Usaha Pemerintah Kuasai Industri Hulu dan Hilir. Penyediaan Sumber Energi Dengan Teknologi Mikrohidro KELOLA ENERGI, TEPIS KETERGANTUNGAN MINYAK

efficient energy, preserving the natural

MEDIA    KOMUNIKASI    KEMENTERIAN    ENERGI    DAN    SUMBER    DAYA    MINERAL

future energy

Usaha Pemerintah Kuasai Industri Hulu dan Hilir Penyediaan Sumber Energi Dengan Teknologi Mikrohidro

KELOLA ENERGI,

EDISI    05    |    2012

Songsong Masa Depan dengan ENERGI ALTERNATIF & RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

TEPIS

KETERGANTUNGAN

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KESDM

Penanggung Jawab Sekretaris Jenderal Pengarah Staf Ahli Menteri Bidang Ekonomi dan Keuangan, Staf Ahli Menteri Bidang Komunikasi dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, Kepala Biro Hukum dan Humas, Pardamean Ronitua H., Buntje Harbunangin Redaktur Kepala Bagian Hubungan Masyarakat, Kepala Bagian Penelaahan Hukum, Kepala Bagian Bantuan Hukum, Kepala Bagian Penyusunan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan, Kepala Subbagian Peliputan dan Hubungan Media Editor Indra Tauhid Cahyandaru, Dian Eka Puspitasari, Vagunaldi, Dian Lorinsa, Arid Riza Abadi, Laksono Nur Brahmantyo Desainer Grafis Bambang Wijiatmoko, Pandu Satria Jati Fotografer Judhi Purdhiyanto, Arief Suryadi, Tursilowulan Wahyu Hastuti Sekretariat Hari Budiono, Lufti Ekaputra Setiadi, Bunga Adi Mirayanti, Subhana Nurhidayat, Safii, Khoiria Oktaviani Alamat Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral - Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No.18, Jakarta 10110, Tromol Pos : 1344/ JKT 10013, Tel. / Faks. (021) 344 0649 , email. [email protected]

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8

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11

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Mempercepat Pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik

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MENGEDEPANKAN

SAFETY PADA EKSPLORASI DI WILAYAH LAUT

Laut merupakan sebuah wilayah yang mempunyai kekayaan alam yang luar biasa, tidak saja keindahan bawah laut yang indah namun juga menyimpan beragam bahan tambang. Dan seiring dengan semakin berkurangnya cadangan minyak dan gas di daratan, maka banyak perusahaan di bidang pertambangan mulai melirik aktivitas operasinya ke kawasan bawah laut. Di Indonesia pun telah memulai eksplorasi di wilayah laut ini seperti di blok west seno yang terletak di selat Makassar. Blok west seno ditemukan pada bulan Agustus 1998 dan POD-nya (Plan of Development) disetujui Pemerintah Indonesia pada September 1999. Sedangkan produksi pertama terlaksanan pada Agustus 2003. image : istimewa

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 A - Acid mine water (air asam tambang) Air tambang yang mengandung asam sulfat lemah yang dihasilkan dari reaksi organik atau anorganik dari material yang mengandung pirit dengan air dan oksigen - Acidizing (Pengasaman) Proses pemasukan asam ke dalam formasi gamping yang mengandung minyak dan gas bumi untuk memperbaiki permeabilitas agar memudahkan pengaliran minyak dan gas bumi kedalam lubang sumur. - Adit (terowongan buntu) Jalan masuk utama ke tambang bawah tanah, berupa terowongan buntu yang dibuat mendatar dan menghubungkan tempat bawah tanah dengan udara luar atau permukaan bumi. - Age (Umur) Zaman Geologi Suatu jangka waktu sejarah bumi yang diciptakan oleh bentuk kehidupan yang penting/ dominant/ kejadian tertentu. - Agglomerate (gumpalan) Butiran padat yang saling bergumpal dengan kuat sebagai produk proses aglomerasi B - Banka drill (bor bangka) Bor tumbuk manual dipergunakan untuk mengambil percontoh atau menguji cebakan aluvial yang terdapat pada kedalaman 30 35 m. - Barometer (barometer) Alat untuk mengukur tekanan absolut udara - Base rock (batuan dasar) Batuan yang berada langsung di bawah lapisan batuan yang ekonomis untuk ditambang - Basin (cekungan) Daerah cekungan yang luas terdiri atas batuan sediment dan yang karena konfigurasinya dapat merupakan tempat tampungan minyak. - Basin (Cekungan) Daerah cekungan yang luas terdiri atas batuan sediment dan yang karena konfigurasinya dapat merupakan tempat tampungan minyak. C - Caking coal (batubara muai) Batubara yang mempunyai sifat mengembang jika dipanaskan - Calorie (kalori) "Energi yang dibutuhkan untuk menaikkan suhu 1 gram air sebanyak 1 derajat; 1 kalori = 4.19 joule" - Calorie (Kalori) Energi yang dibutuhkan untuk menaikkan suhu 1 gram air sebanyak 1 C dari 14,5 C menjadi 15,5 C - Calorific Value (Nilai Panas) (lihat heating value) - Cap Rock (batuan tudung) Formasi (lapisan batuan) yang berada langsung diatas batuan reservoir dan sifatnya kedap fluida. D - Dead Oil (Minyak Mati) Minyak bumi yang pada dasarnya tidak mengandung gas lagi. - Dead Weight Ton (DWT) (Ton Bobot Mati) Berat air dalam ukuran ton yang dipindahkan oleh bagian badan kapal yang tercelup di dalam air dalam keadaan muatan penuh dikurangi berat kapal. - Dead well (Sumur Mati) Sumur yang tidak berproduksi. - Depletion (Economic) Deplesi (ekonomi) penurunan nilai ekonomi reservoir minyak/ gas bumi akibat pengambilan volume. - Development Well (Sumur Pengembangan) Sumur yang dibor didaerah yang telah terbukti mengandung minyak atau gas dengan tujuan mendapatkan produksi yang diinginkan. F - Fault (sesar/ Patahan) Lapisan batuan yang terputus dan bergeser dari posisi semula (Keatas, kebawah atau

kesamping). - Fault (sesar/ Patahan) Lapisan batuan yang terputus dan bergeser dari posisi semula (Keatas, kebawah atau kesamping). - Feedstock (Bahan baku) Bahan utama yang dimasukkan kedalam pabrik untuk diolah lebih lanjut. - Ferrite( ferit) Bahan bersifat magnetik yang terdiri atas oksida-oksida logam; salah satu logam bervalensi tiga" - Ferro-silicon (ferosilikon) "Paduan besi silikon dengan kadar Si bervariasi antara 25 - 95 % umumnya digunakan sebagai bahan deoksidasi pada (proses) pencetakan barang dari logam baja; tembaga; atau perunggu." G - Gallon (Galon Amerika) Satuan ukuran isi yang besarya sama dengan 231 in3 atau 3.785 liter. - Garnerite (garnerit) Bijih nikel dengan berat jenis 2,3-2,8 dan mengandung nikel lebih dari 24% - Gas Cap (Tudung Gas) Gas bebas yang berada diatas minyak dalam reservoir. - Gas Cap Drive (Dorongan Tudung Gas) Tekanan tudung gas yang mendorong minyak masuk ke dalam sumur melalui pori-pori batuan. - Gas Injection (Injeksi Gas) Gas alam yang dimasukkan ke dalam reservoir melalui sumur injeksi agar tekanan reservoir tersebut dapat dipertahankan. H - Halite (halit) Mineral garam dengan rumus kimia NaCl, mempunyai system kristal kubus. - Hard coal (batubara tua) Jenis batubara yang mempunyai nilai kalor lebih tinggi dari 5200 kkal/kg - Heat Exchanger (Alat Pertukaran Panas) Alat pengalih panas satu fluida ke fluida lain, atau peralatan yang berupa susunan pipa yang memindahkan panas dari fluida panas ke fluida yang lebih dingin dengan menghantarkannya lewat dinding pipa. - Heating value (Nilai Panas) Banyaknya panas yang terjadi pada pembakaran sempurna dari sejumlah satu satuan berat atau satuan volume bahan bakar. - Heavy Ends (Fraksi Berat) Bagian minyak bumi yang bertitik didih tinggi hasil proses destilasi. I - Igneus rock ( batuan beku) Batuan yang berasal dari pembekuan magma - Illuminating Oil (Minyak Lampu) (lihat burning oil) - Indonesian mining jurisdiction (wilayah hukum pertambangan Indonesia) Wilayah seluruh kepulauan Indonesia, tanah di bawah perairan dan paparan benua (continental shelf) kepulauan Indonesia. - Inertinite (inertinit) Kelompok maseral batu bara yang bila di bakar bersifat lembam (inert) artinya tidak menampakkan sifat plastisitas atau hanya menunjukkan sedikit kecenderungan aglunitas/melekat selama pengkokasan, terdiri atas makrinit, semifusit fusinit dan skleroti... - Injection/ input Well (Sumur injeksi) Sumur untuk memasukkan fluida ke dalam reservoir dibawah tanah.

media air - Joint (Batang) Satuan yang dipakai untuk menghitung banyaknya pipa dalam suatu rangkaian, rata-rata berukurn 6 - 9 meter. K - Kaolin (kaolin) Jenis lempung yang sebagian besar terdiri dari mineral kaolinit, bila dibakar berwarna putih atau keputih-putihan digunakan sebagai bahan dasar keramik dan penggunaan lainnya. - Kerosene (Minyak tanah/ kerosin) Jenis minyak yang lebih berat dari fraksi bensin dan mempunyai berat jenis antara 0.79 dan 0.83 pada suhu 15C, dipakai untuk lampu dan kompor. - Kick (tendangan) Kenaikan tekanan secara mendadak pada kolom Lumpur pengeboran yang disirkulasikan karena tekanan yang lebih tinggi dalam formasi yang sedang dibor, harus cepatcepat dikuasai untuk mencegah semburan liar. - Killed steel (baja tuntas) Baja yang telah mengalami proses deoksidasi, sehingga tidak terjadi pelepasan gas pada saat pembekuan - Kinematik Viscosity (Viskositas Kinematik). Nilai hasil bagi viskositas mutlak dengan kerapatan (berat jenis) pada suhu saat pengukuran viskositas, dinyatakan dengan satuan metric (Strokes dan sentistrokes). L - Laterization (laterisasi) Pelapukan selektif pada kondisi tropis yang menyebabkan pengayaan mineral tertentu - Leaching (pelindian) Pengambilan mineral berharga dengan cara melarutkan pelarut tertentu pada bijih - Leasing (kontrak sewa) System penyewaan barang modal dalam kurun waktu tertentu sesuai dengan perjanjian tertulis. - Life of mine (umur tambang ) Waktu yang dihitung dari jumlah cadangan dibagi dengan produksi tambang pertahun - Light Ends/ Light (Fraksi Ringan) Produk cair yang pertama-tama keluar dari kolom suling minyak. M - Magma (magma) Lelehan silikat pijar, air dan gas dalam larutan, mengandung berbagai unsir kimia pembentuk batuan yang berada dalam perut bumi. - Major Company (Perusahaan minyak Transnasional) Perusahaan yang pada taraf internasional berperan aktif pda semua tahap kegiatan industri minyak dan gas bumi secara besar-besaran. - Map scale (skala peta) Perbandingan jarak antara 2 titik di peta dengan jarak mendatar dua tempat yang sebenarnya di lapangan. - Matte (mat) Senyawa logam dengan belerang yang merupakan produk antara dalam suatu proses ektraksi pirometallurgi - Mechanical Octane Number (Angka Oktan Mekanis) Perubahan kebutuhan angka oktan akibat perubahan rancang mesin, seprti ruang bakar, manifold, pewaktuan katup, dan pendinginan.

J

N

- Jet bit (Pahat Jet) Pahat bor yang mempunyai lubang khusus yang memungkinkan lumpur pengeboran dapat disemprotkan dengan kecepatan tinggi kearah formasi yang sedang dibor. - Jet Perforating (Pelubangan jet) Pembuatan lubang yang menembus selubung sumur dengan menggunakan bahan peledak unutk mendapatkan pelubangan ynag dalam dan terarah agar fluida mengalir ke dalam sumur melalui lubang tersebut. - Jig (jig) Alat yang digunakan untuk memisahkan mineral berat dari yang ringan dengan prinsip gravitasi dan gerak isap-tekan dalam

- Naphtha (Nafta) Sulingan minyak bumi ringan dengan titik didih akhir yang tidk melebihi 220C - Natural coke (kokas alam) Cebakan batubara yang mengalami proses pengubahan secara alamiah oleh adanya suatu sumber panas yang menyebabkan terbentuknya kokas karena hilangnya sebagian besar zat terbang. - Natural Gas (Gas Bumi) Semua jenis hidrokarbon berupa gas yang dihasilkan dari sumur mencakup gas tambang basah, gas pipa selubung, gas residu setelah ekstraksi hidrokarbon cair dan gas basah, dan gas nonhidrokarbon

yang tercampur secara alamiah. - Natural Gasoline (Bensin Alam) Campuran hidrokarbon yang terkondensasi dari gas bumi dan yang distabilkan untuk mendapatkan trayek didih yang cocok untuk dipadukan dengan bensin kilangan, juga dipakai sebagai bahan pelarut. - Net calorie value (nilai kalor bersih) Panas pembakaran batubara dikurangi dengan panas untuk penguapan kandungan air. O - Ocean coal (batubara laut) Batubara yang terletak di bawah dasar laut - Octane Number (Angka Oktan) "Angka yang menunjukkan nilai antiketuk relative bensin dan kecenderungan bahan bakar cair untuk berdetonasi; ditujunjukkan oleh persentase volume iso oktan dalam campurannya dengan normal heptana yang mengakibatkan intensitas ketukan yang sama dalam... - Offshore Drilling (Pengeboran lepas pantai). Pengeboran yang dilakukan di laut atau di danau besar. - Oil Base Mud (Lumpur Dasar Minyak) Lumpur pengeoran dengan padatan lempung yang teraduk di dalam minyak yang dicampur dengan 1 sampai dengan 5 persen air. - Oil In Place (Minyak di tempat) jumlah minyak bumi yang diperkirakan ada dalam reservoir dan belum pernah diproduksi. P - Packer (Penyekat) Alat semacam sumbat yang dapat mengembang untuk memisahkan ruangan annulus diantara rangkaian pipa dan selubung. - Pan (dulang) Alat prospeksi tradisional untuk mencuci mineral berat rombakan seperti emas, kasiterit, dan intan - Paraffin (Parafin) Hidrokarbon jenuh dengan rantai terbuka. - Paraffin Base Crude Oil (Minyak Bumi Parafinik). Minyak bumi yang hidrokarbonnya terdiri atas parafin. - Paraffin Destilate (Sulingan Parafin) Sulingan minyak bumi yang mengandung kristal lilin sebelum proses pengawalilinan yang menghasilkan lilin parafin dan minyak parafin. Q - Quaicksand (pasir apung) Pasir yang jenuh air, sehingga mudah bergerak atau berpindah - Quarry (kauri) Sistem penambangan terbuka khusus untuk bahan galian industri seperti penambangan batu gamping, batu pualam., andesit, dan granit. R - Ramp (jalur angkut) Lubang bukaan pada tambang bawah tanah, benbentuk sprial yang menghubungkan beberapa daerah produksi sebagai prasarna pengangkutan. - Ration (nisbah) Perbandingan antara dua besaran yang dapat dinyatakan dalam angka - Reclamation (reklamasi) Upaya mengembalikan fungsi lingkungan hidup di bekas daerah pertambangan menjadi daerah yang berdaya guna. - Recovery ( Perolehan) Jumlah volume Hidrokarbon yang telah dihasilkan atau diperkirakan dapat dihasilkan dari suatu reservoir. - Recycling (Gas) Injeksi Gas ulang Memompakan kembali gas yang diproduksikan kedalam reservoir untuk meningkatkan perolehan minyak. S - SAE. (Society of Automotive Engineers) Number (Angka SAE). Angka retensi dalam system klasifikasi minyak lumas dinyatakan dalam angka SAE 5W, 10W, 20W, 30W, 40W dan seterusnya yang merupakan angka petunjuk bahwa angka yang lebih tinggi berkorelasi dengan kekentalan yang lebih tinggi pada suhu retensi.

efficient energy, preserving the natural

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Usaha Pemerintah Kuasai Industri Hulu dan Hilir Penyediaan Sumber Energi Dengan Teknologi Mikrohidro

KELOLA ENERGI,

EDISI    05    |    2012

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