 trees
The Total is > 3,060 trees
Agarwood Harvesting trial at Sengoret Village ( Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan)
Sanggau, KalBar
Sanggau, KalBar
Sanggau, KalBar
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PANEN GAHARU 15 BULAN SETELAH INOKULASI
HATI BATANG : BUSUK
BERAT BASAH POHON : 45 KG HASIL PANEN GAHARU : 2,5 KG
Agarwood harvesting trial in Barabai-Kandangan Regency (South Kalimantan)
Pemanenan pohon penghasil gaharu hasil inokulasi jamur di Hulu Sungai Tengah (Kalimantan Selatan)
FORMASI GAHARU Lubang Penyuntikan
Kandangan, KalSel
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SATU POHON PENGHASIL GAHARU HASIL INOKULASI
Native agarwood trees were treated by bioinduction in South Kalimantan (18 months after inoculation)
SERAH TERIMA HASIL PANEN GAHARU
BERAT BASAH = 25 KG BERAT KERING= 13 KG
A. malaccensis ( 9 months)
G. versteegii ( 9 months)
Bioinduction Technology
Agarwood-oil Agarwood-leaf-tea
A. crassna ( 24 months)
GAHARU PRODUCTS A. crassna ( 36 months)
PERMASALAHAN YANG TIMBUL :
DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK Agarwood chip
18 Bulan setelah Inokulasi
1000 trees > 3 years 1000 trees < 1 year
ASPEK TEKNIK INOKULASI: Beredar inokulan yang belum teruji potensi penipuan/tdk ada pengawasan
ASPEK PEMASARAN: 1000 trees < 1 year
Belum ada standar kualitas gaharu yg obyektif Sistem
& Regulasi Pemasaran gaharu budidaya belum establish celah bagi spekulan.
ASPEK REGULASI: Regulasi ttg Gaharu-budidaya tdk jelas. Ijin penanaman-pemanenan = regulasi TSL kendala utk petani/pengusaha gaharu budidaya
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SUMMARY
Produk 3 th setelah inokulasi
Bioinduction technology is promising in stimulating gaharu production and may contribute to the significantly high demandsupply gap. Sustainable agarwood production shall be returned to its original place, the forests and the local community to support their livelihoods. Accesibility of inoculant by communities should be developed. Standard quality of agarwood products should be established. Market price of product should be equaly treated.
Delegations of forestry office from Yunnan Province-China discussed about agarwood development at FORDA
Agarwood trader visited FORDA-CC
SYUKRON-XIE-XIE FOREST MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH GROUP
CENTRE FOR CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION FORDA-MOF, BOGOR 2012
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