2. THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Definition of Language Language can be defined as a means to deliver something that comes in the heart. it means that the language as an instrument to deliver thoughts, ideas, concepts or feelings to be conveyed to others. Keraf (1997:1) says, “Bahasa adalah alat komunikasi antara anggota masyarakat berupa simbol bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia.” that language is placed as a means of communication between people to express their thoughts or feeling by using the symbols the form communication by voice, gestures (posture), or signs of writing. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI, 1990: 66) says, “Bahasa diartikan sebagai sistem lambang bunyi berartikulasi yang bersifat sewenangwenang dan konvensional
yang dipakai sebagai alat komunikasi untuk
melahirkan perasaan dan pikiran.” that language is placed as a means of communication between people to express their thoughts or feeling by using the symbols
the form communication by voice, gestures (posture), or signs of
writing. Kridalaksana (1993:21) says, “Bahasa sebagai sebuah sistem lambang bunyi
yang
arbitrer,
yang
dipergunakan
oleh
para
anggota
suatu
masyarakat untuk bekerja sama, berinteraksi, dan mengidentifikasikan diri.” Pei dan Gaynor (1975:119) says, “ Language is bahasa adalah A system of communication by sound, i.e., through the organs of speech and hearing, among human beings of certain group or community, using vocal symbols possessing
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arbitrary conventional meaning.“ From the view of the linguist like Kridalaksana, Pei and Gaynor above, Language can emphasized as a symbol system. The term system contains the meaning existence and regularity of the constituent elements. Rakhmat (1992:269) says, a communications expert, look at the language of the two sides of the formal and functional. Formally, “Bahasa diartikan sebagai semua kalimat yang terbayangkan, yang dibuat menurut tatabahasa.” While formally, “Bahasa diartikan sebagai alat yang dimiliki bersama untuk mengungkapkan gagasan.” Definition that is supposed by Rakhmat seemed try to summarize common meaning by linguists opinion.
The term of formal side
presented by Rakhmat similar to the term system, whereas the functional sides of the same with language as a communication device. Wardhaugh, says language is “A System of aribtrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” Broader depiction of the language ever was delivered by the father of modern linguistics, Ferdinan de Saussure. He explains the language by using the three-term langage, Langue and parole. The third terms of the French language in Indonesian paired with only one term, namely “language”. Langage is the system symbol of the sound that is used to communicate and interact verbally. This langage is abstract. Term of langue refers to system symbol of particular sound that is used by a member of particular social group. Whereas parole is the concrete form of langue is used in form of speech or utterances by members of the public with each other. Fodor (1974) says,“Bahasa adalah system simbol dan tanda. “ The meaning of a symbol system is a symbol of the relationship with the conventional
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meaning. While the definition of system of signs that a relationship is not conventional signs and meanings, but is determined by the nature or particular characteristics possessed of objects or situation referred. In a word Indonesian cecak has a causal relationship with animals. it means, the animal is called cecak because his voice sounds like cak-cak-cak. Therefore, cecak is called sign not a symbol. Fodor further said that language problems are problems of meaning. Bolinger (1981) says, “Bahasa memiliki system fonem, yang terbentuk dari distinctive
features
bunyi,
system
morfem
dan
sintaksis.
Untuk
mengungkapkan makna bahasa harus berhubungan dengan dunia luar.” The meaning of Dunia Luar is a world outside the world of languages including speakers themselves. World within the meaning like this is called reality. It means that the relationship between reality and language. While reality includes everything that is beyond language. Reality is probably manifested in the form of abstract language, because there is no language without meaning. While, meaning is the result of the relationship of language and reality. Felicia (2001:1) says, “Bahasa merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi sehari-hari, baik bahasa lisan maupun bahasa tulis.” It means the spoken, communication made by two or more persons who each other face to face directly and no spacing or limiting their equipment. The spoken is happens when two or more people talking / dialogue, during interview, meeting, speech. While writing, communication is done through writing without talks directly in a language that brief, Clear, and understandable to the recipient. Written communications may include letters, text messages, electronic mail, and so on.
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Sunaryo (2000:6) says, “Bahasa didalam struktur budaya ternyata memiliki kedudukan, fungsi dan peran ganda yaitu sebagai akar dan produk budaya yang sekaligus berfungsi sebagai sarana berfikir dan sarana pendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi.” It means is without language (including Indonesian) science can not grow and thrive. Moreover, in the structure of Indonesian culture, it has a position, functions, and the dual role that is as root and cultural products that also functions as a means of thinking and means of supporting growth and development of science and technology. Without such blemish language role, Science and technology will not be evolve. The implication in the development of thinking power, infrastructure to make language as modern thinking. Therefore, if meticulously in using language, We will be meticulously in thinking anyway because language is a mirror of the power of reason (mind). Owen says, “Language can be defined as a socially shared combinations of those symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols.” It means that the language can be defined as a socially acceptable code or conventional systems to deliver concepts through the use of symbols and the desired combination of symbols that are arranged by the provisions. Tarigan (1989:4), he gives two definitions of language. “Pertama, bahasa adalah suatu sistem yang sistematis, barang kali juga untuk sistem generatif. Kedua, bahasa adalah seperangkat lambang-lambang mana suka atau simbol-simbol arbitrer.” Systematic is that language is composed according to a pattern that is not arranged randomly or arbitrary. While systemic means that
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language is not a single system, but also consist of sub-systems or subordinate system, such as sub-system phonology, morphological subsystem, subsystem syntactic, semantic subsystems. Then, each elements of the subsystems are also arranged according to the rules or a particular pattern, the overall form a system. If did not arranged according to rules or particular patterns, Meanwhile, arbitrary defined as the absence of a direct relationship is compulsory between symbol with which it symbolism. In other words, the relationship between language and form of the object only based on the agreement between the speakers of the language in the language is concerned. Santoso (1990:1) says, “Bahasa adalah rangkaian bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia secara sadar.” It means, the words are come out of a human mouth every day to communicate to inflict feelings and thoughts which will be disclosed to the other person.
Wibowo (2001:3) says, “Bahasa adalah sistem simbol bunyi yang bermakna dan berartikulasi (dihasilkan oleh alat ucap) yang bersifat arbitrer dan konvensional, yang dipakai sebagai alat berkomunikasi oleh sekelompok manusia untuk melahirkan perasaan dan pikiran.” The same with Walija (1996:4) says, “Bahasa ialah komunikasi yang paling lengkap dan efektif untuk menyampaikan ide, pesan, maksud, perasaan dan pendapat kepada orang lain.” It means, the language as a series of sound. in this case, we are using the sound as a means to communicate, communication by using the sound is also called verbal communication and human society with the sound communication tool is called
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verbal community. Language is a symbol of a series of the sound which is form a certain sense. Series of the sound are we know as the word represents a particular object. The human are collecting these symbols and compose a vocabulary the accumulation of experience and their thoughts. This is what causes namely language continues to developing due to the experience human thought are also growing. The existence of symbols that allows people to think and learn better. So, the language is not only human beings can think regularly but also can communicate what we are thinking to others, also language we are can express our feelings and attitudes.
Puspitasari (2002) says, language is considered as a system that contains the meaning way or the rules. System means that regular arrangement pattern to form an overall that is systematic, which means language is not structured according to a random pattern. System means that language is not a single system. it means that the language has a lot of systems that are used as instruments or symbols to communicate.
Syamsuddin (1986:2) says, “Bahasa memiliki dua pengertian. Pertama, bahasa adalah alat yang dipakai untuk membentuk pikiran dan perasaan, keinginan dan perbuatan-perbuatan, alat yang dipakai untuk mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi. Kedua, bahasa adalah tanda yang jelas dari kepribadian yang baik maupun yang buruk, tanda yang jelas dari keluarga dan bangsa, tanda yang jelas dari budi kemanusiaan.” It means, First, language is not only human beings can think regularly but also can communicate what we are thinking to others, also
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language we can express our feelings and attitudes. The second is the language serves as a means of communication between individuals. Accordingly, how the attitude and the way a person acts, how social life in society, and so on, mostly influenced by the prevailing language in the community. The words which are contained in the sentence language reflects personality of a person, is correct and the originals are acceptable.
Kridalaksana (1993:21)says, “Bahasa adalah sistem lambang bunyi yang arbitrer yang dipergunakan oleh para anggota suatu masyarakat untuk bekerja sama, berinteraksi, dan mengidentifikasikan diri.” And next Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina (2004:11) says, “Hakikat bahasa antara lain bahwa bahasa itu sebuah sistem lambang, berupa bunyi yang arbitrer, produktif, dinamis, beragam, dan manusiawi.” Based on the above meanings, we could conclude that language is the sound symbol system is used by humans to communicate each other for the purpose of communicating. 2.2 Definition of Transgender Nadia (2005) says, “Transgender atau waria sebagai individu yang sejak lahir memiliki jenis kelamin laki-laki, akan tetapi dalam proses berikutnya menolak bahwa dirinya seorang laki-laki. Maka waria melakukan berbagai usaha untuk menjadi perempuan, baik dari sikap, perilaku dan penampilannya. Selanjutnya dikemukakan bahwa kebanyakan waria berada pada posisi transseksual.” It means, stated that most transgender in the transsexual position. but in the next process there is a desire to be accepted as a different gender.
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Koeswinarno (2004) says, “Dalam konteks psikologis waria termasuk transseksual, yakni individu yang secara fisik memiliki jenis kelamin yang jelas, namun secara psikis cenderung untuk menampilkan diri sebagai lawan jenis.” Views of the meaning of transsexuals , Yash (2003) says, “Transseksual sebagai masalah indentitas jenis kelamin, kesadaran mental yang dimiliki individu tentang jenis kelaminnya, laki-laki atau perempuan.” gender identity is owned by a transsexual opposite gender which is "Imposed" by him based on his physical genital. Devault & Lyarber (2005) say, “Transseksual adalah individu yang identitas gender dan anatomi seksualnya tidak cocok. Seorang transseksual merasa terjebak dalam tubuh dan anatomi seksual yang salah.” Walters & Ross (1986) say, “Transseksual berusaha untuk diterima menjadi anggota dari kelompok jenis kelamin yang berbeda”. Based on the definition of transgender are proposed by the experts above, it can be concluded that transgender feel different gender identities with his gender physically, he tried to be accepted as a member of the opposite gender of his gender physically. 2.3 Definition of Transgender’s Language Transgender’s language is a originating language from transgender community. It has several regular patterns of word formation and is documented in both writing and speech. One pattern of word formation modifies standard Indonesian roots (normally composed of two syllables) to have e as the first vowel and ong closing the second syllable—hence providing regular assonance with the standard Indonesian word bencong Another word formation pattern adds -in-
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infixes to other Indonesian roots. The best example is the word binan itself, formed with the word banci, "male transvestite", to which the -in- infix has been added and from which the second syllable -ci has been dropped. Transgender’s language or slang is variety of language that are used by speakers of teenagers, transgender to express ideas and emotions. too many variations language now that is created a new vocabularies used by transgender or even teenagers, which sometimes sounds is very strange and doesn’t make sense.
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