TERJEMAHAN FRASE NOMINA BAHASA INDONESIA KE DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS YANG TERDAPAT PADA LEGENDA SEJARAH “JANDA DARI JIRAH” Abstrak Penelitian ini membahas mengenai terjemahan frase nomina bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris yang terdapat pada legenda sejarah “Janda Dari Jirah”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan jenis – jenis frase nomina bahasa Indonesia dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Inggris, mendalami dan menjelaskan jenis-jenis prosedur penerjemahan yang diterapkan, dan menentukan ideologi penerjemahan yang digunakan. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dari legenda sejarah yang berjudul “Janda Dari Jirah” yang digunakan sebagai bahasa sumber dan terjemahannya The Widow of Jirah yang merupakan bahasa sasaran. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menerapkan metode observasi yang didukung dengan teknik pencatatan untuk menemukan, mengidentifikasi, dan mengklasifikasi data. Data – data tersebut dianalisis dengan menerapkan metode deskriptif kualitatif dimana frase nomina dijabarkan dengan diagram pohon beserta deskripsi dan penjelasannya. Penelitian ini menerapkan beberapa teori. Teori-teroi tersebut antara lain: teori mengenai tata bahasa Indonesia yang dikemukakan oleh Sneddon (1996) dan tata bahasa Inggris yang dikembangkan oleh Eastwood (1994) untuk mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis frase nomina dalam bahasa Indonesia dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Inggris, teori penerjemahan yang dikemukakan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet (2000) untuk menganalisis jenis-jenis prosedur penerjemahan yang diterapkan, dan teori penerjemahan yang dikembangkan oleh Venuti (1995) untuk menentukan ideologi penerjemahan yang diterapkan. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat jenis frase nomina Bahasa Indonesia dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitu frase nomina dengan kata sifat, frase nomina dengan adjunct, frase nomina dengan klausa relatif, dan frase nomina beraposisi. Pergeseran juga terjadi dalam terjemahan beberapa data, seperti pergeseran unit dari yang lebih tinggi (frase) ke yang lebih rendah (kata) dan sebaliknya (dari frase ke klausa), pergeseran struktur yang tampak dari posisi inti frase nomina, pergeseran kelas kata (dari kata sifat menjadi kata benda), dan intra-system shift. Terdapat dua jenis penerjemahan langsung yang diterapkan, yaitu borrowing dan literal translation, sedangkan jenis penerjemahan tidak langsung yang diterapkan adalah transposition, modulation, dan adaptation. Penerapan prosedur penerjemahan seperti calque dan equivalence tidak ditemukan. Penerapan prosedur penerjemahan langsung yang lebih dominan (54,9%) daripada penerjemahan tidak langsung (45,1%) mengindikasikan kecenderungan orientasi terjemahan pada bahasa sumber. Kecenderungn ini tampak pada upaya untuk membawa serta aspek-aspek asing ke dalam bahasa sasaran yang dikenal dengan foreinisasi. Kata kunic: frase nomina, prosedur, ideologi,legenda sejarah viii
THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASE INTO ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO THE HISTORICAL LEGEND “JANDA DARI JIRAH” Abstract This study focuses on the translation of Indonesian noun phrase into English with reference to the historical legend “Janda Dari Jirah”. It aims at describing the types of Indonesian noun phrase and their translations in English, investigating and explaining the types of translation procedures that are applied, and determining the ideology of translation. The data were obtained from the historical legend entitled Janda Dari Jirah as the source language and its translation ‘The Widow of Jirah’ as the target language. The data were collected by applying the observation method which was supported by implementing note-taking technique in order to find, identify, and classify the data. The data were analyzed by applying the qualitative descriptive method in which the noun phrases were presented in the tree diagrams along with their descriptions and explanations. There are several theories applied in this study, such as the theory of Indonesian grammar by Sneddon (1996) and the theory of English grammar by Eastwood (1994) in order to describe the types of Indonesian noun phrase and their translations in English, the theory of translation by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) to analyze the types of translation procedures applied, and the theory of translation by Venuti (1995) to determine the ideology of translation. The findings show that there are four types of Indonesian noun phrase and their English translations found in the data, such as noun phrase with adjective, noun phrase with adjunct, noun phrase with relative clause and noun phrase in apposition. Shift also occurred in the translation of several data, such as unit/rank shift from higher rank (phrase) into lower rank (word) and vice versa (from phrase to clause), structure shift shown by the position of the head of the noun phrase, class shift from adjective into noun, and intra-system shift. Further, there are two types of direct translation applied in the data, such as borrowing and literal translation, while the types of oblique translation applied in the data are transposition, modulation, and adaptation. There are no such data represented the application of calque and equivalence. The application of direct translation which is more dominant (54,9%) than the oblique translation (45,1%) indicates the tendency of the translation orientation to the source language. This tendency shows the attempt to bring the foreign aspects to the target text which is known as foreignizing translation. Keywords: noun phrase, procedures, ideology, historical legend
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ........................................................................................................ PREREQUISITE TITLE ............................................................................ APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................................. THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ............................................................... PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT ......................................................... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................... ABSTRAK .................................................................................................... ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOL .........................................
i ii iii iv v vi viii ix x xiii xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1.1 Background ...................................................................................... 1.2 Problems of Study ............................................................................ 1.3 Objectives of Study .......................................................................... 1.4 Significance of Study ....................................................................... 1.4.1 Academic Significance ................................................................... 1.4.2 Practical Significance ......................................................................
1 1 3 3 4 4 4
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, AND RESEARCH MODEL ........... 2.1 Literature Review............................................................................. 2.2 Concept ............................................................................................ 2.2.1 Noun Phrase ..................................................................................... 2.2.2 Translation Procedures..................................................................... 2.2.3 Translation Ideology ........................................................................ 2.2.4 Translation Equivalent ..................................................................... 2.2.5 Tree Diagram ................................................................................... 2.3 Theoretical Framework .................................................................... 2.3.1 Noun Phrase ..................................................................................... 2.3.1.1 Indonesian Noun Phrase .................................................................. 2.3.1.2 English Noun Phrase ........................................................................ 2.3.2 Translation Procedures..................................................................... 2.3.3 Translation Ideology ........................................................................ 2.4 Research Model ...............................................................................
5 5 11 12 12 13 13 13 15 15 16 26 31 38 40
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS .................................................. 3.1 Research Approach .......................................................................... 3.2 Types of Data and Data Source ....................................................... 3.3 Research Instrument......................................................................... 3.4 Method and Technique of Collecting the Data ................................ 3.5 Method and Technique of Analyzing the Data ................................ 3.6 Method and Technique of Presenting the Result of Data Analysis . CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN ENGLISH .................... 4.1 The Types of Indonesian Noun Phrases and Their Translations in English Found in “Janda Dari Jirah”......................................... 4.1.1 Noun Phrase with Adjective ............................................................ 4.1.2 Noun Phrase with Adjunct ............................................................... 4.1.3 Noun Phrase with Relative Clause ................................................... 4.1.4 Noun Phrase in Apposition .............................................................. 4.2 The Types of Translation Procedures Applied in the Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrase into English Found in “Janda Dari Jirah” ......................................................................... 4.2.1 Borrowing ........................................................................................ 4.2.2 Literal Translation ............................................................................ 4.2.3 Transposition.................................................................................... 4.2.4 Modulation ...................................................................................... 4.2.5 Adaptation ........................................................................................ 4.3 The Ideology of Translation Applied in the Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrase into English found in “Janda Dari Jirah” ......................................................................... 4.3.1 The Percentage on the Application of Translation Procedures in the Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrase into English Found in “Janda Dari Jirah” ............................................. 4.3.2 The Ideology of Translation Applied in the Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrases into English Found in “Janda Dari Jirah” .........................................................................
43 43 44 45 45 46 48
51 51 51 61 65 84
93 94 99 101 106 109
115
115
117
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGENTIONS ......................... 5.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 5.2 Suggestions .....................................................................................
119 119 121
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................
122
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APPENDIX ................................................................................................ Appendix 1 Data ............................................................................................ Appendix 2 Translation Procedures ..............................................................
xii
124 124 133
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.3.1
................................................................................................
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOL
Adj.
: Adjective
Adj. Ph
: Adjective Phrase
Adv.
: Adverb
Conj.
: Conjunction
Compl.
: Complement
D
: Determiner
lit.
: Literal translation
Mod.
: Modifier
N
: Noun
NP
: Noun Phrase
P
: Preposition
Premod.
: Premodifier
PP
: Prepositional Phrase
RC
: Relative Clause
RPr
: Relative Pronoun
S
: Subject
SL
: Source Language
TL
: Target Language
T
: The
V
: Verb
VP
: Verb Phrase : Translated into
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background Translation has a very complex process in order to reach the best result. It
involves at least two different languages with their own cultural backgrounds which is inseparable. Further, it is not only about transferring the form from one language to another different language but also transferring the meaning in order to make the translation acceptable in the target language (Larson, 1998: 3). Nida in Basnett (2002: 25) formulates a model of translation process which illustrates the stages involved. The text in the source language is analyzed in order to obtain the message. That message is further transferred to the receptor language after being restructured. In addition to the complexity of translation as a process, Catford (1965: 1) states that translation is a process in a language in which this process changes the text in one language to a text in another language. The above-mentioned changing/transfer process consists of the transfer of words, phrases, and clauses from source language to the target language. Certain procedures may be applied in the process of translation. Newmark (1988: 81) mentions that translation procedures are applied for sentences and the smaller units of language. These procedures includes literal translation, transference, naturalisation, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through-translation, shifts or transpositions, modulation, recognised
1
2
translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion, and paraphrase. Transferring the message from the source language to the target language also involves loss and gain of information. Nida (1975: 27) states that all types of translations involve loss and addition of information. The occurrences of loss and gain of information prove that there are no two languages having the same linguistic systems of symbols which are absolutely identical to present the same meaningful expression. There are many literary works that had been translated to some other languages, such as from Indonesian to English, French, Spanish, and vice versa. Moreover, there are also some literary works that had been translated from local language, such as from Balinese to Indonesian, from Indonesian to English and vice versa. Therefore it can be seen that there are literary works available in at least two versions which is very helpful in bridging the understanding across languages. Previous researches that have been conducted in the field of translation mainly focused on the bilingual texts or texts which have been translated to another language (two versions). It has been discovered that there are some language phenomena occurred and their analysis resulted in several findings which are very important for the improvement of future researches. The previous studies on translation obtained their data mostly from short stories, folktales, biography, and novels. It would bring a new input by obtaining the data from different source, such as from a historical legend. It has different style, word choices, and other linguistics aspects. One of the newest translated historical legends is “Janda Dari Jirah” which was firstly available in Indonesian version
3
and first published in 2007. The second edition was published in 2014 along with its translation “The Widow of Jirah” as a bilingual historical legend. The study on translation of noun phrase from Indonesian to English is urgent since it is one of the small units of translation which plays very significant role in producing a good quality translation. In addition, this historical legend is chosen since it is a brand new translated historical legend which has sufficient data in regards to the translation of Indonesian noun phrases to English, the procedures and the ideology of translation applied in that translation as the main focus of this study.
1.2
Problems of study There are three problems formulated for this study as elaborated below.
1)
What types of Indonesian noun phrase and their translations in English are found in the historical legend “Janda Dari Jirah”?
2)
What types of translation procedures are applied in the translation of Indonesian noun phrase into English with reference to the historical legend “Janda Dari Jirah”?
3)
What translation ideology is applied in the translation of Indonesian noun phrase into English with reference to the historical legend “Janda Dari Jirah”?
1.3
Objective of study The objectives of this study are set in order to deal with the problems. Those
are: 1)
to describe the types of Indonesian noun phrases and their translations in English found in the historical legend “Janda Dair Jirah”;
4
2)
to investigate and explain the types of translation procedures that are applied in the translation of Indonesian noun phrase into English with reference to the historical legend “Janda Dari Jirah”; and
3)
to determine the translation ideology that is applied in the translation of Indonesian noun phrase into English with reference to the historical legend “Janda Dari Jirah”.
1.4
Significance of study The significances of this study are divided into two which are elaborated as
follow. 1.4.1 Academic significance Theoretically, the result of this study could be a reference and input for researchers and future studies which deal with the types of Indonesian noun phrase and their translations in English, the types of translation procedures and translation ideology applied in the translation of Indonesian noun phrase into English especially with the historical legend as the data source. 1.4.2 Practical significance Practically, the result of this study will be able to provide the inputs for translators in applying their knowledge in regards to Indonesian and English grammars particularly in terms of the Indonesian noun phrases and their translation in English, the types of translation procedures especially when dealing with the Indonesian – English data source in the form of historical legend.
