State of the Environment Report

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

State of the Environment Report Indonesia 2012

Pillars of the Environment of Indonesia

Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012 Pilar Lin gkun gan Hid u p In d on es ia


State of the Environment Report Indonesia 2012

Pillars of the Environment of Indonesia

Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012 Pilar Lin gkun gan Hid u p In d on es ia

KATA PENGANTAR Pembangunan nasional Indonesia bertujuan mewujudkan masyarakat yang adil dan makmur, serta membangun manusia Indonesia seutuhnya. Pelaksanaannya perlu memperhatikan keseimbangan tiga pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan, yakni sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil kesepakatan dunia dalam Konferensi PBB tentang Lingkungan Hidup yang diadakan di Stockholm Tahun 1972 dan Deklarasi Lingkungan Hidup pada KTT Bumi di Rio de Janeiro Tahun 1992 yang menyepakati prinsip-prinsip dalam pengambilan keputusan pembangunan harus memperhatikan dimensi lingkungan, ekonomi dan manusia. Indonesia yang dikaruniai kekayaan sumber daya alam dengan keanekaragaman hayati yang berlimpah seyogyanya dapat membawa bangsa dan negara kita menjadi salah satu yang terbesar di dunia serta, yang terpenting, dapat menjamin tingginya tingkat kesejahteraan rakyat Indonesia secara merata. Sasaran tersebut sesuai dengan arahan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Sustainable Growth with Equity, atau Pertumbuhan yang berkelanjutan dan berkeadilan. Dengan memperhatikan tiga pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan secara seimbang, maka dari sisi dimensi lingkungannya diperlukan kebijakan dan pelaksanaan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sepenuhnya yang melibatkan semua pemangku kepentingan. Dengan begitu pembangunan akan sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah lingkungan hidup, yaitu meningkatkan nilai dan fungsi lingkungan hidup. Hal yang harus diperhatikan adalah daya dukung, daya tampung dan aspek pencadangannya serta tata ruang sehingga tidak menimbulkan berbagai bencana lingkungan seperti pencemaran lingkungan, kerusakan hutan dan lahan, banjir, longsor, kekeringan serta berbagai wabah penyakit. Semua itu menyebabkan krisis energi, air dan pangan yang pada akhirnya menjadi ancaman bagi peri kehidupan kita. Patut kita sesali bersama karena pada kenyataannya lingkungan hidup Indonesia telah banyak yang rusak dan cemar serta sumber daya alam kita semakin terkikis. Sesal saja sangat tidak cukup, keterpurukan ini harus menjadi “wake-up call” pada kita semua untuk bersama-sama berupaya meningkatkan kapasitas diri dalam mengatasi semua permasalahan lingkungan hidup. Upaya tersebut di atas dipengaruhi oleh perilaku semua pemangku kepentingan baik secara individu maupun kolektif. Oleh karenanya, perilaku ini yang harus diubah menjadi lebih ramah lingkungan. Hal ini sesuai dengan tema Tema Hari Lingkungan Hidup Tahun 2013 “Ubah Perilaku dan Pola Konsumsi Untuk Selamatkan Lingkungan”. Tema ini dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kepedulian kita atas pentingnya pemanfaatan sumber daya alam secara bijak dan berwawasan lingkungan hidup. Tema ini diadopsi dari Tema Hari Lingkungan Hidup Sedunia 2013 yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Lingkungan Hidup Dunia, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), yaitu “Think.Eat.Save”, mengingat perilaku dan pola konsumsi terutama dalam menyikapi daur hidup pangan berpengaruh terhadap lingkungan hidup. Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia Tematik (SLHI) Tahun 2012 disusun untuk memberikan pemahaman akan kondisi lingkungan hidup Indonesia dan bagaimana semua pemangku kepentingan berupaya untuk melindungi dan mengelolanya. Laporan ini difokuskan pada tema kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia dengan judul “Pilar Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia”. Laporan ini menyajikan kecenderungan kualitas lingkungan hidup, gambaran interaksi dinamis antara kapasitas dan kualitas lingkungan hidup serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang memadai merupakan elemen penting yang akan menentukan status lingkungan hidup Indonesia di masa depan. Atas nama Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, pada kesempatan ini saya mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada Tim Pakar dan semua pihak yang telah membantu penyusunan buku Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012 ini. Mudah-mudahan buku ini dapat bermanfaat bagi para pemangku kepentingan, yakni pembuat kebijakan, dunia akademisi, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, dunia usaha, media massa serta masyarakat luas.

FOREWORD T

he objective of Indonesia’s national development is to establish an equitable and prosperous society and to develop the Indonesian people holisticly. All development efforts must heed the balance of the three pillars – social, economic and environmental – of sustainable development. This commitment reflects the agreement reached at the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm and the Declaration on Environment and Development produced at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which acknowledge that development decisionmaking principles must take into account environmental, economic and social dimensions. Indonesia’s abundance of natural resources and biodiversity should enable our nation and country to reach a leading position in the world and, most importantly, ensure the prosperity of the entire Indonesian people. This objective concurs with the remarks of the President of the Republic of Indonesia on Sustainable Growth with Equity. The environmental dimension necessitates environmental management policies and practices that call for the active engagement of all stakeholders, so that all three pillars of sustainable development can be accommodated equally. In this way development will proceed according to environmental principles, and enhance the value and the function of the environment. It is important to consider matters such as carrying capacities, assimilative capacities and conservation issues as well as spatial planning to prevent environmental disasters such as environmental pollution, forest and land damage, floods, landslides, droughts or outbreaks of diseases. All of these threats may cause crises related to energy, water and food supply, which in turn will endanger our livelihoods. Unfortunately, much of Indonesia’s environment is damaged and polluted and our natural resources are becoming increasingly depleted. However, merely regretting the situation is not enough. We must heed this wake-up call and work together to increase our capacities to overcome all environmental problems. The above-mentioned efforts are influenced by the individual and collective behavior of all stakeholders. Their behavior must become more environmentally friendly. This message was also conveyed by the theme of the 2013 Environment Day, “Change Behaviors and Consumption Patterns to Save the Environment”, which aimed to raise awareness about the importance of consuming natural resources in a sensible and environmentally sound way. The theme was adapted from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Environment Day theme for 2013, “Think.Eat.Save”, because attitudes and consumption patterns, particularly in regard to the cycle of food consumption, have an impact on the environment. This thematic State of the Environment Report (SoER) of Indonesia aims to provide an understanding of environmental conditions in Indonesia and of how the various stakeholders engage in its protection and management. The report focuses on the theme of environmental management capacities and is entitled “Pillars of the Environment of Indonesia”. It presents trends in environmental quality and describes the dynamic interaction between environmental capacities and quality along with influencing factors. Adequate environmental management capacities are important elements that will determine the state of the environment in Indonesia in the years to come. On behalf of the Ministry of the Environment, I would like to thank the Team of Experts as well as all parties that participated in the preparation of the State of the Environment Report of Indonesia 2012. May this report be useful for all stakeholders, whether the are policy makers, academia, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, the mass media or the public.

Jakarta, 5 June 2013

Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, MBA

State of the Environment Report of Indonesia 2012

Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012

Published by : diterbitkan oleh :

Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia

Jl. D. I. Panjaitan Kav. 24 Jakarta 13410 Telp : 021 -8580081 Fax : 021 -8580081 ISBN 978-602-8358-67-5

MINISTRY OF ENVIRON MENT THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

The content and material of this report may be freely reproduced and distributed provided that the content and meaning of this document are not altered. Quoting is allowed with reference to the source.

Isi dan materi yang ada dalam buku ini boleh di reproduksi dan disebarluaskan dengan tidak mengurangi isi dan arti dari dokumen ini. Diperbolehkan mengutip isi buku ini dengan menyebutkan sumbernya.

Patron / pelindung : Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, MBA, Minister of Environment Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, MBA, Menteri Lingkungan Hdup

Steering Officer / pengarah : DR. Henry Bastaman, Deputy for Technical Infrastructure and Capacity Building in Environmental Management DR. Henry Bastaman, Deputi MENLH Bidang Pembinaan Sarana Teknis Lingkungan dan Peningkatan Kapasitas

Executive in Charge / penanggung jawab : Ir. Laksmi Dhewanthi, MA, Assistant Deputy for Environmental Data and Information Ir. Laksmi Dhewanthi, MA, Asisten Deputi Data dan Informasi Lingkungan

Editors / editor : Dida Gardera, Eri Rura, Luhut P Lumban Gaol, Lindawati, Nuke Mutikania, Harimurti, Heru Harnowo, R.Susanto, Adi Fajar Ramly, Hasan Nurdin, Heru Subroto, Indira Siregar, Abdul Aziz Sitepu, Wahyudi Suryatna Writers / penulis : Prof. Dr. Akhmad Fauzi, Prof. Dr. Dedy Darnaedi MSc., Prof. Dr. Lilik Budi Prasetyo, Dr. Budhi Gunawan, Dr. Driejana, Ir. Idris Maxdoni Kamil, M.Sc.,Ph.D., Dr. Herto Dwi Ariesyadi, Hernani Yulinawati, ST., MURP, Ph.D., Ano Herwana, SE, MM., Dida Gardera, S.T., M.Sc., Dr. Esrom Hamonangan, Ir. Dewi Ratnaningsih, Jetro, S.T., Ernawita Nazir, Emalya Rachmawaty, Dyah Aprianti, Niniek Triana Wardhani. Secretariat / sekretariat : Suhartono, Trileni Ratna Aprita, Saeprudi Support / pendukung : Baiah, Wiyoga, Agnes Swastikarina Gusthi, Sudarmanto, Tommy Aromdani, Juarno, Sarjono, S Dombot Sunaryedi, Yayat Rukhiyat, Nurheni Astuti, Anastasia, M. Bambang Eko Ariwibowo, Rio Kurniawan M, Tri Prihartiningsih

iv

Acknowledgements The Ministry of Environment would like to thank all parties that have participated in and contributed to the preparation of the 2012 State of the Environment Report of Indonesia. Contributors Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Energi and Mineral Resources, Statistics Indonesia, National Planning Agency, Indonesia Institute of Sciences, Indonesia Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency. Photo contributor : Sugiarti Cover explanation Referring to the title of the 2012 SoER, “Pillars of the Environment of Indonesia”, the cover art represents the balance of the three pillars of sustainable development in Indonesia, namely social, economic and environmental, which aim to establish an equitable and prosperous society and develop the Indonesia man as a whole.

v

Ucapan Terima Kasih Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah berpartisipasi dan berkontribusi dalam penyusunan Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia tahun 2012 Kontributor Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Kementerian Kesehatan, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Kementerian Kehutanan, Kementerian Perhubungan, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Badan Pusat Statistik, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika. Kontributor Foto : Sugiarti Penjelasan Cover Sesuai dengan judul SLHI 2012 yaitu “ Pilar Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia ”, cover ini berusaha menampilkan keseimbangan tiga pilar pembangunan Indonesia berkelanjutan yakni sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup yang bertujuan mewujudkan masyarakat yang adil dan makmur, serta membangun manusia Indonesia seutuhnya.

Table of Contents

D aftar I si i ii-iii v vi x xvi xviii

Inside Cover Cover Dalam Foreword Kata Pengantar Acknowledgements Ucapan Terima Kasih Table of Contents Daftar Isi List of Figures Daftar Gambar List of Tables Daftar Tabel List of Boxes Daftar Kotak

1. INTERACTION OF MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

2

INTERAKSI KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DENGAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES TANTANGAN LINGKUNGAN MAPPING MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

6 8

MEMETAKAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

2. STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA

12

KONDISI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP INDONESIA

AIR UDARA WATER AIR River Water Quality Kualitas Air Sungai Pollution Load Reduction Penurunan Beban Pencemar Lake Water Quality Kualitas Air Danau Impacts of Water Quality Deterioration Dampak Penurunan Kualitas Air Water Quantity Kuantitas Air Impacts of Changes in Water Quantity Dampak Perubahan Kuantitas Air FORESTS AND LAND HUTAN DAN LAHAN Critical Lands Lahan Kritis COAST AND MARINE PESISIR DAN LAUT Seawater Quality Kualitas Air Laut BIODIVERSITY KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI Biodiversity protected by legislation of the Republic of Indonesia Keanekaragaman Hayati yang Dilindungi Perundang-Undangan Republik Indonesia Flora and Fauna listed on the “Red Data List” of the IUCN Flora Fauna Dalam “Red Data List” IUCN Invasive Flora, Fauna and Microbes Flora Fauna dan Mikroba Invasif

3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES

16 33 35 38 38 42 43 46 52 64 68 75 80 81 82 84 88

KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT KELEMBAGAAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

vi

92

National Institutions in Environmental Management Lembaga Nasional Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Integrated Services Units Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Indonesia National Single Window Indonesia National Single Window Regional Institutions in Environmental Management Lembaga Daerah Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Facilities and Infrastructure Sarana dan Prasarana Laboratories Laboratorium The Indonesian Environmental Impact Control Facility (PUSARPEDAL) Pusat Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (PUSARPEDAL) Regional State of the Environment Reports (SLHD) Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD) HUMAN RESOURCES SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA PENGELOLA Environmental Budget Anggaran Lingkungan Hidup CONSOLIDATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW PENAATAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN System Development Pengembangan Sistem Handling of Environmental Cases Penanganan Kasus Lingkungan Environmental Impact Assessment Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Compliance in a Development Context Penaatan Dalam Konteks Pembinaan Formal Education Pendidikan Formal Non-Formal Education Pendidikan Non Formal Informal Education Pendidikan Informal ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS PROGRAM PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP The Internationalization of the Environment Internasionalisasi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia’s Role in International Forums Peran Indonesia di Forum Internasional Indonesia as Host of International Meetings

Indonesia Sebagai Tuan Rumah Dalam Pertemuan Internasional

Indonesia’s Active Participation in Regional/International Organizations

Partisipasti Aktif Indonesia dalam Organisasi Regional/Internasional

Bilateral Cooperation Kerja sama Bilateral Forests and Lands Hutan dan Lahan Environmental Management Capacities of the Ministry of Forestry

93 93 95 97 102 102 102 103 106 108 113 117 119 122 123 124 124 125 128 128 128 132 134 134 135 138

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan di Kementerian Kehutanan

One Billion Indonesian Trees Program Gerakan Penanaman 1 Miliar Pohon Water Air Environmental Management Capacities of the Directorate-General of Water Resources Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Air Civil Servant Investigators in the Field of Water Resources Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Sumber Daya Air Biodiversity Keanekaragaman Hayati Biodiversity Clearing House Balai Kliring Keamanan Hayati Biodiversity Parks Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati

vii

140 141 141 143 146 148 148

The Nagoya Protocol Protokol Nagoya Bill on Management of Genetic Resources Rancangan Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik Plant Conservation in Ex-Situ Conservation Areas Konservasi Tumbuhan di Kawasan Ex-situ Konservasi Coastal and Marine Pesisir dan Laut The Golden Chain Program –Coastal Rehabilitation Benefits Local Communities

Program Rantai Emas – Rehabilitasi Pantai, Entaskan Masyarakat Setempat

Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program – COREMAP

Program rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang – COREMAP

Air Udara Climate Change Perubahan Iklim Efforts in the Industrial Sector Upaya Sektor Industri National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System (SIGN) Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional (SIGN) Solid Waste Sampah ACCESS TO PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AKSES PARTISIPASI PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN The Private Sector Dunia Usaha Corporate Environmental Performance Rating Program - PROPER Program Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER) Development of Green Industry Pengembangan Industri Hijau Assessment on Green Industry and the Environment Pengkajian Industri Hijau dan Lingkungan Hidup State-Owned Enterprises Badan Usaha Milik Negara Non-Governmental Organizations Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Indigenous people Masyarakat Hukum Adat Universities Perguruan Tinggi Development of Environmental Engineering in Indonesia

Pengembangan Pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan di Indonesia

Mass Media Media Massa General Public Masyarakat Umum Pro-Environment Stakeholders Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup

4. SPECIAL NOTES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

148 150 151 153 153 153 156 161 165 167 168 171 171 171 174 175 178 180 183 185 187 188 190 196 198

CATATAN KHUSUS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

CHANGES IN LAND COVER PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN The Island of Sumatra Pulau Sumatera Kalimantan Island Pulau Kalimantan The Island of Papua Pulau Papua

viii

201 201 204 207

CONTROL OVER RIVER DESTRUCTION PENGENDALIAN KERUSAKAN SUNGAI Ciliwung River Sungai Ciliwung Citarum River Sungai Citarum Cisadane River Sungai Cisadane Brantas River Sungai Brantas LAKE CONSERVATION GERAKAN PENYELAMATAN DANAU Lake Limboto Danau Limboto Lake Singkarak Danau Singkarak Lake Rawa Pening Danau Rawa Pening Lake Ayamaru Danau Ayamaru VARIOUS ACTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED RAGAM AKSI DAN HIKMAH PEMBELAJARAN Gulf of Tomini Management Action Aksi Pengelolaan Teluk Tomini Bali Strait Environmental Management Action Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Selat Bali Village-Level Regulations for the Protection of Coral Reefs

Peraturan Tingkat Kampung Melindungi Terumbu Karang

Efforts to Preserve the Javan and Sumatran Rhinoceros

216 216 225 230 232 236 236 237 238 240 241 243 245 245 249

Usaha Pelestarian Badak Jawa dan Sumatera

Preservation of Bamboo Species Pelestarian Ratusan Spesies Bambu Giant Land Conversion Project Proyek Raksasa Konservasi Lahan Disposal of Hazardous Waste Pembuangan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun

5. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES

252 254 255 258

KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN DAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAANNYA

CURRENT CONDITION KONDISI SAAT INI POTENTIAL PRESSURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE FUTURE POTENSI TEKANAN DAN ISU LINGKUNGAN DI MASA DEPAN Population Distribution and Growth Sebaran dan Pertumbuhan Penduduk Poverty Kemiskinan Land Use Change Alih Fungsi Lahan Growth of Transportation Sector Pertumbuhan Sektor Transportasi Energy Demand Permintaan Energi Environmentally Friendly Behavior Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES IN THE FUTURE KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP MASA DEPAN

6. SYNERGY FOR THE FUTURE

260 268 268 272 275 277 279 281 282

285

BERSINERGI MENATAP MASA DEPAN

SYNTHESIS SINTESIS EXPECTATIONS FOR THE FUTURE HARAPAN KE DEPAN

ix

286 291

List of Figures

D aftar G ambar

Figure Gambar 1.

Deforestation, Coal Exploitation Foto Deforestasi Hutan, Eksploitasi BatuBara

5

Figure Gambar 2.

Driver-Pressure-State-Impacts-Response Scheme Skema Driver-Pressure-State-Impacts-Response

9

Figure Gambar 3.

Environmental Management Capacity vs. Environmental Quality

10

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Figure Gambar 2.1.

Energy Consumption in Various Sectors in Indonesia 1990 – 2009

16

Konsumsi Energi di Indonesia Tahun 1990 – 2009 dari Berbagai Sektor Figure Gambar 2.2.

National trends in the number of (land) motor vehicles for

18

(a) cars, trucks and buses, (b) motorcycles Tren Peningkatan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor (Darat) Nasional Untuk Kategori (A) Mobil, Truk Dan Bus, (B) Sepeda Motor Figure Gambar 2.3.

Annual Average Trends for Passive Measurement of (A) NO2; (B) SO2 in 33 Provincial Capitals

19

Tren Rata-Rata Tahunan Pengukuran Metode Pasif (A) NO2; (B) SO2 di 33 Ibukota Provinsi Figure Gambar 2.4.

Average NO2 and SO2 Concentration Distribution in 248 Cities/Regencies in Indonesia

21

Sebaran Konsentrasi Rata-Rata NO2 dan SO2 Di 248 Kota/Kabupaten di Indonesia Figure Gambar 2.5.

SO2 and NO2 Concentrations from the Transportation Sector, 2011

21

Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari Sektor Transportasi Tahun 2011 Figure Gambar 2.6.

SO2 and NO2 Concentrations from the Housing Sector, 2011

21

Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari Sektor Pemukiman Tahun 2011 Figure Gambar 2.7.

SO2 and NO2 Concentrations from the Commercial Sector, 2011

22

Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari Sektor Komersial Tahun 2011 Figure Gambar 2.8.

SO2 and NO2 Concentrations from the Industrial Sector, 2011

22

Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari Sektor Industri Tahun 2011 Figure Gambar 2.10.

CO Concentration in Urban Areas (Road Monitoring), 2011-2012

23

Konsentrasi CO Tahun 2011-2012 di Perkotaan (Road Monitoring) Figure Gambar 2.11.

NO2 Concentration, Road Side Monitoring ,2011-2012

23

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring NO2 Tahun 2011-2012 Figure Gambar 2.12.

TSP Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, 2011-2012

24

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring TSP Tahun 2011-2012 Figure Gambar 2.13.

SO2 Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, 2011-2012

24

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring SO2 Tahun 2011-2012 Figure Gambar 2.14.

Hydrocarbon Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, 2011-2012

25

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring Hidrokarbon Tahun 2011-2012 Figure Gambar 2.15.

O3 Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, 2011-2012

25

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring O3 Tahun 2011-2012 Figure Gambar 2.16.

Average PM10 and PM 2,5 Concentration in Ten Indonesian Cities, 2012

28

Konsentrasi Rata-Rata PM10 dan PM 2,5 di Sepuluh Kota Indonesia Tahun 2012 Figure Gambar 2.17.

Heavy Metal Content (ng/m3) in PM, 2012 Kandungan Logam Berat (ng/m3) Dalam PM Tahun 2012

28

Figure Gambar 2.18.

Annual Average Sulfate Concentration (µmol/L) in Rainwater, 2001-2011

31

Konsentrasi Sulfat (µmol/L) Air Hujan Rata-Rata Tahunan, 2001-2011 Figure Gambar 2.19.

Annual Average Nitrate Concentration (µmol/l) in Rainwater, 2001-2011

31

Konsentrasi Nitrat (µmol/l) Air Hujan Rata-Rata Tahunan, 2001-2011 Figure Gambar 2.20.

Impacts of acid deposition Dampak Deposisi Asam

x

33

Figure Gambar 2.21.

Case Fatality Rate in Diarrhea Outbreaks in Indonesia, 2005-2012

34

Case Fatality Rate KLB Diare di Indonesia Tahun 2005-2012 Figure Gambar 2.22.

Percentage of River Water Monitoring Points in Indonesia with Heavily Polluted Status

36

as defined in the Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001 Persentase Titik Pantau Air Sungai di Indonesia dengan Status Tercemar Berat Berdasarkan Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP 82 Tahun 2001 Figure Gambar 2.23.

Degradation of river quality in Indonesia (2008 and 2012 maps)

37

Penurunan Kualitas Sungai di Indonesia (peta 2008 dan 2012) Figure Gambar 2.24.

Distribution of BOD/COD ratios and Organic Pollutant Data by Province

36

Sebaran nilai rasio BOD/COD dan Nilai Pencemar Organik Berdasarkan Provinsi Figure Gambar 2.25.

Percentage of Water Quality Parameters 2008-2012 That Do Not Meet the Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001

38

Persentase Parameter Kualitas Air 2008-2012 yang Tidak Memenuhi Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP 82/2001 Figure Gambar 2.26.

Proportion of Households with Access to Safe Drinking Water (Urban and Rural Areas)

43

Proporsi Rumah Tangga dengan Akses Terhadap Air Minum Layak (Perkotaan dan Perdesaan) Figure Gambar 2.27.

Per capita water potential and water availability Potensi Air dan Ketersediaan Air per Kapita

45

Figure Gambar 2.28.

Water Resources During the Rainy Season by Island Sumber Daya Air per Pulau pada Musim Hujan

45

Figure Gambar 2.29.

Precipitation by Island (mm/year) Tinggi Curah Hujan di Tiap Pulau (mm/tahun)

45

Figure Gambar 2.30.

Distribution of Critical River Basins in 1984, 1992 and 2005

48

Sebaran DAS Kritis pada Tahun 1984, 1992, dan 2005 Figure Gambar 2.31.

Number of Flood Incidents in Indonesia Jumlah Kejadian Banjir di Indonesia

47

Figure Gambar 2.32.

Several critical watershed areas Beberapa Potret DAS Kritis di Indonesia

47

Figure Gambar 2.33.

Decrease of Forest Area, 2000 – 2011 Penurunan Luasan Hutan pada Periode 2000 – 2011

53

Figure Gambar 2.34.

Percentage of Forest Conversion, 2000 – 2011 Persentase Perubahan Hutan pada Periode 2000 -2011

56

Figure Gambar 2.35.

Percentage of Mangrove Forest Conversion, 2000 – 2011

56

Persentase Perubahan Hutan Mangrove pada Periode 2000 – 2011 Figure Gambar 2.36.

Decrease of Forest Area by Province, 2000 – 2011

59

Penurunan Luasan Hutan pada periode 2000 – 2011 per Propinsi Figure Gambar 2.37.

Distribution of Flood Disasters & Flood Disasters with Landslides from 2004 to 2011

67

Sebaran Kejadian Bencana Banjir & Bencana Banjir Yang Disertai Longsor Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011 Figure Gambar 2.38.

Distribution of Drought Incidents from 2004 to 2011

67

Sebaran Kejadian Kekeringan Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011 Figure Gambar 2.39.

Condition of Coral Reefs in Indonesia (%) Kondisi Terumbu Karang di Indonesia (%)

69

Figure Gambar 2.40.

Ammonia Levels in Ports Kandungan Amoniak di Pelabuhan

76

Figure Gambar 2.41.

Comparison of Dissolved Oxygen Levels in the Port of Tanjung Priok and in Gorontalo, 2011 – 2012

76

Perbandingan Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun 2011 – 2012 Figure Gambar 2.42.

Comparison of Phenol Levels in the Port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, 2011 – 2012

77

Perbandingan Kandungan Fenol di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun 2011 – 2012 Figure Gambar 2.43.

Comparison of Ammonia Levels in the Port of Tanjung Priok, 2011 – 2012

77

Perbandingan Kandungan Amoniak di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Tahun 2011-2012 Figure Gambar 2.44.

TSS levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan TSS di Daerah Wisata

xi

78

Figure Gambar 2.45.

Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut di Daerah Wisata

78

Figure Gambar 2.46.

Oil and Fat Levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Minyak dan Lemak di Daerah Wisata

79

Figure Gambar 2.47.

Phenol levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Fenol di Daerah Wisata

79

Figure Gambar 2.48.

Ammonia levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Amoniak di Daerah Wisata

79

Figure Gambar 2.49.

MBAS levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan MBAS di Daerah Wisata

79

Figure Gambar 2.50.

Flora and Fauna Protected by Indonesia Law

82

Flora Fauna Yang Dilindungi Oleh Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Figure Gambar 2.51.

Flora and Fauna by IUCN Criteria Flora-Fauna Berdasarkan Kriteria IUCN

82

Figure Gambar 2.52.

IUCN Categories and Criteria for Fauna Kategori Kriteria IUCN pada Fauna

83

Figure Gambar 2.53.

IUCN Categories and Criteria for Flora Kategori Kriteria IUCN pada Flora

83

Figure Gambar 2.54.

Number of Invasive Flora, Fauna and Microbial Species Jumlah Jenis Flora Fauna danMikroba Invasif

85

Figure Gambar 3.1.

Total Number of Services Provided by Integrated Services Units

94

Total Pelayanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Figure Gambar 3.2.

Total number of applicants for services provided by Integrated Services Units

95

Jumlah Total Pemohon Layanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Figure Gambar 3.3.

Decrease in Number of Hazardous substances Registration Types 96

Ministry of Environment Penurunan Jumlah Jenis Registrasi Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Figure Gambar 3.4.

Increase in Total Quality of Hazardous substances (million tonnes)

96

Peningkatan Total Kualitas Impor Bahan Beracun dan Berbahaya (juta ton) Figure Gambar 3.5.

Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Environmental Services 99

on the Provincial/National Level Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional Figure Gambar 3.6.

Indicator Attainment Status for the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards

99

for Environmental Services on the Provincial/National Level Laporan Capaian Indikator Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional Figure Gambar 3.7.

Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Environmental Services 100

on the Regency/City Level Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Figure Gambar 3.8.

Indicator Attainment Status for the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Environmental Services on the Regency/City Level

100

Laporan Capaian Indikator Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Figure Gambar 3.9.

Number of Regional State of the Environment Reports on the Provincial Level

106

Jumlah Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tingkat Provinsi Figure Gambar 3.10.

Distribution of Environmental Impact Control Functional Officials

107

Sebaran Jabatan Fungsional Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan Figure Gambar 3.11.

Environmental Budget vs. Total State Budget

108

Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs Total Belanja Pemerintah RI Figure Gambar 3.12.

Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006 – 2012 Pembagian Dana Alokasi Khusus Lingkungan 2006 – 2012

xii

112

Figure Gambar 3.13.

Public Complaints Procedure Mekanisme Tata Cara Penanganan Pengaduan

120

Figure Gambar 3.14.

Number of Administrative Sanctions Issued in 2012

120

Jumlah Sanksi Administrasi yang dikeluarkan tahun 2012 Figure Gambar 3.15.

Control of the Implementation of Administrative Sanctions

121

Hasil Pengawasan Penaatan Pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi Figure Gambar 3.16.

Performance Evaluation of EIA Review Commissions at the Provincial and Regency/City-Level

123

Hasil Evaluasi Kinerja Komisi Penilai Amdal Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota Figure Gambar 3.17.

MOE Education and Training, 2010 – 2012 Pendidikan dan Pelatihan KLH Tahun 2010 – 2012

125

Figure Gambar 3.18.

Biodiversity Management Flowchart Alur proses pengelolaan Keanekaragaman Hayati

147

Figure Gambar 3.19.

Development of Botanical Gardens Pengembangan Kebun Raya

152

Figure Gambar 3.20.

Air Quality Monitoring Station Network in Indonesia

157

Jaringan Stasiun di Indonesia Pemantau Kualitas Udara Figure Gambar 3.21.

The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting System

167

Sistem Pelaporan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional Figure Gambar 3.22.

Performance of Final Waste Disposal Sites, 2011-2012

170

Kinerja Penanganan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Tahun 2011-2012 Figure Gambar 3.23.

Number of Companies Participating in PROPER Jumlah Perusahaan Peserta PROPER

172

Figure Gambar 3.24.

Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet, Energy, Oil & Gas

172

Neraca Limbah B3 Kegiatan Pertambangan, Energi Migas Figure Gambar 3.25.

Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet, Estates & Services

173

Neraca Limbah B3 Sektor Kawasan & Jasa Figure Gambar 3.26.

Budget for Community Development Jumlah Anggaran Community Development

178

Figure Gambar 3.27.

Environmental News/Information in the Mass Media

189

Media Massa Dalam Pemberitaan/InformasiLingkunganHidup Figure Gambar 3. 28.

Kalpataru Award Penghargaan Kalpataru

196

Figure Gambar 3.29.

Number and Percentage of Pro-Environment Stakeholders

197

Jumlah dan Prosentase Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup Figure Gambar 4.1.

Forest Cover Change on Sumatera Island (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f ) Deforestation 2000 – 2011

202

Perubahan Tutupan Hutan P. Sumatera (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f ) Deforestasi 2000 – 2011 Figure Gambar 4.2.

Forest Cover Change by Province on Sumatra Island

203

Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Sumatera Figure Gambar 4.3.

Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Sumatra Island

203

Perubahan Hutan Tahun 2000 Menjadi Tutupan Lahan Lain di Tahun 2011di PulauSumatera Figure Gambar 4.4.

Forest Cover Change on Kalimantan Island (a) 2000 and (b) 2011

204

Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan (a) 2000 dan (b) 2011 Figure Gambar 4.5.

Forest Cover Change by Province on Kalimantan Island

205

Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan Figure Gambar 4.6.

Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Kalimantan Island

206

Perubahan Hutan Tahun 2000 Menjadi Tutupan Lahan Lain di Tahun 2011 di Pulau Kalimantan Figure Gambar 4.7.

Deforestation on Papua Island,2000-2011 Deforestasi Hutan Pulau Papua 2000-2011

xiii

208

Figure Gambar 4.8.

Forest Cover Change by Province on Papua Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Papua

209

Figure Gambar 4.9.

Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Papua Island

209

Perubahan Hutan Tahun 2000 Menjadi Tutupan Lahan Lain di Tahun 2011 di Pulau Papua Figure Gambar 4.10.

Land Cover Change Diagram for Kuningan Regency in1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

212

Diagram Perubahan Penutupan Lahan Kabupaten Kuningan Tahun1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Figure Gambar 4.11.

Land Cover Change Map for Kuningan Regency in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

212

Peta Perubahan Tutupan Lahan Kabupaten Kuningan Tahun 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Figure Gambar 4.12.

Ciliwung River Location Map Peta Lokasi Sungai Ciliwung

217

Figure Gambar 4.13.

Change in Forest and Settlement Areas in the Ciliwung River Basin, 2000-2010

219

Perubahan Luasan Hutan dan Permukiman DAS Ciliwung, Tahun 2000-2010 Figure Gambar 4.14.

Proportion of Land Cover Change in the Ciliwung River Basin, 2000-2010

219

Proporsi Perubahan Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2000-2010 Figure Gambar 4.15.

Land Cover Map for the Ciliwung River Basin, 2010 Peta Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2010

Figure Gambar 4.16.

Water Quality Along the Ciliwung River Basin 2010-2012 According to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001

220 220

Status Mutu Hulu-Hilir DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2010-2012 Berdasarkan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001 Figure Gambar 4.17.

Outline of Ciliwung Restoration Plan 2012 – 2015

223

Garis Besar Rencana Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2012 – 2015 Figure Gambar 4.18.

Ciliwung River Environmental Quality Restoration Pilot Project 2006 – 2011

224

Pilot Project Pemulihan Kualitas Lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2006 – 2011 Figure Gambar 4.19.

Citarum River Basin Area Map Peta Wilayah DAS Citarum

Figure Gambar 4.20.

Land-use Change in the Citarum River Basin Exerting Pressure on the condition of the Citarum River

226 227

Perubahan Tata Guna Lahan di DAS Citarum yang Menekan Kondisi Sungai Citarum Figure Gambar 4.21.

Annual Water Flow Volume of the Citarum River, 1963-2008

228

Jumlah Aliran Air PerTahun Sungai CitarumTahun 1963-2008 Figure Gambar 4.22.

Pollution Index for the Upper Segment of the Citarum River

228

Indeks Pencemaran di Segmen Sungai Citarum Hulu Figure Gambar 4.23.

Upgrading of Sanitary Facilities in the Bandung Basin, 2000-2011

229

Peningkatan Fasilitas Sanitasi di Cekungan Bandung Tahun 2000-2011 Figure Gambar 4.24.

Pollution Levels of the Cisadane River Tingkat Pencemaran Sungai Cisadane

231

Figure Gambar 4.25.

Map of the Brantas River Basin Peta DAS Brantas

232

Figure Gambar 4.26.

Water Quality Along the Brantas River Basin in 2012 Compared to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001

233

Status Mutu DAS Brantas Tahun 2012 Dibandingkan Dengan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001 Figure Gambar 4.27.

Two Adult Females with Three Juveniles (left); Two Adult Male Proboscis Monkeys (right) In a Reclamation Area

242

Dua Betina Dewasa dan Tiga Anak (kiri); Dua Bekantan Jantan Dewasa (kanan) di Areal Reklamasi Figure Gambar 4.28.

Species Trial of Forest Plants in Reclamation Areas

243

Uji coba Penelitian Uji Jenis untuk Tanaman Hutandi Areal Reklamasi Figure Gambar 4.29.

Sumatran Rhino Caught on Camera Badak Sumatera yang Berhasil Terekam Kamera

xiv

250

Figure Gambar 4.30.

Historic Range of the Sumatran Rhinoceros Populasi Badak Sumatera di Awal Penyebarannya

250

Figure Gambar 4.31.

Current Population of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in Indonesia

251

Populasi Badak Sumatera yang Masih Tersisa di Indonesia Figure Gambar 4.32.

Estimated Population of the Javan Rhinoceros 1967 – 2012

252

Estimasi Populasi Badak Jawa Tahun 1967 – 2012 Figure Gambar 5.1.

Weighting Calculations for Environmental Management Capacities

264

Perhitungan Pembobotan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Figure Gambar 5.2.

Correlation Matrix Between Environmental Quality Indices and Environmental Management Capacities by Province, 2009-2012

263

Matriks Korelasi antara Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi2009-2012 Figure Gambar 5.3.

Poverty in Indonesia, 2004-2012 Perkembangan Kemiskinan di Indonesia 2004 – 2012

273

Figure Gambar 5.4.

Geographic Distribution of Coal Resources and Reserves, December 2011

277

Lokasi Penyebaran Sumber Daya dan Cadangan Batu Bara, Status Desember 2011 Figure Gambar 6.1.

Environmental Management Capacities vs. Environmental Quality Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup

xv

290

List of Tables

D aftar T abel

Table Tabel 2.1.

PM10 and PM2,5 Monitoring in 10 Cities in Indonesia, 2012

27

Pemantauan PM10 dan PM2,5 di 10 Kota Indonesia Tahun 2012 Table Tabel 2.2.

Status of Ecosystems in 15 Lakes in Indonesia, 2011

39

Status Ekosistem15 Danau di Indonesia Tahun 2011 Table Tabel 2.3.

Trophic state and lake water quality Status Trofik dan Kualitas Air Danau

40

Table Tabel 2.4.

Trophic Status Criteria for Lakes Kriteria Status Trofik Danau

40

Table Tabel 2.5.

Infant Mortality Rate, Number of Deaths, Total Fertility Rate and Number of Births by Province, 2011

49

Angka Kematian Bayi, Jumlah Kematian, Angka Fertilitas Total dan Jumlah Kelahiran menurut Provinsi 2011 Table Tabel 2.6.

Number of Smear-Positive Pulmonary TB and Diarrhea Patients by Province, 2009-2010

50

Jumlah Pasien TB Paru Positif dan Diare menurut Provinsi 2009 – 2010 Table Tabel 2.7.

Number of Patients, Fatality Rate and Dengue Fever Incidence Rate by Province, 2008-2010

51

Jumlah Pasien, Tingkat Kefaalan, dan Tingkat Kejadian Penyakit Demam Berdarah menurut Provinsi, 2008 – 2010 Table Tabel 2.9.

Annual Forest Cover Change Rate by Province, 2000-2011

54

Laju Perubahan Tutupan Hutan per Tahun per Provinsi pada Periode 2000 – 2011 Table Tabel 2.10.

Forest Fire Occurrence in Various Functional Forest Types

56

Perkembangan Kebakaran Hutan di Berbagai Fungsi Hutan Table Tabel 2.11.

Number of Detected Hotspots, 2005-2011 Jumlah Pantauan Hotspot pada Periode 2005-2011

57

Table Tabel 2.12.

Total Area of Critical Lands in Indonesia, 2000-2011 Luas Lahan Kritis Di Indonesia 2000 – 2011

66

Table Tabel 2.13.

Area and Condition of Mangrove Forests by Province, 2011

70

Luas dan Kondisi Hutan Mangrove Menurut Provinsi Tahun 2011 Table Tabel 2.14.

Mangrove forest area by province and damage level, 2007, 2010, 2011

72

Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi Dan Tingkat Kerusakan, 2007, 2010, 2011 Table Tabel 2.15.

Mangrove Forest Rehabilitation by Province, 2008-2010

72

Rehabilitasi Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi 2008 – 2010 Table Tabel 2.16.

Area of Mangrove Forests by Province, 2007 and 2011

73

Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi 2007,2011 Table Tabel 2.17.

Fisheries Production Volume, 2007-2011 Volume Produksi Perikanan 2007 -2011

74

Table Tabel 2.18.

Number of Fisheries Facilities and Infrastructure, 2007-2011

74

Jumlah Sarana dan Prasarana Perikanan 2007 – 2011 Table Tabel 3.1.

Environmental Management Institutions

92

Lembaga Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup Table Tabel 3.2.

Regional Environmental Institutions on a Provincial and Regency/City Level

98

(as of February 2013) Rekapitulasi Bentuk Kelembagaan LH Daerah Provinsi Dan Kabupaten/Kota (per Februari 2013) Table Tabel 3.3.

Number and Status of Environmental Laboratories in Indonesia by Province

101

Jumlah dan Status Laboratorium Lingkungan di Indonesia TingkatProvinsi Table Tabel 3.4.

Evaluation Results of 2011 Regional State of the Environment Reports

xvi

106

Hasil Evaluasi SLHD Tahun 2011 Table Tabel 3.5.

Budget for Environmental Functions vs Total Regional Budget

109

Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs AnggaranPendapatanBelanja Daerah Total Table Tabel 3.6.

Allocation of Environmental Deconcentration Funds 2012

111

Alokasi Dana Dekonsentrasi Lingkungan 2012 Table Tabel 3.7.

Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006-2013

112

Alokasi DAK Bidang LingkunganHidup Tahun 2006 – 2013 Table Tabel 3.8.

Number of forestry workers at Timber Plantation Concessions By educational background until 2011

139

Tenaga Kerja Kehutanan Pada IUPHHK HT Berdasarkan Latar Belakang Pendidikan s/d 2011 Table Tabel 3.9.

Name and Area of Botanical Gardens Nama dan Luas Kebun Raya

152

Table Tabe 3.10.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GG CO2e) in Indonesia, 2000-2005

161

Perkembangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Indonesia Tahun 2000-2005 (Gg CO2e) Table Tabel 3.11.

Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1002 Companies, 2010-2011

173

Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER pada Periode 2010-2011 Table Tabel 3.12.

Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1317 Companies, 2011-2012

173

Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER pada Periode2011-2012 Table Tabel 3.13.

Environmentally Friendly Behavior Index Indeks Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan

193

Table Tabel 4.1.

Pollution Status of the Cisadane River by Segment

230

Status Pencemaran di Segmen Sungai Cisadane Table Tabel 5.1.

Environmental Quality Index in Indonesia, 2009-2011

262

Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2009-2011 Table Tabel 5.2.

Environmental Management Capacities by Province

266

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Tingkat Provinsi Table Tabel 5.3.

Population Growth by Province, 2010-2035 Pertumbuhan Penduduk Menurut Provinsi 2010-2035

270

Table Tabel 5.4.

Population Growth Rate by Province, 2010-2035

271

Laju PertumbuhanPenduduk MenurutProvinsi 2010-2035 TableTabel5.5.

Poverty Severity Index (P2) by Province, September 2012

274

Indeks Keparahan Kemiskinan (P2) Menurut Provinsi, September 2012 Table Tabel 5.6.

Production, Harvested Area and Productivity for Rice in Indonesia

276

Produksi, Luas Panen dan Produktivitas Padi di Indonesia Table Tabel 5.7.

Growth of Motor Vehicles by Types in 1987-2011 Perkembangan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor Menurut Jenis tahun 1987-2011

xvii

279

List of Boxes

D aftar K otak

Box: Acid Rain/Acid Deposition HujanAsam/DeposisiAsam

30

Box: The Trophic State of Several Lakes Status Berbagai DanauDengan Status Trofiknya

40

Box: Matters Regarding Environmental Permit Ihwal Izin Lingkungan

114

Box: Strong Foundation for Waste Management Landasan Kuat Bagi Pengelolaan Sampah

115

Box: A Brief History of WALHI Sepenggal Jejak WALHI

182

Box: Centers for Environmental Studies at Universities Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Perguruan Tinggi

186

Box: Success Story of Forest Conservation in Kuningan Regency Keberhasilan Kuningan Dalam Konservasi Hutan

210

xviii

1

INTERACTION OF MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

INTERAKSI KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DENGAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

1

Interaction of Management Capacities and Environmental Quality

“The thematically-structured State of The Environment Report Indonesia 2012 describes the management capacities that have been developed to respond to environmental dynamics. Management capacities and environmental quality are interrelated. Adaquate capacities will determine the quality of the environment by analyzing, responding and implementing the action to cope with the challenges.”

“Penulisan Status Lingkungan Hidup

Given the importance of achieving a sustainable environment, this document focuses on environmental management capacities and includes descriptions of environmental institutions, policies and programs on both the national and regional level.

Dengan begitu, menimbang betapa krusial ikhtiar

The report aims to explain the dynamic interaction between environmental capacities and environmental quality and highlights influencing factors. The descriptions in this report reflect the various constraints and difficulties encountered during its preparation, of which the availability and validity of data and information are of particular concern. Nevertheless, this report was compiled from many sources and will potentially become a common reference.

Pendek kata, laporan ini hendak memaparkan interaksi

Indonesia 2012 ini bersifat tematik, yang

bertujuan

kapasitas

memaparkan

pengelolaan

dalam

merespon dinamika lingkungan hidup. Kapasitas pengelolaan dan kualitas lingkungan

hidup

memiliki

relasi

timbal-balik. Kapasitas yang memadai akan menentukan mutu lingkungan, dengan menganalisis, merespon dan menentukan

aksi

dalam

menjawab

tantangan.”

meraih keberlanjutan lingkungan hidup, pustaka ini menyajikan pokok bahasan ihwal kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan. Hal itu mencakup kelembagaan, kebijakan, serta program lingkungan tingkat nasional dan daerah.

dinamis antara kapasitas dengan kualitas lingkungan hidup, beserta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Tentu saja, paparan yang termuat dalam pustaka ini masih

menyimpan

keterbatasan

dan

kekurangan.

Satu hal yang perlu menjadi catatan bersama adalah ketersediaan dan validitas data-informasi. Namun demikian, laporan ini disusun dengan melibatkan banyak pihak sehingga dapat dijadikan acuan bersama. Kelestarian lingkungan dan sumberdaya alam, yang

Ensuring the sustainability of the environment and natural resources requires well-developed environmental management capacities. Strong capacities are crucial in determining the state of the environment in the future.

melibatkan para pemangku kepentingan, mensyaratkan

The SoER 2012 is divided into six chapters. The first chapter outlines the background and purpose of the report. The second chapter provides brief descriptions of the state of the environment by its components: Forest and land resources, coastal and marine resources, water resources, air and biodiversity.

Pustaka SLHI 2012 memuat enam bab. Bab pertama

kecakapan

kapasitas

pengelolaan

lingkungan.

Kapasitas yang mumpuni menjadi salah satu elemen penting yang akan menentukan status lingkungan hidup di masa depan.

berisi latar belakang dan tujuan penulisan. Bab kedua menguraikan secara ringkas status lingkungan hidup yang diwakili komponen: sumberdaya hutan dan lahan, sumberdaya pesisir dan laut, sumberdaya air, udara, dan keanekaragaman hayati. Bab ketiga baru memasuki fokus utama tentang kapasitas

The third chapter delves into the main subject of environmental management capacities in Indonesia. The fourth chapter presents lessons learned and

Lantas,

pengelolaan bab

keempat

lingkungan

di

Indonesia.

menyajikan

pembelajaran,

dengan memusatkan pada masalah dan kondisi

4

Interaksi Kapasitas Pengelolaan dengan Kualitas Lingkungan 1

focuses on specific environmental problems and conditions, as well as on the capacities that are needed to address those problems.

lingkungan tertentu, serta kebutuhan kapasitas untuk mengatasinya. Seiring kemajuan zaman, lingkungan hidup nampaknya

The environment will face even heavier pressures in the future. The fifth chapter sets out to identify potential future pressures and challenges, and then outlines the management capacities that will be needed to face future challenges. The sixth and final chapter presents conclusions and a number of important notes.

akan menghadapi tekanan lebih berat di masa datang. Untuk itu, bab kelima akan meneropong potensi tekanan dan tantangan ke depan. Paparan juga akan menyajikan pemikiran tentang kapasitas pengelolaan yang diperlukan, yang diharapkan mampu menghadapi tantangan zaman. Bab keenam sebagai bab terakhir akan menyajikan kesimpulan dan beberapa catatan penting.

Figure 1. Deforestation, Coal Exploitation

Gambar 1. Foto Deforestasi Hutan, Eksploitasi Batu Bara

5

1


ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

TANTANGAN LINGKUNGAN

The Indonesian archipelago consists of 13,466 islands (Geospatial Information Agency/BIG, 2010) with abundant natural resources and environment. This wealth has supported Indonesia’s economic development for the last four decades. Although severely affected by the Asian crisis of the late 1990s, the country managed to perform quite well in terms of development. Unfortunately, economic growth in that period was accompanied by the decline in natural resources and deterioration of the environment. Indonesia now faces the problem of depleted resources and decreasing environmental quality.

Kepulauan Indonesia terbentuk dari 13.466 pulau (BIG, 2010) yang bergelimang sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup. Kekayaan yang melimpah ruah itu berperan sebagai bekal pembangunan ekonomi selama empat dekade terakhir. Kendati pernah dihantam krisis pada penghujung 1990-an, tren pembangunan agaknya masih berkinerja lumayan baik. Sayangnya, pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam periode itu diiringi dengan merosotnya sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup. Indonesia menghadapi tantangan tak ringan: kelangkaan dan kualitas lingkungan menyusut. Salah satu isu yang menonjol selama pembangunan

One of the most prominent development-related issues is the drastic loss of forests since the 1970s. In spite of reforestation efforts, the last decade has seen forest cover decrease from 104,747,566 hectare in 2000 to 98,242,002 hectare in 2011 (Ministry of Forestry).

adalah berkurangnya luas kawasan hutan secara drastis sejak 1970-an. Meski upaya reforestasi telah digelar, dalam satu dekade terakhir misalnya, tutupan hutan masih mengalami penurunan: dari 104.747.566 hektare pada 2000, menjadi 98.242.002 hektar pada 2011 (Kementerian Kehutanan).

The situation is getting worse: Apart from forest degradation, there are the issues of global warming and climate change, conversion of forests to industry and cultivation uses, as well as forest fires.

Keadaan kian memburuk: degradasi hutan diikuti pula dengan isu pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim serta konversi hutan untuk industri kehutanan, kawasan budidaya, plus kebakaran hutan.

Further problem areas in environmental management include coastal and marine environments, water quality and quantity, air quality in urban areas and industrial estates, and biodiversity. This is compounded by the growing number of natural disasters that occur in all parts of the country and is a source of great concern to all parties involved.

Beban tak ringan dalam mengelola lingkungan hidup juga terpampang di pesisir dan laut, kualitas dan kuantitas air, kualitas udara kota dan kawasan industri, serta keanekaragaman hayati. Belum lagi bencana alam yang makin kerap melanda di berbagai sudut negeri. Keadaan itu membuat banyak pihak mengelus dada.

Increasingly pressing challenges also arise from uncontrolled population growth. High population densities have different effects in urban and rural settings. For instance, population pressure in rural areas causes the conversion of forests, including that of marginal forest lands into areas for cultivation and settlements, to increase rapidly. An increase in population increases the demand for food, while the extent of agricultural land remains relatively the same, or even tends to decrease.

Tak cukup sampai di situ. Tantangan kian berat

Meanwhile, the imbalance between the number of people and the available area to accommodate the rapidly growing number of motor vehicles is making air pollution increasingly worse.

Sementara itu, tak imbangnya jumlah penduduk dan

lantaran laju pertumbuhan penduduk tak terkendali. Padatnya populasi berdampak berbeda di perdesaan dan perkotaan. Tekanan penduduk di perdesaan, antara lain, telah melejitkan konversi hutan, termasuk merombak lahan marjinal kawasan hutan menjadi lahan budidaya dan permukiman. Penduduk yang bertambah berarti makin banyak perut yang mesti diisi: meningkatkan kebutuhan pangan. Di sisi lain, luas lahan pertanian relatif tetap; bahkan menurun.

luas lahan di laju pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor meningkat pesat tiap tahunnya. Akibatnya, pencemaran udara semakin bertambah.

6


With exhaust pipes of motor vehicles in some provinces and large cities resembling smokebelching chimneys, it is not surprising that motor vehicles are the main cause of high levels of NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide), SO 2 (sulfur dioxide) and CO (carbon monoxide). Apart from being hazardous in terms of traffic accidents, roads nowadays also pose a risk factor for health problems. Nitrogen oxide gases, for example, may damage the lungs if inhaled.

Di beberapa provinsi dan kota besar, knalpot kendaraan bermotor ibarat cerobong asap yang berjalan. Tak heran, moda kendaraan bermotor menjadi penyumbang terbesar konsentrasi NO 2 (Nitrogen dioksida), SO 2 (Sulfur dioksida) dan CO (Karbon monoksida). Kini, selain kecelakaan lalu lintas, jalanan juga menebar risiko gangguan kesehatan. Gas Nitrogen oksida misalnya, bila terhirup dapat merusak paru-paru. Pertumbuhan penduduk juga memicu berkembangnya

Population growth also accelerates industrial development in the manufacturing, forestry, agriculture and livestock sectors. The many impacts of industrial development include land use conversion, pollution and the extension of transportation facilities and infrastructure, and eventually result in an increase of carbon and other greenhouse gases.

industri

manufaktur,

kehutanan,

pertanian

dan

peternakan. Dampak tumbuh-kembangnya industri berderet panjang: alih fungsi lahan, polusi, serta meningkatnya sarana dan prasarana transportasi. Ujung-ujungnya, menghamburkan karbon dan gas rumah kaca lainnya. Lingkungan hidup yang ganjil punya dampak lanjutan.

Poor environmental conditions have indirect impacts as well. An example of this is the deterioration of water quality due to inadequate waste water treatment systems in urban areas. It is apparently still necessary to raise awareness levels among industries in this respect. Management of domestic waste also remains weak. Bad environmental conditions compounded by damaged hydrological regimes may cause disease outbreaks such as diarrhea flare-ups.

Tengoklah kualitas air yang merosot karena minimnya

Notwithstanding the many problems listed above, Indonesia resolutely strives to avert the deterioration of environmental quality. Indeed, all over the country people are working hard and taking concrete actions to reverse the trend and improve existing conditions.

Di balik daftar panjang masalah di atas, Indonesia tak

sistem pengolahan air limbah di perkotaan. Rupanya kesadaran industri dalam mengelola limbah masih perlu terus didorong. Tapi, jangan lupa pula: limbah dari masyarakat juga belum dikelola secara optimal. Kualitas lingkungan yang buruk dan ditambah pola hidrologis

yang

rusak

menyebabkan

timbulnya

berbagai bencana termasuk wabah penyakit, misalnya diare.

pernah lelah berupaya menangkal anjloknya mutu lingkungan hidup. Sejatinya, berbagai pihak dari sekujur negeri bekerja keras memulihkan, merespon dan beraksi nyata bagi lingkungan hidup. Di samping telah ada aksi mengurangi laju deforestasi,

In addition to seeking to curb the deforestation rate, the government has introduced a number of other measures comprising prevention of further environmental degradation, recovery of damaged environments and conservation of healthy environments. These efforts involve many governmental institutions, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, academia and the public.

berbagai upaya lain juga telah dilakukan pemerintah. Upaya itu berada di tiga jalur: mencegah degradasi lingkungan terus berlanjut, merehabilitasi kerusakan, serta melestarikan alam lingkungan yang masih baik. Tentu, kerja keras itu menggandeng berbagai instansi pemerintah, kalangan dunia usaha, organisasi nonpemerintah, perguruan tinggi, dan masyarakat luas.

7

1


MAPPING MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

MEMETAKAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

This report is based on the Driver-Pressure-StateImpacts-Response (DPSIR) framework developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). As shown in Figure 3, the DPSIR framework assumes causal relations between the following interacting social, economic and environmental components:

Laporan ini memakai pendekatan konseptual DriverPressure-State-Impacts-Response

(DPSIR)

yang

dikembangkan United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Sebagaimana disajikan dalam Gambar 3, kerangka

pendekatan

DPSIR

ini

mengasumsikan

hubungan sebab akibat antara komponen sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan yang saling berinteraksi,

Driving force (D) , a force that affects the environment, e.g. socioeconomic activities such as industry or agriculture.

yang terdiri atas:

Driving

force

(D) ,

kekuatan

pendorong

terjadinya perubahan lingkungan. Misalnya: kegiatan

Pressure (P) , direct pressure that affects the environment, e.g. pollutant gases emissions.

sosioekonomi, seperti industri atau pertanian.

State (S) , the state of environmental change

lingkungan. Misalnya: emisi polutan gas ke udara.

caused by pressure, e.g. deterioration of air quality due to increased emissions of toxic exhaust gases from industrial sources.

State (S) , status perubahan lingkungan karena

Pressure (P) , tekanan langsung yang dapat merubah

tekanan. Misalnya: penurunan kualitas udara karena meningkatnya emisi gas buang beracun dari industri.

I mpact (I) , the impact of environmental change, e.g. health problems due to inhalation of polluted air.

I mpact Misalnya:

(I) , dampak berubahnya status lingkungan. gangguan

kesehatan

penduduk

yang

terpaksa menghirup udara tercemar.

Response (R) , the response of the government and the public to the four components (D-P-S-I), e.g. formulation of policies and regulation regarding the limit of gas emissions for industries and other actors.

Response (R) , respon pemerintah dan masyarakat luas terhadap empat komponen itu (D-P-S-I). Misalnya: perumusan kebijakan dan aturan ambang batas emisi gas bagi industri atau lainnya.

8


Figure 2. Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Scheme

PSR

DPSIR-SCHEME

R

D + P = Human Impact on the environtment

D Driving Force

Response

(i.e. sosioeconomic activities)

(i.e. regulation and measures to be taken in respon to human impact)

P

I

Pressure

Impact

(i.e. emisions/dischart from point and diffuse sources, rivers and atmosphere )

(i.e. assesment of the effects of human impact)

S

State of the environment (present state-natural state as modified by human impact)

Source: United Nations Environment Programme

Sumber: United Nations Environment Programme

9


Figure 3. Environmental Management Capacities vs. Environmental Quality. Gambar 3. Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup.

I

Hidup Tinggi

l High environmental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi l Low environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Rendah

IV

l High environmental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi l High environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi

II

III

l Low environmental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Rendah l Low environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Rendah

High Environmental Management Capacity

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Rendah

High Environmental Quality Kualitas Lingkungan

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi

Low Environmental Management Capacity

1

l Low enviromental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Rendah l High environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi

Low Environmental Quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Rendah

Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012

Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

10


The DPSIR approach facilitates the description of existing environmental changes and potential pressures and helps in identifying appropriate responses, especially in regard to environmental management capacities that will be needed in the future.

Pendekatan DPSIR dapat menggambarkan perubahan

By adopting the DPSIR approach, this report aims to elaborate the relationship between management capacities and environmental quality. As shown in Figure 3, there are four possible combinations to represent the correlation between environmental management capacities and environmental quality:

Dengan pendekatan DPSIR, laporan ini mencoba

• Quadrant I: high environmental quality but low management capacity, • Quadrant II: low environmental quality and low management capacity, • Quadrant III: high management capacity but low environmental quality, • Quadrant IV: positive correlation between high environmental quality and high management capacity.

• Kuadran I: kualitas lingkungan tinggi, namun

Indonesia’s environmental quality and environmental management capacities should occupy Quadrant IV. This quadrant represents an ideal and positive correlation, where high capacities maintain or even improve the quality of the environment. The least desirable conditions are found in Quadrant II, where quality and capacities correlate positively but produce negative results.

Dari empat kuadran tersebut, diharapkan kualitas

Quadrant I and III are anomalies with low capacity and high quality, or vice versa. Quadrant I occurs because of environmental pressures – environmentally unsound human activities and development – that are not yet that pronounced. The reverse applies to Quadrant III. Relatively high management capacities are still insufficient to maintain or improve the quality of the environment in the face of intense pressures.

Sedangkan

For a better understanding, please refer to Figure 3, Environmental Management Capacities vs. Environmental Quality.

Agar lebih terang dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3,

status lingkungan yang telah terjadi dan responnya; potensi tekanan yang mungkin terjadi dan respon yang harus dilakukan. Hal itu khususnya menyangkut kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan yang diperlukan di masa datang.

menggambarkan pengelolaan

keterkaitan

dengan

antara

kualitas

kapasitas

lingkungan

hidup.

Sebagaimana disajikan dalam Gambar 3, korelasi antara kapasitas pengelolaan dan kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat membentuk empat kombinasi sebagai berikut:

kapasitas pengelolaan rendah, • Kuadran II: kualitas lingkungan dan kapasitas pengelolaannya sama-sama rendah, • Kuadran III: kapasitas pengelolaan tinggi, namun kualitas lingkungan rendah, • Kuadran IV: korelasi positif antara kualitas lingkungan dengan kapasitas pengelolaan yang tinggi.

lingkungan dan kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan di Indonesia berada pada kuadran IV. Ini merupakan korelasi positif dan ideal, kapasitas yang tinggi akan mampu menjaga atau meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan hidup. Kondisi yang tidak diharapkan adalah kuadran II: kapasitas dan kualitas berkorelasi positif namun negatif. kuadran

I

dan

III

adalah

anomali.

Kapasitasnya rendah, namun kualitas lingkungan hidup tinggi atau sebaliknya. Kuadran I dapat terjadi karena tekanan terhadap lingkungan—aktivitas manusia dan pembangunan yang tak ramah lingkungan—belum terlalu besar. Hal yang sebaliknya adalah kuadran III: tekanan sangat besar, sementara kapasitas yang sudah relatif besar, belum mampu memulihkan atau menjaga kualitas lingkungan.

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (PLH) versus Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup (LH).

11

2

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA

KONDISI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP INDONESIA

2

State of The Environtment of Indonesia

“This chapter examines the environmental condition that comprise of the components of the air, water, land, coastalmarine and biodiversity. Changes in environmental conditions are monitored over period of time to identify trends and current conditions.”

“Kondisi lingkungan hidup mengkaji

The environmental components not only provide the basis for development, but also affect the quality of human life. Polluted air, limited access to clean water and poor sanitation obviously have a negative impact on people’s health. In the meantime, forests and lands affect the hydrological cycle, which in turn determines the carrying capacities of river basins. The destruction of forests and lands will inevitably trigger more frequent floods and droughts. The effects will get worse in the future; they pose a threat to biodiversity and may cause food insecurity.

Komponen lingkungan itu menjadi modal utama

kondisi

lingkungan

komponen

udara,

yang air,

mencakup

hutan,

lahan,

pesisir-laut dan keanekaragaman hayati. Perubahan kondisi lingkungan hidup tersebut dapat ditinjau

dalam kurun

waktu tertentu sehingga bisa diketahui kecenderungan (trend) maupun kondisi terkini.”

pembangunan, yang juga mempengaruhi tingkat kualitas hidup manusia. Udara yang tercemar, akses atas air bersih, dan sanitasi yang tak layak, jelas mempunyai dampak negatif bagi kesehatan manusia. Sementara itu, hutan dan lahan punya efek pada siklus hidrologi yang menentukan daya dukung dan daya tampung daerah aliran sungai. Tidak dapat dihindari, rusaknya hutan dan lahan membuat banjir dan kekeringan sering terjadi. Dampaknya akan kian membesar: mengancam kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati, yang bisa memicu kerawanan pangan.

Other important areas for the welfare of the people are coastal and marine areas, which also boast biodiversity that is inseparable from human life. An environment that is teeming with life also means more sources of food, building materials and medicine. Apart from determining the level of prosperity, coastal and marine areas also play a role in nutrition and protein intake.

Cadangan

lain

bagi

kesejahteraan

masyarakat,

berada di pesisir dan laut yang juga memiliki banyak keanekaragaman hayati, yang tidak terpisahkan dari kehidupan manusia. Keanekaragaman hayati yang berlimpah

berarti

memperkaya

sumber

pangan,

papan dan obat-obatan. Selain menentukan derajat kesejahteraan, pesisir dan laut, turut menyumbang asupan nutrisi dan protein.

Blessed with abundant biodiversity, Indonesia should be proud and acknowledge its huge responsibility. Experts believe that much of this biodiversity is still unknown to science. The number of flora and fauna considered rare and threatened is an indication of how important it is to preserve this environment.

Dengan keanekaragaman hayati yang melimpah, Indonesia

seharusnya

bangga

dan

mempunyai

kesadaran untuk menanggung tanggung jawab besar. Sampai pada saat ini, para pakar meyakini masih banyak keanekaragaman hayati yang belum dikenal ilmu pengetahuan. Status kelangkaan atau keterancaman flora dan fauna menjadi indikator penting status lingkungan hidup.

14

Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia

White tiger Harimau putih Photo / Foto : Bhisma.

15

2


AIR

UDARA

Air pollution due to the increase of motor vehicles. Photo: Doc. Ministry of Environment

Polusi udara akibat dari bertambahnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor. Foto: Dok. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

Over the years, fossil fuel consumption in Indonesia has risen in all sectors (Figure 2.1). The increase in energy consumption in the domestic sector from 1990 – 2009, for instance, was caused by population growth (s. Chapter 5). However, in terms of energy consumption this sector is not too significant compared to the industry and transportation sectors.

Dari waktu ke waktu, pemakaian energi fosil di Indonesia menunjukan tren yang terus meningkat di semua sektor (Gambar 2.1.) Selama 1990 – 2009, meningkatnya konsumsi energi pada sektor domestik misalnya, karena meningkatnya populasi manusia (lihat Bab 5). Hanya saja, pemakaian energi di sektor ini tidak terlalu besar dibandingkan sektor industri dan transportasi.

Figure 2.1 Energy consumption in various sectors in Indonesia, 1990 – 2009 Gambar 2.1 Konsumsi energi di Indonesia tahun 1990 – 2009 dari berbagai sektor

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

Juta SBM

0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 -

Industrial Industri

Households Rumah Tangga

Commercial komersial

Transportation Transportasi

ACM and others PKP dan Lain-Lain

Intensity BOE/Mio Rp Intensitas SBM/juta rupiah

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2012

BOE/Mio Rp

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

SBM/juta rupiah

Million BOE

2

Sumber: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, 2012

16


The consumption of fossil fuels continues to outweigh the use of more environmentally friendly forms of energy and this, inadvertently, has had a major effect on air quality, especially in metropolitan areas and big cities (SOER 2010, p. 39). According to data from Statistics Indonesia, oil consumption increased from 99 MBOE (Million Barrel of Oil Equivalent) in 1992 to 186 MBOE in 2003 (Indonesia Statistics/BPS, 2012).

Tanpa disadari, dominasi pemakaian bahan bakar fosil,

One of the sectors that consume the most fossil fuels is the transportation sector. This sector has shown a rising trend for all modes of transportation: land, air and water (SOER 2010, pp. 44-45). The steepest rise occurs in land transportation, with a total increase in motor vehicles of approx. 10 percent (BPS, 2012). Among all categories of motor vehicles, motorcycles recorded the highest growth. This fact can be observed almost uniformly in all provinces (s. Figure 2.2a and Figure 2.2b).

Transportasi menjadi salah satu sektor yang paling

The burning of fossil fuels has an adverse effect on air quality. Air pollutants commonly produced through combustion, including that of fossil fuels, include nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), dust with a diameter of 10 micron and 2.5 micron or less (PM 10 and PM 2.5), as well as hydrocarbon (HC). Other processes may produce pollutants such as H 2S and NH 3, heavy metals, aerosols, and secondary gases such as ozone (O 3).

Dampak dari pemakaian energi fosil, mempengaruhi

dibandingkan energi ramah lingkungan, berpengaruh besar terhadap kualitas udara, terutama di metropolitan dan kota besar (SLHI 2010, hal. 39). Dapat dilihat pada data Badan Pusat Statistik yang mencatat konsumsi minyak meningkat dari 99 MBOE (Million Barel Oil Equivalent) pada 1992, menjadi 186 MBOE pada 2003 (BPS, 2012).

banyak menggunakan bahan bakar fosil. Sektor ini terus menunjukkan tren naik di semua jenis transportasi: darat, udara dan air (SLHI 2010, hal. 4445). Peningkatan terpesat ada pada transportasi darat, dengan kenaikan total kendaraan bermotor berkisar 10 persen (BPS, 2012). Dari berbagai kategori kendaraan bermotor, jumlah sepeda motor meningkat tinggi. Fakta ini terjadi merata hampir di seluruh provinsi (lihat Gambar 2.2a dan Gambar 2.2b).

kualitas udara. Pencemar udara yang umum dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran, termasuk bahan bakar fosil, adalah Nitrogen oksida (NOx), Karbon monoksida (CO), Sulfur dioksida (SO 2), debu diameter 10 mikron dan 2,5 mikron ke bawah (PM 10 dan PM 2,5), dan hidrokarbon (HC). Proses-proses lain dapat menghasilkan pencemar, seperti H 2S dan NH 3, logam berat, aerosol dan gas sekunder, seperti ozon (O 3).

To check air quality, the authorities have introduced monitoring systems that utilize a variety of techniques. One such system is the Air Quality Management System (AQMS), a network for continuous automated monitoring in 10 cities. Other techniques include the active manual method for ad-hoc evaluation of air quality in a number of locations as stipulated by regulations, and passive monitoring with passive samplers.

Untuk memeriksa kualitas udara, dilakukan pemantauan dengan

berbagai

teknik.

Seperti

pemantauan

kontinyu otomatis di 10 kota pada jaringan Air Quality Management System (AQMS), pemantauan dengan metode manual aktif untuk evaluasi kualitas udara secara ad-hoc di sejumlah tempat sesuai peraturan yang berlaku, serta pemantauan secara pasif dengan passive sampler. Pemantauan secara pasif merupakan metode murah

Passive monitoring is cheap and uncomplicated and permits long-term monitoring in many locations to identify spatial variations. The Ministry of Environment has used passive monitoring since 2005 to measure NO 2 and SO 2 levels in 33 provincial capital cities. The purpose of this effort was to identify general trends in air quality. Since 2011, the government has extended this method of NO 2 and SO 2 monitoring to 248 regencies in order to obtain more detailed records of spatial variations on the national level.

dan tidak rumit, sehingga cocok untuk monitoring jangka panjang di banyak tempat untuk melihat variasi spasial. Pemantauan pasif ini dilakukan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup sejak 2005, untuk parameter NO 2 dan SO 2 di 33 ibukota provinsi. Tujuannya: mendapatkan tren kualitas udara secara umum. Mulai 2011, untuk mendapat variasi spasial nasional yang lebih baik, pemantauan NO 2 dan SO 2 dengan metode ini diperluas di 248 kabupaten.

17

2

2


Figure 2.2 National trends in the number of (land) motor vehicles for (a) cars, trucks and buses, (b) motorcycles Gambar 2.2 Tren peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor (darat) nasional untuk kategori (a) mobil, truk dan bus, (b) sepeda motor

(A)

(B) Source: Processed from Indonesian Police data in Statistics Indonesia 2012

18

Sumber: diolah dari data Polri dalam Statistik Indonesia 2012


Figure 2.3 Annual average trends for passive monitoring of (a) NO2; (b) SO2 in 33 provincial capital cities Gambar 2.3 Tren rata-rata tahunan pengukuran metode pasif (a) NO2; (b) SO2 di 33 ibukota provinsi

(A)

(B) Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


19

2

2


Until now, the government performed passive sampler monitoring four times a year, with a duration of one week per monitoring. In each regency/city four monitoring spots were selected based on land use. This included roads (transportation), industrial, residential and commercial areas. The advantage of this method was its ability to provide information with high spatial resolution at low cost, making it suitable for comparing inter-regional or inter-regency/city concentrations of more than 400 locations. Comparison of quality standards with long-term quality standards was possible if the average values were representative of the annual average concentrations.

Hingga kini, pemantauan secara pasif telah dilakukan

In qualitative terms, data collected between 2006 and 2012 in 33 provincial capital cities indicated a rising trend in NO 2 concentrations (Figure 2.3a). This might have been the result of increased burning of fossil fuels, especially by motor vehicles. Below is a graphic illustration of these monitoring results (Figure 2.4).

Secara kualitatif, data dari 33 ibukota provinsi selama

empat kali setahun, dengan durasi satu minggu setiap pengamatan. Di setiap kabupaten/kota ditetapkan empat titik pemantauan berdasarkan tata guna lahan: jalan

(transportasi),

wilayah

industri,

pemukiman

dan wilayah komersial. Kelebihan metode ini adalah kemampuannya memberikan informasi dengan resolusi spasial yang tinggi dengan biaya rendah, sehingga cocok untuk membandingkan konsentrasi antar-wilayah— antar-kabupaten/kota, 400 lebih lokasi. Pembandingan dengan baku mutu dapat dilakukan dengan baku mutu jangka panjang, dengan syarat nilai rata-ratanya dapat mewakili konsentrasi rata-rata tahunan.

2006 – 2012 menunjukkan konsentrasi NO 2 cenderung naik (Gambar 2.3a). Hal itu mungkin karena pembakaran bahan bakar fosil yang terus meningkat, terutama dari kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada penjelasan berikutnya (Gambar 2.4).

SO 2 concentrations did not show a rising trend, but declining (Figure 2.3b), even though there was a statistic increase in the consumption of coal and diesel fuel. Apart from being emission-related, this phenomenon was caused by the physical-chemical conversion of SO 2 gas in the atmosphere into sulfate aerosols (SO 4) that were not detected by gas monitoring devices, including by passive samplers based on the principle of gas diffusion. The presence of sulfate in rainwater and in aerosol particles was indicative of such processes.

Pada parameter SO 2, tren kenaikannya belum terlihat, justru terlihat menurun (Gambar 2.3b), walaupun secara statistik pemakaian batubara dan solar meningkat. Penyebab fenomena ini, selain terkait dengan emisi, juga adanya konversi fisik-kimia gas SO 2 di atmosfer menjadi aerosol sulfat (SO 4) yang tidak terdeteksi oleh pemantau gas, termasuk oleh passive sampler yang mempunyai prinsip difusi gas. Hal itu dapat dideteksi dari adanya sulfat dalam air hujan maupun partikel aerosol. Selain

In addition to enabling the comparison of air quality between cities/regencies, passive monitoring also provided information about the relative air quality for each observed land use. Figure 2.4 shows that cities with dense populations had higher NO 2 concentrations, whereas cities with intensive industrial activities exhibited higher SO 2 concentrations compared to other cities.

pembandingan

kualitas

udara

antar-kota/

kabupaten secara umum, pemantauan pasif juga memberi

informasi

perbandingan

relatif

kualitas

udara tiap tata guna lahan yang dipantau. Gambar 2.4. menyajikan kota-kota yang padat penduduk punya konsentrasi NO 2 lebih besar. Sedangkan kota dengan aktivitas industri menunjukkan konsentrasi SO 2 relatif tinggi dibandingkan kota-kota lainnya.

20

Figure 2.4 Distribution of average NO2 and SO2 concentrations in 248 cities/regencies in Indonesia Gambar 2.4 Sebaran konsentrasi rata-rata NO2 dan SO2 di 248 kota/kabupaten di Indonesia

Transportation NO2

Industrial NO2

Settlement NO2

Commercial Transportation NO2 SO2

Industrial SO2

Settlement SO2


Commercial SO2

Figure 2.5 SO2 and NO2 concentrations from the transportation sector, 2011 Gambar 2.5 Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari sektor transportasi tahun 2011

Sumber: Diolah dari data pemantauan passive sampler Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

NO2 transportation in 2011

Source: Processed from Ministry of Environment passive sampler monitoring data, 2012

SO2 transportation in 2011

NO2 settlement in 2011

Figure 2.6 SO2 and NO2 concentrations from the housing sector, 2011 Gambar 2.6 Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari sektor pemukiman tahun 2011

SO2 settlement in 2011

21

2


NO2 commercial in 2011

Figure 2.7 SO2 and NO2 concentrations from the commercial sector, 2011 Gambar 2.7 Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari sektor komersial tahun 2011

SO2 commercial in 2011

Figure 2.8 SO2 and NO2 concentrations from the industrial sector, 2011 Gambar 2.8 Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari sektor industri tahun 2011

NO2 industrial in 2011

2

SO2 industrial in 2011

Source: Processed from Ministry of Environment passive sampler monitoring data, 2012 Sumber: Diolah dari data pemantauan passive sampler Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

22


Figure 2.10 CO concentrations in urban areas (road monitoring), 2011-2012

CO Concentrati on ( ug /N m 3 )

Gambar 2.10 Konsentrasi CO tahun 2011-2012 di perkotaan (road monitoring)

12.000 2011

2012

Co Standard Baku Mutu

10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000

Yogyakarta

Tangerang

Surakarta

Surabaya

Semarang

Samarinda

Pekanbaru

Palembang

Padang

Medan

Malang

Makasar

Batam City

North Jakarta

East Jakarta

South Jakarta

Central Jakarta

West Jakarta

Depok

Denpasar

Bogor

Bekasi

Banjarmasin

Bandung

Bandar Lampung

0

Balikpapan

2.000

City kota



Figure 2.11 NO2 concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.11 Konsentrasi road side monitoring NO2 tahun 2011-2012

N O 2 Concentration ( u g / N m 3 )

200

2011

180

2012

NO2 standard Baku Mutu

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20


Yogyakarta

Tangerang

Surakarta

Surabaya

Semarang

Samarinda

Pekanbaru

Palembang

Padang

Medan

Malang

Makasar

Batam City

North Jakarta

East Jakarta

South Jakarta

Central Jakarta

West Jakarta

Depok

Denpasar

Bogor

Bekasi

Banjarmasin

Bandung

Bandar Lampung

Balikpapan

0

City kota Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

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Figure 2.12 TSP concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.12 Konsentrasi road side monitoring TSP tahun 2011-2012

TSP Concentrati on ( ug / N m 3 )

450

2011

2012

TSP standard Baku Mutu

400 350 300 250 200 150 100

Yogyakarta

Tangerang

Surakarta

Surabaya

Semarang

Samarinda

Pekanbaru

Palembang

Padang

Medan

Malang

Makasar

Batam City

North Jakarta

East Jakarta

South Jakarta

Central Jakarta

West Jakarta

Depok

Denpasar

Bogor

Bekasi

Banjarmasin

Bandung

Bandar Lampung

0

Balikpapan

50

City kota



Figure 2.13 SO2 concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.13 Konsentrasi road side monitoring SO2 tahun 2011-2012

400 S O 2 Concentration ( u g /N m 3 )

350

2011

300

2012

SO2 standard Baku Mutu

250 200 150 100 50


Yogyakarta

Tangerang

Surakarta

Surabaya

Semarang

Samarinda

Pekanbaru

Palembang

Padang

Medan

Malang

Makasar

Batam City

North Jakarta

East Jakarta

South Jakarta

Central Jakarta

West Jakarta

Depok

Denpasar

Bogor

Bekasi

Banjarmasin

Bandung

Bandar Lampung

0 Balikpapan

2

City kota Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

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Figure 2.14 Hydrocarbon concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.14 Konsentrasi road side monitoring hidrokarbon tahun 2011-2012

H C Concentrati on (ug / N m 3 )

400

2011

350

2012

HC standard Baku Mutu

300 250 200 150 100 50 Yogyakarta

Tangerang

Surakarta

Surabaya

Semarang

Samarinda

Pekanbaru

Palembang

Padang

Medan

Malang

Makasar

Batam City

North Jakarta

East Jakarta

South Jakarta

Central Jakarta

West Jakarta

Depok

Denpasar

Bogor

Bekasi

Banjarmasin

Bandung

Bandar Lampung

Balikpapan

0

City kota



Figure 2.15 O3 concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.15 Konsentrasi road side monitoring O3 tahun 2011-2012

O 3 Concentration ( u g / N m 3 )

400

2011

2012

O3 standard Baku Mutu

350 300 250 200 150 100 50

Yogyakarta

Tangerang

Surakarta

Surabaya

Semarang

Samarinda

Pekanbaru

Palembang

Padang

Medan

Malang

Makasar

Batam City

North Jakarta

East Jakarta

South Jakarta

Central Jakarta

West Jakarta

Depok

Denpasar

Bogor

Bekasi

Banjarmasin

Bandung

Bandar Lampung

Balikpapan

0

City kota



25

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2


Air quality monitoring was also included in the Blue Sky Program, with the program’s Urban Air Quality Evaluation (Evaluasi Kualitas Udara Perkotaan = EKUP) measuring air quality in relation to motor vehicle transportation (roadside monitoring). The results were as follows: Tangerang, South Jakarta and Medan achieved the highest Blue Sky scores among metropolitan cities; Batam City, Denpasar and Manado scored the most points among big cities; while Serang, Manokwari and Mataram had the best results of medium and small cities.

Pemantauan kualitas udara juga dilakukan melalui Program Langit Biru dengan Evaluasi Kualitas Udara Perkotaan (EKUP). Salah satu kegiatan EKUP: memantau kualitas udara yang bersumber dari transportasi kendaraan bermotor (roadside monitoring). Berdasarkan kategori kota, tiga kota metropolitan dengan nilai Langit Biru tertinggi adalah: Tangerang, Jakarta Selatan, dan Medan; untuk kota besar: Kota Batam, Denpasar, dan Manado; serta untuk kota sedang dan kecil: Serang, Manokwari, dan Mataram. EKUP telah digelar pada 2007 – 2008 dan 2011 - 2012.

EKUP was conducted in 2007-2008 and in 2011-2012 covering 45 cities in 33 provinces in 2012, up from 26 cities in 2011, all of which were re-evaluated in 2012. The results of motor vehicle emissions testing showed that average passing rates of gasoline-fueled vehicles had increased from 85 percent in 2011 to 88 percent in 2012. Diesel-fueled vehicles showed a negative trend with an average passing rate of 47 percent in 2011 decreasing to 43 percent in 2012.

Jumlah kota yang dievaluasi pada 2012 mencapai 45 kota di 33 provinsi, meningkat dari 26 kota pada 2011— yang juga dievaluasi kembali pada 2012. Hasil uji emisi kendaraan bermotor menunjukkan naiknya tingkat kelulusan rerata untuk kendaraan bensin: dari 85 persen pada 2011, menjadi 88 persen pada 2012. Namun, untuk kendaraan solar, tingkat kelulusan rerata menurun: 47 persen pada 2011, menjadi 43 persen pada 2012. Pengukuran kualitas udara di jalan raya meliputi

Parameters for roadside measurement of air quality included carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), SO 2, TSP, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). Compared to 2011 monitoring results from 22 cities, a decrease of CO concentrations occurred in all but four cities (Figure 2.10). The reverse applied for NO 2 concentrations, which tended to increase in 2011 and 2012 (Figure 2.11). A similar trend was identifiable for concentrations of TSP (Figure 2.12) and SO 2 (Figure 2.13). In the meantime, hydrocarbon concentrations exceeded the standard in eight cities, although there was an overall decrease compared to 2011 data (Figure 2.14). Ozone concentrations were also declining (Figure 2.15).

parameter

Karbon

monoksida

(CO),

hidrokarbon

(HC), SO 2, TSP, Ozon, dan Nitrogen dioksida (NO 2). Dibandingkan hasil pemantauan pada 2011 di 22 kota, konsentrasi CO cenderung menurun, kecuali di empat kota (Gambar 2.10). Namun, konsentrasi NO 2 terjadi sebaliknya, cenderung meningkat pada 2011 dan 2012 (Gambar 2.11). Kecenderungan serupa juga terjadi untuk konsentrasi TSP (Gambar 2.12) dan SO 2 (Gambar 2.13). Sementara itu, hidrokarbon telah melebihi baku mutu di 8 kota, walaupun cenderung menurun dibandingkan pada 2011 (Gambar 2.14). Penurunan juga terjadi untuk parameter ozon (Gambar 2.15). Pemantauan udara jalan raya sejumlah kota besar pada 2012 memberikan informasi beberapa pencemar udara

Roadside monitoring in several big cities in 2012 showed an increase in a number of air pollutants. This meant that air quality had worsened, which in turn negatively affected health and forest growth, reduced visibility and caused damage to buildings – all because of acid rain.

meningkat. Hal ini berarti kualitas udara menurun, yang berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan, pertumbuhan hutan, mengurangi jarak pandang, dan merusak bangunan—karena hujan asam. Selain menimbulkan asap hitam, bau tidak sedap, iritasi mata dan infeksi pernafasan, pencemaran udara juga

Apart from causing black smoke, unpleasant odours as well as eye and respiratory infections, air pollution also raises the risk of premature deaths, lowers work productivity and hampers agricultural production. A 2002 Asian Development Bank study showed that costs related to health problems due to polluted air in Jakarta amounted to 1.8 trillion Rupiah.

memicu risiko kematian dini, produktivitas kerja menurun, dan gangguan produksi pertanian. Dapat dilihat pada studi Asian Development Bank (ADB) pada 2002 yang mengidentifikasikan, dampak kesehatan karena udara tercemar di Jakarta menelan biaya Rp 1,8 triliun. Di beberapa provinsi dan kota besar, kendaraan bermotor menjadi penyumbang terbesar konsentrasi

26


Motor vehicles are the main source of NO 2, SO 2 and CO concentrations in a number of provinces and big cities, amounting to more than 50 percent of the total. NO 2 gas causes damage to the lungs if inhaled. In combination with incomplete combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbons, NO 2 forms ground level ozone or smog – the reddish brown fog that envelops some cities.

NO 2, SO 2 dan CO di udara, hingga melebihi 50 persen. Jika gas NO 2 terhirup, akan merusak paruparu. Jika bereaksi dengan asap bensin yang tidak terbakar sempurna dan zat hidrokarbon lain, NO 2 akan membentuk ozon rendah atau smog—kabut coklat kemerahan yang telah menyelimuti beberapa kota lain di dunia. Risiko lain adalah particulate matter (PM), yang

A further risk factor is particulate matter (PM), which has an even greater impact on humans than other air pollutants. The main components of particulate matter are sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, sodium chloride, carbon, mineral dust and water. Particulate matter consists of a complex mix of air-suspended solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic materials. Several studies show that PM 2.5 (PM with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) causes more deaths than PM 10 (PM with a diameter of 10 μm or less). However, particles in the 2.5-10 μm still pose risks in relation to asthma and upper respiratory tract infections (URIs).

mempunyai pengaruh lebih besar bagi manusia

Government Regulation No. 41/1999 regarding Air Pollution Control has set the national standards for PM 10 and PM 2.5. The Ministry of Environment continuously monitors air quality using AQMS, including particulate matter, in 10 cities. However, only three cities use active methods, namely Jakarta, Surabaya and Palangkaraya (MoE, 2011). Monitoring with GENT Stacked Filter Unit Samplers for PM 10 and PM 2.5 monitoring commenced in 2012.

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang

dibandingkan pencemar udara lain. Komponen utama PM adalah sulfat, nitrat, amonia, natrium klorida, karbon, debu mineral dan air. Particulate matter terdiri dari campuran yang kompleks antara partikel padat dan cair dari bahan organik dan anorganik yang tersuspensi di udara. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan, lebih banyak kematian karena PM 2,5 (PM di bawah 2,5 µm) dibandingkan PM 10 (PM di bawah 10 µm). Namun, partikel antara 2,5 – 10 µm juga berisiko, jika dikaitkan dengan asma dan infeksi saluran pernafasan atas (ISPA).

Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara telah menetapkan baku mutu untuk PM 10 dan PM 2,5. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah memantau udara secara kontinyu (AQMS), termasuk particulate matter, di 10 kota. Namun hanya tiga kota yang aktif, yaitu Jakarta, Surabaya, dan Palangkaraya (KLH, 2011). Mulai 2012 juga dilakukan pemantauan dengan GENT Stacked Filter Unit Sampler untuk pengukuran PM 10 dan PM 2,5.

Table 2.1 PM10 and PM2,5 monitoring in 10 cities in Indonesia, 2012 Tabel 2.1 Pemantauan PM10 dan PM2,5 di 10 Kota Indonesia Tahun 2012

Location Lokasi Pemantauan

1. Yogyakarta 2. Semarang 3. Surabaya 4. Palangkaraya 5. Pekanbaru 6. Bandung 7. Jakarta 8. Tangerang 9. Denpasar 10. Makassar

mean value PM10 Rata-rata PM10 (µg/m3)

mean value PM2,5 Rata-rata PM2,5 (µg/m3)

N

23,63 29,91 51,14 27,63 49,92 43,89 51,14 27,64 43,65 24,33

10,33 9,28 19,66 11,87 18,63 17,21 19,72 11,56 15,31 7,69

50 30 13 52 42 52 30 42 10 17

Monitoring Period Periode Pemantauan 2012

Jan – Des Mar – Des Mar – Jun, Sep, Okt Jan – Des Mar - Des Jan – Des Jan – Des Jan – Des Sep – Nov Okt – Des

Ambient Air Quality Standard, Goverment Regulation No. 41/1999: Baku Mutu Udara Ambien PP No. 41 tahun 1999: 24-hour average for PM10 = 150 µg/m3. Waktu Pengukuran 24 jam PM10 = 150 µg/m3. 24-hour average for PM2.5 = 65 µg/m3; 1 year average = 15 µg/m3 Waktu Pengukuran 24 jam PM2,5 = 65 µg/m3; 1 tahun = 15 µg/m3

Source: Ministry of Environment and National Nuclear Energy Agency Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

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Figure 2.16 Average concentrations of PM10 and PM 2,5 in ten Indonesian cities, 2012 Gambar 2.16 Konsentrasi rata-rata PM10 dan PM 2,5 di sepuluh kota Indonesia tahun 2012

Concentration (ug/m3)

60

PM 2,5

50

PM 10

40

PM 2,5 standard BM

30 20 10

Makasar

Denpasar

Tangerang

Jakarta

Bandung

Pekanbaru

Palangkaraya

Surabaya

Semarang

Yogyakarta

0

Source: Ministry of Environment and National Nuclear Energy Agency Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

Figure 2.17 Heavy metals (ng/m3) in PM, 2012 Gambar 2.17 Kandungan logam berat (ng/m3) dalam PM tahun 2012

700

Yogyakarta

600 Concentration (ug/m3)

2

Semarang Surabya

500

Palangkaraya

400

Pekanbaru Bandung

300

Jakarta Tangerang

200

Denpasar

100

Makasar

0

Na Mg AI K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Pb Sb Source: Ministry of Environment and National Nuclear Energy Agency Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

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Public transport user covering her nose to escape air pollution (exhaust fumes) on Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jakarta Calon pengguna angkutan umum menutup hidungnya dari polusi (asap) kendaraan di Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jakarta Photo Foto: TEMPO/ Arie Basuki

Annual PM 2.5 concentrations exceeding the national standard limit occured in Surabaya, Pekanbaru, Bandung and Jakarta. The ratio of PM 2.5 to PM 10 ranged between 0.3 and 0.48. The 2005 WHO Air Quality Guidelines recommend 24-hour means of 50 µg/m 3 and 25 µg/m 3 and 1-year means of 20 µg/ m 3 and 10 µg/m 3 respectively for PM 10 and PM 2.5. It is obvious that the air quality in the above cities requires close attention.

Konsentrasi PM 2,5 tahunan yang melebihi baku mutu terlihat di Surabaya, Pekanbaru, Bandung, dan Jakarta. Rasio PM 2,5 terhadap PM 10 berkisar antara 0,3 sampai 0,48. Jika mengacu pada WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2005, rekomendasi untuk waktu pengukuran 24 jam PM 10 adalah 50 µg/m 3 dan 1 tahun sebesar 20 µg/m 3. Sedangkan untuk waktu pengukuran 24 jam PM 2,5 sebesar 25 µg/m 3 dan 1 tahun sebesar 10 µg/m 3. Kualitas udara di kota-kota tersebut perlu mendapatkan perhatian.

Filters were used to analyze the concentrations of almost 20 trace metals in PM. Emissions from mobile sources were the main source for most of the Fe and Zn in urban areas, but Fe also originated from natural dust resuspension processes. Surabaya had the highest level of lead (Pb), followed by Tangerang and Jakarta. The lead came from industrial emissions, whereas Na, Al, K and Ca originated in the soil.

Filter juga digunakan untuk menganalisis kandungan hampir 20 unsur logam dalam PM. Emisi sumber bergerak adalah faktor utama yang berkontribusi terhadap Fe dan Zn di perkotaan. Fe juga dapat berasal dari resuspensi debu alami. Untuk parameter timbal (Pb), dibandingkan kota-kota lain, Surabaya terdeteksi memiliki kadar Pb tertinggi, diikuti Tangerang dan Jakarta. Kondisi itu berasal dari emisi industri, sedangkan Na, Al, K, dan Ca berasal dari tanah.

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Acid Rain / Acid Deposition Hujan Asam / Deposisi Asam

“Acid rain” is a broad term referring to various acidic compounds that fall from the atmosphere. A more accurate term is “acid deposition”, which comprises wet and dry deposition.

“Hujan asam” adalah istilah umum untuk menjelaskan

Acid deposition occurs when SO 2 and NOx emissions in the air react with water, O 2 and oxidants to produce acidic compounds that fall to the Earth in dry form (gas, particles) or wet form (rain, snow, fog). Normal rain has a pH of 5.6 and may turn into acid rain at pH values below that. Acid rain occurs if its pH value is less than 4.5.

Deposisi asam terjadi ketika emisi SO 2 dan NOx di

berbagai cara senyawa asam jatuh dari atmosfer. Istilah yang lebih tepat adalah “deposisi asam”, yang terdiri dari deposisi basah dan deposisi kering.

udara bereaksi dengan air, O 2, dan oksidan sehingga terbentuk senyawa asam yang jatuh ke Bumi dalam bentuk kering (gas, partikel) maupun basah (hujan, salju, kabut). pH air hujan normal berkisar 5,6 sehingga di bawah nilai itu berpotensi terjadi hujan asam. Hujan asam terjadi bila pH di bawah 4,5.

Acid deposition is not just a local, but also a regional problem because it amounts to transboundary atmospheric pollution. The Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) was established as a regional cooperative initiative, and Indonesia has been an active member since 1998. There are five locations in Indonesia that are part of this cooperation: Jakarta, Serpong, Kototabang, Bandung and Maros. Between 2001 and 2011, the average pH of rainwater in those five locations tended to be lower than that of normal rainwater (pH 5.6) and sometimes even approached a value of 4. This indicated a potential for acid rain. Further evidence was an increase in sulfate and nitrate anions in rainwater, which are precursors of acid rain.

Deposisi asam tidak hanya menjadi masalah lokal, tetapi regional karena melampaui batas nasional (transboundary atmospheric pollution). Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) didirikan sebagai inisiatif kerja sama regional, Indonesia menjadi salah satu anggota yang aktif sejak 1998. Ada lima lokasi di Indonesia yang menjadi bagian kerja sama ini: Jakarta, Serpong, Kototabang, Bandung, dan Maros. Sepanjang 2001 – 2011, pH rata-rata air hujan di lima lokasi itu cenderung di bawah air hujan normal (pH 5,6) dan beberapa justru mendekati 4. Terlihat potensi terjadinya hujan asam. Hal itu diperkuat dengan meningkatnya anion sulfat dan nitrat dalam air hujan, yang merupakan prekursor hujan asam. Deposisi asam dapat menyebabkan tanah dan

Acid deposition can cause soil and water bodies to become too acidic to support fish life and other wildlife. In addition to that, it can cause damage to trees – especially at higher elevations – and cause damage to buildings, monuments and historic objects. Acid deposition has a global impact that may disturb the balance of ecosystems.

badan air menjadi asam, sehingga tidak layak untuk kehidupan ikan dan hewan liar. Selain itu, dapat merusak pepohonan—terutama pada elevasi tinggi, merusak bangunan, monumen dan benda bersejarah. Deposisi asam dapat berdampak global, yang dapat mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem, antara lain: • Keasaman air danau membuat berkurangnya

• Acidic lake water may result in the loss of certain species. Plankton and invertebrates are among the organisms affected by acidification. In lakes with a pH below 5, more than 75 percent of fish species will disappear because of the effect on the food chain. This will affect the sustainability of ecosystems.

spesies tertentu. Jenis plankton dan invertebrata adalah makhluk yang paling cepat terpengaruh pengasaman.

Jika pH danau di bawah 5, lebih

dari 75 persen spesies ikan akan hilang karena pengaruh rantai makanan. Hal ini berdampak pada kelangsungan ekosistem.

30


Figure 2.18 Annual average sulfate concentrations (µmol/L) in rainwater, 2001-2011 Gambar 2.18 Konsentrasi Sulfat (µmol/L)air hujan rata-rata tahunan, 2001-2011

70,00 60,00

Jakarta

50,00 40,00

Serpong

30,00

Kototabang

20,00

Bandung

10,00

Maros 2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

0,00

2001

Sulfate Concentration (mg/L)

80,00

Ye a r Ta h u n Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


Jakarta Serpong Kototabang Bandung

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

Maros

2002

90,00 80,00 70,00 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00

2001

Nitrate Concentration (mg/L)

Figure 2.19 Annual average nitrate concentrations (µmol/l) in rainwater, 2001-2011 Gambar 2.19 Konsentrasi nitrat (µmol/l) air hujan rata-rata tahunan, 2001-2011

Ye a r Ta h u n Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


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• Acid deposition may remove soil nutrients and release toxic compounds that occur naturally in the soil – such as aluminum and mercury. As a result, rivers, ground water and plants in the surrounding area become contaminated.

• Deposisi asam akan menghilangkan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan tanah. Deposisi asam juga dapat membebaskan senyawa beracun alamiah dalam tanah—seperti aluminium dan merkuri. Akibatnya, sungai, air tanah, dan tumbuhan di sekitarnya akan teracuni.

• Acid deposition leaches soil nutrients so that they become unavailable to the trees. Toxic compounds hinder tree growth, causing trees to shed their leaves prematurely, become vulnerable to diseases, wither and die. According to Soemarmoto (1992), leaves exposed to acid deposition have low levels of magnesium – an essential nutrient for plants. Magnesium deficits occur when this element is leached from the soil due to the low pH.

• Deposisi asam yang larut bersama nutrisi tanah akan

menghilangkan

dimanfaatkan

nutrisi

pepohonan

itu

sebelum

untuk

tumbuh.

Sementara senyawa beracun yang larut akan menghambat pertumbuhan, daun cepat gugur, pohon terserang penyakit, kekeringan dan mati. Menurut Soemarmoto (1992), daun yang terkena deposisi asam berkadar magnesium rendah—salah satu nutrisi esensial bagi tanaman. Kekurangan magnesium lantaran unsur ini tercuci dari tanah

• Microscopic animals in the soil are vulnerable to extreme change and will die immediately if the soil’s pH increases. Other animal species are also at risk of dying due to the reduced number of producers (plants). Animals become more susceptible to diseases if their skins are exposed to acidic water.

karena pH yang rendah. • Karena rentan perubahan ekstrim, spesies hewan renik dalam tanah akan langsung mati pada saat pH tanah meningkat. Spesies hewan lain juga terancam mati, karena jumlah produsen (tumbuhan) semakin sedikit. Berbagai penyakit juga akan menyerang, karena kulit hewan terpapar air asam.

• Studies have shown that SO 2 from acid rain may react chemically in the air and cause respiratory illnesses. Risk of skin cancer also increases if the skin is exposed directly to sulfate and nitrate compounds.

• Berdasarkan penelitian, SO 2 dari hujan asam dapat bereaksi kimia di udara, yang menyebabkan penyakit pernapasan. Selain itu, risiko terkena kanker kulit juga meningkat, jika kulit terpapar langsung dengan senyawa sulfat dan nitrat.

• Acid deposition can accelerate the corrosion process of certain materials, for instance limestone, ironsand, marble, stone cladding on concrete walls and metal. Acid rain destroys rocks by dissolving calcium carbonate and forming crystals within the rocks.

• Deposisi

asam

dapat

mempercepat

proses

pengaratan dari beberapa material, seperti batu kapur, pasir besi, marmer, batu pada dinding beton dan logam. Hujan asam merusak batuan dengan melarutkan

kalsium

karbonat,

meninggalkan

kristal pada batuan.

• Acid deposition, both wet and dry, can damage buildings, sculptures, motor vehicles and objects made of stone, metal or other material that are left exposed in the open for long periods.

• Deposisi asam, baik basah maupun kering, dapat merusak bangunan, patung, kendaraan bermotor dan benda dari batu, logam atau material lain bila diletakkan di area terbuka dalam waktu lama.

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Figure 2.20 Impacts of acid deposition

Photo by Courtesy Foto: Istimewa

Gambar 2.20. foto dampak deposisi asam

WATER

AIR

We can summarize the most commonly occurring water problems as the availability of too much water, too little water, or too dirty water (the 3 Ts). The last condition refers to water pollution due to the practice of using bodies of water for the disposal of domestic and industrial waste (Kodoatie R. J., 2011).

Ada tiga masalah klasik air yang disebut 3T: too much, too little, too dirty. Too much berarti di suatu tempat, air terlalu berlebih. Too little berarti di suatu tempat, air sangat kurang. Dan too dirty yang berarti air terlalu kotor. Hal terakhir menunjukkan adanya polusi air karena kebiasaan membuang sampah dan limbah industri ke badan air (Kodoatie R.J, 2011).

Generally speaking, water pollution is caused by untreated domestic and industrial liquid waste, trash, excessive water consumption, and bad practice of land use. Compounding this is the fact that 30 percent of the population contaminate water bodies with their feces. Each day approx. 14,000 tons of human excrement are left improperly treated. This has a serious impact on water quality. The availability of water is further compromised by land use changes

Secara global, pencemaran air berasal dari limbah cair domestik dan industri tidak dikelola, sampah domestik, pemakaian air berlebihan, dan penataan fungsi lahan yang tidak baik. Ini diperparah dengan 30 persen masyarakat yang masih buang air besar sembarangan di badan air. Setiap hari sekitar 14.000 ton tinja manusia belum dikelola dengan benar. Sehingga berdampak pada kualitas air yang menurun. Tidak hanya itu,

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in upstream areas that would increase surface runoff and the risk of floods.

ketersediaan air juga terganggu, akibat alih fungsi lahan yang meningkatkan aliran permukaan (run-off) di kawasan hilir, yang berpotensi menimbulkan banjir.

The number of houses with septic tanks increased nationally from 40.67 percent to 60.33 percent between 2006 and 2011. In 2011, DKI Jakarta became the province with the highest percentage of houses with septic tanks at 93.30 percent. The province with the lowest percentage was Papua at 28.42 percent (BPS/Statistics Indonesia, Indicators of Sustainable Development 2012).).

Antara 2006 sampai 2011, secara nasional persentase rumah yang dilengkapi tangki septik meningkat dari 40,67 persen menjadi 60,33 persen. Pada 2011, DKI Jakarta menjadi provinsi tertinggi dengan jumlah rumah dengan tangki septik, yakni 93,90 persen. Sedangkan provinsi dengan persentase terendah adalah Papua: 28,42 persen (BPS, Indikator Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 2012).

Bad water quality and a disturbed hydrological cycle may cause health problems as shown in Figure 2.21. Diarrhea, for instance, is closely related to bad water quality, poor availability of clean water and unhygienic behavior.

Kualitas air yang buruk dan ganjilnya siklus hidrologi, berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan, seperti terlihat pada gambar 2.21 Penyakit diare misalnya, identik dengan kualitas air yang buruk, kurangnya ketersediaan air bersih, dan diperburuk dengan perilaku tidak higienis.

Figure 2.21 Case fatality rates in extraordinary incidents of diarrhea in Indonesia, 2005-2012 Gambar 2.21 Case fatality rate KLB diare di Indonesia tahun 2005-2012

2,94

2,44 2,16

2,12

1,89 1,74

1,74

0,4

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Source: Ministry of Health, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Kesehatan, 2012

34

2010

2011

2012


River Water Quality

Kualitas Air Sungai

Water pollution remains a significant problem in Indonesia today, particularly on the island of Java. Evaluation of pollution levels is carried out using the STORET method. This is one the methods used in Indonesia to analyze the state of water pollution. Figure 2.22 shows the increase of monitoring points with heavily polluted status in 2008-2012. This means that efforts to maintain and restore water quality of major rivers, especially in urban areas, have not yet been successful.

Sampai saat ini pencemaran air masih menjadi masalah

The results of the 2008-2012 monitoring program revealed that the quality of river water tended to deteriorate, especially on the islands of Java and Sumatra, as shown in Figure 2.23. The main source of pollution was domestic activity, as indicated by organic parameters (BOD/COD ratio and coliform concentration), especially in Maluku, South-East Sulawesi and North Sumatra, and shown in Figure 2.24. The amount of organic matter in river water in almost all provinces exceeded the limit of 25 mg/l for COD stipulated in Government Regulation No. 82/2001. West Java recorded the highest levels in terms of organic matter and related to poor sanitation. Nevertheless, the percentage of heavily polluted waters has decreased from 82 percent in 2011 to 75.2 percent – as shown in Figure 2.25.

Hasil pemantauan 2008 – 2012 tersebut menunjukkan

On the island of Java, in particular, industrial waste water has tended to decrease in quality. So far, it has not been possible to identify agricultural pollution sources since routine sector-specific monitoring has yet to commence.

Khusus Pulau Jawa, terlihat ada tendensi menurunnya

Photo / Foto : Indarto

penting di Indonesia, terutama di Pulau Jawa. Tingkat pencemaran air dievaluasi dengan metode Storet. Metode ini merupakan salah satu metode untuk menganalisis status pencemaran air yang diterapkan di Indonesia. Gambar 2.22 menyajikan meningkatnya persentase titik pantau dengan status tercemar berat selama 2008 – 2012. Hal ini berarti perlindungan dan pemulihan kualitas air sungai-sungai utama, khususnya di perkotaan, belum berhasil.

kualitas air sungai cenderung menurun, terutama di Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera, seperti terlihat pada gambar 2.23 Sumber utama pencemar berasal dari aktivitas domestik, yang terlihat dari parameter organik (proporsi BOD/COD dan kandungan Coliform) terutama di Maluku, Sulawesi Tenggara dan Sumatera Utara—terlihat pada gambar 2.24 Kualitas air sungai sebagian besar provinsi memiliki nilai kandungan organik melebihi baku mutu (diwakili parameter COD), yaitu sebesar 25 mg/l— berdasarkan PP Nomor 82/2001. Nilai organik tertinggi terpantau di Jawa Barat. Hal ini berkaitan dengan tingkat sanitasi rendah. Meskipun begitu, persentase mutu air cemar berat sudah berkurang dari 82 persen pada 2011, menjadi 75,2 persen pada 2012—terlihat pada gambar 2.25.

kualitas air dari perindustrian. Sumber pencemar dari pertanian belum bisa diidentifikasi karena monitoring rutin pencemar spesifik sektor ini belum dilakukan.

35

2


Figure 2.22 Percentage of river water monitoring points in Indonesia with heavily polluted status as defined by Class 2 Water Quality Criteria in Government Regulation No. 82/2001 Gambar 2.22 Persentase titik pantau air sungai di Indonesia dengan status tercemar berat berdasarkan Kriteria mutu Air Kelas II PP 82 Tahun 2001 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2008

2009

2010


2011

2012


Figure 2.24 Distribution of BOD/COD ratiosand organic pollutant values by province Gambar 2.24 Sebaran nilai rasio BOD/COD dan nilai pencemar organik berdasarkan provinsi

0.5

80.00 West Java Bangka Belitung East Kalimantan 60.00

Maluku

DKI Jakarta Riau West Nusa Tenggara

COD

2

Gorontalo

Lampung

West Papua

40.00 Aceh

West Kalimantan

Central Java

Southeast Sulawesi

South Kalimantan 20.00

North Sulawesi

25.0

Riau Archipelago Jambi

Yogyakarta

East Nusa Tenggara East Java Bali West Sulawesi

West Sumatera

0.00

Central Sulawesi

0.00

Bengkulu South Sulawesi 0.20

0.40

North Sumatera 0.60

0.80

1.00

rasio BOD/COD Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


36


Figure 2.23 Degradation of river quality in Indonesia (2008 map) Gambar. 2.23 Penurunan Kualitas Sungai di Indonesia (peta 2008 ).

Weight Moderate Light Fulfill No Data

Note: Province names in green indicate improved river water quality, province names in white indicate unchanged river water quality, while province names in red indicate declining river water quality. Keterangan: Tulisan provinsi warna hijau menunjukan kualitas air sungai yang membaik, tulisan provinsi warna putih menunjukan kualitas air sungai tetap, sedangkan tulisan provinsi warna merah menunjukan kualitas air sungai menurun.

Figure 2.23 Degradation of river quality in Indonesia (2012 map) Gambar. 2.23 Penurunan Kualitas Sungai di Indonesia (peta 2012 ).

Weight Moderate Light Fulfill No Data

Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

37

2


Figure 2.25 Percentage of water quality parameters not compliant with Class 2 Water Quality Criteria in Government Regulation 82/2001 Gambar 2.25 Persentase parameter kualitas air 2008-2012 yang tidak memenuhi Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP 82/2001

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 00

2008 2009 2010 2011

Total Coli

Fecal Coli

H2S

Free chlorine Klorin bebas

Detergent

Oil & grease Minyak & lemak

Phenol Fenol

T-P

NO3

NO2

COD

BOD

DO

TSS

TDS

2012

pH

Percent %

2

Parameters Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


Pollution Load Reduction

Penurunan Beban Pencemaran

Intensive monitoring through the Environmental Performance Rating Program (PROPER) and the permit system managed to reduce pollution loads. In 2010-2012, water pollution loads from industrial sources were reduced by 19,885,997,416 kg, or 52.3 percent of the total amount of industrial organic waste water. Meanwhile, industrial greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 51,019,189 kg CO 2, or 1.32 percent.

Pengawasan secara intensif melalui Program Peringkat

The biggest challenge was to reduce pollution loads from domestic sources, which so far only managed to record a reduction of 139,693,010 kg, or 5.4 percent of the total daily loads. This includes pollution loads from agriculture, due to increased use of fertilizers and pesticides

Tantangan terbesar adalah mengurangi pencemaran

Lake Water Quality

Kualitas Air Danau

Water quality monitoring in 15 major lakes in 2001 revealed that most of them were eutrophic and had catchment areas and riparian ecosystems that were at risk (s. Table 2.2).

Pemantauan kualitas air di 15 danau utama pada

Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER) dan sistem perizinan telah berhasil menurunkan beban pencemaran lingkungan. Selama 2010 – 2012 beban pencemaran air yang bisa diturunkan dari industri mencapai 19.885.997.416 kg atau 52,3 persen dari total air limbah organik industri. Sementara untuk emisi gas rumah kaca dari industri, telah berhasil menurunkan beban pencemaran sebesar 51.019.189 kg-setara-CO 2 atau sebesar 1,32 persen.

dari rumah tangga, yang baru berhasil menurunkan 139.693.010 kg atau 5,4 persen dari total beban yang dihasilkan setiap hari. Termasuk beban pencemaran dari pertanian, seiring makin banyaknya pemakaian pupuk dan pestisida.

2011 menunjukkan, sebagian besar masuk dalam kategori eutrof, kondisi terestrial daerah tangkapan air terancam, dan kondisi sempadan danau terancam— lihat tabel 2.2.

38


Monitoring of five lakes in 2012 showed slight improvements in two of those lakes, namely Lake Batur and Lake Singkarak, as exhibited in Table 2.3.

Pada 2012, pemantauan di lima danau, terdapat dua danau, Danau Batur dan Danau Singkarak, yang menunjukkan sedikit perbaikan, seperti terlihat pada tabel 2.3.

Eutrophication is caused by an increase of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, in lakes or dams. Oligotrophic conditions occur when lakes or dams have low nutrient concentrations. This state reflects the pristine water quality in water bodies not yet contaminated by nitrogen and phosphorus.

Eutrofikasi

disebabkan

peningkatan

kadar

unsur

hara, terutama Nitrogen dan Fosfor pada air danau ataupun waduk. Kondisi Oligotrof adalah status trofik air danau atau waduk yang mengandung kadar unsur hara rendah. Status ini menunjukkan kualitas air masih bersifat alamiah, belum tercemar Nitrogen dan Fosfor.

Lakes or dams with high concentration of nutrients are classified as eutrophic. This state indicates that the water has become polluted due to increased nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The final trophic state category is hypereutrophic, which occurs in lakes and dams with very high concentrations of nutrients. Here the water is heavily polluted with nitrogen and phosphorus (s. Table 2.4).

Sementara itu, Eutrof adalah status air danau atau waduk yang memiliki kadar unsur hara yang tinggi. Status ini menunjukkan air telah tercemar karena naiknya kadar Nitrogen dan Fosfor. Status terakhir, Hypereutrof adalah status trofik air danau atau waduk yang mengandung kadar unsur hara sangat tinggi. Artinya, air telah tercemar berat kadar Nitrogen dan Fosfor—dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.4.

Table 2.2 Status of Ecosystems in 15 Lakes, 2011 Tabel 2.2 Status Ekosistem 15 Danau 2011

Status of Ecosystem Status Ekosistem

Nama of Lake Nama Danau

No.

Catchment Area

Riparian

Terestrial Daerah Tangkapan Air

Sempadan Danau

1. 2.

Toba Singkarak

At risk Terancam At risk Terancam


3.

Maninjau

Damaged Rusak

Damaged Rusak

4. 5.

Kerinci Rawa Danau



6.

Rawa Pening

Damaged Rusak

Damaged Rusak

7. 8.

Batur Tempe

At risk Terancam Damaged Rusak

At risk Terancam Damaged Rusak

9.

Matano

At risk Terancam

At risk Terancam

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Poso Tondano Limboto Mahakam (Semayang, Melintang,Jempang) Sentarum Sentani

At risk Terancam Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak At risk Terancam Damaged Rusak At risk Terancam

At risk Terancam Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak At risk Terancam At risk Terancam At risk Terancam

Source: Processed Ministry of Environment data (2011)

Trophic State (Aquatic Habitat) Status Trofik

(Perairan Danau)

Eutrophic Eutrof Eutrophic Eutrof Hypereutrophic Hypereutrof

Eutrophic Eutrof Eutrophic Eutrof Hypereutrophic Hypereutrof

Eutrophic Eutrof Eutrophic Eutrof Hypereutrophic Oligotrofik

Eutrophic Eutrof Eutrophic Eutrof Eutrophic Eutrof Eutrophic Eutrof Eutrophic Eutrof Eutrophic Eutrof

Sumber: Data diolah Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (2011)

39

2

2


Table 2.3 Trophic state and lake water quality Tabel 2.3 Status trofik dan kualitas air danau Lake Trophic State Danau Status Trofik

No.

1

2

3

4

5

Lake Toba Danau Toba - Based on Total P Berdasarkan Total P - Based on Total N Berdasarkan Total N - Based on average chlorophyll concentration Berdasarkan rata-rata Klhorofil Lake Tempe Danau Tempe - Based on Total P Berdasarkan Total P - Based on Total N Berdasarkan Total N Lake Batur Danau Batur Lake Singkarak Danau Singkarak - Based on Total N and P (inlet) Berdasarkan Total N dan P (inlet) - Based on Total N and P (middle) Berdasarkan Total N dan P (tengah)

Water Quality Kualitas Air

Eutrophic Lightly polluted Cemar Ringan

Eutrof

Oligotrophic Oligotrof

Eutrophic Eutrof

Hypertrophic

Heavily polluted Cemar Berat

Hypertrof

Oligotrophic ‘ Oligotrof

Mesotrophic

Lightly polluted Cemar Ringan

Mesotrofik

Eutrophic

Polluted Cemar

Eutrof

Mesotrophic Mesotrofik

Lake Kerinci Danau Kerinci

Lightly polluted Cemar Ringan

Eutrophic

- Based on Total N and P Berdasarkan Total N dan P

Eutrof



Table 2.4 Trophic State Criteria for Lakes Tabel 2.4 Kriteria Status Trofik Danau

Trophic State Status Trofik

Average Kadar Rata-Rata Total - N (ug/l)

Average Kadar Rata-Rata Total - P (ug/l)

Average Chlorophyll Kadar Rata-Rata Klorofil -a (ug/l)

Average Clarity Kecerahan Rata-Rata (m)

Oligotrophic Oligotrof

< 650

< 10

< 2.0

> 10

Mesotrophic Mesotrof

< 750

< 30

< 5.0

> 4

Eutrophic Eutrof

< 1900

< 100

< 15

> 2.5

Hypertrophic Hypertrof

> 1900

> 100

> 200

< 2.5

Source: Ministry of Environment 2009, modification of OECD 1982, MAB 1989; UNEP-ILEC, 2001 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup 2009, Modifikasi OECD 1982, MAB 1989; UNEP-ILEC, 2001

The Trophic State of Several Lakes Berbagai Danau dengan Status Trofiknya

Lake Toba has a surface area of 1,124 km 2

Danau Toba memiliki luas permukaan 1.124 km 2

(112,400 hectares) and a shoreline of approx. 428.7 km; its maximum length and width are 50.2 km and 26.8 km, respectively. The lake’s catchment area covers 186,720,121 m 2. Pollution sources include

(112.400 hektar) dengan panjang tepi danau sekitar 428,7 km; panjang dan lebar maksimum danau: 50,2 km dan 26,8 km. Total luas daerah tangkapan air (DTA) adalah 186.720.121 m 2. Pencemar danau

40


domestic activities, livestock, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants originate mainly from fish farming, livestock and domestic activities. Based on average chlorophyll-a data, Lake Toba is classified as eutrophic to hypereutrophic

ini bersumber dari aktivitas domestik, peternakan,

Lake Batur is located at the foot of Mount Batur,

Danau Batur terletak di kaki Gunung Batur, Bali.

Bali. The largest lake in Bali, it fills the caldera formed by an eruption of Mount Batur thousands of years ago. Water from the lake flows into almost all large rivers on Bali, including the Unda River in southern Bali, the Suni River in western Bali and the Bayumala River in northern Bali. An analysis of several Class 1 water quality parameters has shown the pollution load of Lake Batur to be low. Pollution index (PI) calculations resulted in an average of 1.806. Lake Batur was classified as mesotrophic to eutrophic, with a phosphate level of 79 µg/l and chlorophyll-a concentration of 3.2–7.1 µg/l.

Danau terbesar di pulau Bali ini terbentuk dari kawah

pertanian, kehutanan, dan perikanan. Penyumbang utama

pencemar

Nitrogen

dan

Fosfor

adalah

budidaya perikanan, peternakan dan domestik. Status trofik Danau Toba, berdasarkan kadar ratarata Khlorofil-a, adalah Eutrof sampai Hipereutrof.

besar akibat letusan Gunung Batur ribuan tahun lalu. Air danau mengalir ke hampir seluruh sungai besar di Bali, seperti Sungai Unda di Bali Selatan; Sungai Suni di Bali Barat; dan Sungai Bayumala di Bali Utara. Berdasarkan analisis beberapa parameter kualitas air dengan status mutu kelas 1, terlihat beban pencemaran di Danau Batur tergolong ringan. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil perhitungan Indeks Pencemaran (IP) yang menunjukkan angka ratarata 1,806. Status trofik Danau Batur menunjukkan status Mesotrof – Eutrof, dengan konsentrasi Fosfat: 79 µg/l dan kandungan Khlorofil-a: 3,2–7,1 µg/l.

Lake Kerinci in Kerinci, Jambi, has an area of 5,000 Danau Kerinci terletak di Kerinci, Jambi, seluas

m 2 and lies at an altitude of 783 m AMSL at the foot of Mount Raja. An analysis of several Class 2 water quality parameters has shown the pollution load of Lake Kerinci to be low. Pollution index calculations for BOD, H 2S and NO 2 reached the same result. Lake Kerinci is eutrophic, with a total nitrogen concentration of 45-57 µg/l, a clarity level of 1.5 m and a chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.5- 4.0 µg/l. Based on its morphometric characteristics, Lake Kerinci has a water pollution load capacity of 55.13 tonnes of phosphate a year. The actual water pollution load at the time exceeded this maximum capacity and was estimated at 130 tonnes of phosphate a year, stemming mainly from domestic activities, agriculture and floating fish nets.

5.000 m 2 dengan ketinggian 783 m dpl, di kaki Gunung Raja. Analisis beberapa parameter kualitas air dengan status mutu kelas 2 menunjukkan beban pencemaran Danau Kerinci tergolong ringan. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil perhitungan Indeks Pencemaran (IP) dengan parameter-parameter BOD, H 2S dan NO 2. Danau Kerinci berstatus Eutrof, dengan kadar total Fosfat sebesar 45-57 µg/l; tingkat kecerahan sebesar 1,5 m; dan kadar Khlorophyl-a sebesar 0,5- 4,0 µg/l. Daya Tampung Beban Pencemaran Air (DTBPA) Danau Kerinci berdasarkan karakteristik morfometriknya sebesar 55,13 ton Fosfat per tahun. Namun beban pencemaran air pada saat ini telah melebihi nilai DTBPA, diperkirakan sebesar 130 ton Fosfat per tahun, bersumber dari aktivitas penduduk, pertanian dan keramba jaring apung.

Lake Tempe is located in the western part of Danau Tempe di bagian barat Kabupaten Wajo,

Wajo Regency in South Sulawesi, approx. 7 km from Sengkang on the way to the banks of the River Walanae. With an area of 13,000 hectares, it straddles the Australian and Asian continental plates and is one of Indonesia’s tectonic lakes. Lake Tempe receives its water from the Bila River and its tributary, the Bulu Cenrana River. The lake is experiencing silt up due to high erosion rates in its upland area. Results of 2012 water quality monitoring, especially for phosphate, have shown the lake to be hypertrophic.

Sulawesi Selatan, tepatnya di Kecamatan Tempe, sekitar 7 km dari

Sengkang menuju tepi Sungai

Walanae. Danau seluas sekitar 13.000 hektar ini terletak di atas lempeng benua Australia dan Asia. Danau ini merupakan salah satu danau tektonik di Indonesia. Sumber air danau berasal dari Sungai Bila dan anak sungai Bulu Cenrana. Danau Tempe mengalami pendangkalan akibat tingginya erosi di bagian hulu. Hasil pengukuran kualitas air, khususnya total Fosfat, pada 2012 menunjukkan danau ini berstatus Hipertrofik.

41

2

2


Impacts of Water Quality Deterioration

Dampak Penurunan Kualitas Air

Almost all major rivers in Indonesia have experienced a decline in water quality to the point that they can no longer be used as direct sources of clean water. Because of this, approx. 119 million people have no access to clean water. The majority of those with access get their water from water utility companies, commercial water vendors and deep wells.

Hampir seluruh sungai utama di Indonesia mengalami penurunan kualitas air, sehingga air sungai tak dapat digunakan langsung sebagai sumber air bersih. Hal tersebut membuat jumlah penduduk yang tidak mampu mendapatkan air bersih cukup besar, yaitu sekitar 119 juta. Sedangkan, sebagian besar masyarakat yang punya akses terhadap air bersih, memperolehnya dari PDAM, penyalur air komersial dan sumur air dalam.

The 2011 National Socio-Economic Survey has revealed that in West Kalimantan, for example, only 24 percent of all households have access to clean water. This includes bottled water as well as water from refilling stations, utility companies, drilled wells, regular wells and protected springs that are at least 10 meters away from the nearest excreta disposal facility. Meanwhile, clean water for daily necessities is available to 91.54 percent of Jakarta’s inhabitants. From 2006 to 2011, the percentage of households that used clean water rose from 49.69 percent in 2006 to 62.65 percent in 2011 (BPS, Sustainable Development Indicators 2012).

Di Kalimantan Barat misalnya, hasil Susenas 2011 menunjukkan hanya 24 persen rumah yang memiliki akses air bersih. Air bersih itu berupa air kemasan, air isi ulang, air PDAM, sumur bor, sumur dan mata air terlindung— jarak ke penampungan akhir tinja sekurangnya 10 meter. Sementara di DKI Jakarta, penduduk yang memakai air bersih untuk keperluan harian sudah mencapai 91,54 persen. Selama 2006 - 2011, persentase rumah tangga yang memakai air bersih menunjukkan peningkatan, dari 49,69 persen pada 2006, menjadi 62,65 persen pada 2011 (BPS, Indikator Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 2012). Menurut survei tahunan BPS, volume air bersih yang

According to BPS annual surveys, water utility companies distributed a total of 3.79 billion m 3 of clean water to their customers in 2006, compared to 2.44 billion m 3 in 2010. The largest volumes of clean water distributed by water utility companies were recorded in DKI Jakarta (417.98 million m 3) and East Java (368.92 million m 3), while the lowest occurred in Bangka Belitung. To date, clean water utility companies still only have a limited number of customers. In 2010, for example, the total number of their customers was 9.57 million. East Java had the highest number of customers (1.53 million), followed by West Java (1.39 million) and DKI Jakarta (1.20 million.) (BPS, Indicators of Sustainable Development, 2012).

disalurkan perusahaan air bersih kepada pelanggan pada 2006 sebesar 3,79 miliar m 3, sedangkan pada 2010 tersalurkan 2,44 miliar m 3. Total volume air bersih terbesar yang disalurkan perusahaan air bersih pada 2010 terdapat di DKI Jakarta (417,98 juta m 3) dan Jawa Timur (368,92 juta m 3). Sedangkan distribusi total volume terkecil terjadi di Bangka Belitung. Jumlah pelanggan perusahaan air bersih juga masih terbatas. Sebagai contoh, pada 2010 terdapat 9,57 juta pelanggan di Indonesia. Pelanggan perusahaan air bersih terbanyak ada di Jawa Timur (1,53 juta pelanggan), diikuti Jawa Barat (1,39 juta), dan DKI Jakarta (1,20 juta) (BPS, Indikator Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, 2012). Gambar 2.26 menyajikan data akses terhadap air minum layak di perkotaan dan perdesaan, yang masih

Figure 2.26 shows data on access to safe water in urban and rural areas, which are still below MDG targets. This means there is still much to do to ensure the availability of clean water sources.

di bawah target MDGs. Dengan begitu, diperlukan kerja serius dalam penyediaan sumber air bersih.

42


Figure 2.26 Proportion of households with access to safe drinking water (urban and rural areas) Gambar 2.26 Proporsi rumah tangga dengan akses terhadap air minum layak (perkotaan dan perdesaan)

Urban + Rural Perkotaan + Perdesaan Urban Perkotaan Rural Perdesaan 49.8

50.2

54.1

54.6

55.6

56.8

57.3

58.2

59.5

46.0

53.0

52.7

54.9

53.8

51.7

51.5

60 50

MDG Targets

40 45,7

41,5 47,6 2005

47,7

42,9 48,8 2004

2009

41,0 47,7 2003

43,0

40,3 48,3 2002

46,5

40,4 48,7 2001

2008

31,3 37,5 2000

43,9

35,2 42,2 1999

48,3

35,6 42,0 1998

2007

35,9 42,7 1997

42,7

34,5 41,3 1996

47,8

30,7 38,0 1995

2006

30,8 37,7

0

1994

10

31,6

20

37,7

30

Target MDG

1993

Persentage

70

50.6

80

68.9 % 75.3 % 65.8 %

Source: DG of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, 2012 Sumber: Ditjen SDA, Kementeriaan Pekerjaan Umum, 2012

Water quantity

Kuantitas Air

The annual per capita water availability in Indonesia is 16,800 m 3, much higher than the average world water availability of just 8,000 m 3 per capita (MoE, 2011). Today, water availability is unevenly distributed, both in spatial and in temporal terms. Water distribution per island is also not proportional to population numbers. The island of Kalimantan has abundant water resources but a small population. Java, on the other hand, has a large proportion but limited water resources (Figure. 2.27). Due to this situation, Indonesia often faces water availability problems (Ministry of Public Works, 2012).

Ketersediaan air di Indonesia mencapai 16.800 m 3 per kapita per tahun. Jumlah ini jauh lebih besar dari ketersediaan air rata-rata di dunia, yang hanya 8.000 m 3 per kapita per tahun (KLH, 2011). Pada saat ini, ketersediaan air tidak tersebar merata, baik secara spasial maupun temporal. Distribusi air di setiap pulau tidak sebanding dengan sebaran jumlah penduduknya. Kalimantan memiliki total potensi air terbesar, tetapi populasinya sedikit. Sebaliknya, Pulau Jawa dengan populasi yang besar memiliki total potensi air yang kecil, terlihat pada gambar 2.27. Dengan kondisi tersebut, Indonesia sering menghadapi masalah ketersediaan air (Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012).

According to a report by the Indonesian Drinking Water and Environmental Health Work Group, water availability on Java in 2000 was just 1,750 m 3 per capita. This number will have fallen to 1,200 m 3 per capita by 2020, even though the minimum standard is set at 2,000 m 3.

Menurut laporan Kelompok Kerja Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, pada tahun 2000 ketersediaan air di Pulau Jawa hanya 1.750 m 3 per kapita setiap tahun. Angka itu akan terus menurun hingga 1.200 m 3 per kapita setiap tahun pada 2020. Padahal, standar kecukupan minimal sebanyak 2.000 m 3.

Figure 2.28 shows that water availability is abundant during the rainy season, especially on the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua, with a total of

Gambar

2.28

menggambarkan

ketersediaan

air

pada musim hujan sangat banyak, terutama di Pulau

43

2

2


384,744.40 m 3, 389,689.30 m 3 and 381,763.90 m 3, respectively. In contrast, the water demand on those three islands amounts to just 9,485.80 m 3 on Sumatra, 2,505.80 m 3 on Kalimantan and 117.10 m 3 on Papua. The highest demand for water occurs on the island of Java at 31,487.10 m 3 (MoE, 2011).

Sumatra,

Kalimantan

dan

Papua;

masing-masing

sebesar 384.744,40 m , 389.689,30 m dan 381.763,90 3

3

m 3. Sementara kebutuhan air di tiga pulau itu hanya 9.485,80 m 3 di Sumatera; 2.505,80 m 3 di Kalimantan; dan di Papua hanya 117,10 m 3. Kebutuhan air terbanyak terdapat di Pulau Jawa, yaitu 31.487,10 m 3 (KLH, 2011).

Water availability is related to the amount of rainfall in a region. Figure 2.29 shows the annual precipitation rates for several islands. Kalimantan and Papua have the highest rates and thus also the highest water resources potential. The average rainfall in Indonesia is 2,347 mm per year, with the highest rainfall occurring on Papua at 3,190 mm per year.

Ketersediaan air berkaitan dengan tingkat curah hujan

The water resource potential of each island is the result of interaction between rainwater, groundwater and surface water. The amount of rain that ends up as runoff far exceeds the amount that infiltrates the ground and enters the baseflow. Only 4-30 percent of rainwater contribute to the baseflow, while 47-47 percent become runoff. The situation is made worse by imbalances in the distribution of water within the hydrological cycle: Less water infiltrates the ground, which means that more water stays on the surface. This increases the risk of floods, landslides and droughts (Kodoatie R.J., 2011),

Potensi air setiap pulau merupakan hasil interaksi

Groundwater is an important water source due to its large potential volume, amounting to 30.61 percent, compared to other sources of fresh water (Dandel E, 2011). Parts of the population in various regions rely on fresh water that comes from the ground. The potential of groundwater basins is promising on several islands, with a total area of 723,629 km 2 and a total basin capacity of 308,288 m 3 (Kodoatie R. J, 2011). However, limited capacities and increased utilization have caused groundwater to become depleted. This has severe impacts on the population (Dandel E, 2011).

Air tanah menjadi sumber air penting dan potensial

di suatu kawasan. Gambar 2.29 menunjukkan tinggi curah hujan tiap tahun untuk beberapa pulau. Curah hujan tertinggi ada di Kalimantan dan Papua, sehingga potensi airnya juga tinggi. Curah hujan rata-rata di Indonesia 2.347 mm setiap tahun, dengan curah hujan tertinggi di Papua sebesar 3.190 mm per tahun.

antara air hujan, air tanah dan air permukaan. Jumlah hujan yang menjadi air larian (run-off)

jauh lebih

besar daripada air hujan yang masuk ke dalam tanah (air tanah) dan aliran mantap (baseflow). Air hujan yang menjadi aliran mantap hanya 4-30 persen dan run-off sebesar 47-78 persen. Keadaan makin buruk dengan keseimbangan massa air siklus hidrologis yang terganggu: jumlah air yang masuk ke tanah semakin kecil. Hal tersebut berarti jumlah air di permukaan semakin besar. Akibatnya, meningkatkan potensi banjir, longsor dan kekeringan (Kodoatie R. J, 2011).

karena kapasitasnya paling besar, mencapai 30,61 persen, dibandingkan dengan sumber air tawar lain (Dandel E, 2011). Sebagian besar masyarakat di berbagai wilayah memanfaatkan air tawar yang berasal dari air tanah. Potensi cekungan air tanah di beberapa pulau cukup besar, dengan total 723.629 km 2 dan kapasitas total cekungan: 308.288 m 3 (Kodoatie R. J, 2011). Tetapi karena

kapasitasnya

terbatas

dan

pemakaiannya

bertambah besar membuat air tanah rusak. Dampaknya sangat besar bagi masyarakat (Dandel E, 2011). Tidak seperti air permukaan, pemulihan air tanah yang

Unlike surface water, groundwater that has deteriorated in quality and quantity requires great expertise for its rehabilitation, not to mention funds and time. Consumption of groundwater without consideration for sustainability will adversely affect the environment and may cause problems such as soil degradation.

menurun mutu dan jumlahnya, perlu keahlian tinggi, mahal, dan waktu lama. Air tanah yang dimanfaatkan tetapi mengabaikan kelestarian, akan berdampak negative seperti degradasi air tanah yang merusak lingkungan.

44


Figure: 2.27 Water resources potential and per capita water availability Gambar: 2.27 Potensi Air dan Ketersediaan Air per Kapita

Kalimantan

Sumatera

1.008 98,8

738 18,4

Sulawesi 247 18,3

Maluku & Papua

Total potential Total Potensi (billion m3/year) (milyar m3/tahun)

981 251,5

Java 187 1,6

Bali & Nusa Tenggara

Per capita Per Kapita (1,000 m3/capita/year) (1.000 m3/kapita/tahun)

60 5,5

Total : 3.221 billion m3/year milyar m3/tahun

16,8 8 m3/capita/year m3/kapita/tahun

Source: Ministry of Public Works, 2012

Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012

Figure 2.28 Water resources during the rainy season by island Gambar 2.28 Sumber daya air per pulau pada musim hujan 389.689,30

387.744,40

400.000,00

381.763,90

Availability Ketersediaan

350.000,00 300.000,00

Demand Kebutuhan

250.000,00 200.000,00 150.000,00

129.400,20 101.160,80

100.000,00 50.000,00 0,00

6.921,70

2.505,80

Sumatera

Java & Bali

49.420,80

37.940,40

31.487,10

9.485,80

Kalimantan

Sulawesi

1.552,50 East Nusa Tenggara


117,10

106,20 Maluku

Papua


Figure 2.29 Precipitation by island (mm/year)

Gambar 2.29 Tinggi curah hujan di tiap pulau (mm/tahun) 3.500 3.000

2.820

3.190

2.990 2.680

2.500

2.340

2.120

2.370

2.347

2.000 1.440

1.500

1.200

1.000 500


Average Rata-Rata

Papua

Maluku

Sulawesi

Kalimantan

East Nusa Tenggara

West Nusa Tenggara

Bali

Java

Sumatra

0


45

2

2


Impacts of Changes in Water Quantity

Dampak Perubahan Kuantitas Air

Domestic and industrial activities affect not only water quality, but water availability as well. The number of critical watershed areas is rising rapidly, in particular on Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan. Data for the period of 1984-2005 show that the number of critical watershed areas rose from 22 to 62 – a threefold increase. This surge in the number of critical watershed areas was caused by the conversion of upstream areas into farmland. Among the criteria to determine critical watershed areas is the Qmax/ Qmin ratio. For some critical watershed areas, this ratio reached a value of 20. Figure 2.32 shows several critical watershed areas.

Selain kualitas air, ketersediaan jumlah air juga terkena dampak aktivitas domestik dan industri.

Khusus di

Pulau Jawa, Sumatera dan Kalimantan, jumlah daerah aliran sungai (DAS) yang kritis bertambah cepat. Data selama 1984 – 2005, menunjukkan jumlah DAS kritis bertambah dari 22 menjadi 62—bertambah 3 kali lipat. Pertambahan DAS kritis ini, dikarenakan alih fungsi lahan di kawasan hulu menjadi area pertanian. Penentuan DAS kritis, salah satunya didasarkan pada rasio Q maks dan Q min. Di beberapa DAS, rasio ini mencapai lebih dari 20. Beberapa gambaran DAS kritis dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.32 Banjir

Floods and droughts caused by critical watershed areas are threats to national food security. This is because conversion of mechanically irrigated land occurs at a rate of 40,000 hectares a year. In 20012003, 610,590 hectares of mechanically irrigated land were converted to other uses. These lands are prone to droughts and floods, because only 0.8 million of 7.7 million hectares of land can rely on water supply from dams. As a result, crop failure often occurs and almost every year an average of 90,000 hectares of land experience droughts or floods.

dan

kekeringan

karena

DAS

yang

kritis

mengancam ketahanan pangan nasional. Hal ini terjadi karena alih fungsi lahan irigasi teknis rata-rata 40.000 hektare per tahun. Dalam jangka 2001 – 2003, tercatat 610.590 hektar lahan irigasi teknis telah berubah fungsi. Lahan itu juga sangat rawan kekeringan dan banjir, karena dari 7,7 juta hektar lahan, hanya 0,8 juta hektar yang terjamin pasokan airnya dari waduk. Sehingga, gagal panen di lahan-lahan pertanian sering terjadi. Hampir setiap tahun kekeringan dan banjir terjadi pada rata-rata 90.000 hektar lahan. Banjir dan kualitas air buruk menyebabkan menurunnya

Floods, poor water quality and lack of proper sanitation facilities all negatively affect public health. Bad sanitation has serious consequences: 1 in 100 babies dies of diarrhea. More than 2 million babies are born every year in Indonesia, which means that diarrhea threatens 20,000 of them each year. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is one of a number of indicators for public health. Table 2.5 shows infant mortality rate, number of deaths, total fertility rate and number of births by province in 2011.

kesehatan masyarakat, ditambah tingkat cakupan fasilitas sanitasi layak yang sangat rendah. Buruknya sanitasi berdampak nyata: 1 dari 100 bayi yang lahir meninggal karena diare. Di Indonesia, 2 juta lebih bayi lahir setiap hari, yang berarti diare mengancam 20.000 bayi setiap tahun. Angka kematian bayi (AKB) adalah salah satu indikator yang mencerminkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat dan lingkungannya. Tabel 2.5 memperlihatkan angka kematian bayi, jumlah kematian, angka fertilitas total dan jumlah kelahiran menurut provinsi di Indonesia pada 2011.

Table 2.5 shows West Nusa Tenggara to have had the highest IMR with 38 incidents, while Jakarta recorded the lowest rate with 7.6 infant deaths before the age of one per 1000 births. The number of TB patients increased to 33,000, whereas diarrhea incidence has decreased, although it remains high. Table 2.6 shows the number of smear-positive pulmonary TB and diarrhea patients by province in 2009-2010.

Dari Tabel 2.5. dapat dilihat AKB terbesar terdapat di Nusa Tenggara Barat yaitu 38 kejadian, sedangkan angka terendah di DKI Jakarta adalah 7,6 kejadian kematian bayi sebelum usia setahun setiap seribu kelahiran hidup. Sementara, jumlah penderita penyakit TB Paru di masyarakat meningkat 33.000 kejadian. Tetapi kejadian penyakit diare mengalami penurunan, walaupun masih terbilang tinggi. Tabel 2.5. memperlihatkan

Environmental changes also affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases such as dengue hemorrhagic

jumlah

pasien TB Paru BTA positif dan Diare menurut provinsi pada 2009 – 2010.

46


fever and malaria. In some provinces the number of dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in 2010 decreased compared to 2009, but Bali and Yogyakarta recorded significant increases, as shown in Table 2.6.

Perubahan lingkungan air juga mempengaruhi kejadian penyakit bawaan vektor, seperti demam berdarah dengue dan malaria. Di beberapa daerah penderita demam berdarah dengue pada 2010 menurun dibandingkan tahun 2009, tetapi di Bali dan Yogyakarta justru meningkat

The reverse was true for the number of malaria patients, which increased in 2010 compared to 2008 and 2009. The highest increases occurred in East Nusa Tenggara and Papua.

cukup signifikan, seperti terlihat pada Tabel 2.6. Kondisi sebaliknya terlihat pada jumlah penderita malaria pada 2010 yang meningkat dibanding 2008 dan 2009. Peningkatan penderita malaria tertinggi tercatat di Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Papua.

Figure 2.31 Number of flood incidents in Indonesia Gambar 2.31 Jumlah kejadian banjir di Indonesia 1.000

962

Number of flood incidents Jumlah Terjadinya Banjir

900 800 700

672 607

600 500

130

400

409

399 297

300 200

150

186

191

2002/2003

2003/2004

100 Source: Ministry of Public Works, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012

0

2001/2002

2004/2005

2005/2006

2006/2007

2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

Year Tahun

Figure 2.32 Several critical watershed areas Gambar 2.32 Beberapa potret DAS kritis

Photo: Ministry of Environment Foto : Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

47

2010/2011

2

2


Figure 2.30 Distribution of critical watershed areas in 1984 with 22 critical watershed areas Gambar 2.30 Sebaran DAS Kritis pada Tahun 1984 sebanyak 22 DAS Kritis



Source: DG of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works Sumber: Ditjen Sumber Daya Air, Kementerian PU

48


Table 2.5 Infant mortality rate, number of deaths, total fertility rate and number of births by province in 2011 Tabel 2.5 Angka Kematian Bayi, Jumlah Kematian, Angka Fertilitas Total dan Jumlah Kelahiran menurut Provinsi 2011

PROVINCE

No

PROVINSI

Infant Mortality Rate Angka Kematian Bayi

Number of Deaths Jumlah Kematian

Total Fertility Rate

(000)

Angka Fertilitas Total

Number of Births Jumlah Kelahiran

(000)

1

NAD

Aceh

30,50

27,00

2,30

93,60

2

North Sumatra

Sumatera Utara

20,40

70,70

2,38

288,20

3

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

23,20

31,10

2,35

98,40

4

Riau

Riau

20,00

22,00

2,28

108,00

5

Jambi

Jambi

24,60

15,70

2,25

57,00

6

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

22,80

39,10

2,15

144,40

7

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

25,40

9,40

2,15

32,50

8

Lampung

Lampung

21,40

43,60

2,23

145,70

9

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

24,20

7,00

2,14

21,10

10

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

19,30

6,30

2,28

46,60

11

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

7,60

34,90

1,49

129,10

12

West Java

Jawa Barat

24,20

272,30

2,16

769,10

13

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

18,00

248,10

1,97

516,40

14

DI Yogyakarta

DI Yogyakarta

7,70

26,30

1,38

39,60

15

East Java

Jawa Timur

21,20

298,70

1,65

476,40

16

Banten

Banten

28,90

57,90

2,27

206,60

17

Bali

Bali

11,90

23,70

1,64

46,30

18

West Nusa Tenggara NTB

38,00

29,70

2,33

96,00

19

East Nusa Tenggara

NTT

27,20

30,20

2,66

114,10

20

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

25,40

24,00

2,36

94,60

21

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

20,90

10,00

2,18

40,10

22

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

30,10

22,60

2,13

65,50

23

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

14,80

13,50

2,18

61,80

24

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

9,40

13,30

1,88

33,20

25

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

31,20

15,40

2,25

50,30

26

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

24,20

51,70

2,22

159,30

27

South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara

25,60

11,70

2,49

51,70

28

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

26,40

6,10

2,21

18,00

29

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

24,20

6,80

2,22

20,30

30

Maluku

Maluku

28,60

8,40

2,62

31,80

31

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

29,70

5,50

2,58

22,70

32

West Papua

Papua Barat

27,50

3,50

2,62

16,00

33

Papua

Papua

27,00

10,20

2,62

47,50

Source: Indonesian Population Projection 2005 - 2015, BPS Sumber : Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2005 - 2015, Badan Pusat Statistik

49

2

2


Table 2.6 Number of smear-positive TB and diarrhea patients by province, 2009 - 2010 Tabel 2.6 Jumlah Pasien TB Paru Positif dan Diare menurut Provinsi 2009 - 2010 PROVINCE PROVINSI

No

Smear-positive pulmonary TB

Diarrhea

TB Paru BTA Positif

2009

2010

3.065

3.670

45

121

Sumatera Utara

13.897

16.078

-

-

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

3.732

4.156

-

51

4

Riau

Riau

2.880

2.996

86

116

5

Jambi

Jambi

2.745

3.149

-

-

6

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

5.181

5.705

-

-

7

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

1.588

1.784

-

-

8

Lampung

Lampung

4.943

5.139

11

-

9

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

951

1.130

-

-

10

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

784

917

-

-

11

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

7.989

7.944

-

-

12

West Java

Jawa Barat

31.433

32.649

1.425

1.068

13

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

16.906

19.190

95

35

14

DI Yogyakarta

DI Yogyakarta

1.155

1.193

-

-

15

East Java

Jawa Timur

22.598

23.350

-

1.181

16

Banten

Banten

8.134

8.018

351

385

17

Bali

Bali

1.517

1.449

-

-

18

West Nusa Tenggara NTB

3.089

3.151

1.147

-

19

East Nusa Tenggara

NTT

3.369

3.755

416

-

20

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

4.156

4.634

-

-

21

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

1.339

1.323

-

-

22

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

2.891

3.253

-

-

23

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

2.065

2.210

-

-

24

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

3.988

4.546

-

-

25

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

1.918

2.307

437

817

26

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

6.428

7.820

37

169

27

South-East Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tenggara

2.296

3.185

-

-

28

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

1.370

1.617

-

-

29

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

30

Maluku

Maluku

31

North Maluku

32 33

1

NAD

Aceh

2

North Sumatra

3

2009

2010

Diare

942

1.149

423

-

2.014

2.175

-

-

Maluku Utara

708

792

205

-

West Papua

Papua Barat

638

635

605

37

Papua

Papua

2.504

2.297

473

224

169.213

183.366

5.756

4.204

INDONESIA

Source : Indonesia Statistics Sumber : Badan Pusat Statistik

50


Table 2.7 Number of patients, fatality rate, and incidence rateof dengue fever by province, 2008 - 2010 Tabel 2.7 Jumlah Pasien, Tingkat Kefaalan, dan Tingkat Kejadian Penyakit Demam Berdarah menurut Provinsi, 2008 - 2010

PROVINCE PROVINSI

No

Number of patients Jumlah Pasien

Fatality rate Tingkat Kefatalan

Incidence rate Tingkat Kejadian

2008

2009

2010

2008

2009

2010

2008

2009

2010

1

NAD

Aceh

2.436

1.573

2.834

1,31

1,27

0,92

54,76

36,36

63,71

2

North Sumatra

Sumatera Utara

4.454

4.697

8.889

1,10

1,23

0,98

34,49

35,70

67,25

3

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

1.907

2.813

1.795

0,58

0,64

0,28

42,67

59,75

38,13

4

Riau

Riau

828

1.563

991

1,21

1,73

2,62

15,96

29,29

18,27

5

Jambi

Jambi

245

254

178

3,67

1,97

0,56

8,64

8,55

5,99

6

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

2.360

1.854

1.161

0,13

0,32

0,43

34,75

25,67

16,07

7

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

339

260

609

0,29

3,08

2,13

19,39

15,44

35,36

8

Lampung

Lampung

4.807

1.862

1.716

0,83

1,07

1,63

68,83

24,85

25,59

9

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

34

349

205

-

4,58

4,39

3,07

31,54

18,52

10

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

1.724

1.828

1.507

1,28

0,77

0,93

133,07

115,60

88,37

11

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

28.361

28.032

19.273

0,09

0,11

0,17

317,09

313,40

227,44

12

West Java

Jawa Barat

23.248

37.861

25.727

0,99

0,81

0,66

54,23

89,41

59,54

13

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

19.235

17.881

19.871

1,19

1,39

1,26

58,45

54,81

60,46

14

DI Yogyakarta

DI Yogyakarta

2.119

2.203

4.997

0,99

0,68

0,68

61,72

63,89

144,92

15

East Java

Jawa Timur

16.589

18.631

26.020

0,99

0,99

0,90

44,68

50,03

68,92

16

Banten

Banten

3.954

5.250

5.544

1,34

1,33

2,15

46,16

56,39

55,27

17

Bali

Bali

6.254

5.810

11.697

0,30

0,15

0,29

181,31

167,40

337,04

18

West Nusa Tenggara

NTB

777

615

2.096

0,51

0,65

0,57

18,10

13,72

51,02

19

East Nusa Tenggara

NTT

279

399

1.459

2,87

1,75

1,03

7,07

8,44

30,60

20

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

947

9.792

589

3,38

1,75

2,72

22,29

228,30

13,86

21

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

531

1.309

1.394

1,32

1,22

0,50

27,11

65,25

62,82

22

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

576

1.113

1.134

1,91

1,80

2,91

15,69

29,30

29,86

23

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

5.762

5.244

5.610

1,82

1,30

0,75

220,03

173,80

167,31

24

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

1.430

1.640

2.091

1,12

1,22

1,91

63,58

68,79

87,70

25

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

1.389

952

2.098

1,22

0,74

1,38

55,25

36,50

81,80

26

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

3.545

3.411

4.083

0,76

0,67

0,81

46,46

44,71

49,02

27

South-East Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tenggara

1.006

692

986

0,89

1,73

1,32

46,21

31,86

45,28

28

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

172

91

467

2,33

2,20

1,71

18,74

9,19

46,14

29

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

37

149

144

0

0

0

3,65

13,74

14,19

30

Maluku

Maluku

0

0

6

0

0

16,67

0

0

0,42

31

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

250

384

347

2,80

1,82

3,46

25,25

38,89

33,61

32

West Papua

Papua Barat

510

204

298

0,39

0,98

-

90,41

28,21

52,83

33

Papua

Papua

228

196

270

0,44

1,53

2,96

13,47

10,93

15,05

37,54

41,48

59,68

1.852,58

1.979,71

2.112,36

INDONESIA

136.333

158.912

156.086

Note : 1) Incidence per 100,000 persons Source: Indonesia Health Profile 2010, Ministry of Health Catatan : 1) Tingkat Kejadian per 100.000 penduduk Sumber : Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2010, Kementerian Kesehatan

51

2

2


FOREST AND LAND

HUTAN DAN LAHAN

The tropical forest is an ecosystem that is rich in biodiversity. It plays a role in the provision of environmental services and provides a livelihood for the inhabitants of its surroundings. In addition, tropical forests also store a very large amount of terrestrial carbon. Deforestation and forest degradation will lead to the release of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which will affect the global climate. In 2008, global emissions from deforestation or forest degradation processes amounted to 4.4 gigatonnes of CO 2, or 11 percent of all anthropogenic emissions (UNEP, 2012). Because of this, protection of tropical forests has become part of the international agenda to mitigate climate change through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanisms. REDD+ was adopted at the 16 th Conference of Parties (COP 16) in Cancun in 2010. Indonesia and Brazil both play vital roles in REDD+ mitigation efforts because both countries have vast forests.

Hutan tropis merupakan ekosistem yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati, berperan dalam penyediaan jasa lingkungan dan tempat bergantung masyarakat di yang hidup di sekitar hutan. tropis

merupakan

ekosistem

Selain itu, hutan yang

menyimpan

karbon terrestrial dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Deforestasi dan degradasi hutan akan menyebabkan pelepasan

emisi

karbon

dioksida

ke

atmosfer,

sehingga mempengaruhi iklim secara global. Pada tahun 2008, emisi dunia dari proses deforestasi dan degradasi hutan mencapai 4,4 Giga ton CO 2 atau 11% dari total emisi emisi anthropogenik (UNEP, 2012), karena itu perlindungan hutan tropis menjadi agenda internasional

dalam

rangka

mitigasi

perubahan

iklim melalui mekanisme Reduction Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). REDD+ telah disepakati dalam Conference On Parties 16 (COP 16) di Cancun, tahun 2010. Indonesia dan Brasil berperan penting dalam upaya mitigasi REDD + karena memiliki hutan yang sangat luas.

Interpretation of Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite images for the period of 2000-2011 revealed that the extent of forest cover had decreased from 104,747,566 hectares in 2000 to 98,242,002 hectares in 2011 (Figure 2.33). In other words, 6.5 million hectares of forests were lost to deforestation in 11 years.

Dari penafsiran Citra Satelit Landsat 7 ETM+, 2000 -

Before 2009, the majority of provinces except East Java experienced deforestation. During the period of 2000-201, reforestation took place in East Java, West Java and South Sumatra. The greatest loss of forests occurred in Riau, Jambi, Central Kalimantan, North Sumatra and Bengkulu, with an annual deforestation rate of 1 percent as shown in Table 2.9 and Figure 2.36.

Sebelum 2009, sebagian besar provinsi mengalami

A number of factors, both direct (agents) and indirect (driving forces), influence the dynamics of deforestation (Sunderlin, W.D. & Resosudarmo, 1996). There are two types of causal factors: direct and indirect. The first directly changes forest cover to other uses and includes forest fires as well as expansion of lands for agriculture, settlements and mining. The second, or indirect, type incorporates social, economic and political conditions on a national, regional or global level.

Dinamika deforestasi terkait dengan berbagai faktor, baik

2011, luas tutupan hutan mengalami penurunan, dari 104.747.566 hektar pada 2000, menjadi 98.242.002 hektar pada 2011 (Gambar 2.33). Dengan kata lain, terjadi deforestasi seluas 6,5 juta hektar selama 11 tahun.

deforestasi, kecuali Jawa Timur. Selama periode 2009 – 2011, tiga provinsi mengalami reforestasi yaitu Jawa Timur, Jawa Barat dan Sumatera Selatan. Penyumbang penurunan hutan terbanyak adalah Riau, Jambi, Kalimantan Tengah, Sumatra Utara dan Bengkulu, dengan deforestasi lebih dari 1 persen per tahun seperti pada Tabel 2.9. & Gambar 2.36.

secara langsung (agent) maupun tidak langsung (driving force) (Sunderlin, W.D. & Resosudarmo, 1996). Faktor penyebab ada dua: langsung dan tidak langsung. Faktor langsung berarti pelaku dan penyebab secara langsung mengubah tutupan hutan menjadi peruntukan lain, misalnya kebakaran hutan, ekspansi lahan pertanian, perumahan dan pertambangan. Faktor secara tidak langsung berupa kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan politik pada skala nasional, regional maupun global.

52


Observing the change of forest cover from 20002011, it becomes evident that deforestation rates have actually decreased since 2003. The annual deforestation rate was 344,657 hectares (0.33 percent) in 2000-2003, 808,754 hectares (0.78 percent) in 20032006, 747,754 hectares (0.74 percent) in 2006-2009 and 401,253 hectares (0.41 percent) in 2009-2011.

Mencermati perubahan tutupan hutan selama 2000 –

Regional autonomy was in a transitional phase prior to 2003 and introduced legal uncertainties to forest encroachment cases. During this transition period (1999-2001), there were 205 cases of forest encroachment. In 2002-2003, the number of cases came down to 66 (Wulan, et al. 2004). Prasetyo (2008) also discovered that there were more cases of encroachment of protected areas during the transitional phase than during the pre-autonomy period.

Sebelum 2003 adalah masa transisi otonomi yang

2011, sebenarnya sejak 2003 laju deforestasi semakin mengecil. Laju deforestasi per tahun pada periode 2000 – 2003: 344.657 hektar (0,33 persen); 2003 – 2006: 808.754 hektar (0,78 persen); 2006 – 2009: 747.754 hektar (0,74 persen); dan 2009 – 2011: 401.253 hektar (0,41 persen).

menyebabkan ketidakpastian hukum dalam kasus penyerobotan kawasan hutan. Selama transisi (19992001), terjadi 205 kasus penyerobotan kawasan hutan; pada 2002-2003 kasus menurun menjadi 66 (Wulan, et al. 2004). Prasetyo (2008) juga menemukan kasus perambahan kawasan konservasi yang lebih luas pada masa transisi itu dibandingkan periode sebelum otonomi.

Figure 2.33 Decrease of forest area, 2000 – 2011 Gambar 2.33 Penurunan luasan hutan pada periode 2000 – 2011

105.000.000 104.000.000 103.000.000 102.000.000 101.000.000 100.000.000 99.000.000 98.000.000 97.000.000 96.000.000 95.000.000 94.000.000

2000

2003

2006

2009

Forest are a

2011

Luas Huta n

Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan

53

2

2


Table 2.9 Annual forest cover change rate by province, 2000 - 2011 Tabel 2.9 Laju Perubahan Tutupan Hutan per Tahun per Provinsi pada Periode 2000 - 2011

Forest cover change rate Laju Perubahan Hutan (%)

Province Provinsi

2000-2003

2003-2006

2006-2009

2009-2011

Riau

Riau

-2.06

-3.62

-4.29

-3.54

Jambi

Jambi

-0.20

-1.39

¬

-1.94

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

-0.47

-0.86

-1.48

-1.34

North Sumatera

Sumatera Utara

-0.19

-0.97

-1.61

-1.22

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

-1.43

-0.32

-0.43

-1.06

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

-0.22

-1.84

-1.42

-0.70

West Sumatera

Sumatera Barat

-0.23

-0.95

-1.71

-0.68

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

-0.32

-0.27

-0.11

-0.44

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

-0.35

-0.60

-0.17

-0.40

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

-1.33

-1.88

-1.09

-0.32

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

-2.34

-1.40

-0.20

-0.26

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

-0.32

-0.96

-0.60

-0.24

D I Yogyakarta

D I Yogyakarta

0.00

-2.80

-0.14

-0.24

D I Aceh

D I Aceh

-0.08

-0.36

-1.18

-0.20

Lampung

Lampung

0.21

0.00

-0.37

-0.18

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

-0.33

-2.05

-0.25

-0.17

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

-0.02

0.00

-0.54

-0.12

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

-0.31

-1.17

-3.23

-0.11

East Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Timur

-0.01

-0.46

-0.01

-0.09

Banten

Banten

-0.11

-0.39

-2.41

-0.08

Papua

Papua

-0.08

-0.38

-0.14

-0.04

Maluku

Maluku

-0.06

-0.12

-0.16

-0.03

West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat

-1.53

-0.75

-0.11

-0.01


-0.10

-0.79

-0.18

-0.01

West Papua

Papua Barat

-0.01

-0.01

-0.03

0.00

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

-0.65

-0.62

-0.43

0.00

Bali

Bali

-1.67

0.00

-0.53

0.00

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

East Java

Jawa Timur

-0.26

-0.14

0.07

0.06

West Java

Jawa Barat

0.02

-0.63

-1.18

0.51

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

-0.73

-0.08

-1.47

2.28

-0.33

-0.78

-0.74

-0.41

Grand Total


54


A more detailed analysis revealed that in 2000, 31.33 percent of 102 million hectares of forest had converted into non-productive lands, 10.34 percent had been cleared for agriculture and 2.69 percent for plantations (Figure 2.34). The majority of mangrove formations were still intact and were exploited to a very limited extent only. However, the formations were left neglected and became bush and bare land (5.35 percent), while a small part was utilized as shrimp or fish ponds (Figure 2.35).

Analisis

The government addressed the rate of conversion of primary forests by issuing Presidential Instruction No. 10/2011 about suspension of new licenses and improvement of governance of natural primary forest and peat land. An indicative moratorium map (IMM/PIPIB) for locations listed in the presidential instruction was released and revised on a regular basis. The purpose of this policy was to bring down the conversion rate, especially for primary forests and peat land, as a measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Laju perubahan hutan primer mendapat perhatian

lebih

rinci

menunjukkan

tutupan

hutan

pada 2000 seluas 102 juta hektar, yang 31,33 persen telah berubah menjadi lahan tidak produktif; 10,34 persen dibuka untuk pertanian; dan 2,69 persen untuk perkebunan (Gambar 2.34). Sedangkan hutan mangrove sebagian besar masih utuh, hanya sebagian kecil dieksploitasi. Tetapi hutan ini dibiarkan terlantar, berupa semak dan lahan terbuka (5,35 persen), sebagian kecil untuk tambak udang ataupun ikan (2,55 persen) (Gambar 2.35).

pemerintah dengan terbitnya Instruksi Presiden Nomor 10 tahun 2011 tentang penundaan izin baru dan penyempurnaan tata kelola hutan alam primer dan lahan gambut. Secara spasial, lokasi dalam Inpres ini dilengkapi dengan peta indikatif penundaan izin baru (PIPIB) yang direvisi secara reguler. Kebijakan ini digunakan untuk menekan laju alih fungsi lahan, terutama pada hutan primer dan lahan gambut, sebagai langkah mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca. Faktor lain yang secara langsung mempengaruhi

One factor directly affecting forest cover was forest fire. The number and extent of incidents fluctuated depending on the prevailing weather conditions. The number of forest fires tended to increase during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) periods.

tutupan hutan adalah kebakaran. Jumlah kejadian dan luas kebakaran hutan berfluktuasi, tergantung pola perubahan iklim. Pada periode ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscilation) jumlah kebakaran cenderung meningkat. Peristiwa El Nino tahun 1982 luas kebakaran diperkirakan

Fires related to El Niño events burned approximately 3.5 million hectares of forest in 1982 and about 9.75 million hectares in 1997 (National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and ADB 1999 in Tacconi, 2003). Closer inspections revealed that in 2005-2011 forest fires occurred more often in conservation areas than in other forest areas.

mencapai 3,5 juta hektar dan 1997 mencapai 9,75 juta hektar (Bappenas-ADB 1999 dalam Tacconi, 2003). Jumlah kebakaran setelah 2002 cenderung menurun. Bila dirinci, periode 2005 – 2011 kebakaran lebih sering terjadi di kawasan konservasi dibandingkan dengan kawasan hutan yang lain. Penyebab kebakaran hutan selalu menjadi perdebatan

The cause of forest fires is still a topic for debate. Some believe they are caused by weather events, but Syaufina states that the majority of forest fires have human activity as their cause (Syaufina, 2008). This is understandable, since farmers and plantations still use fire to clear lands. The government has repeatedly implored them to give up slash and burn for land clearing purposes.

panjang.

Sebagian

disebabkan kebakaran

cuaca. hutan

pihak Namun mayoritas

mempercayai Syaifuna disebabkan

kebakaran menjelaskan perbuatan

manusia (Syaufina, 2008). Hal ini bisa dimengerti, karena petani maupun perkebunan masih memakai api dalam persiapan lahan. Pemerintah juga telah menghimbau untuk tidak lagi memakai api dalam persiapan lahan. Bagi masyarakat tradisional, secara turun-temurun

Traditional communities have customarily used fire as a land-clearing tool. This type of local wisdom evolved as a response to limited availability of technology, resources and funds and if applied correctly will not affect the surrounding area.

api digunakan sebagai alat untuk persiapan lahan. Kearifan tradisional ini merupakan teknik pembakaran terkendali sebagai respon petani tradisional terhadap keterbatasan teknologi, sumberdaya, dan dana. Bila dilakukan dengan benar, api tidak akan meluas.

55

2

2


The area cleared for cultivation is also limited in size and subject to an orderly clearing schedule. Correct practice of this tradition will not result in uncontrolled wildfires. Lacking alternative methods, people continue rely on this technique. However, forest fires became more frequent after large-scale plantations resorted to this traditional method of land clearing.

Selain itu, luas lahan yang dibuka untuk bercocok tanam

The Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation uses NOAA satellites to monitor hotspots. The number of hotspots in 20052011 fluctuated greatly, with the Provinces of Riau, South Sumatra, Jambi, Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan showing a large number of hotspots. These five provinces have large forests and vast plantation areas (Table 2.11).

Sebagai deteksi dini kebakaran hutan, Direktorat Jenderal

juga terbatas sesuai siklus pembukaan yang teratur. Jika dilakukan dengan benar, api tidak akan membesar menjadi kebakaran yang tidak terkendali. Sampai saat ini, kearifan tradisional ini masih dipraktikkan, karena belum ada alternatif pengganti. Kebakaran hutan justru semakin merajalela setelah perkebunan besar juga memanfaatkan teknik pembakaran tradisional untuk persiapan lahan.

Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam menggunakan satelit NOAA untuk memantau titik api. Jumlah titik api (hotspot) sepanjang 2005-2011 sangat bervariasi. Di beberapa provinsi menunjukkan jumlah hotspot yang tinggi, yaitu Riau, Sumatra Selatan, Jambi, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Timur. Lima provinsi itu memiliki jumlah hutan dan perkebunan yang tinggi (Tabel 2.11). Figure 2.35 Percentage of mangrove forest conversion, 2000-2011 Gambar 2.35 Persentase perubahan hutan mangrove pada periode 2000 – 2011

Figure 2.34 Percentage of forest conversion, 2000 - 2011 Gambar 2.34 Persentase perubahan hutan pada periode 2000 - 2011 1.53%

Forests Hutan

0.53% 3.67%

0.11%

0.32 % 5.35 %

Agriculture Pertanian

31.33%

0.28 %

Plantations Perkebunan

2.69% 10.34%

49.78%

2.55 % 0.02 % 0.02 %

Mangrove Mangrove Agriculture Pertanian

Bush & open lands Semak & Lahan Terbuka

Bush & open lands Semak & Lahan Terbuka

Ponds Tambak

Water bodies Badan Air

Mining Pertambangan

Ponds Tambak

Build-up lands Lahan Terbangun

Build-up lands Lahan Terbangun Mining Pertambangan

Other Lainnya

91.39 %



Table 2.10 Forest fire occurance in various functional forest types Tabel 2.10 Perkembangan Kebakaran Hutan di Berbagai Fungsi Hutan Forest Function Fungsi Hutan

Estimated extent of forest fires (Ha) Estimasi Kebakaran Hutan 2005

Hutan Lindung 4.002.12 Protected forest Hutan Produksi 82.00 Production forest Hutan Suaka Alam 651.80 Nature res. & cons. area Taman Wisata Alam 4.50 Natural recreation park Taman Nasional 595.05 National park Taman Hutan Raya Grand forest park Hutan Penelitian Research park Hutan Kota 85.00 Urban forest Taman Buru Hunting park Hutan Kemasyarakatan 82.00 Community forest Total 5.502.47

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

355.00 1.508.34 508.70 350.50 1.324.55 30.00 2.00

228.00 987.10 349.60 40.00 5.256.42 4.00

155.00 592.52 631.02 55.50 5.338.79 2.00

803.00 245.80 1441.13 311.50 4.589.78 1.00

191.50 19.50 57.00 13.62 3.213.50

99.50 184.95 1.091.29 32.49 996.36 25.00

86.00 23.60 6.974.72

15.00 3.25 6.793.08

7.00 100.00 112.00 7.611.21

5.00

162.50 4.241.59

Sources: (Forestry Statistics 2011 & 2010).

3.500.12

161.50 21.00 2.612.09

Sumber : (Statistik Kehutanan 2011 & 2010).

56


Table 2.11 Number of detected hotspots, 2005-2011 Tabel 2.11 Jumlah Pantauan Hotspot pada Periode 2005-2011

Province

No

Provinsi

1

Aceh

Aceh

2

North Sumatera

Sumatera Utara

3

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

4

Riau

Riau

5

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

6

Jambi

Jambi

7

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

8

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

9

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

560

1,667

261

924

654

285

592

3,565

3,581

936

871

1,172

532

893

494

1.231

427

770

495

171

546

20,538

11,526

4,169

3,943

7,756

1,707

3,536

-

215

101

53

99

55

33

985

6,948

3,120

1,970

1,733

603

1,523

1,182

21734

5,182

3,055

3,891

1,481

4,705

248

1,202

764

523

1,058

143

317

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

218

474

255

204

192

84

320

10 Lampung

Lampung

399

3,747

1,639

218

395

123

635

11 Banten

Banten

99

155

38

52

76

33

193

12

DKI Jakarta

25

26

77

15

14

4

10

13 West Java

Jawa Barat

306

1,160

325

869

253

114

766

DKI Jakarta

14 DI Yogyakarta

DI Yogyakarta

20

99

35

34

13

10

18

15 Central Java

Jawa Tengah

237

1,746

268

1,082

147

64

498

16 East Java

Jawa Timur

315

2,032

1,503

2,643

691

259

1,019

17 Bali

Bali

7

59

57

154

7

14

48

18 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat

23

568

903

844

476

-

-

19 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur

42

1,147

1,140

2,289

489

-

-

20 West Kalimanta

Kalimantan Barat

3,485

29,266

7,561

5,528

10,144

1,785

4,720

21 Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

3,126

40,897

4,800

1,240

4,640

831

4,285

22 South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

870

6,469

928

199

1,270

111

1,292

23

Kalimantan Timur

745

6,603

2,082

2,231

2,307

974

1,482

-

586

93

16

83

24

46

East Kalimantan

24 Gorontalo

Gorontalo

25 North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

53

114

35

26

34

14

30

26 Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

31

562

182

132

367

165

255

27 West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

28 South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

29 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara

-

364

145

30

84

25

98

123

1.201

551

525

519

175

344

159

749

288

148

396

94

270

35

48

26

21

4

-

-

30 Maluku

Maluku

31 North Maluku

Maluku Utara

6

88

13

7

4

-

-

32 Island of Papua

Pulau Papua

-

-

5

0

0

-

-

37,896

146,264

37,909

30,616

39,463

9,880

28,474

TOTAL


57

2

2


SOUTH SUMATRA

59

EAST KALIMANTAN

WEST KALIMANTAN

CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

A

WEST JAVA CENTRAL JAVA EAST JAVA

Figure 2.36 Decrease of forest area by province, 2000 – 2011

Gambar 2.36 Penurunan luasan hutan pada periode 2000 – 2011 per provinsi


WEST PAPUA

62

2

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Critical Lands

Lahan Kritis

Another environmental challenge is the increase of critical lands. The term applies to physically degraded areas of land that are no longer able to properly fulfill their function as production media or water regulator. Caused by deforestation and forest degradation, the total extent of critical lands increased by 4 million hectares in 2000-2011, at various rates in different provinces. Central Kalimantan has the largest increase,followed by Jambi, North Sumatra and South-East Sulawesi. Several provinces have managed to improve the condition of such lands, including Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi (Table 2.12).

Tantangan

lingkungan

hidup

juga

menghadapi

persoalan lahan kritis. Lahan kritis adalah lahan yang secara fisik telah rusak sehingga tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik sebagai media produksi atau pengatur tata air. Perkembangan lahan kritis seiring dengan deforestasi dan degradasi hutan. Selama 2000 - 2011, lahan kritis bertambah 4 juta hektar, dengan kontribusi setiap provinsi yang berbeda-beda. Kalimantan Tengah menyumbang jumlah lahan kritis terbesar, diikuti Jambi, Sumatra Utara dan Sulawesi Tenggara. Beberapa provinsi berhasil memperbaiki kondisi lahannya, seperti di Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi tengah dan Sulawesi Selatan (Tabel 2.12).

Forest and land degradation have caused the hydrological regime to become disturbed. Water is abundant during the rainy season, but scarce during the dry season. This has caused the ratio between the maximum debit and minimum debit to increase substantially, and is indicative of land degradation in parts of a watershed area. These damages have triggered a number of natural disasters in several provinces. During 2012, the Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana BNPB) recorded 730 natural disaster incidents that took 487 lives and forced 675,798 people to evacuate.

Kerusakan hutan dan lahan menyebabkan tata air terganggu: melimpah di musim hujan, kekeringan di musim kemarau. Hal ini membuat perbandingan antara jumlah debit maksimum dengan jumlah debit minimum menjadi sangat besar. Hal ini menjadi indikasi tingkat kerusakan lahan pada suatu daerah aliran sungai (DAS) tertentu. Di beberapa provinsi, kerusakan itu menyebabkan bencana alam. Sepanjang 2012, BNPB mencatat 730 kejadian bencana alam, yang menelan 487 orang meninggal dunia dan memaksa 675.798 orang mengungsi. Bencana alam juga menyebabkan 33.847 rumah rusak

Natural disasters also caused severe damage to 33,847 houses, medium damage to 4,587 houses and light damage to 21,369 houses. The increase of hydrometeorological disasters such as floods, floods accompanied by landslides, landslides and droughts calls for attention. The number of drought disasters has risen rapidly. In 2010, BNPB recorded just two drought disasters, but in 2011 that number had risen 217. Also in 2010, the only region to suffer from droughts was East Nusa Tenggara but the following year this condition had spread to almost all parts of Indonesia. Floods occurred twice as often compared to 2010, while landslides and flood accompanied by landslides increased almost twofold, from 191 incidents in 2010 to 352 incidents in 2011.

berat; 4.587 rumah rusak sedang; dan 21.369 rusak ringan. Yang harus menjadi perhatian adalah terjadi peningkatan bencana alam hidrometeorologi: banjir, banjir disertai tanah longsor, tanah longsor, serta kekeringan. Bencana kekeringan telah melonjak tajam. Jika selama 2010, BNPB mencatat hanya 2 bencana kekeringan, pada 2011 tercatat 217 kekeringan. Pada 2010, hanya Nusa Tenggara Timur yang menderita kekeringan, sementara pada tahun berikutnya hampir seluruh wilayah Indonesia dilanda kekeringan. Bencana banjir juga meningkat dua kali lipat dibandingkan pada 2010. Bencana tanah longsor dan banjir yang disertai tanah longsor juga meningkat hampir dua kali lipat, dari 191 kejadian pada 2010 menjadi 352 pada 2011.

64

Photo/Foto: Donang Wahyu

2


Tabel 2.12 Total area of critical lands in Indonesia, 2000 - 2011 Tabel 2.12 Luas Lahan Kritis di Indonesia 2000 - 2011

Area of critical lands Luas Lahan Kritis

PROVINCE PROVINSI

No.

2000

2011

1

Aceh

Aceh

351,015

744,955

Perubahan 393,940

2

North Sumatera

Sumatera Utara

469,143

1,135,341

666,198

3

Riau

Riau

334,868

840,658

505,790

4

Riau Archipelago

Kep. Riau

0

254,749

254,749

5

West Sumatera

Sumatera Barat

131,155

509,977

378,822

6

Jambi

Jambi

716,147

1,420,602

704,455

7

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

578,543

642,587

64,044

3,461,840

3,886,062

424,222

0

114,836

114,836

299,157

589,229

290,072

8

South Sumatera

Sumatera Selatan

9

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

10

Lampung

Lampung

11

Banten

Banten

0

67,503

67,503

12

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

0

0

0

13

West Java

Jawa Barat

368,794

483,945

115,151

14

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

360,827

159,853

-200,974

15

DI Yogyakarta

DI Yogyakarta

34,667

33,559

-1,108

16

East Java

Jawa Timur

1,302,379

608,913

-693,466

17

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

3,065,728

3,169,491

103,763

18

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

1,758,833

4,636,890

2,878,057

19

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

1,778,782

318,836

-1,459,946

20

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

575,383

786,911

211,528

21

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

235,092

276,056

40,964

22

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

0

257,176

257,176

23

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

413,221

317,769

-95,452

24

South-East Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tenggara

241,811

885,463

643,652

25

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

1,032,802

920,452

-112,350

26

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

0

113,960

113,960

27

Bali

Bali

33,425

48,052

14,627

28


278,698

91,859

-186,839

29

East Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Timur

1,356,757

1,041,688

-315,069

30

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

0

611,107

611,107

31

Maluku

Maluku

694,911

762,324

67,413

32

Papua

Papua

3,368,903

1,076.699

-2,292,204

33

West Papua

Papua Barat

0

487,343

487,343

23,242,881

27,294,845

4,051,964

Total


66


Figure 2.37 Distribution of flood and flood with land slides, 2004 - 2011

Gambar 2.37 Sebaran Kejadian Bencana Banjir & Bencana Banjir yang Disertai Longsor Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011.

Source: National Agency for Disaster Management Sumber: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana

Figure 2.38 Distribution of drought incidents, 2004 -2011

Gambar 2.38 Sebaran Kejadian Kekeringan Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011

Source: National Agency for Disaster Management Sumber: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana

67

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COAST AND MARINE

PESISIR DAN LAUT

The largest archipelago in the world with 13,466 named islands, Indonesia has abundant aquatic and marine resources. The country has a sea area of about 5.8 million sq. kilometers and boasts a large fisheries potential. Its coastal areas hold oil, gas, mineral and ore reserves. Its coastal ecosystems, such as mangrove forests, seagrass and coral reefs, also have many uses. The total area of Indonesia’s coral reefs amounts to 75,000 sq. kilometers, or about 12-15 percent of the world’s 284,300 sq. kilometers of coral reefs. Coral reefs provide food and medicine and protect the shoreline from wave action. Seagrass also have economic value and provide raw materials for medicine, fertilizers, mattresses, food, waste filters and chemicals. Seagrass can absorb energy from waves and currents and filter and stabilize sediments (BPS, 2012).

Sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia dengan 13.466 pulau yang memiliki nama, Indonesia memiliki banyak sumber daya perairan dan kelautan. Perairan negara ini yang mempunyai uas 5,8 juta kilometer persegi menyimpan potensi perikanan yang besar. Pesisir lautnya menyimpan cadangan minyak, gas, mineral dan bahan tambang. Di ekosistem pesisir, hutan mangrove, padang lamun dan terumbu karang juga memiliki banyak manfaat. Luas terumbu karang mencapai 75.000 km persegi atau sekitar 12 – 15 persen dari luas terumbu dunia, yang mencapai 284.300 km 2. Terumbu karang menyediakan bahan makanan, obat-obatan dan manjaga pantai dari deburan ombak. Padang lamun juga bernilai ekonomi untuk bahan baku obat-obatan, pupuk, kasur, makanan, penyaring limbah kertas, dan bahan kimia. Hamparan lamun mampu mengurangi tenaga gelombang dan arus, menyaring sedimen air laut dan menstabilkan dasar sedimen (BPS, 2012).

Coral reefs can generate an estimated income of US$ 1.6 billion a year. Their total potential economic value may reach US$619 billion annually. However, the huge potential of coral reefs has caused their exploitation to reach alarming levels. In 2012, LIPI’s Oceanographic Research Center surveyed coral reefs in 1,133 locations and found that just 5.30 percent were in excellent condition. Of the remainder, 27.19 percent were in good condition, 37.25 percent in fair condition and 30.45 percent in poor condition.

Pendapatan yang bisa dihasilkan dari terumbu karang diperkirakan mencapai US$ 1,6 miliar per tahun. Total nilai potensi ekonomi bisa menyentuh US$ 61,9 miliar setiap tahun. Hanya saja, potensi terumbu karang yang besar diiringi dengan ancaman eksploitasi yang mengkhawatirkan.

Berdasarkan

pemantauan

Pusat

Penelitian Oseanografi LIPI pada 2012 di 1.133 lokasi, hanya sekitar 5,30 persen terumbu karang dalam kondisi sangat baik. Lalu, 27,19 persen dalam keadaan baik; 37,25 persen cukup baik; dan 30,45 persen kurang baik.

With a coastline of 81,000 kilometer, Indonesia has the second largest mangrove formations in the world after Brazil. Occupying the transition zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, mangrove formations protect the shore, stabilize mud flats and maintain the balance of the environment.

Dengan garis pantai sepanjang 81.000 kilometer, Indonesia memiliki hutan mangrove terluas kedua dunia setelah Brazil. Tumbuh di zona peralihan, antara ekosistem laut dan daratan, hutan mangrove melindungi pantai, menahan endapan lumpur dan menjaga keseimbangan lingkungan.

In 2006, the Ministry of Forestry estimated the total extent of mangrove formations to amount to 7.7 million hectares. However, in 2011 this number had decreased to 5.5 million hectares. Of this total, 56.91 percent were in good condition, while 7.21 percent were severely damaged. Mangrove formations also face the threat of conversion into plantations, fish ponds and settlements.

Pada 2006, Kementerian Kehutanan mencatat luas hutan mangrove mencapai 7,7 juta hektar. Tetapi pada saat ini luasnya menurun pada 2011 menjadi 5,5 juta hektar. Dari total luas hutan mangrove itu, 56,91 persen masih baik dan 7,21 persen rusak berat. Hutan mangrove juga terancam alih fungsi untuk berbagai kepentingan, seperti perkebunan, tambak dan pemukiman.

68


Photo / Foto : Aksa Tejalaksana

Figure 2.39 Condition of coral reefs in Indonesia (%) Gambar 2.39 Kondisi terumbu karang di Indonesia (%)

50 45 40 35 30 25 Excellent Sangat Baik

20

Good Baik

15

Fair Cukup

10

Poor Kurang

5 0 1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

Sources: Coremap.or.id

2005

2007

2009

2011

Sumber: Coremap.or.id

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2


Table 2.13 Area and condition of mangrove forests by province, 2011 Table 2.13 Luas dan Kondisi Hutan Mangrove Menurut Provinsi Tahun 2011

Condition (%) Kondisi

Area Luas (ha)

Province Provinsi

Good Baik

Moderate Sedang

Damaged Rusak

Not identified Tidak Teridentifikasi

Aceh

Aceh

50,689,43

83,87

-

16,13

0,00

North Sumatra

Sumatera Utara

88,687,80

8,16

36,07

55,77

0,00

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

43,186,71

77,63

7,67

15,00

0,00

193,886,72

6,73

9,98

5,09

78,19

6,863,30

-

-

20,44

79,56

56,415,00

35,81

3,07

61,13

0,00

Riau

Riau

Jambi

Jambi

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

214,743,00

3,13

96,66

0,21

0,00

Lampung

Lampung

22,723,90

20,73

12,93

66,31

0,00

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

104,479,70

96,70

1,55

1,75

0,00

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

33,359,18

57,88

22,45

19,67

0,00

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

-

-

-

-

-

West Java

Jawa Barat

33,640,28

9,40

29,17

61,43

0,00

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

1,784,850,91

99,73

0,14

0,11

0,02

DI Yogyakarta

DI Yogyakarta

East Java

Jawa Timur

Banten

Banten

61,00

14,75

9,84

75,41

0,00

129,275,14

-

-

-

-

613,90

54,47

11,91

33,62

0,00

Bali

Bali

2,215,50

79,47

9,10

11,43

0,00

West Nusa Tenggara

NTB

18,356,88

46,15

44,28

9,58

0,00

East Nusa Tenggara

NTT

16,593,19

-

-

-

-

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

125,948,00

31,50

63,80

4,70

0,00

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

1,593,98

50,12

28,51

21,37

0,00

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

129,710,59

39,14

37,57

23,29

0,00

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

107,023,00

85,74

0,20

14,06

0,00

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

29,652,36

-

-

-

-

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

25,715,35

64,96

17,21

17,83

0,00

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

South-East Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tenggara

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

77,135,00

31,90

34,60

33,50

0,00

294,562,28

25,00

36,00

39,00

0,00

17,304,84

82,17

-

17,83

0,00

5,548,30

66,16

17,89

15,95

0,00

Maluku

Maluku

31,497,05

25,91

62,36

11,73

0,00

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

37,606,45

33,66

12,84

14,44

39,06

West Papua

Papua Barat

809,900,65

95,81

0,40

3,80

0,00

Papua

Papua

1,049,172,69

-

-

-

-

INDONESIA

5,543,012,08

56,91 %

Notes: a) Data up to 2010 Source : Provincial Marine and Fisheries Agencies, 2012 Catatan : a) Data sampai tahun 2010 Sumber : Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi, 2012

70

10,69 %

7,20 %

25,20 %


Photo by Courtesy Foto Istimewa

71

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Table 2.14 Mangrove forest area by

Tabel 2.14 Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau M

2007 Province Provinsi

Area (ha) Luas

Condition Kondisi Good Baik

Moderate Sedang

Damaged Rusak

Area (ha) Luas

West Java

Jawa Barat

17,654,40

13,229,90

3,674,30

750,20

Central Java*

Jawa Tengah*

60,016,70

9,870,70

4,039,00

46,107,00

Banten

Banten

15,255,60

14,413,80

841,90

0,00

762,23

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

27,355,90

9,338,90

6,633,40

11,383,60

15,538,50

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

28,954,30

5,238,00

5,248,30

18,468,00

77,135,00

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

33,934,60

7,769,40

7,857,70

18,307,50

33,934,00

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

Maluku

Maluku

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

TOTAL

3,000,00

0,00

1,570,00

1,430,00

2,928,78

128,038,00

12,231,00

115,807,00

0,00

31,462,03

43,887,00

16,373,00

24,198,00

3,316,00

37,606,45

358,098,50

88,467,70

170,458,71

100,083,59

233,013,27

Table 2.15 Mangrove forest rehabilitation by province, 2008 – 2010 Tabel 2.15. Rehabilitasi Hutan Bakau menurut Provinsi 2008 – 2010

Province Provinsi Aceh North Sumatra West Sumatra Riau Jambi South Sumatra Bengkulu Lampung Bangka Belitung Riau archipelago DKI Jakarta West Java Central Java DI Yogyakarta East Java Banten Bali West Nusa Tenggara East Nusa Tenggara West Kalimantan Central Kalimantan South Kalimantan East Kalimantan North Sulawesi Central Sulawesi South Sulawesi South-East Sulawesi Gorontalo West Sulawesi Maluku North Maluku West Papua Papua INDONESIA

Aceh Sumatera Utara Sumatera Barat Riau Jambi Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu Lampung Bangka Belitung Kepulauan Riau DKI Jakarta Jawa Barat Jawa Tengah DI Yogyakarta Jawa Timur Banten Bali Nusa Tenggara Barat Nusa Tenggara Timur Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan Tengah Kalimantan Selatan Kalimantan Timur Sulawesi Utara Sulawesi Tengah Sulawesi Selatan Sulawesi Tenggara Gorontalo Sulawesi Barat Maluku Maluku Utara Papua Barat Papua

33,640,28

2008

2009

2010

986,00 800,00 100,00 136,00 2,950,00 70,00 815,00 36,00 25,00 68,00 25,00 5,00 8,00 176,00 50,00 924,00 500,00 2.850,00 210,00 5,00 10,739,00

185,00 327,00 2,025,00 4,00 350,00 18,200,00 5,060,00 93,00 25,00 75,00 45,00 8,00 725,00 81,00 35,00 11,00 2,50 27,251,50

72,00 1,228,00 40,00 65,00 10,00 449,80 50,00 440,00 12,00 657,00 1,00 52,50 65,045,00 195,00 151,50 8,00 26,50 50,00 357,10 50,00 45,00 69,005,40

72

Sources: Forestry Statistics of Indonesia, 2010 Sumber : Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia, 2010


y province and damage level, 2007, 2010, 2011

Menurut Provinsi Dan Tingkat Kerusakan, 2007, 2010, 2011

2010

2011

Condition Kondisi Good Baik 3,162,19

Moderate Sedang 9,812,87

Damaged Rusak

Condition Kondisi

Area (ha) Luas

20,665,22

Good Baik

Moderate Sedang

Damaged Rusak

Not identified

Tidak Terindentifikasi

33,640,28

3,162,19

9,812,87

20,665,22

20,564,72

12,198,75

4,939,53

3,426,44

0,00

322,19

179,43

260,61

613,90

334,39

73,12

206,39

0,00

11,577,50

71,00

3,890,00

25,715,35

16,704,69

4,425,61

4,585,05

0,00

24,615,00

25,844,00

26,676,00

77,135,00

24,606,07

26,688,71

25,840,23

0,00

7,769,00

7,858,00

18,307,00

17,304,84

14,219,39

0,00

3,085,45

0,00

661,61

985,53

1,282,22

5,548,30

3,670,76

992,59

884,95

0,00

8,142,17

19,634,11

3,685,75

31,497,05

8,160,89

19,641,56

3,694,60

0,00

12,657,49

4,827,01

5,432,11

37,606,45

12,658,33

4,828,67

5,430,37

14,689,08

68,914,15

69,602,95

80,635,91

249,635,89

95,726,44

71,414,66

67,831,71

14,703,08

Source: Forestry Statistics, Note : * Data 2010 Sumber : Statistik Kehutanan, Keterangan : *Data 2010

Table 2.16 Area of mangrove forests by province, 2007, 2011 Tabel 2.16 Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi 2007, 2011

Province Provinsi

2007

2011

Area (ha) Luas

Area (ha) Luas

West Java

Jawa Barat

17,654,40

33,640,28

Central Java*

Jawa Tengah*

60,016,70

20,564,72

East Java

Jawa Timur

272,200,80

129,275,14

Banten

Banten

15,255,60

613,90

East Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Timur

40,641,10

16,593,19

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

32,310,10

29,652,36

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

27,355,90

25,715,35

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

28,954,30

77,135,00

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

33,934,60

17,304,84

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

3,000,00

5,548,30

Maluku

Maluku

128,038,00

31,497,05

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

43,887,00

37,606,45

Papua

Papua

1,007,817,00

1,049,172,69

1,711,067,50

1,453,764,55

TOTAL Source: Forestry Statistics Note : * Data 2010

Sumber : Statistik Kehutanan Keterangan : *Data 2010

73

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Table 2.17 Fisheries production volume, 2007 -2011 Tabel 2.17 Volume Produksi Perikanan 2007 -2011

Details Rincian

2007

Volume (Tonne) Capture Fisheries Perikanan Tangkap

Upstream Industries Industri Hulu

Aquaculture Fisheries

Perikanan Budidaya

Average Increase

Year Tahun 2008

8,238,302

Kenaikan Rata-Rata (%)

2009

8,858,315

9,816,534

2007 -2011

2010

2011

11,662,342

13,643,234

2010 -2011

13,53

16,99

Sub Total

Sub Jumlah

5,044,737

5,003,115

5,107,971

5,384,418

5,714,271

3,20

6,13

Marine fisheries

Perikanan Laut

4,734,280

4,701,933

4,812,235

5,039,446

5,345,729

3,12

6,08

Open water

Perairan Umum

310,457

301,182

295,736

344,972

368,542

4,67

6,83

Sub Total

Sub Jumlah

3,193,565

3,855,200

4,708,563

6,277,924

7,928,963

25,62

26,30

Marine culture

Budidaya Laut

1,509,528

1,966,002

2,820,083

3,514,702

4,605,827

32,34

31,04

933,832

959,509

907,123

1,416,038

1,602,748

16,64

13,19

410,373

479,167

554,067

819,809

1,127,127

29,46

37,49

63,929

75,769

101,771

121,271

131,383

20,08

8,34

190,893

263,169

238,606

309,499

375,430

19,89

21,30

85,009

111,584

86,913

96,605

86,448

2,45

-10,51

Brackishwater pond Tambak Freshwater pond

Kolam

Cage

Keramba

Floating net

Jaring Apung

Paddy field

Sawah

Source : DG of Capture Fisheries & DG of Aquaculture Fisheries, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs

Sumber: Ditjen Perikanan Tangkap & Ditjen Perikanan Budidaya. KKP

Table 2.18 Number of fisheries facilities and infrastructure, 2007 – 2011 Tabel 2.18 Jumlah Sarana dan Prasarana Perikanan 2007 – 2011

Facilities and infrastructure Jenis Sarana dan Prasarana

Average increase (%) Kenaikan Rata-Rata

Year Tahun 2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2007-2011

2010-2011

CAPTURE FISHERIES PERIKANAN TANGKAP

Number of fishing vessels

Jumlah Perahu/Kapal Perikanan (buah)

788.848

788.188

775.789

742.369

767.187

-26.49

3.34

Marine Capture

Perikanan Tangkap di Laut

590.314

596.184

590.352

570.827

581.845

-25.82

1.93

Non-powered boats

Perahu Tanpa Motor

241.889

212.003

193.798

172.907

170.938

-8.22

-1.14

Outboard motors

Motor Tempel

185.509

229.335

236.632

231.333

225.786

5.54

-2.40

Inboard motors

Kapal Motor

162.916

154.846

259.922

166.587

185.121

3.40

11.13

Inland Open Water Capture

Perikanan Tangkap di Perairan Umum

198.534

192.004

185.437

171.542

185.342

-28.55

8.04

Non-powered boats

Perahu Tanpa Motor

159.781

154.987

148.233

138.552

142.376

-2.78

2.76

Outboard motors

Motor Tempel

37.747

35.136

35.020

31.774

41.115

3.22

29.40

Inboard motors

Kapal Motor

1.006

1.881

2.184

1.216

1.851

27.75

52.22

Fishing Ports

Pelabuhan Perikanan

813

813

966

816

0.82

-15.53

Oceanic fishing ports

Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudra (PPS)

Archipelagic fishing ports

Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara (PPN)

Coastal fishing ports

Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai (PPP)

48

46

47

Fish landing bases

Pelabuhan Pendaratan Ikan (PPI)

748

748

900

Private fishing ports *)

Pelabuhan Perikanan Swasta *)

-

2

2

Aquaculture Area (Ha)

Lahan Budidaya Perikanan (Ha)

821.720

896.325

Marine culture

Budidaya Laut

36.733

32.761

5

6

6

6

6

5.00

0.00

12

13

13

14

14

4.01

0.00

47

44

-2.09

-6.38

749

750

0.92

0.13

2

2

-

0.00

996.223

1.080.966

1.198.379

9.90

10.86

43.804

117.650

169.292

58.84

43.90

AQUACULTURE FISHERIES PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA

Brackishwater ponds

Tambak

555.925

618.251

669.738

674.942

749.220

7.83

11.01

Freshwater ponds

Kolam

106.776

101.813

153.316

148.278

126.382

6.97

-14.77

Cages

Karamba

384

213

300

637

561

24.24

-11.89

Floating nets

Jaring Apung

674

666

1.386

744

1.294

33.63

73.77

Paddy fields

Sawah

121.229

142.621

127.679

138.715

151.630

6.28

9.31

Note : *) No classification as fishing port Source : DG of Capture Fisheries & DG of Aquaculture Fisheries, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs

Keterangan : *) Tidak berkategori kelas pelabuhan perikanan Sumber : Ditjen Perikanan Tangkap & Ditjen Perikanan Budidaya. KKP

74


In 2007-2011, the volume of fish catch increased sharply. Marine fisheries produced 4.7 million tonnes of fish in 2007, which over four years rose to 5.4 million tonnes. The average gain was 3.12 percent, with the steepest hike occurring in 2010-2011 at 6.13 percent.

Sepanjang 2007 – 2011, volume tangkapan ikan terus meningkat tajam. Pada 2007, perikanan laut mencatat 4,7 juta metrik ton volume tangkapan ikan, yang dalam empat tahun meningkat menjadi 5,4 juta metrik ton. Rata-rata peningkatan tangkapan sebesar 3,12 persen, sementara kenaikan tertajam terjadi pada 2010 – 2011, sekitar 6,13 persen.

This increase in fish catch became possible with better equipment. Fishermen nowadays use motorized boats instead of non-motorized boats. The numbers of the latter continued to decrease by 8.2 percent in 2007-2011, whereas the use of outboard motors rose by 5.54 percent. The number of motorized boats increased steadily by 3.4 percent and even jumped by 11 percent in 2010-2011.

Meningkatnya tangkapan ikan tersebut, tidak lepas dari perubahan alat tangkap yang digunakan nelayan. Kini para nelayan memakai kapal motor, dan mulai meninggalkan perahu tanpa motor. Jumlah alat tangkap perahu tanpa motor terus menurun 8,2 persen selama 2007 – 2011; sedangkan pemakaian motor tempel meningkat 5,54 persen. Peningkatan secara konstan terjadi pada kapal motor, sebesar 3,4 persen. Bahkan kurun 2010 – 2011, angka peningkatan kapal motor mencapai 11 persen.

Sea Water Quality

Kualitas Air Laut

Pollution also threatens marine resources. Some parts of Indonesia’s waters are vulnerable to oil pollution. In 1997-2012, there were 36 incidents of oil spills, which affected biological and nonbiological marine resources (BPS, 2012).

Ancaman pencemaran juga mengincar sumber daya laut. Beberapa wilayah perairan Indonesia ternyata juga rentan terhadap pencemaran minyak. Dalam kurun 1997 – 2012 telah terjadi 36 kasus tumpahan minyak, yang berdampak pada sumber daya hayati dan nonhayati laut (BPS, 2012).

In 2012, several ports and marine tourism areas were selected as sea water quality monitoring sites. The locations included the ports of Tanjung Priok, Jakarta; Ciwandan, Banten; Gorontalo and Parigi, Gulf of Tomini. Monitoring of marine tourism areas took place in the Gulf of Tomini; Parigi, Palu; and Pahuwato, Gorontalo.

Pemantauan kualitas air laut pada 2012 mengambil lokasi di pelabuhan dan wisata bahari: Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, Jakarta; Pelabuhan Ciwandan, Banten; Pelabuhan

Gorontalo

dan

Parigi,

Teluk

Tomini.

Sementara di daerah wisata pemantauan digelar di Teluk Tomini; Parigi, Palu; dan Pahuwato, Gorontalo.

Parameters for analysis were selected in accordance with seawater quality standards for ports and marine tourism areas as stipulated by Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004. Monitoring in the above-mentioned ports revealed several parameters failing to comply with the quality standards, including water clarity (standard > 3m). All sampling points in the Port of Tanjung Priok had a clarity of less than 3 meters. Meanwhile, 2 of 6 sampling points in the Port of Ciwandan, Banten, and in the Gulf of Tomini, Gorontalo had a clarity of less than 3 meters.

Parameter yang dianalisis sesuai baku mutu air laut (BMAL) untuk kualitas pelabuhan dan wisata bahari berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun 2004. Dari hasil pemantauan di pelabuhan,

terdapat

beberapa

parameter

yang

melebihi baku mutu, yaitu kecerahan (BMAL > 3 meter). Semua titik sampling di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok kecerahannya di bawah 3 meter. Sementara di Pelabuhan Ciwandan, Banten, dan Teluk Tomini, Gorontalo,

2 dari 6 titik sampling mempunyai

kecerahan di bawah 3 meter. Parameter amoniak yang melampaui baku mutu

Ammonia levels exceeding the quality standard limit were detected in the Port of Tanjung Priok,

terdeteksi di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, yang dekat dengan industri, pelabuhan peti kemas, dan pemecah

75

2


which is adjacent to industry, a container port and breakwaters. Meanwhile, in the Port of Parigi ammonia was detected at the outlet of the Olaya river.

gelombang. Sementara di Pelabuhan Parigi, parameter amoniak ditemukan di outlet Sungai Olaya. Parameter Total Padatan Tersuspensi (TSS) di lokasi

Total suspended solids (TSS) at the tourism site of Parigi, Gulf of Tomini, exceeded the quality standard limit of 24 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen (DO) at the Bajau village in Pahuwato, Gorontalo, failed to comply with the standard, but was within limits at other locations. Offshore oil and grease concentrations near the Bajau village and the tourist area of Parigi were detected to be higher than the quality standard.

wisata Parigi, Teluk Tomini, melebihi baku mutu, yaitu 24 mg/L. Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut (DO) di perkampungan Bajo di Pahuwato, Gorontalo, berada di luar baku mutu, sedangkan lokasi lainnya masuk dalam baku mutu. Kandungan Minyak Lemak di laut lepas dekat perkampungan Bajo dan wisata Parigi terdeteksi melebihi baku mutu. Dibandingkan dengan hasil pemantauan 2011, untuk

A comparison with the results of monitoring conducted in 2011 revealed improvement of some parameters in the Port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, namely water clarity and dissolved oxygen. Even though the seawater quality standard

Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo ada parameter yang mengalami peningkatan, yaitu kecerahan dan kandungan Oksigen terlarut. Kendati baku mutu air laut tidak mengatur kandungan DO perairan, tetapi peningkatan kecerahan dan DO dapat berdampak baik

Figure 2.40 Ammonia levels in several ports

Location Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012

Ciaya River outlet Outlet Sungai Ciaya

Third class port of Parigi Pelabuhan Kelas III Parigi

Offshore near Bambalemo River outlet Laut Lepas DEkat Outlet Sungai Bambalemo

Port of TJ.Priok, Jakarta Pelabuhan TJ.Priuk, Jakarta

Bambalemo River outlet Outlet Sungai Bambalemo

Fish auction site Pelelangan Ikan

Offshore Laut Lepas

Near breakwaters Dekat Pemecah Gelombang

Container port Pelabuhan Peti Kemas

Near industry Dekat Industri

JT dock for liquid bulk cargo Dermaga JT Curah Cair

KBS KBS

Offshore near KBS Laut Lepas Dekat KBS

General dock Dermaga Umum

Multi purpose dock Dermaga Multi Purpose

Port of Owandan, Serang Pelabuhan Owandan, Serang

Industry(near MoE monitoring spot) Industri (Dekat Titik Pantau KLH)

Gulf of Tomini Gorontalo Teluk Tomini Gorontalo

Settlement Pemukiman Penduduk

Ferry port Pelabuhan Kapal Fery

Offshore near former landfill site Laut Lepas dekat Bekas TPA

Former landfill site Bekas TPA

Dock of cargo port Dermaga Pel. Barang

0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0

Fish auction site Tempat Pelelangan Ikan

Concentration (mg/L)

Gambar 2.40 Kandungan amoniak di pelabuhan

Gulf of Tomini Parigi, Moutong Teluk Tomini Parigi, Moutong


Figure 2.41 Comparison of dissolved oxygen in the port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, 2011 - 2012 Gambar 2.41 Perbandingan kandungan oksigen terlarut di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun 2011 - 2012





Offshore near former landfill site Laut Lepas dekat Bekas TPA

Location

Dock of cargo port Dermaga Pel.Barang


Near breakwaters Dekat Pemecah Gelombang

Port of TJ.Priok Pelabuhan TJ.Priok

Offshore Laut Lepas

DO 2012

DO 2011

Container Port Pelabuhan Peti Kemas

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0



2

Gulf of Tomini Gorontalo Teluk Tomini Gorontalo


76


does not regulate DO levels, improved clarity and DO levels can have a positive effect on marine life.

bagi kehidupan biota perairan. Hasilnya dapat dilihat

Conversely, phenol concentrations in 2012 have increased compared to the monitoring results of 2011. The seawater quality standard does not regulate phenol concentrations, but high levels of this pollutant in ports may disturb marine ecosystems as only few marine microorganisms have a natural ability to degrade phenol. Ammonia levels in the Port of Tantung Prior had decreased, however they still exceeded the quality standard.

Sebaliknya, konsentrasi fenol pada 2012 meningkat

pada gambar di bawah.

ketimbang hasil pemantauan 2011. Baku mutu memang tidak mengatur kandungan fenol di pelabuhan, tapi tingginya polutan ini dapat menganggu ekosistem perairan. Hal itu lantaran sangat sedikit mikroorganisme perairan yang mampu mendegradasi fenol secara alami. Di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, meski konsentrasinya turun, tetapi masih terdeteksi kandungan amoniak yang melebihi baku mutu.

Port of Tj.Priok Pelabuhan TJ.Priok Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012



Near former landfill site Laut Lepas dekat Bekas TPA



Location

Dock of cargo port Dermaga Pel.Barang

Phenol 2012

offshore Laut Lepas

Near Breakwaters Dekat Pemecah Gelombang

Container port Pelabuhan Peti Kemas

Phenol 2011

0,08 0,07 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0



Figure 2.42 Comparison of phenol concentrations Port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, 2011 – 2012 Gambar 2.42 Perbandingan kandungan fenol di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun 2011 – 2012

Gulf of Tomini, Gorontalo Teluk Tomini Gorontalo



Figure 2.43 Comparison of ammonia concentrations Port of Tanjung Priok, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.43 Perbandingan kandungan amoniak di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Tahun 2011-2012 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0

Ammonia 2011 Ammonia 2012

Near Industry Dekat Industri

Container Port Pelabuhan Peti Kemas

Near Breakwaters Dekat Pemecah Gelombang

Offshore Laut Lepas

Port of TJ.Priok Pelabuhan TJ.Priok

Location Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


77

2


Monitoring in the Gulf of Tomini took place in three different locations: in Gorontalo City (port); in Pahuwato Regency, Gorontalo (tourism area); and in Parigi Regency, Palu (port and tourism area). The purpose of monitoring was to establish an overall picture of the water quality in the Gulf of Tomini. Water quality for tourism areas is regulated in the seawater quality standard of Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004. Total suspended solids (TSS) at the tourism area of Parigi in the Gulf of Tomini exceeded the limit of 24 mg/L.

Pemantauan Teluk Tomini dilakukan di tiga wilayah: Kota Gorontalo (pelabuhan), Kabupaten Pahuwato, Gorontalo, (daerah wisata) dan Kabupaten Parigi, Palu (pelabuhan dan daerah wisata). Pemantauan ini diharapkan dapat memberi gambaran menyeluruh kualitas perairan Teluk Tomini. Kualitas perairan di daerah wisata diatur dalam BMAL untuk wisata bahari KepMenLH Nomor 51 tahun 2004. Kadar total padatan tersuspensi (TSS) di lokasi wisata Parigi, di perairan Teluk Tomini melebihi BMAL, yaitu 24 mg/L.

Figure 2.44 TSS concentrations in tourism areas Gambar 2.44 Kandungan TSS dI daerah wisata


30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5

Tanduluyu River Offshore near Bajou Village Tanduluyu River Perkmp. Bajou Delta Muara Sungai Tanduluyu

Delta Laut Lepas Muara Sungai Tanduluyu

Gulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa

Offshore near Bajou village

Tourism area Parigi

Laut Lepas dekat Perkmp. Bajou

Daerah Wisata Parigi

Location


Gulf of Tomini, Parigi-Palu Teluk Tomini, Parigi-Palu


Figure 2.45 Dissolved oxygen concentrations in tourism areas Gambar 2.45 Kandungan oksigen terlarut di daerah wisata

7,00


2

6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00

Tanduluyu River Delta Muara Sungai Tanduluyu

Offshore near Tanduluyu River Delta Laut Lepas dekat Muara Sungai Tanduluyu


Bajau village Perkmp. Bajou

Offshore near Bajau village Laut Lepas dekat Perkmp. Bajou

Location


Tourism area Daerah Wisata



78


DO and sulfide levels surpassed the quality standard at the Bajau village in Pahuwato but complied with the quality standard in other locations. Sulfide was detected near the Bajau village at a concentration of 0.001 mg/L. Open waters adjacent to Bajau village and the tourism area of Parigi showed above-limit oil and grease contamination, with oil spills from fishing boats and domestic waste possible sources of origin. Phenol and free ammonia was detected at all tourism sites.

Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut (DO) dan sulfida di perkampungan Bajo, Pahuwato, berada di luar baku mutu, sedangkan lokasi lainnya masuk dalam BMAL. Sulfida terdeteksi di perkampungan Bajo sebesar 0,001 mg/L. Kandungan minyak lemak di laut lepas dekat perkampungan Bajo dan wisata Parigi terdeteksi melebihi

baku

mutu

air

laut

yang

ditetapkan.

Kandungan minyak lemak di perairan wisata diduga dari tumpahan minyak kapal nelayan dan limbah domestik. Fenol dan amoniak bebas terdeteksi di semua lokasi daerah wisata.

Detergents or Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS) are among the pollutants found in domestic waste A high concentration of detergents indicates that domestic waste is discarded directly into rivers or other bodies of water. Due to their properties, these pollutants are easily carried away by water currents and become dispersed.

Deterjen atau Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS) adalah salah satu polutan dari limbah domestik. Tingginya polutan ini menunjukkan limbah domestik langsung dibuang ke sungai atau perairan. Sifat dispersi deterjen dalam molekul air membuat polutan ini mudah terbawa arus dan menyebar.

Figure 2.46 Oil and grease levels in tourism areas Gambar 2.46 Kandungan minyak dan lemak di daerah wisata

Figure 2.47 Phenol level in tourism areas Gambar 2.47 Kandungan fenol di daerah wisata 0,06



2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0

Tanduluyu Offshore near Bajau village Offshore near River Delta Tanduluyu Perkmp. Bajou Bajau village Muara Sungai River Delta Laut Lepas dekat Tanduluyu Laut Lepas Perkmp. Bajou dekat Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Gulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa

Location

0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0

Tourism area Parigi Daerah Wisata Parigi





Figure 2.49 MBAS levels in tourism areas Gambar 2.49 Kandungan MBAS di daerah wisata

0,08

0,2

0,07

0,18



Location



Figure 2.48 Ammonia levels in tourism areas Gambar 2.48 Kandungan amoniak di daerah wisata

0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0

Tanduluyu Offshore near Bajau village Offshore near River Delta Tanduluyu Perkmp. Bajou Bajau village Muara Sungai River Delta Laut Lepas dekat Tanduluyu Laut Lepas Perkmp. Bajou dekat Muara Sungai Tanduluyu

0,16 0,14 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04


Location

0,02


0




Location


79



2

2


BIODIVERSITY

KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI

There are many types of ecosystems in this country. No less than 52 different types of vegetation exist throughout the archipelago, from nival flora on the top of Mount Jayawijaya to alpine and subalpine vegetations, mountain rain forests, lowland rain forests, beach formations, savanna, mangrove formations and peat swamp forest (Kartawinata. 2006).

Negeri ini memiliki berbagai tipe ekosistem. Tidak kurang dari 52 tipe vegetasi yang bisa ditemukan di Nusantara: mulai dari vegetasi salju di Puncak Jayawijaya, alpina, sub-alpina, hutan hujan pegunungan, dataran rendah, hutan pantai, savana, mangrove sampai rawa gambut (Kartawinata. 2006). Garis pantai Nusantara yang membentang hampir 81.000 km dilindungi ekosistem terumbu karang,

The coastline of Indonesia extends for almost 81,000 km, and is protected by coral reef, seagrass and mangrove ecosystems. Many different species of plants, animals and microscopic organisms inhabit the various types of vegetation, forming unique and complex ecosystems.

padang lamun dan mangrove. Tipe-tipe vegetasi dihuni aneka spesies tumbuhan, hewan, dan jasad renik, yang membentuk ekosistem unik dan kompleks. Tidak mengherankan, di seluruh negeri berlimpah keanekaragaman hayati. Karena itu, Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara

In this regard, Indonesia is one of the most important countries in the world. Constituting just 13 percent of the world’s total land area, Indonesia is home to 17 percent of all species on the planet, comprising at least 35,000-40,000 plant species (11-15 percent), 707 mammal species (12 percent), 350 amphibian and reptile species (15 percent), 1,602 bird species (17 percent) and 2,184 freshwater fish species (37 percent) (LIPI/Indonesian Institute of Sciences).

terpenting di dunia. Walaupun hanya menopang 13 persen daratan dunia, Indonesia menyimpan 17 persen dari total spesies di muka Bumi. Sedikitnya 35.000 40.000 spesies tumbuhan (11-15 persen); 707 spesies mamalia (12 persen); 350 spesies amfibia dan reptil (15 persen); 1.602 spesies burung (17 persen) dan 2.184 spesies ikan air tawar (37 persen) (LIPI, 2012). Sementara di perairan laut, tidak kurang dari 2.500 spesies molluska; 2.000 spesies krustasea; 6 spesies

Indonesia’s marine waters contain no less than 2,500 mollusk species, 2,000 crustacean species, 6 seaturtle species, 30 marine mammal species and more than 2,500 seawater fish species.

penyu laut; 30 mamalia laut; dan lebih 2.500 spesies ikan laut. Keunggulan

lainnya,

Indonesia

punya

spesies

endemik. Spesies endemik tersebut terdiri dari: 14.800

Indonesia also occupies a pre-eminent position in terms of endemic species. They consist of 14,800 plant species (no. 5 in the world) with 225 endemic palm species (no. 1 in the world), 201 mammalian species (no. 2 in the world) 150 reptile species (no. 4 in the world), 397 bird species (no. 5 in the world), 100 amphibian species, 35 primate species, and 121 butterfly species. Endemism is of great importance because these species cannot be found in any other part of the world (LIPI, 2012)

jenis tumbuhan (nomor 5 dunia), di antaranya 225 jenis palem endemik (no 1 dunia); 201 jenis mamalia (nomor 2 dunia); 150 jenis reptilia (nomor 4 dunia); 397 jenis burung (nomor 5 dunia); 100 jenis amfibia; 35 jenis primat; dan 121 jenis kupu-kupu. Endemisme sangat penting karena makhluk hidup itu tidak dapat ditemukan di belahan Bumi lain (LIPI. 2012). Namun demikian. tingginya keanekaragaman hayati yang dimiliki juga berbanding lurus dengan laju kepunahan dan tingkat keterancamannya, karena

However, this high biodiversity is also directly proportional to rates of extinction and degrees of

itu perlindungan terhadap jenis flora dan fauna terancam menjadi prioritas pemerintah. Selain itu,

80


threat, and protection of endangered flora and fauna thus has become a government priority. The Ministry of Forestry and LIPI, respectively as management and scientific authority, establish conservation statuses, issue regulations about the capture of animals for various purposes and also set CITES export quotas.

dalam penetapan status kelengkaan dan regulasi

Biodiversity Protected by Legislation of the Republic of Indonesia

Keanekaragaman Hayati Yang Dilindungi Perundang-Undangan Republik Indonesia

Protection of biodiversity was first mentioned in the Protection of Wild Animals Ordinance of 1931 and later in Government Regulation no. 7/1999. The lastest was in Minister of Forestry and Plantation Decree No. 733/1999, which declared Trachypithecus auratus a protected species.

Perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati pertama kali

kemungkinan penangkapan untuk berbagai keperluan secara ketat diatur oleh Kementrian Kehutanan sebagai pemegang otoritas management dan LIPI sebagai otoritas ilmiah, termasuk penetapan quota exsport dalam CITES.

mengacu

Surat

Keputusan

Ordonantie

Peraturan

Perlindungan Binatang Liar tahun 1931, kemudian Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 tahun 1999. Dan, terakhir tentang penetapan Trachypithecus auratus sebagai

satwa

dilindungi

menurut

SK

Menteri

Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Nomor 733/1999.

Plants constitute the most protected species, followed by birds and mammals, while crustaceans and arthropods contribute the fewest with 6 and 3 species respectively (Figure 2.50). To protect native biodiversity, the government issued Minister of Agriculture Degree No.179/Kpts/Um/3/1982 which prohibited the import of 37 and the export of 10 fish species. The fish species banned from entering Indonesia were generally deemed dangerous because of their invasive nature, whereas the majority of fish species prohibited from export was classified in the genus Anguilla spp.

Jenis-jenis tumbuhan merupakan kelompok yang paling banyak dilindungi, kemudian diikuti burung dan mamalia. Sedangkan yang paling sedikit yang dilindungi adalah krustaceae, 6 jenis; dan artropoda lainnya, 3 jenis (Gambar 2.50). Untuk melindungi kekayaan hayati asli, pemerintah melalui SK Menteri Pertanian Nomor 179/Kpts/Um/3/1982 melarang 37 jenis ikan masuk perairan Indonesia dan 10 jenis ikan dilarang keluar dari Indonesia. Ikan-ikan yang dilarang masuk itu umumnya sangat berbahaya karena bersifat invasif, sedangkan jenis ikan yang dilarang keluar mayoritas dari marga Anguilla spp. (LIPI, 2012).

According to the 2011 Strategic Forestry Data report, protected animal species in 2001-2010 comprised 127 mammal species, 382 bird species, 31 reptile species. Protected plant species included 12 palm species, 11 rafflesia species and 29 orchid species.

Menurut data strategis kehutanan tahun 2011, jumlah spesies satwa yang dilindungi dalam kurun 2001 – 2010 antara lain: mamalia, 127 spesies; burung, 382 spesies; reptilia, 31 spesies. Sedangkan untuk tumbuhan antara lain: Palmae, 12 spesies; Rafflesia, 11 spesies; Orchidaceae, 29 spesies.

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2

2


Figure 2.50 Flora and fauna protected by legislation of the Republic of Indonesia Gambar 2.50 Flora Fauna yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang Republik Indonesia 109

131

3 12

Mammalia Mamalia

6

Birds Burung Amphibia and Reptilia Amphibia dan Reptilia

18

Fish Ikan 18

Insects Serangga Mollusca Moluska

48

Crustacea Krustasea Other arthropoda Artopoda lainnya Plants Tumbuhan

389

Source: Biological Research Center-LIPI

Sumber: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI

Flora and Fauna on the IUCN Red Data List

Flora-Fauna Dalam “Red Data List IUCN”

According to IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) data, there are 4,640 Indonesian animal species and 775 Indonesian plant species that are included in the ICUN Red List. The breakdown of species by class for animals and by division and ordo for plants is shown in Figure 2.51.

Berdasarkan data IUCN (International Union Conservation Natural), kekayaan hayati Indonesia yang masuk red data list IUCN berjumlah 4.640 jenis hewan dan 755 jenis tumbuhan. Jenis hewan terbagi dalam kelasnya masingmasing dan jenis tumbuhan terbagi berdasarkan divisi dan ordo seperti tertera pada Gambar 2.51

Figure 2.51 Flora-fauna based on IUCN criteria Gambar 2.51 Flora-fauna berdasarkan kriteria IUCN Annelida

0

665 0

27

1

Krustasea

91

Insekta

273

Merostomata

714

7

Actinopterygii

54 2

Amphibi Aves

24

Chondrichtyes

364

Mammalia Reptilia

622

Sarcopterygii Cnidaria Mollusca

175

Polypodiophyta

Sales Magnolipsida Sales Liliopsida

Coniferopsida

678

1564 129

Cycadopsida Liliopsida Magnolipsida



82


According to IUCN criteria, two animal species are classified as extinct, 66 as critically endangered and 167 as endangered (Figure 2.52). Among the plant species on the IUCN list, one species is classified as extinct, 2 as extinct in the wild, 115 as critically endangered and 72 as endangered.

Dalam kriteria IUCN itu, terdapat dua jenis berkategori punah; 66 jenis berstatus kritis; dan 167 jenis dalam kategori genting (Gambar 2.52). Untuk flora yang termasuk kriteria IUCN tertera pada Gambar 2.53. Dari data ini dapat dilihat, yang punah: satu jenis; punah in situ: dua jenis; jenis yang kritis, 115; dan genting, 72.

Figure 2.52 IUCN criteria categories for fauna Gambar 2.52 Kategori kriteria IUCN pada fauna

2

167

66

Extinct Punah

516

Critically endangered Kritis

4

Endangered Genting

Vulnerable Rawan

527

indeterminate Terkikis

Least concern

Hampir Langka

Data deficient

Data belum Lengkap

643

2715

Not evaluated Kurang diperhatikan



Figure 2.53 IUCN criteria categories for flora Gambar 2.53 Kategori kriteria IUCN pada flora

2

1

Extinct

115

226

Punah

Extinct in the wild Punah in situ

Critically endangered Kritis

72

Endangered Genting

Vulnerable Rawan

indeterminate Terkikis

41

Least concern Hampir Langka

Data deficient

Data belum Lengkap

83

9

206


Not evaluated

Kurang Diperhatikan Sumber: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI

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2

2


Invasive Flora, Fauna and Microbes

Flora Fauna Dan Mikroba Invasif

According to various literature sources and group discussion results on invasive alien species (IAS), the number of alien species in Indonesia stands at 2,809, comprising fungi, bacteria, virus, fish, arachnid, bird, mammal, insect, mollusk and plant species. Figure 2.54 shows the smallest category to be birds (two species), with plants being the majority of invasive species (2,184 species). Some invasive plants were intentionally brought to Indonesia as ornamental or economic plants, while others may have entered the country as stowaways and then managed to flourish in the wild.

Dari berbagai sumber pustaka dan hasil diskusi

Invasive species originate not only from abroad, but also from within Indonesia. For example, two mammal species that are non-native to Papua, Timor deer (Cervus timorensis) and the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), have now become pests there (Biological Research Center – LIPI, 2011). Another example is langkap (Arenga obtosifolia), an aggressive plant species that threatens to overwhelm the banteng habitat in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten.

Jenis invasif tak hanya datang dari luar, tetapi juga

kelompok IAS (Invasive Allien Species) diketahui ada 2.809 jenis invasif, mulai dari jamur, bakteri, virus, ikan, Arachnida, burung, mamalia, insekta, moluska sampai tumbuhan. Pada Gambar 2.54 dapat dilihat jumlah jenis invasif terkecil adalah burung (dua jenis) dan moluska (dua jenis), sementara jumlah jenis invasif terbesar berasal dari tumbuhan: 2.184 jenis. Tumbuhan invasif masuk ke Indonesia lantaran sengaja didatangkan sebagai tanaman hias dan tanaman ekonomi, atau hasil ikutan impor benda lain, yang lantas tanpa diketahui dan tak sengaja tumbuh meliar.

dapat berasal dari wilayah Indonesia. Contohnya, dua jenis mamalia pendatang di Papua, yakni Rusa timor (Cervus timorensis) dan Monyet kra (Macaca fascicularis) telah menjadi hama (Puslit Biologi-LIPI, 2011). Contoh lainnya: Langkap (Arenga obtosifolia) tumbuhan yang agresif mendesak habitat banteng di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Banten. Untuk melindungi flora dan fauna dari kepunahan,

To protect flora and fauna from extinction, the government has introduced a variety of conservation efforts. It has increased the number of nature reserves from 183 units in 2001 to 238 units in 2009 and extended their total area from 2.6 million to 4.3 million hectares. In the same period, the number of wildlife reserves grew from 50 to 74 units and their total area from 3.6 million to 5.1 million hectares.

pemerintah menggelar berbagai upaya pelestarian.

The number of marine national parks, on the other hand, decreased from 8 units in 2003 to 7 units in 2009, with a total area of 4.2 million and 4 million hectares, respectively. The number of terrestrial national parks increased from 40 to 43 units in 20032009, but their total area decreased from 14.7 million to 12.3 million hectares.

Hanya saja, untuk taman nasional laut justru menurun.

National parks are nature conservation areas with native ecosystems that are managed using zoning systems and are used for research, education, cultivation support, tourism and recreation (Art. 1, point 14 of Law No. 5 of 1990). There are at least 50 national parks in Indonesia, spread all over the country.

Taman Nasional merupakan kawasan pelestarian alam

Di antaranya, menambah kawasan cagar alam, yang selama 2001 - 2009 naik dari 183 unit menjadi 238 unit; luasnya pun bertambah, dari 2,6 juta hektar menjadi 4,3 juta hektar. Begitu juga suaka margasatwa, yang selama 2001 – 2009 juga bertambah: semula 50 unit menjadi 74 unit, dengan luas dari 3,6 juta hektar menjadi 5,1 juta hektar.

Pada 2003 terdapat 8 unit, seluas 4,2 juta hektar, pada 2009 berkurang menjadi 7 unit, seluas hanya 4 juta hektar. Sementara taman nasional darat, selama 2001 - 2009 bertambah dari 40 unit menjadi 43 unit, tetapi luas taman nasional darat turun, dari 14,7 juta hektar menjadi 12,3 juta hektar.

dengan ekosistem asli, yang dikelola dengan sistem zonasi untuk penelitian, ilmu pengetahuan, pendidikan, menunjang budidaya, pariwisata, dan rekreasi (pasal 1 butir 14 UU Nomor 5 Tahun1990). Sedikitnya ada 50 taman nasional yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. Sedangkan suaka margasatwa merupakan kawasan suaka alam (kawasan konservasi) dengan ciri khas

Wildlife

reserves

are

sanctuary

reserve

areas

84


(conservation areas) with high animal species diversity or with unique animal species, in which habitat management may be conducted to assure the continued existence of said species. Indonesia has a 73 wildlife reserves with a total area of 5,422,922.79 hectares.

berupa keanekaragaman ataupun keunikan jenis satwa yang untuk kelangsungan hidupnya dapat dilakukan pembinaan

habitat.

Indonesia

punya

73

suaka

margasatwa dengan total luas 5.422.922,79 hektar. Cagar alam adalah suatu kawasan suaka alam karena alamnya yang punya keunikan tumbuhan, satwa, dan

Nature reserves are sanctuary reserve areas with a characteristic set of plants, animals and ecosystems which must be protected and allowed to develop naturally. Nature reserves function as protection areas for all components of an ecosystem, i.e. its flora, fauna and habitat. Everything is left to proceed naturally without human intervention. The only time that human intervention is allowed is if there are processes, either natural or man-made, that threaten the existence of those areas.

ekosistemnya, atau ekosistem tertentu, yang perlu

Nature reserves are divided into terrestrial nature reserves covering lands and inland waters, marine nature reserves and biosphere nature reserves. Until 2008, there were at least 237 nature reserves, both terrestrial and marine, with a total area of 4,730,704.04 hectares. Apart from nature reserves, wildlife reserves and national parks, Indonesia also boasts grand forest parks and natural recreational parks.

Cagar alam terdiri dari cagar alam daratan—baik tanah

dilindungi dan perkembangannya berlangsung alami. Cagar alam berfungsi sebagai kawasan perlindungan terhadap seluruh komponen ekosistem, baik flora, fauna, maupun habitatnya. Semua proses tersebut dibiarkan secara alami, tanpa campur tangan manusia, sehingga harus dibiarkan sesuai aslinya. Campur tangan manusia hanya dimungkinkan bila terjadi suatu proses, baik alamiah maupun perbuatan manusia, yang dapat mengakibatkan kawasan tersebut punah.

maupun perairan darat, cagar alam laut, dan cagar alam biosfer. Sampai 2008, telah ditetapkan sedikitnya 237 cagar alam, baik daratan maupun perairan, mencapai 4.730.704,04 hektar. Selain cagar alam, suaka margasatwa dan taman nasional, Indonesia juga memiliki taman hutan raya dan taman wisata alam. Sedikitnya ada 22 lokasi taman hutan raya sebagai salah

There are at least 22 grand forest parks in various locations that serve as conservation areas in addition to national parks and natural recreational parks. Their function is similar to that of botanical gardens, but differs mainly in terms of their plant collections. Grand forest parks thus are conservation areas that

satu kawasan pelestarian alam—selain taman nasional dan taman wisata alam. Fungsinya hampir mirip kebun raya, meski berbeda terutama dalam koleksi tanaman. Dari pengertian itu, taman hutan raya merupakan bentuk pelestarian alam kombinasi antara pelestarian ex-situ dan in-situ. Dengan begitu, taman hutan raya

Figure 2.54 Number of invasive flora, fauna and microbes Gambar 2.54 Jumlah jenis flora fauna dan mikroba invasif

2 16

8

47 76

342 90 20 22 2

Mammalia Flora (Alien) insects Fish Arachnida Birds Flora (Non Alien) Bacteria Virus Fungi Mollusca

2184 Source: Biological Research Center-LIPI


85

2

2


combine ex-situ and in-situ approaches. Both natural and man-made forests can be declared grand forests parks. These parks highlight biodiversity and are used for research, breeding and tourism purposes. To increase the capacity for ex-situ plant conservation, the government stipulated in Presidential Instruction No. 3/2009 that every province should have a provincial botanical garden. To date, 21 provincial botanical gardens have been established, with an additional four under LIPI management bringing the total number to 25. These botanical gardens, covering a total area of 3,000 hectares, are located in 17 provinces. They are used for research, education and tourism purposes, and serve as last bastion for plants that are threatened by extinction. Because of these additions, Indonesia has climbed from 17 th to 13 th place among countries with the most botanical gardens. The government continues to undertake a variety of conservation efforts. A 2012 LIPI expedition to Mursala Island in the Riau Archipelago managed to rediscover Dipterocarpus cinereus Sloot, a meranti tree species that IUCN had classified as extinct in 1998. This expedition was one way of Indonesia exercising its responsibility in implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Meanwhile, the Bogor Botanical Garden managed to move a specimen of Rafflesia patma from its natural habitat to the Garden’s premises as part of their ex-situ conservation program. This was the first successful attempt and a great achievement. Further research will be done on Rafflesia arnoldii by moving some specimen of its host plants to the Garden.

86


dapat ditetapkan dari hutan alam maupun hutan buatan. Fungsi taman hutan raya sebagai ‘etalase’ keanekaragaman hayati, penelitian, tempat penangkaran jenis, serta wisata. Untuk menambah daya tampung ex situ konservasi tumbuhan. pemerintah melalui Inpres No. 3 tahun 2009, menetapkan perlunya

tiap

provinsi

memilik

kebun

raya daerah. Hingga kini telah terbentuk sebanyak 21 kebun raya daerah. dengan empat kebun raya yang dikelola LIPI maka total jumlah kebun raya menjadi 25. Total luas keseluruhan kebun raya yang tersebar di 17 provinsi ini mencapai 3.000 hektar. Jumlah

ini

menaikkan

Indonesia

dari

peringkat ke17 menjadi ke-13 negara di dunia dengan kebun raya yang berfungsi untuk penelitian. pendidikan wisata alam dan benteng terakhir bagi tumbuhan yang terancam punah. Upaya-upaya pelestarian terus dilakukan pemerintah dengan berbagai cara. Pada 2012, LIPI menggelar ekspedisi di Pulau Mursala, Kepulauan Riau, yang menemukan lagi pohon meranti (Dipterocarpus cinereus Sloot), yang dinyatakan punah pada 1998 oleh IUCN. Ekspedisi ini sebagai bagian dari kewajiban Indonesia dalam menjalankan konvensi

tentang

Penyelamatan

Keanekaragaman Hayati atau Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Sementara itu, Kebun Raya Bogor telah berhasil memindahkan

bunga

raflessia

(Raflesia

padma) dari habitat alaminya ke Kebun Raya Bogor sebagai bentuk konservasi ex-situ. Keberhasilan ini merupakan sukses besar, dan pertama kali berhasil dilakukan di dunia. Penelitian lebih lanjut akan dilakukan pada Raflesia arnoldii, dengan cara memindahkan inangnya ke Kebun Raya. Rafflesia patma blossoming again at the Bogor Botanical Garden in West Java. A parasitic flower researched sinc 2004, this specimen of Rafflesia patma was the first to bloom for the last 80 years. Bunga Raflesia Padma, kembali mekar di Kebun Raya Bogor, Jawa Barat. Bunga parasit hasil penelitian sejak 2004 tersebut merupakan bunga Rafflesia padma pertama yang berhasil tumbuh sejak 80 tahun lalu. Photo Foto : Kompas / Lucky Pransiska

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3

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES

KAPASITAS PENGELOLA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

3

Environmental Management Capacities

“Based on the state of the environment throughout 2012, conditions are still declining. However, there has been cause for hope in the last one or two years with regard to the environment. Ideally, the state of the environment should be commensurate with the management capacities of all stakeholders, i.e. the public, nongovernment organizations, the private sector and the government. This means that proper management capacities should create a better environment.”

“ Setelah meneropong status lingkungan

The term environmental management capacities describes the ability of stakeholders to manage the environment. The development of these capacities is important to improve the quality of the environment. Managment capacities include institutions, policies, programs and opportunities for participation, and are subject to a country’s development paradigm. Development that neglects sustainability and merely focuses on short-term needs has been proven to cause environmental degradation.

Kapasitas pengelolaan menggambarkan kemampuan

hidup selama 2012, terlihat kondisinya masih cukup mengkhawatirkan.Kendati begitu, harus diakui pula selama satu-dua tahun belakangan lingkungan hidup sedikit menunjukkan secercah harapan.Idealnya, status

lingkungan

resultante

hidup

yang

merupakan

sepadan

dengan

kapasitas para pemangku kepentingan, baik

masyarakat,

lembaga

swadaya

masyarakat, swasta maupun pemerintah. Artinya,

kapasitas

pengelolaan

yang

mumpuni bakal menciptakan lingkungan hidup yang baik pula.”

pemangku kepentingan dalam mengelola lingkungan hidup.Dengan demikian, pengembangan kapasitas pengelolaan

menjadi

meningkatkan

kualitas

prasyarat

penting

dalam

lingkungan.Kapasitas

itu

mencakup kelembagaan, kebijakan, program dan peluang

partisipasi.Lantaran

itulah,

paradigma

pembangunan suatu negara mempengaruhi kapasitas pengelolaan. Pembangunan yang abai keberlanjutan, yang hanya memenuhi kebutuhan jangka pendek, terbukti menyebabkan degradasi lingkungan.

Along with the decentralization system in Indonesia, the management of the environment and of natural resources becomes challenging. This is not because of the concept of decentralization itself, but because of development actors who heed only short-term economic concerns.

Seiring desentralisasi pembangunan di Indonesia, pengelolaan lingkungan dan sumberdaya alam makin menghadapi berbagai tantangan. Yang pasti, itu bukan lantaran konsep desentralisasi. Namun, karena para pelaku pembangunan hanya memikirkan kepentingan ekonomi jangka pendek.

With the advent of regional autonomy, environmental management became regulated under Law No. 23/1997 regarding Environmental Management and Law No. 32/2004 regarding Regional Government. Furthermore, Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management obliged the government to implement sustainable development. Sustainable development is the solution for improving the environment without sacrificing economic development and social justice.

Seperti telah banyak diketahui, dalam era otonomi daerah, pengelolaan lingkungan hidup mengacu Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997, tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dan UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Selain itu, UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup juga mewajibkan pemerintah menerapkan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pembangunan berkelanjutan adalah solusi memperbaiki lingkungan,

tanpa

mengorbankan

pembangunan

ekonomi dan keadilan sosial.

The division of tasks and authorities between the central and regional governments is regulated in the above-mentioned Law on Regional Government.

Undang Undang Pemerintahan Daerah itu sejatinya

90

Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3

However, poor coordination between central, provincial and regency/city-level institutions has caused certain policies on the protection of natural resources to become ineffective. Despite the fact that existing legislation is already detailed and broad-ranging, there are still many disagreements and differences of vision.

telah mengatur pembagian tugas dan wewenang pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam melindungi lingkungan.

Persoalannya,

lemahnya

koordinasi

antara lembaga pusat, provinsi dan kabupaten/kota membuat beberapa kebijakan bidang perlindungan sumberdaya alam menjadi tak efektif. Padahal, undangundang terkait lingkungan hidup telah terperinci dan bercakupan luas. Sayangnya, dalam prakteknya, masih

For example, the tendency of regional governments to raise local revenue through intensive exploitation of natural resources has often caused problems. This is worsened by personal interpretations of policies that often deviate from the underlying spirit. By virtue of their authority, provincial and regency/city governments frequently issue regulations that at times are in conflict with national laws.

sering ditemui ketaksesuaian dan keterpaduan visi. Tengok saja, prioritas pemerintah daerah dalam meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerah (PAD) dengan eksploitasi sumberdaya alam intensif justru kerap menimbulkan

masalah.

Ini

diperparah

dengan

penafsiran individual yang kerap berbeda dengan semangat kebijakan terkait.Tak hanya itu, dengan kewenangannya, pemerintah provinsi dan kabupaten/ kota sering menerbitkan peraturan yang kadang

Quite a few regional governments feel free to issue policies that do not consider environmental sustainability, or even tend to exploit and damage the environment. Research by the Bogor Institute of Agriculture (2006) and the Office of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs (2007) has shown that of 119 regional regulations concerning natural resources, 60 percent were related to exploitation permits while 30 percent governed collaboration on the management and utilization of natural resources. Only 10 percent concerned the public’s right of access and control over natural resources. This indicates that the desire to exploit natural resources is still very high.

bertabrakan dengan undang-undang nasional. Tak sedikit pemerintah daerah, berbekal wewenang mengatur

rumah

tangganya,

bebas

membuat

kebijakan tanpa menimbang kelestarian lingkungan. Bahkan cenderung mengeksploitasi dan merusak lingkungan. Hasil studi Institut Pertanian Bogor (2006) dan Kantor Menko Perekonomian (2007) menunjukkan, dari 119 peraturan daerah terkait dengan sumberdaya alam, 60 persen berisi izin eksploitasi dan 30 persen berisikolaborasi

pengelolaan

dan

pemanfaatan

sumberdaya alam. Hanya 10 persen yang berisi hak akses dan kontrol masyarakat atas sumberdaya alam. Hal ini mencerminkan gairah eksploitasi sumberdaya alam masih sangat besar.

Environmental management – comprising prevention, mitigation and recovery – requires the development of a set of policies, programs and activities that is backed by a support system. Apart from legal instruments, legislation, information and funding, this support system also involves institutional strengthening of human resources and partnerships.

Pengelolaan

lingkungan—meliputi

penanggulangan

dan

pengembangan

perangkat

pencegahan,

pemulihan—menuntut kebijakan,

program,

serta kegiatan, yang ditopang sistem pendukung. Selain perangkat hukum, perundangan, informasi dan dana, sistem pendukung mencakup kemantapan kelembagaan sumberdaya manusia dan kemitraan.

Environmental management is inherently holistic and based on the interrelation of various sectors. No sector can stand alone, but must be integrated and subject to coordination. This is in accordance with the Law on Regional Government and Government Regulation No. 25/2000 regarding the Authority of the National Government and the Provinces in environmental matters.

Sifat holistik dan saling terkait antar-sektor memang inheren dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Setiap sektor tak dapat berdiri sendiri, tetapi terintegrasi dan terkoordinasi. Hal itu sesuai Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah dan PP Nomor 25 Tahun 2000 tentang kewenangan pemerintah dan provinsi dalam lingkungan hidup.

The development of adequate management capacities is the main prerequisite for increasing the quality of the environment. Well-developed

Dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan, pengembangan kapasitas pengelolaan yang memadai menjadi prasyarat utama. Kapasitas yang cakap akan

91

3


capacities will drive the process of improving environmental quality to achieve optimum results. A lack of appropriate capacities, on the other hand, will make it difficult to reach the intended goal.

membawa proses peningkatan kualitas lingkungan

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

KELEMBAGAAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

The institutional framework comprises existing organizations and regulations. It includes norms, codes of ethics, legislation and other binding factors that are backed by regulation, law enforcement and incentives to comply with the rules and to properly run an institution.

Kelembagaan dapat dilihat dari sudut organisasi dan

mencapai hasil optimal. Pun sebaliknya, kapasitas yang kurang memadai membuat tujuan memperbaiki kualitas lingkungan sulit dicapai.

aturan yang ada. Kelembagaan memuat norma, kode etik, hukum, faktor pengikat lain, yang didukung aturan,

penegakan

hukum,

serta

insentif

untuk

mentaati aturan dan menjalankan lembaga. Dalam

Environmental management involves a number of institutions on the national and regional level. In general, institutional governance in environmental management can by analyzed in terms of its organization, human resources, budget, facilities and infrastructure components. The division of responsibilities on the national level is shown in the following table, which presents the distribution of competencies by issues.

pengelolaan

lingkungan

hidup

terdapat

sejumlah lembaga di tingkat nasional dan daerah. Secara umum, tata kelola kelembagaan pengelola lingkungan, dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya, dapat dilihat dari komponen organisasi, sumberdaya manusia, anggaran, sarana dan prasarana.Pembagian tanggungjawab di tingkat nasional terlihat pada tabel berikut, yang menyajikan pembagian penanganan lingkungan hidup berdasarkan isu.

Table 3.1 Environmental management institutions Tabel 3.1. Lembaga Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup. Issue Isu

MoE KLH

MoFo Kem hut

MoPW PU

MMAF MoEMR ESDM KKP

MoT Kem Hub

MoHA K Dagri

MoA Kem tan

MoI

industri

MoH Ksehatan

MoRT MoEC Dik BNPB BMKG Ristek Bud

Forests & Lands Hutan & lahan Coastal-Marine Pesisir dan laut Biodiversity Kehati Water Air Air Udara Climate Change Perubahan Iklim Waste Sampah *Note : MoE = Ministry of Environment MoFo = Ministry of Forestry MoPW = Ministry of Public Works MMFA = Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

MoEMR = Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MoT = Ministry of Transportation MoHA = Ministry of Home Affairs MoA = Ministry of Agriculture MoI = Ministry of Industry


MoH = Ministry of Health MoRT = Ministry of Research and Technology MoEC = Ministry of Education and Culture BNPB = National Board for Disaster Management BMKG = Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysic Agency


92


National Institutions in Environmental Management

Lembaga Nasional Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

The above table shows that each environmental issue is handled by at least five ministries or agencies. The table also illustrates that environmental management consists of cross-sectoral issues that involve many bodies. Coordination and synergy thus are of utmost importance in dealing with environmental challenges and implementing sustainable development in an optimum manner.

Dari tabel itu terlihat, setiap isu lingkungan hidup

Efforts to save damaged lakes, for instance, require cross-sectoral collaboration. Such efforts involve not only the Ministry of Environment, but also the Ministry of Public Works, the Ministry of Forestry, the Ministry of Research and Technology and regional institutions. So far, the role of the Ministry of Environment, for example, has been to prepare environmental data and information to be used as the basis for decision making by the other ministries.

Seperti misalnya, upaya penyelamatan danau rusak

Another example of collaboration is the attempt to cut emissions of greenhouse gases by 26 percent until 2020. This effort involves the government and various stakeholders, including the public and the private sector. The government is represented by the ministries of Environment, Forestry, Public Works, Industry, Transportation, Agriculture and Energy and Mineral Resources. Apart from regional governments, the National Statistics Agency (BPS), National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), National Space and Aviation Agency (LAPAN), Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency (BMKG), National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping (Bakosurtanal), universities and the National Council on Climate Change also play a role in this scheme.

Contoh lainnya, dalam menurunkan emisi gas rumah

Integrated Services Unit

Layanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu

One of the functions of the government is to provide public services. For this purpose the Ministry of Environment has established integrated service units (UPT ) and the Indonesia National Single Window (INSW ). The MoE’s integrated service units were launched on 25 January 2012 with the goal to improve the performance of public services (http:// pelayananterpadu.menlh.go.id).

Fungsi

ditangani setidaknya lima kementerian atau badan. Tabel itu juga menggambarkan lingkungan hidup merupakan isu lintas-sektoral yang melibatkan banyak pihak.Dengan begitu, koordinasi dan sinergi menjadi kunci bagi ikhtiar menangani tantangan lingkungan dan penerapan pembangunan berkelanjutan yang lebih optimal.

yang mengharuskan kerjasama lintas-sektoral. Selain Kementerian danau

Lingkungan

menggandeng

Hidup,

penyelamatan

Kementerian

Pekerjaan

Umum, Kementerian Kehutanan, Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi, serta lembaga daerah. Selama ini, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup misalnya, menyiapkan data

dan

informasi

lingkungan

sebagai

dasar

pengambilan kebijakan di kementerian terkait.

kaca pada 2020, sebesar 26 persen dari kondisi business as usual dengan usaha sendiri, juga menjadi kerja bersama. Upaya itu melibatkan pemerintah, pemangku kepentingan,

termasuk

masyarakat

dan

dunia

usaha.Banyak kementerian yang juga ikut berperan: Kementerian

Lingkungan

Hidup,

Kementerian

Kehutanan, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Perhubungan, Kementerian Pertanian dan Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Selain pemerintah daerah, ada juga BPS, Bapennas, LAPAN, BMKG, Bakosurtanal, perguruan tinggi, dan Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim.

pemerintah

adalah

pelayanan

publik.

Satu contohnya, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup mengembangkan

unit

pelayanan

terpadu

(UPT )

dan Indonesia National Single Window (INSW ). Unit pelayanan

terpadu

KEMENTERIAN

LINGKUNGAN

HIDUP yang diresmikan pada 25 Januari 2012 ini buat menunjang kinerja pelayanan public (http.// pelayananterpadu.menlh.go.id).

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3


The integrated service units of the Ministry of Environment provide 20 types of public services:

Pelayanan UPT – KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP adalah pelayanan publik yang meliputi 20 jenis layanan:

a. Environmental permit services 1)EIA/Environmental Management Efforts (UKL)Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UPL) and Environmental Permits (a) EIA evaluation; (b) UKL-UPL assessment; (c) Environmental permits. 2)Water pollution control (d) Permit for waste water disposal to sea; (e) Permit for waste water disposal by injection (not yet implemented ); 3)Management hazardous waste (B3) (f ) B3 waste collection permit; (g) B3 waste utilization permit; (h) B3 waste treatment permit; (i) B3 waste storing permit; and ( j) Dumping permit;

a.Pelayanan perizinan lingkungan 1)Amdal/UKL-UPL dan Izin lingkungan (a) Penilaian Amdal; (b) Pemeriksaan UKL-UPL; (c) Izin Lingkungan. 2)Pengendalian pencemaran air (d) Izin pembuangan air limbah ke laut; (e) Izin pembuangan air limbah melalui injeksi

(belum dilaksanakan oleh UPT ); 3)Pengelolaan Limbah B3 (f ) Izin Pengumpulan limbah B3; (g)Izin pemanfaatan limbah B3; (h) Izin pengolahan limbah B3; (i) Izin penimbunan limbah B3; dan ( j) Izin dumping; b. Pelayanan nonperizinan, terdiri atas:

b. Non-permit services 1)B3 waste and non-B3 waste management (a) B3 waste transportation recommendation; (b) B3 waste export approval and notification; (c) Non-B3 waste export recommendation. (d) B3 waste export approval or notification; 2)Management hazardous substances (B3) (a) B3 transportation recommendation; (b) B3 import and production registration;

1)Pengelolaan limbah B3 dan Limbah nonB3 (a) Rekomendasi pengangkutan limbah B3; (b) Persetujuan dan notifikasi ekspor limbah B3; (c) Rekomendasi impor limbah nonB3. (d) Persetujuan atau notifikasi ekspor limbah B3; 2)Pengelolaan B3 (a) Rekomendasi pengangkutan B3; (b) Registrasi impor dan produksi B3; (c) Notifikasi ekspor B3.

Figure 3.1 Total number of services provided by Integrated Services Units Gambar 3.1. Total Pelayanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu.

1,806

Hazardous waste management Pengelolaan Limbah B3

3,915

Hazardous substances management Pengelolaan B3

6

Environmental complaints Pengaduan Lingkungan Hidup Receipt/Submission: Documents/Letters Penerimaan / Penyerahan : Dok / Surat

2,772

Waste water disposal Pembuangan Air Limbah

115

Public information services Pelayanan Informasi Publik

Total number of services provided= 8,721 Total Pelayanan = 8.721

13

EIA/Environmental ManagementMonitoring Efforts

94

AMDAL/ UKL-UPL

0

1.000

2.000


3.000

4.000


94


(c) B3 export notification. 3) Environmental complaints 4) Management of ozone depleting substances (currently being integrated) 5) Public information services (currently being integrated)

3) Pengaduan kasus lingkungan 4) Pengelolaan Bahan Perusak Ozon (sedang dalam proses integrasi) 5) Pelayanan informasi publik (sedang dalam proses integrasi)

Figure 3.2 Total number of applicants for services provided by Integrated Services Units Gambar 3.2. Jumlah Total Pemohon Unit Pelayanan Terpadu.

3.500 3.000

Companies (PT, CV, UD) Perusahaan (PT, CV, UD)

3.000

Cooperatives Koperasi

2.500

House of Representatives/Local legislative councils DPRD/DPRD

2.000

Law firms/Consultants Firma Hukum/Konsultan

1.500

Central/Regional Government/TNI/Police Pemerintah Pusat/Daerah/TNI/POLRI

1.000

NGOs LSM/Lembaga Masyarakat

500

8 0

4

27

104

17

69

2

13

36

Total



Indonesia National Single Window

Indonesia National Single Window

Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management states that anybody importing into the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, producing, transporting, distributing, storing, utilizing, disposing of, treating and/or landfilling hazardous waste (B3) shall be obliged to manage said B3.

Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Pelestarian

dan

Pengelolaan

Lingkungan

Hidup

menyatakan: Setiap orang yang memasukkan ke dalam wilayah NKRI, menghasilkan, mengangkut, mengedarkan, menyimpan, memanfaatkan, membuang, mengolah dan/atau menimbun B3 wajib melakukan pengelolaan B3.

This is further elaborated in Article 6 Paragraph (1) of Government Regulation No. 74/2001 regarding Hazardous Substance Management, which states that any B3 must be registered by the producer and/ or importer. The Ministry of Environment has been implementing this stipulation through a registration system. Registration is one of the nodes within the B3 management system that keep track of the volume of B3 circulating in Indonesia. This is an effort to prevent negative impacts on people’s health and the environment.

Hal ini dijabarkan dalam PP Nomor 74 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, Pasal 6 ayat (1), yang menyebutkan setiap B3 wajib diregistrasi

oleh

penghasil

dan/atau

pengimpor.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah menerapkan amanat itu melalui sistem registrasi yang sudah berjalan selama ini. Registrasi merupakan salah satu simpul dari sistem pengelolaan B3 untuk mengetahui jumlah B3 yang beredar di Indonesia.Hal itu agar dapat dilakukan pengawasan sejak awal.Ini sebagai upaya pencegahan dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan manusia maupun

The registration process already makes use of the Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) electronic

lingkungan hidup.

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3


systems. The implementation of this system is an example of the Ministry of Environment’s participation in the handling of customs and licensing documents pertaining to the export and import of B3 – in accordance with Government Regulation No. 10/2008 regarding the Use of Electronic System in the Framework of Indonesia National Single Window. The use of electronic system for the registration of B3 is regulated further in Ministerial Regulation No.2/2010.

Dalam proses registrasi telah memakai sistem elektronik Indonesia National Single Window (INSW ). Penerapan sistem ini wujud partisipasi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dalam penanganan dokumen kepabeanan dan perizinan yang berkaitan dengan ekspor-impor B3— sesuai PP Nomor 10 Tahun 2008 tentang penggunaan sistem elektronik dalam Kerangka National Single Window.Selanjutnya,

melalui

Peraturan

elektronik registrasi B3.

Figure 3.3 Decrease in Number of Hazardous Substances Registration Types Ministry of Environment

Gambar 3.3. Penurunan Jumlah Jenis Registrasi Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup.

-3,6 %

300 250

-55 %

200 150 100 50 0 2010

2011


2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

Figure 3.4 Increase of Total Import Volume and Hazardous Substances (million tonnes) Gambar 3.4. Peningkatan Total Kualitas Impor Bahan Beracun dan Berbahaya. ( juta ton)

700 600

102,9%

500 400

31,7%

300 200 100 0 2010

Menteri

Nomor 02 Tahun 2010 diatur pula penggunaan sistem

2011


2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

96


In 2010-2012 there was a decrease in the number of B3 types that were being registered, but the volume of imports is increasing. In 2010, 274 types of B3 had been registered, with imports reaching 234,232,522 tonnes. In 2011, the number of B3 types dropped to 264, with a total import volume of 308,542,573 tonnes. In 2012, the number of B3 types came to 118, while total import rose to 625,982,578 tonnes. The below charts show the trends for number of types and total import volume of B3.

Selama 2010 - 2012 tercatat penurunan jumlah jenis B3 yang diregistrasi, namun terjadi kenaikan tajam kuantitas impor B3.Pada 2010, B3 yang diregistrasi sebanyak 274 jenis, dengan impor sebesar 234.232.522 ton.Sedangkan pada 2011, B3 yang diregistrasi 264 jenis, total impor 308.542.573 ton. Pada 2012 jenis B3 yang diregistrasi sebanyak 118, total impor sebanyak 625.982.578 ton. Grafik-grafik berikut menunjukkan tren jumlah jenis dan total impor B3. Nampak kebutuhan B3 sebagai bahan baku maupun

It seems that the need for raw materials or products containing B3 is increasing along with changes in consumption patterns and a shift from a carbohydrate-based to a petrochemical-based economy. Clean technologies must be promoted to ensure proper, correct and efficient B3 management by manufacturers, importers, freight forwarders and users. This concerns the use of raw materials, production processes, efficient use of chemicals and improvement of the registration system, and includes more optimal filing requirements in compliance with regulations.

produk semakin meningkat seiring perubahan pola hidup manusia, dari carbohydrate-based economy ke arah petrochemical-based economy. Untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan B3 secara baik, benar dan efisien oleh produsen,

importir,

pengangkut

dan

pengguna,

dilakukan pemakaian teknologi bersih. Hal itu mulai dari penggunaan bahan baku, proses produksi, efisiensi penggunaan bahan kimia dan meningkatkan pelayanan sistem registrasi, sampai prasyarat pangajuan yang lebih optimal sesuai peraturan.

Regional Institutions in Environmental Management

Lembaga Daerah Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

There are two important aspects in environmental management institutions. The first concerns the nomenclature and ranking structure of such organizations. The second is their tasks and functions as outlined in the organizational structure and work procedure for regional institutions.

Ada dua hal penting dari sisi kelembagaan bagi

The establishment of institutions reflects a regional government’s commitment in addressing environmental challenges. The most appropriate type of institution for environmental issues is the agency, since it combines coordinating and operational force with high echelon. To date, 100 percent of regional environmental institutions at the provincial level are agencies, amounting to 33 Environmental Agencies (Badan Lingkungan Hidup/BLH). At the regency/city level, 298 institutions (62 percent) are agencies, 149 (31 percent) are offices and 34 (7 percent) have other forms of institution. The following chart shows the various types of regional institutions that handle environmental issues.

Kelembagaan mencerminkan komitmen pemerintah

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di daerah. Pertama, nomenklatur dan eselonisasi kelembagaan lingkungan hidup daerah. Dan kedua, tugas dan fungsi yang dijabarkan dalam struktur organisasi dan tata kerja (SOTK) kelembagaan daerah.

daerah dalam menangani tantangan lingkungan hidup. Bentuk lembaga yang optimal untuk lingkungan hidup adalah Badan, karena ada kewenangan koordinasi, operasional, serta memiliki eselonisasi yang cukup tinggi. Sampai saat ini, 100 persen kelembagaan lingkungan hidup provinsi telah berbentuk badan, atau 33 Badan Lingkungan Hidup (BLH). Nah, untuk kabupaten/kota sejumlah 298 (62 persen) telah berbentuk badan, 149 (31 persen) berbentuk kantor, dan berbentuk lainnya 34 (7 persen). Berikut ini bentuk kelembagaan daerah yang mengurusi lingkungan hidup.

97

3


Table 3.2 Regional Environmental Institutions at the Provincial and Regency/City Levels (as of February 2013) Tabel 3.2. Rekapitulasi Bentuk Kelembagaan LH DaerahProvinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota (per Februari 2013)

Provincial Institutions Lembaga Provinsi

Province

NO

Provinsi

Regency/City-level Institutions Bentuk Lembaga Kab/Kota Agency Badan

Number of Institutions Jumlah Prov, Kab/Kota

Office Kantor

Other Lainnya

13 18 7 10 6 6 4 11 8 8 91

9 13 12 2 1 1 7 2 2 6 55

1 2 2 5

24 34 20 13 8 8 12 16 11 15 161

4 1 17 20 2 22 66

2 5 8 15 3 15 48

1 0 1 2

7 7 27 36 6 39 122

1 1 9 4 1 6 1 2 25

1 2 2 1 17 3 26

10 7 12 24 13 6 10 10 27 11 130

5 2 2 2 11

1 1

15 15 14 15 59

Sumatra Region Regional Sumatera 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Prov. Aceh Prov. North Sumatra Prov. West Sumatra Prov. Riau Prov. Riau Archipelago Prov. Bangka Belitung Prov. Jambi Prov. South Sumatra Prov. Bengkulu Prov. Lampung AMOUNT

Aceh Sumatera Utara Sumatera Barat Riau Kepulauan Riau Bangka Belitung Jambi Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu Lampung JUMLAH

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10

Java Region Regional Jawa 1 2 3 4 5 6

Prov. Banten Prov. DKI Jakarta Prov. West Java Prov. Central Java Prov. DI Yogyakarta Prov. East Java AMOUNT

Banten DKI Jakarta Jawa Barat Jawa Tengah DI Yogyakarta Jawa Timur JUMLAH

1 1 1 1 1 1 6

Sumapapua Region Regional Sumapapua 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Prov. North Sulawesi Prov. Gorontalo Prov. Central Sulawesi Prov. South Sulawesi Prov. South-East Sulawesi Prov. West Sulawesi Prov. Maluku Prov. North Maluku Prov. Papua Prov. West Papua AMOUNT

Sulawesi Utara Gorontalo Sulawesi Tengah Sulawesi Selatan Sulawesi Tenggara Sulawesi Barat Maluku Maluku Utara Papua Papua Barat JUMLAH

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10

8 5 10 12 6 4 2 9 8 5 69

Kalimantan Region Regional Kalimantan 1 2 3 4

Prov. West Kalimantan Prov. Central Kalimantan Prov. South Kalimantan Prov. East Kalimantan AMOUNT

Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan Tengah Kalimantan Selatan Kalimantan Timur JUMLAH

1 1 1 1 4

9 12 10 12 43

Bali Nusa Tenggara Region Regional Bali Nusra 1 2 3

Prov. Bali Prov. West Nusa Tenggara Prov. East Nusa Tenggara AMOUNT TOTAL

Bali Nusa Tenggara Barat Nusa Tenggara Timur JUMLAH

1 1 1 3

4 6 19 29

5 3 2 10

0

10 10 22 42

33

298

149

34

514



98


Admittedly, not all regions have the optimal type of environmental institution. The following measures were taken to overcome this constraint:

Memang tidak semua daerah memiliki kelembagaan

• Joint Circular Letter between Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Environment No. 061/163/SJ 2008 and No. SE-01/MENLH/2008 concerning Reorganization of Local Government Environmental Institutions. This circular concerns the implementation of environmental protection and management in the regions after issuance of Government Regulation No. 38/2007 on the division of government functions between the central, provincial and regency/city governments, and Government Regulation No. 41/2007 regarding the Organization of Regional Apparatuses. • Guidelines for the Preparation of Organizational Structures and Work Procedures for Regional Environmental Implementation Based on Environmental Typology Disaster-prone, Conservation, Coastal and Marine, Industry Intensive and Hybrid). The organizational structure and work procedures of regional environmental institution should be designed based environmental typology to ensure that any problems can be dealt with.

• Surat Edaran Bersama (SEB) Menteri Dalam Negeri dan

yang optimal. Nah, untuk mengatasi kendala itu dilakukan upaya sebagai berikut:

Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 061/163/ SJ/2008 dan Nomor SE-01/MENLH/2008 tentang Penataan Kelembagaan Lingkungan Hidup di Daerah. Surat edaran ini terkait pelaksanaan perlindungan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di daerah, setelah terbit PP Nomor 38 Tahun 2007 tentang Pembagian Urusan Pemerintahan

antara

Pemerintah,

Pemerintahan

Provinsi dan Pemerintahan Kabupaten/Kota, serta PP Nomor 41 Tahun 2007 tentang Organisasi Perangkat Daerah. • Pedoman

Penyusunan

Struktur

Organisasi

dan

Tata Kerja Kelembagaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah berdasarkan Tipologi Lingkungan (Rawan Bencana, Konservasi, Pesisir dan Laut, Padat Industri, dan Hibrid). Struktur organisasi dan tata kerja kelembagaan daerah disusun sesuai tipologi lingkungan dengan menimbang masalah yang dihadapi, agar dapat diatasi. Urusan lingkungan hidup merupakan salah satu kewajiban pemerintahan daerah yang berpedoman

The handling of environmental affairs is among the duties of regional government that should achieve minimum service standards (Standar Pelayanan Minimal/SPM). This is stipulated in Minister of Environment Regulation No. 19 and 20 of 2008 concerning Provincial and Regency/City-Level Minimum Service Standards in the Environmental

pada standar pelayanan minimal (SPM). Hal ini diatur Peraturan Menteri LH Nomor 19 dan 20 Tahun 2008 tentang

Pelayanan

Minimal

itu

dilengkapi

Petunjuk

pendukungnya:

pedoman

Teknis

94% 48%

pembiayaan,

Instrumen panduan

Figure 3.6 Reports on Achievement of Minimum Service Standards Indicators in the Environment Sector at the Provincial Level Gambar 3.6. Laporan Capaian Indikator Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional.

100% 100% 100%

Implementing Sudah Melaksanakan

75%

73% 59%41%

35% 2009

67%

Water quality status

2010

Status mutu air

6% 2009

dan

penyusunan laporan, pedoman monitoring dan evaluasi.

69% 50%

52%

Lingkungan

Hidup Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota. Aturan menteri

Figure 3.5 Reports on the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards in the Environment Sector at the Provincial Level Gambar 3.5. Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional.

Not yet implementing Belum Melaksanakan

Standar

2011

Ambient air quality status Status mutu udara ambien

2010

Follow up of public complaints

2011

Tindak Lanjut Pengaduan Masyarakat



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3


Figure 3.7 Reports on the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards in the Environment Sector at the Regency/City Level Gambar 3.7. Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Nasional.

Not yet implementing Belum Melaksanakan

Figure 3.8 Reports on Achievement of Minimum Service Standards Indicators in the Environment Sector at the Regency/City Level Gambar 3.8. Laporan Capaian Indikator Standar Pelayanan Minimal Lingkungan Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Nasional. Prevention of water pollution Pencegahan Pencemaran Air Prevention of air pollution from stationary sources Pencegahan Pencemaran Udara Sumber Tidak Bergerak Information on damage status of lands for biomass production Informasi Status Kerusakan Tanah/Lahan untuk Produksi Biomassa Follow up of public complaints Tindak Lanjut Pengaduan Masyarakat

Implementing Sudah Melaksanakan

79%

69%

92%

0% 0% 2009

8% 2010

72%

69%

0%

31%

69% 46% 21% 42% 54% 12%

0% 0%

2011

2010

2009


2011


Sector. The regulation is accompanied by technical instructions and supporting instruments: guidelines on funding, report writing, monitoring and evaluation. Until 2012, 22 provinces (66.7 percent) had submitted reports on the implementation of minimum service standards in the environment sector, while just 148 of 476 regencies/cities (31 percent) had done so.

Sampai 2012, sebanyak 22 provinsi (66,7 persen)

The above data show that the implementation and achievement of minimum service standards in the environmental sector in the regions is not yet optimal. This is caused by the following constraints:

a.Ketersediaan

telah memberi laporan penerapan SPM lingkungan, sedangkan dari 476 daerah kabupaten/kota, baru148 (31 persen). Berdasarkan data di atas, nampak penerapan dan capaian SPM bidang lingkungan hidup di daerah belum optimal. Adapun kendala dan tantangannya adalah:

analis

sumberdaya

laboratorium

dan

manusia,

terutama

pejabat

pengawas

lingkungan hidup. Masih banyak lembaga lingkungan hidup daerah dengan sumberdaya manusia terbatas, sehingga tidak

a.Availability of human resources, especially laboratory analysts and environmental inspectors There still are many regional environmental institutions with limited human resources that are not able to implement minimum service standards. This limitation is related not only to qualifications and competencies but also to inadequate organization structures. This includes frequent reassignment of staff that causes competent human resources to move to other agencies. In the future, it is necessary to organize human resources through capacity building, by providing a clear career path with functional positions, and by rethinking the transfer policy for staff.

dapat melaksanakan SPM selayaknya. Keterbatasan ini tidak saja terkait dengan kualifikasi dan kompetensi, namun juga formasi yang tidak memadai. Hal itu juga menyangkut kebijakan mutasi yang cukup tinggi, sehingga sumberdaya manusia yang berkompeten berpindah ke dinas lain. Lantaran itulah, di masa datang perlu penataan sumberdaya manusia melalui peningkatan kapasitas, sistem karir yang jelas melalui jabatan fungsional, serta menimbang kebijakan mutasi pegawai. b.Sarana dan prasarana, khususnya laboratorium lingkungan. Dalam penerapan SPM bidang lingkungan hidup di provinsi dan kabupaten/kota, sarana dan prasarana

100


b.Facilities and infrastructure, especially environmental laboratories. Environmental laboraties are crucial for the implementation of minimum service standards in the environment sector. Many regions do not have adequate laboratories and are therefore unable to achieve minimum service standards. Even on the provincial level there are a number of laboratories that have not been accredited and registered, as shown by the below table.

yang sangat penting adalah laboratorium lingkungan. Banyak

daerah

yang

belum

memiliki

pelaksanaan SPM cukup terhambat. Apalagi SPM bidang Lingkungan Hidup menyangkut penyampaian informasi bagi masyarakat tentang status lingkungan. Di tingkat provinsi pun, tidak semua laboratorium telah terakreditasi dan teregistrasi, sebagaimana tersaji pada tabel berikut.

Table 3.3 Number and Status of Environmental Laboratories in Indonesia on the Provincial Level Tabel 3.3. Jumlah dan Status Laboratorium Lingkungan di Indonesia Tingkat Provinsi

Name Nama

Prov 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 31 32 33 34 35 36 51 52 53 61 62 63 64 71 72 73 74 75 76 81 82 91 94

Aceh North Sumatra West Sumatra Riau Jambi South Sumatra Bengkulu Lampung Bangka Belitung Riau Archipelago DKI Jakarta West Java Central Java D I Yogyakarta East Java Banten Bali West Nusa Tenggara East Nusa Tenggara West Kalimantan Central Kalimantan South Kalimantan East Kalimantan North Sulawesi Central Sulawesi South Sulawesi South-East Sulawesi Gorontalo West Sulawesi Maluku North Maluku West Papua Papua

sarana

laboratorium yang memadai. Tak mengherankan bila

Aceh Sumatera Utara Sumatera Barat Riau Jambi Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu Lampung Bangka Belitung Kepulauan Riau DKI Jakarta Jawa Barat Jawa Tengah D I Yogyakarta Jawa Timur Banten Bali Nusa Tenggara Barat Nusa Tenggara Timur Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan Tengah Kalimantan Selatan Kalimantan Timur Sulawesi Utara Sulawesi Tengah Sulawesi Selatan Sulawesi Tenggara Gorontalo Sulawesi Barat Maluku Maluku Utara Papua Barat Papua

Accredited Laboraties Lab Terakreditasi

Registered Laboratories Lab Terregistrasi

1 2 1 1 2

1

2 1 1 4 4 2 4 1

1 7 7 4 2 3 2

1 2 2 3 1 1 2 1

2 1

1

Total Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

101

1

1

41

31

3


Facilities and Infrastructure

Sarana dan Prasarana

Laboratories

Laboratorium

Laboratories analyse samples to provide data. Pursuant to Minister of Environment Regulation No. 6 of 2009, environmental laboratories shall be laboratories that hold a accredition certificate as testing laboratories for environmental quality parameters and have been properly registered. Laboratory performance is assessed through proficiency tests, a methods to evaluate the performance of laboratories through inter-laboratory comparative testing. Proficiency tests are also among the technical requirements for accreditation as testing laboratory and registration as environmental laboratory.

Laboratorium

berfungsi

untuk

menganalisis

contoh uji sehingga menghasilkan data. Menurut Permen LH Nomor 6 tahun 2009 , laboratorium lingkungan

adalah

laboratorium

bersertifikat

akreditasi laboratorium pengujian parameter kualitas lingkungan dan beridentitas registrasi.Untuk menilai kinerja

laboratorium

dilakukan

uji

profisiensi,

sebagai salah satu metode untuk mengetahui unjuk kerja laboratorium dengan cara uji banding antarlaboratorium. Uji profisiensi juga merupakan salah satu persyaratan teknis, bila laboratorium akan diakreditasi sebagai laboratorium penguji dan diregistrasi sebagai laboratorium lingkungan.

The Indonesian Environmental Impact Control Facility (PUSARPEDAL)

Pusat Sarana Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (PUSARPEDAL)

Environmental management will become more effective if supported by reliable environmental laboratories. This is because laboratory test results can serve as a basis for environmental management. Using a grant from the Japanese government, the Indonesian Environmental Impact Control Facility (Pusarpedal) was founded on August 12, 1993, as a environmental reference laboratory. On February 7, 2001, Pusarpedal obtained the testing laboratory certificate from the National Accreditation Committee (KAN) as proof of its competence as an environmental laboratory. On September 29, 2005, its status was further enhanced by KAN accreditation

Pengelolaan lingkungan akan lebih efisien bila didukung laboratorium lingkungan yang handal. Ini karena hasil uji laboratorium dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pengelolaan lingkungan.Dengan hibah dari pemerintah Jepang, pada 12 Agustus 1993, Pusat Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (Pusarpedal) didirikan sebagai referensi

laboratorium

lingkungan.Kompetensi

Pusarpedal sebagai laboratorium lingkungan telah terbukti dengan sertifikat laboratorium pengujian dari Komite Akreditasi Nasional (KAN) pada 7 Februari 2001, yang diperkuat akreditasi KAN pada 29 September 2005. Selain

sebagai

pemilik

laboratorium

dan

pusat

Besides owning a laboratory and being an environmental quality monitoring centre, Pusarpedal is also a public service agency and an independent environmental laboratory. Pusarpedal performs coordination functions, monitors and assesses environmental quality, serves a technical function as reference laboratory, providing testing and calibration services and participating in the development of environmental laboratories.

pemantauan kualitas lingkungan, Pusarpedal juga

At present Pusarpedal engages in the following activities:

• Melakukan pengukuran pencemaran lingkungan,

untuk

pelayanan

laboratorium

masyarakat

lingkungan.

dan

Pusarpedal

independen bertugas

melaksanakan koordinasi, memantau dan mengkaji kualitas lingkungan,

berfungsi teknis laboratorium

rujukan, pelayanan pengujian dan kalibrasi, serta pengembangan laboratorium lingkungan. Saat ini kegiatan Pusarpedal meliputi :

yang terdiri dari pembuangan limbah cair, limbah

102


• Measuring of environmental pollution from disposal of waste water, disposal of solid waste, and air pollution. • Monitoring of environmental pollution at various locations in Indonesia to provide input for environmental policy makers. • Providing assistence in implementing quality systems based on SNI 19-17025, producing guidelines for sample-taking and analysis of environmental quality parameters, for monitoring environmental quality, for maintaining and calibrating environmental laboratory equipment. • Developing and administering proficiency tests for environmental quality parameters.

padat dan polusi udara. • Memantau pencemaran lingkungan di berbagai tempat di Indonesia, sebagai masukan bagi para pengambil kebijakan lingkungan. • Menyediakan bimbingan pelaksanaan sistem mutu berdasarkan SNI 19-17025, membuat pedoman pengambilan

sampel

dan

analisis

parameter

kualitas lingkungan, pedoman monitoring kualitas lingkungan, pedoman pengobatan dan kalibrasi peralatan laboratorium lingkungan. • Menyediakan dan menangani tes kemahiran untuk parameter kualitas lingkungan.

Regional State of The Environment Report (SLHD)

Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD)

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992, produced environmental formulated environmental management strategies, which were then set forth in Agenda 21.

Konferensi

Perserikatan

Bangsa-Bangsa

tentang

Lingkungan dan Pembangunan (the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development–UNCED) di Rio de Janeiro, 1992, menghasilkan strategi pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang dituangkan dalam Agenda 21.

Chapter 40 of Agenda 21 states that governments need to have the capacity to collect and use multisectoral data and information in decision-making processes to implement sustainable development. This includes data availability, accuracy of analysis and presentation of environmental information.

Dalam Agenda 21 Bab 40 disebutkan perlunya kemampuan pemerintahan dalam mengumpulkan dan memanfaatkan data dan informasi multisektoral pada proses pengambilan keputusan untuk melaksanakan pembangunan

berkelanjutan.

Hal

itu

menuntut

ketersediaan data, keakuratan analisis, serta penyajian

This is also in accordance with Law No 32 Year 2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management. Article 70 of this Law states that communities shall have the equal and broad right and opportunity to participate actively in environmental protection and management. Public participation may be in the form of social control, suggestion, opinion, recommendation, objection, complaint, information and report.

informasi lingkungan hidup. Hal ini sejalan dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Pasal 70 UU itu menyatakan masyarakat memiliki hak dan kesempatan yang sama dan seluas-luasnya berperan aktif dalam erlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Peran masyarakat diwujudkan melalui pengawasan sosial, memberikan saran,

Article 65 paragraph (1) states that everybody shall be entitled to proper and healthy environment as part of human rights, while Article 65 paragraph (2) states that everybody shall be entitled to environmental education, information access, participation access and justice access in fulfilling the right to proper and healthy environment.

pendapat,

usul,

keberatan,

pengaduan,

penyampaian informasi dan pelaporan. Pasal 65 ayat (1) menyatakan setiap orang berhak atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia. Dalam pasal 65 ayat (2) disebutkan setiap orang berhak mendapatkan pendidikan lingkungan hidup, akses informasi, akses partisipasi, dan akses keadilan dalam memenuhi hak

This means that the public is entitled to get information on environmental policies. Information

atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat.

103

3


forms the basis for the public to understand and control environmental management, to make decisions concerning their environment and livelihood, and to provide input to the government regarding environmental management.

Dengan demikian, masyarakat berhak mendapatkan informasi

terkait

kebijakan

lingkungan

hidup.

Informasi merupakan modal bagi masyarakat untuk memahami dan mengawasi pengelolaan lingkungan, dasar mengambil keputusan terkait lingkungan dan kehidupannya, dan memberikan masukan kepada

As a means to provide data and information, environment status reports could become instrumental in assessing and determining priority of problems and making recommendations for policy formulation and planning to assist regional governments in managing the environment and implementing sustainable development as mandated.

pemerintah dalam pengelolaan lingkungan. Pelaporan status lingkungan hidup sebagai sarana penyediaan data dan informasi dapat menjadi alat dalam menilai dan menentukan prioritas masalah, membuat rekomendasi bagi penyusunan kebijakan, perencanaan untuk membantu pemerintah daerah dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, dan menerapkan

To address the issue of public access to information, the government has stipulated Law No. 14/2008 regarding Disclosure of Public Information. As a public entity, the government is required to provide, supply and/or publish information of public interest. Such information must be disclosed regularly in an easily accessible manner using easily understood language.

mandat pembangunan berkelanjutan. Berkaitan dengan akses informasi kepada publik, telah ditetapkan Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik (KIP). Sebagai badan publik pemerintah wajib menyediakan, memberikan dan/atau menerbitkan informasi yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan publik. Informasi yang wajib disediakan dan diumumkan antara lain informasi yang diumumkan

Regional governments have been preparing Environmental Records (NLH) since 1982. This type of document was replaced by Regional Population and Environmental Records (NKLD) in 1986, which in 1994 eventually became the Regional Environmental Quality Records (NKLD).

secara berkala, dengan cara yang mudah dijangkau dan dalam bahasa yang mudah dipahami. Pemerintah daerah telah menyusun Neraca Lingkungan Hidup (NLH) sejak 1982, yang pada 1986 berubah menjadi Neraca Kependudukan dan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (NKLD). Dan mulai 1994 berubah lagi menjadi

Since 2002, parallel to the annual publication of the State of the Environment of Indonesia (SLHI) national report, regional state of the environment reports (SLHD) have been published by province and regency/city governments. Most provinces have been publishing state of the environment reports annually, as shown in Figure 3.9

Neraca Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (NKLD). Sejak 2002, bersamaan dengan penerbitan Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (SLHI) secara nasional yang dilakukan setiap tahun, diterbitkan pula Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD) di setiap provinsi dan kabupaten/kota. Mayoritas provinsi telah membuat SLHD setiap tahun sebagaimana yang

The Ministry of Environment evaluates the quality of data and information presented in Regional State of the Environment Reports. The evaluation criteria include organization of report, availability of data and quality of analysis. This will indicate the capacity of regional governments to manage data and information. The results of the evaluation are shown in Table 3.4.

terlihat pada gambar 3.9. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup melakukan evaluasi Laporan SLHD, sehingga bisa dilihat kualitas data dan informasi yang disajikan. Hal yang dievaluasi: sistematika, ketersediaan data, serta analisisnya. Hal itu akan terlihat kapasitas pemerintah daerah dalam mengelola data dan informasi. Hasil evaluasi tercermin pada table 3.4.

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Table 3.4 Evaluation Results of 2011 Regional State Of the Environment Reports Tabel 3.4. Hasil Evaluasi Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tahun 2011

Province Provinsi

No 1

D K I Jakarta

D K I Jakarta

2

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

3

East Java

Jawa Timur

4

Bali

Bali

5

North Sumatra

6

Region Regional

Score Nilai

Jawa

90.95

Sumatera

90.88

Jawa

90.46

Bali NT

88.17

Sumatera Utara

Sumatera

87.99

D I Yogyakarta

D I Yogyakarta

Jawa

83.86

7

Aceh

Aceh

Sumatera

82.14

8

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

Sumapapua

78.11

9

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

Sumatera

77.06

10

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

Sumapapua

74.75

11

Banten

Banten

Jawa

70.09

12

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

Kalimantan

70.05

13

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

Sumatera

69.99

14

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

Sumapapua

69.10

15

West Java

Jawa Barat

Jawa

68.55

16

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

Sumatera

64.03

17

Lampung

Lampung

Sumatera

62.69

18

Jambi

Jambi

Sumatera

62.56

19

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

Sumapapua

62.22

20

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

Jawa

53.74

21

Riau

Riau

Sumatera

53.60

22

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

Kalimantan

50.91

23


Bali NT

50.56

24

East Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Timur

Bali NT

50.10

25

West Papua

Papua Barat

Sumapapua

49.45

26

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

Sumatera

49.01

27


Sumapapua

45.40

28

Papua

Papua

Sumapapua

9.67

29

Maluku

Maluku

Sumapapua

6.24


105

3


Figure 3.9 Number of Regional State of the Environment Reports on the Provincial Level Gambar 3.9. Jumlah Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tingkat Provinsi

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008


2009

2010

2011

2012


HUMAN RESOURCES

SUMBERDAYA MANUSIA PENGELOLA

The success of any effort to control pollution and environmental damage depends on the availability of competent staff whose knowledge and skills are continuously being advanced. To that end, a system of functional positions has been developed and implemented at central and regional government level. This system of functional positions and competency standards is supported by education and training measures. There are two types of functional positions within the environment sector: Environmental Impact Controller (Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan/PEDAL) and Environmental Inspection Officer. To date, the functional position of Environmental Impact Controller has been introduced in a number of regions and sectors, and there are 140 people who hold this title.

Sebagaimana diuraikan sebelumnya, salah satu hal krusial adalah sumberdaya manusia.Dengan demikian, pengendalian pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan hidup oleh para pihak perlu sumberdaya manusia yang kompeten dan dibina secara berkelanjutan. Untuk

itu,

telah

dikembangkan

dan

diterapkan

sistem jabatan fungsional di pemerintah pusat dan daerah.Pengembangan sistem jabatan fungsional dan standar kompetensi itu didukung dengan pendidikan dan pelatihan. Terdapat dua jabatan fungsional bidang lingkungan hidup yaitu: Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan (PEDAL) dan Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup. Saat ini jabatan fungsional PEDAL telah diterapkan di daerah dan sektor, sejumlah 140 orang. Beberapa kebijakan dalam mendukung penerapan jabatan fungsional bidang lingkungan hidup sebagai

The following policies support the implementation of functional positions in the environment sector: (1) Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic

berikut: (1) Peraturan MENPAN dan RB Nomor 39 Tahun 2011 tentang Jabatan Fungsional Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup dan Angka Kreditnya, (2) Peraturan

106


Reform Regulation No. 39/2011 regarding the Functional Position of Environmental Inspection Officer and its Credit Points, (2) Joint Regulation of the Minister of Environment and the Head of the National Civil Service Agency No. 9/2012 and No. 6/2012 regarding Implementation Provisions for Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform Regulation No. 39/2011 regarding the Functional Position of Environmental Inspection Officer and its Credit Points, (3) Academic Paper on Allowances for Functional Position of Environmental Inspection Officer, (4) Revised Academic Paper for Minister of Administrative Reform Regulation No. 47/Kep/M.PAN/8/2002 regarding Functional Position of Environmental Impact Controller.

Bersama Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup dan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara Nomor 9 Tahun 2012 dan Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 tentang Ketentuan Pelaksanaan PERMENPAN dan RB Nomor 39 Tahun 2011 tentang Jabatan Fungsional Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup dan Angka Kreditnya, (3) Naskah Akademis Tunjangan Jabatan Fungsional Pengawas LH, (4) Naskah Akademis Revisi

KEPMENPAN

tentang

Jabatan

Nomor

Fungsional

47/Kep/M.PAN/8/2002 Pengendali

Lingkungan.

Figure 3.10 Distribution of Environmental Impact Control Functional Officers Gambar 3.10. Sebaran Jabatan Fungsional Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan

PROVINCE

North Sumatra

Provinsi Sumatera Utara

PROVINSI

4%

Jambi

Provinsi Jambi

10% 7%

South Sumatra

Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

4%

Bengkulu

Provinsi Bengkulu

11%

52%

West Kalimantan

Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

DKI Jakarta

11%

Provinsi DKI Jakarta

DI Yogyakarta

Provinsi D.I Jogjakarta

1%

SECTOR SEKTOR

Ministry of Environment

8%

Ministry of Transportation

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

18%

8%

Kementerian Perhubungan

Ministry of Industry

Kementerian Perindustrian

23% 42%

CATATAN Ministry of a Environment Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

b Province Provinsi c

Kabupaten/Kota

Ministry/Agency d Kementerian/ lembaga

BATAN

orang

: 14 persons orang

Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum

National Nuclear Energy Agency

: 13 persons

7% 7%

orang

Regency/City

Ministry of Public Works

Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology BPPT

: 56 persons

Dampak

REGENCY/CITY DAERAH KABUPATEN City of Surabaya Kota Surabaya

Gowa Regency

29%

Kabupaten Gowa

: 61 persons

57%

orang

Tulungagung Regency Kabupaten Tulungagung

Kudus Regency Kabupaten Kusus


107

3


Environmental Budget

Anggaran Lingkungan Hidup

Pursuant to Article 45 of Law No. 32/2009, the government and the House of Representatives as well as the regional governments and Regional Legislative Councils shall be obliged to allocate adequate funds to finance environmental protection and management and environmentally-sound development programs. Unfortunately, the budget is inadequate to avert the increasing pressures on the environment. A pro-environment stance is required to support environmental protection and management efforts, in particular regarding the allocation of funds.

Berdasarkan Pasal 45, UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009, pemerintah dan dewan perwakilan rakyat serta pemerintah

daerah

dan

dewan perwakilan rakyat

daerah wajib mengalokasikan anggaran yang memadai untuk membiayai perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup

dan

program

pembangunan

berwawasan lingkungan hidup. Sayangnya, di tengah tekanan terhadap lingkungan hidup yang kian berat, anggaran yang disediakan belum memadai untuk mengimbangi laju tekanan itu.Diperlukan keberpihakan untuk upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, khususnya alokasi anggaran.

Figure 3.11 Budget for Environmental Functions vs. Total Budget of the Indonesian Government Gambar 3.11. Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs Total Belanja Pemerintah Republik Indonesia

1,70%

Increase of 1067.7% for other environmental sub-functions Kenaikan 1067,7% pada Sub Fungsi LH lainnya

0,98% 0,94%

0,97%

2010

2011

1,00%

1,08%

0,77% 0,61% 0,37% 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2012

2013

Source: Processed from Ministry of Finance Data Sumber : Olahan Data Kementerian Keuangan

The above chart shows that the proportion of funding for environmental functions within the total state budget continued to increase from 2005-2013 by approximately 1 percent. However, it is important to pay attention to the allocation of funds for environmental functions at the regional level. DKI Jakarta has a relatively high proportion of funds allocated for environmental functions, amounting to 4.66 percent of the total provincial budget, while South Sumatra has the lowest ratio at 0.23 percent. There are currently

Dari data tabel di atas, rupanya anggaran untuk lingkungan hidup dalam Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara selama 2005 -

2013 memang terus

meningkat,sekitar 1 persen. Hanya saja, yang perlu mendapat perhatian adalah alokasi anggaran untuk lingkungandi tingkat daerah. DKI Jakarta memiliki proporsi alokasi anggaran lingkungan hidup yang relatif besar, yaitu 4,66 persen dari total APBD; sebaliknya, Sumatera Selatan memiliki rasio terkecil, yaitu 0,23 persen. Proporsi anggaran di daerah ini belum ada standar acuannya: berapa dana idealnya, agar dapat

108


no reference standards regarding the proportion of regional budgets that should ideally be allocated for environmental functions, which would make possible interregional comparison.

dibandingkan secara relatif antar daerah. Ada beberapa daerah yang memiliki proporsi di bawah rata-rata nasional, yang mungkin karena kesulitan menyisihkan anggaran lingkungan yang lebih besar.

Some regions with proportions below national average may find it difficult to set aside larger environmental budgets, while above-average regions are able to do so.

Sebaliknya, ada beberapa daerah yang berada di atas rata-rata, ternyata mampu mengalokasikannya. Dari tabel 3.5 terlihat anggaran lingkungan hidup di 21 provinsi (63,6 persen) yang secara nominal meningkat.

Environmental budgets increased nominally in 21 provinces (63.6 percent), decreased in 9 provinces

Sebaliknya, 9 provinsi (27,3 persen) turun dan 3 provinsi lainnya relatif tetap. Harapannya, semua provinsi selalu

Table 3.5 Budget for Environmental Functions vs Total Regional Budget Tabel 3.5. Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Daerah Total

Provincial Budget 2011 Anggaran Provinsi 2011 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Budget for Env. Agency Anggaran BLH

Province Provinsi DKI Jakarta North Sumatra Gorontalo West Papua South Sulawesi West Java Bangka Belitung West sulawesi Bali Central Sulawesi West Sumatra North Maluku South Kalimantan North Sulawesi East Nusa Tenggara Riau Archipelago West Nusa Tenggara DI Jogjakarta Jambi Bengkulu Central Kalimantan West Kalimantan East Java Papua Central Java East Kalimantan Lampung Maluku Banten South-East Sulawesi Aceh South Sumatra Riau

DKI Jakarta Sumatera Utara Gorontalo Papua Barat Sulawesi Selatan Jawa Barat Bangka Belitung Sulawesi Barat Bali Sulawesi Tengah Sumatera Barat Maluku Utara Kal-Sel Sulawesi Utara NTT Kepulauan Riau NTB DI Jogjakarta Jambi Bengkulu Kal-Teng Kal-Bar Jawa Timur Papua Jawa Tengah Kal-Tim Lampung Maluku Banten Sul-Tenggara Aceh Sumatera Selatan Riau

Decon. Fund Dekon

Spec.Alloc. Fund DAK

27.593.622.839

8.248.283.664

7.099.638.078 4.863.326.900

500.000.000 500.000.000

3.365.753.000

500.000.000

2.018.500.000

500.000.000

7.594.907.700

500.000.000

1.250.000.000

500.000.000

6.390.265.580

21.632.712.835

Total Budget APBD Total

Env. Func. Fungsi LH 2011

%

27.875.807.120.065 4.677.861.461.564 671.051.486.930 3.517.181.935.036 2.972.277.538.385 9.887.011.087.735 1.067.056.492.088 707.810.376.681 2.483.896.836.108 1.232.556.934.249 2.123.681.661.518 730.840.000.000 2.579.950.555.800 1.297.908.496.620 1.308.163.425.000 1.975.600.000.000 1.657.093.170.268 1.590.785.711.143 1.498.751.513.850 1.155.766.504.059 1.718.016.480.000 1.853.631.912.666 10.626.361.387.552 5.184.147.179.000 6.062.149.998.000 7.257.634.950.000 2.181.168.622.241 1.124.498.644.439 3.485.295.190.673 1.405.829.978.726 7.974.700.000.000 3.565.887.000.000 4.468.257.731.323

1.347.098.125.073 155.766.032.830 10.398.835.220 37.399.363.000 31.599.770.498 102.648.919.176 10.943.254.150 7.108.514.170 22.070.386.275 9.199.945.322 15.160.324.877 5.213.785.000 18.353.032.000 8.789.316.000 8.568.790.100 12.705.987.000 9.496.636.100 9.027.249.289 6.870.698.531 4.866.848.973 7.220.539.074 7.382.750.300 40.434.215.874 na 22.549.871.000 26.351.521.500 7.265.206.480 3.518.332.663 10.092.947.097 3.731.954.500 19.811.241.850 7.105.883.000 7.237.260.000

4,83% 3,33% 1,55% 1,06% 1,06% 1,04% 1,03% 1,00% 0,89% 0,75% 0,71% 0,71% 0,71% 0,68% 0,66% 0,64% 0,57% 0,57% 0,46% 0,42% 0,42% 0,40% 0,38% 0,37% *0,37% 0,36% 0,33% 0,31% 0,29% 0,27% 0,25% 0,20% 0,16%

127.918.631.381.718

1.995.987.536.922

0,81%

*0.37% taken from 2010 proportion, because environmental function possibly attached to other function 2011 *0,37% diambil perbandingan 2010, karena kemungkinan tahun 2011 fungsi LH melekat di Fungsi lainnya Source: Ministry of Finance Sumber: Kementerian Keuangan

109

3


(27.3 percent) and remained relatively constant in 3 provinces. It is expected that all provinces will continually raise the environmental budgets, both nominally and proportionally to total regional budgets.

meningkatkan anggaran lingkungan hidup, baik secara nominal maupun proporsinya terhadap APBD. Mekanisme

lain

untuk

mendorong

pemerintah

daerah mematuhi kebijakan nasional adalah dengan dana dekonsentrasi lingkungan bagi 33 provinsi dan

Other mechanisms to encourage regional governments to comply with national policies are the environmental deconcentration funds provided to 33 provinces and the special allocation funds for the environmental sector for 468 regencies/cities. Deconcentration funds create incentives for regencies and provinces to incorporate national policies into regional regulations. This ensures that resources that strengthen regional management capacities will represent central government policies.

dana alokasi

khusus sektor lingkungan untuk

468

kabupaten/kota. Dana dekonsentrasi menciptakan insentif bagi kabupaten dan provinsi untuk memasukkan kebijakan nasional ke dalam kebijakan daerah. Ini agar sumberdaya yang memperkuat kapasitas pengelolaan di daerah mewakili kebijakan pemerintah pusat. Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 14 Tahun 2007 telah menetapkan panduan penggunaan dana dekonsentrasi, termasuk meningkatkan kapasitas perencanaan daerah mengelola lingkungan, koordinasi

Minister of Environment Regulation no. 14/2007 lays down the guidelines for the use of deconcentration funds, including for improvement of planning capacities for environmental management at the regional level, and for coordination of implementation and monitoring activities. In 2012, the allocation of deconcentration funds was increased eightfold (753 percent) by the Ministry of Environment, from Rp16 billion in 2011 to Rp120.5 billion.

penerapan dan pemantauan. Pada 2012 KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN

HIDUP

meningkatkan

alokasi

dana

dekonsentrasi 8 kali lipat (753 persen), dari Rp 16 miliar pada 2011, menjadi 120,5 miliar. Selain itu, sejak 2006 telah dialokasikan dana alokasi khusus (DAK) lingkungan hidup. Dana ini buat memantau dan melaporkan kualitas air sungai, mengembangkan pengelolaan sistem

In addition to deconcentration funds at provincial level, since 2006 the government has alloted special allocation funds (DAK) for the environment at the regency/city level. These funds are used for monitoring and reporting of river water quality, development of treatment facilities for hazardous waste, development of EIA systems and improvement of law inforcement to manage disputes and complaints. The funds also help regional governments accelerate their handling of environmental problems and strengthen institutional capacity.

limbah

AMDAL,

berbahaya,

memperbaiki

mengembangkan

penegakan

hukum

untuk menangani sengketa dan keluhan. Dana ini juga membantu pemerintah setempat mempercepat penanganan masalah lingkungan dan memperkuat kapasitas kelembagaan. Dalam evaluasi setiap tahun masih banyak ditemukan persoalan dalam pengelolaan DAK lingkungan hidup, antara lain : • Bangunan dan peralatan laboratorium tidak dapat dipakai, karena rusak dan tidak terawat; • Bangunan dan peralatan laboratorium tidak

Annual evaluations found many problems regarding the management of environment special allocation funds, among others:

dimanfaatkan (masih tersimpan di gudang), karena kurangnya sumberdaya manusia dan dana operasional; • Kendaraan laboratorium dan komputer untuk

• Laboratory buildings and equipment cannot be used because of damage and lack of maintenance; • Laboratory equipment are not being used (put away in storage) due to lack of human resources and operational funds; • Laboratory vehicles and computers used for regular office activities, not for monitoring; • Reporting duty not observed.

operasional perkantoran; • Tidak menyampaikan kewajiban pelaporan. Untuk

mengoptimalkan

penggunaan

anggaran,

diterbitkan Surat Edaran Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 660/1968/SJ tentang Publikasi Laporan Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah dari Hasil Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan Hidup. Surat Edaran ini

110


To optimize the utilization of budget, the Minister of Home Affairs issued Circular Letter No. 660/1968/SJ on Publication of Regional Revenue and Expenditure related to the Management of Natural Resources and the Environment. This circular letter was a follow-up to Presidential Instruction no. 17/2012 for Action on the Prevention and Eradication of Corruption. One of the responsibilities of the Ministry of Home Affairs is to ensure transparency of environmental and natural

menindaklanjuti Instruksi Presiden Nomor 17 Tahun 2012 tentang Aksi Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Korupsi. Salah satu tanggung jawab Kementerian Dalam Negeri adalah transparansi dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan sumberdaya alam di daerah. Dalam rangka itu, pemerintah daerah secara rutin harus menerbitkan laporan pendapatan dan belanja daerah dari pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup, khususnya hasil industri ekstraksi (minyak, gas,

Table 3.6 Allocation of Environmental Deconcentration Funds 2012 Tabel 3.6. Alokasi Dana Dekonsentrasi Lingkungan 2012

WORK UNITS SATUAN KERJA

No

CEILING PAGU

1

Banten

Banten

4.374.375.000

2

DI Yogyakarta

DI Yogyakarta

3.982.156.000

3

West Java

Jawa Barat

4.394.175.000

4

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

3.535.150.000

5

East Java

Jawa Timur

3.198.855.000

6

Lampung

Lampung

3.774.980.000

7

Jambi

Jambi

3.801.388.000

8

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

3.827.455.000

9

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

3.573.520.000

10

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

3.575.725.000

11

Riau

Riau

4.608.549.000

12

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

1.451.100.000

13

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

3.927.544.000

14

North Sumatra

Sumatera Utara

3.630.090.000

15

DI Aceh

DI Aceh

4.131.180.000

16

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

3.936.770.000

17

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

4.959.718.000

18

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

4.555.000.000

19

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

3.133.926.000

20

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

4.209.540.000

21

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

4.092.832.000

22

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

4.779.865.000

23

North Utara

Sulawesi Utara

3.771.158.000

24

South-East Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tenggara

4.200.562.000

25

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

2.061.590.000

26

Maluku

Maluku

2.671.255.000

27

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

2.049.830.000

28

Papua

Papua

3.966.865.000

29

West Papua

Papua Barat

4.917.880.000

30

Bali

Bali

3.630.000.000

31

East Nusa Tenggara

NTT

3.957.131.000

32

West Nusa Tenggara

NTB

3.845.129.000

Total

120.525.293.000



111


resources management in the regions. To this end, regional governments are required to regularly publish on their official websites their revenues and expenditures related to the management of natural resources and the environment, in particular from extractive industries (oil, gas, and mining).

dan tambang) di situs resminya. Selain dari dalam negeri, Indonesia juga mendapatkan dana internasional. Salah satunya, Global Environment Facility (GEF), suatu mekanisme pendanaan (hibah) untuk meningkatkan perlindungan lingkungan hidup global dan mewujudkan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

In addition to domestic funding, Indonesia also receives foreign funding. One of these sources is the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a funding mechanisme (grant) for the improvement of global environmental protection and implementation of sustainable development.

Pada periode 2010 - 2012, Indonesia ditunjuk menjadi GEF Council Member yang mewakili negara-negara Pasifik

Constituent).Indonesia

(Pacific

berperan

menampung aspirasi dari negara-negara Pasifik dan menyampaikannya kepada Dewan GEF..

Figure 3.12 Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006 Gambar3.12. Pembagian Dana Alokasi Khusus Lingkungan 2006 - 2012

Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006-2012 Inventarisasi DAK Bidang Lingkungan Hidup 2006-2012 500

450 371

400 300


48

9

10 mobil sampah

Taman

Turap

Parks

Papan Informasi

Erosion-detaining dams

Information board

Gd Sampah

Waste storage

Alat Sampah

Waste handling equipment

Kendaraan roda 3

3-wheel vehicles

Monitoring vehicles

Kendaraan Pemantauan

Tong Sampah

IPAL

Trash bin

Biogas

Waste water treatment plant

Biogas

Alat Lab Air

Alat Pemantauan udara

Water laboratory equipment

Gd Lab

Air monitoring equipment

Mobil Lab

Laboratory buildings

0

Biopori

70

Sumur Resapan

25

Infiltration wells

36

131

Dump trucks

160

Biopores

195

Pen. Pohon disumber air

154

127

Speed boats

55

179

Trees at water sources

100

111

115

Speed boats

200

272 203

Mobile laboratories

3


Table 3.7 Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006 – 2013 Tabel 3.7. Alokasi Dana Alokasi Khusus Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tahun 2006 – 2013

Year Tahun


No. of Recipients (Reg./City) Jumlah Kab/Kota Penerima

Allocation Jumlah Alokasi (RP)

Increase Kenaikan (%)

2006

333

112.875.000.000

-

2007

434

351.610.000.000

211,50

2008

434

351.610.000.000

0

2009

413

351.610.000.000

0

2011

418

400.000.000.000

14

2012

442

479.730.000.000

30

2013

432

530.548.000.000

9,58

112


In 2010 - 2012, Indonesia was appointed GEF Council Member from the Pacific Constituency. Indonesia was tasked with accommodating the aspirations of the Pacific constituency and presenting them to the GEF Council.

Selama kurun 2010 - 2014 tersedia dana alokasi System for Transparent Allocation of Resources (STAR) sebesar US$ 87.910.000. Sampai Desember 2012, telah diperoleh endorsement letter dari GEF OFP Indonesia sebanyak 82 persen, yang telah mendapatkan persetujuan GEF CEO sebesar 42,8 persen.

The System for Transparent Allocation of Resources (STAR) made available funds amounting to US$87,910,000 for the 2010-2014 period. Until 2012, endorsement letters for a total of 82 percent had been received from the Indonesian GEF OFP with 42.8 percent gaining GEF CEO approval.

Selain

GEF,

ada

kerjasama

keuangan

bersama

pemerintah Jerman melalui program Debt for Nature Swap (DNS). Program ini dalam tahap penghapusan utang senilai Rp.

125 miliar, melalui pemberian

pinjaman lunak bagi usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah. Pada saat ini, KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

In addition to the GEF, the German government also engages in financial cooperation through the Debt for Nature Swap (DNS) program. The program aims to write-off debts of Rp125 billion through the provision of soft loans to micro, small and medium enterprises. The Ministry of Environment is currently exploring the possibility of a new financial cooperation worth Rp200 billion for Emission Reduction Investment in 2013-2015.

sedang menjajaki kerjasama keuangan baru sebesar Rp 200 miliar untuk Emission Reduction Investment selama 2013 – 2015

PENAATAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN Upaya

preventif

lingkungan

COMPLIANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

dalam

hidup

perlu

pengendalian

dampak

dilakukan

dengan

mendayagunakan instrumen pengawasan dan perizinan secara maksimal. Untuk kerusakan lingkungan hidup yang sudah terjadi, perlu penegakan hukum secara efektif, konsekuen, dan konsisten bagi penanggung jawab usaha yang menimbulkannya. Lantaran itulah,

Preventive efforts to control environmental impacts must make maximum use of available supervision and licensing. Any party responsible for environmental damage must be dealt with effectively, consequently and consistenly by the law. Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management applies three law enforcement instruments: administrative law, civil law and criminal law.

Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup menerapkan tiga instrumen penegakan hukum: hukum administratif, hukum perdata, dan hukum pidana. Sejak Undang-Undang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan

Hidup

itu

disahkan,

peraturan

pelaksanaan adalah PP Nomor 27 tahun 2012 tentang Izin Lingkungan. Selain itu ada juga 97 peraturan

The implementing regulation for the Environmental Protection and Management Law is Government Regulation No. 27/2012 regarding Environmental Permits. In addition to that there are 97 regulations of the Minister of Environment: 35 regulations were enacted in 2009, 19 in 2010, 17 in 2011; and 26 in 2012.

Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dengan rincian: 35 aturan diundangkan pada 2009; 19 aturan diundangkan pada 2010; 17 aturan diundangkan pada 2011; dan 26 aturan diundangkan tahun 2012.

113

3


Matters Regarding Environmental Permit Ihwal Izin Lingkungan

On February 23, 2012, Government Regulation Number 27 of 2012 regarding Environmental Permits was enacted to implement Law Number 32 of 2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management, particularly Article 33 and Article 41. Rules on environmental permits regulate two instruments of environmental protection and management, which include the instrument of environmental studies (Environmental Impact Assessment and UKL-UPL) and the instrument of environmental permits. These rules are very strict when it comes to protecting the environment, putting environmental feasibility as the basis for permits so that they are enforceable with clear and firm sanctions.

Pada

23

Februari

2012

ditetapkan

Peraturan

Pemerintah Nomor 27 Tahun 2012 tentang Izin Lingkungan, sebagai pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, khususnya Pasal 33 dan Pasal 41. Aturan izin lingkungan mengatur dua instrumen perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, yaitu instrumen kajian lingkungan hidup (amdal dan UKL-UPL) dan instrumen izin lingkungan. Aturan ini sangat kuat untuk menjaga lingkungan hidup,

yang

meletakkan

kelayakan

lingkungan

sebagai dasar izin sehingga enforceable dengan sanksi jelas dan tegas. Peraturan pemerintah ini mengamanatkan proses penilaian amdal yang lebih cepat, yaitu 125 hari—

This government regulation mandates a faster environmental impact assessment process, shortening it to 125 days - previously, it took 180 days. Furthermore, this regulation opens up more opportunities for members of the society to be involved in determining the feasibility of a business or an event, especially those who are directly affected. Application for and issuance of an environmental permit has to be announced three times in the planning stage (previously, Government Regulation Number 27 of 1999 only required them to be announced once in the stage before the environmental impact assessment frame of reference was formulated). Therefore, society members can participate actively and give recommendations on every business or event planning in their region.

semula 180 hari. Yang tak kalah penting, peraturan ini memberi ruang yang semakin besar bagi keterlibatan masyarakat, khususnya yang terkena dampak, dalam penentuan kelayakan rencana usaha atau kegiatan. Permohonan dan penerbitan izin lingkungan harus diumumkan tiga kali dalam tahap perencanaan (sebelumnya, PP Nomor 27 Tahun 1999 hanya mewajibkan sekali pengumuman pada tahap sebelum menyusun kerangka acuan Andal). Dengan begitu, masyarakat akan berpartisipasi aktif dan memberikan saran atas setiap rencana usaha dan kegiatan di daerahnya.

The above ministerial regulations relate to pollution control measures such as the development of quality standards for waste from various sources – for instance, geothermal power plants, processing of traditional medicine, livestock, etc. In addition to that, quality standards for emissions from new vehicles and for emissions from stationary sources in the oil and gas industry were also set. A number of ministerial regulations also focus on law enforcement

Peraturan-peraturan

menteri

itu

terkait

dengan

pengendalian pencemaran, seperti baku mutu limbah dari

berbagai

kegiatan—misalnya,

pembangkit

listrik tenaga termal, pengolahan obat tradisioinal, peternakan, dan sebagainya. Selain itu, juga diatur baku mutu emisi kendaraan bermotor tipe baru dan baku mutu emisi dari sumber tak bergerak bagi usaha migas.

Beberapa aturan menteri lingkungan hidup

juga mengatur penegakan hukum lingkungan, seperti

114


issues, such as guidelines for imposing administrative sanctions, governance of environment civil servant investigators, and compensation for environmental damage.

pedoman penjatuhan sanksi administrasi, tata laksana penyidik pegawai negeri sipil lingkungan hidup, serta ganti kerugian akibat kerusakan lingkungan.

Strong Foundation for Waste Management Landasan Kuat bagi Pengelolaan Sampah

Government Regulation Number 81 of 2012 regarding Household Waste Management and Household-like Waste as the implementation of Law Number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management. This regulation also serves to reinforce the legal basis for waste management in Indonesia, especially in the regions.

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 81 tahun 2012 tentang

There are a number of important contents in this government regulation. First, it provides stronger grounds for regional governments in performing environment-oriented waste management in various aspects: legal-formal, management, technical operations, financing, institutions, and human resources. Second, clears task distribution and roles of all parties in waste management, starting from ministries/institutions in the central government, provincial governments, regency/city governments, businesses, estate managers, to society members. Third, it provides the operational basis for the implementation of 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) in waste management, replacing the old paradigm of collect, carry, dispose. Fourth, beginning in 2013, all regency/ city governments have to modify the open dumping system at landfills ( TPA) to make them more environment-oriented.

Ada beberapa muatan pokok peraturan pemerintah

Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga dan Sampah Sejenis Sampah Rumah Tangga sebagai pelaksana Undang-Undang Nomor 18 tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan

Sampah.

Peraturan

itu

sekaligus

memperkuat landasan hukum bagi pengelolaan sampah di Indonesia—khususnya di daerah.

ini. Pertama,memberi landasan lebih kuat bagi pemerintah daerah dalam pengelolaan sampah yang berwawasan lingkungan dari berbagai aspek: legal

formal,

pembiayaan,

manajemen, kelembagaan,

teknis dan

operasional, sumber

daya

manusia. Kedua, memberi kejelasan pembagian tugas dan peran parapihak dalam pengelolaan sampah, mulai dari kementerian/lembaga di pusat, pemerintah provinsi, kabupaten/kota, dunia usaha, pengelola kawasan sampai masyarakat. Ketiga, memberi landasan operasional bagi implementasi 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) dalam pengelolaan sampah, menggantikan paradigma lama kumpul-angkutbuang. Keempat, mulai 2013 seluruh pemerintah kabupaten/kota harus mengubah sistem open dumping tempat pemrosesan akhir ( TPA) menjadi berwawasan lingkungan. Kelima,

Fifth, it provides a sound legal basis for the involvement of businesses - producers, importers, distributors, and retailers, who, together with the government, must soon implement the extended producer responsibility (EPR). In addition, administrators of residential areas, industrial areas, commercial areas, special areas, public facilities, social facilities, and other facilities must sort, collect, and process waste immediately.

memberi

landasan

hukum

yang

kuat

bagi pelibatan dunia usaha—produsen, importir, distributor,

dan

retailer,

bersama

pemerintah

harus segera merealisasikan penerapan extended producer responsibility (EPR). Selain itu, bagi pengelola kawasan pemukiman, kawasan industri, kawasan komersial, kawasan khusus, fasilitas umum, fasilitas sosial, dan fasilitas lainnya, harus segera memilah, mengumpulkan, dan mengolah sampah.

115

3


Laws and regulations concerning natural resources and the environment that were enacted in 2011: Government Regulation No. 38/2011 regarding Rivers; Government Regulation No. 50/2011 regarding National Tourism Development 2010-2025; Presidential Regulation No. 28/2011 regarding Underground Mining in Protection Forest areas; and Presidential Regulation No. 93/2011 regarding Botanical Gardens.

Peraturan perundang-undangan terkait sumber daya

Laws and regulations enacted in 2012: Government Regulation No. 54/2012 regarding Safety and Security of Nuclear Installations; Government Regulation No. 40/2012 regarding Airport Construction and Environmental Protection; Government Regulation No. 47/2011 regarding Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility; Government Regulation No. 37/2012 regarding Watershed Management; Presidential Regulation no. 121/2012 on Rehabilitation of Coastal Areas and Small Islands; Presidential Regulation no. 122/2012 on Reclamation of Coastal Areas and Small Islands; Presidential Regulation No. 73/ 2012 concerning National Strategy on Mangrove Ecosystem Management; and Presidential Regulation Np. 16/2012 on General Plan of Capital Investment.

Untuk periode 2012: PP Nomor 54 Tahun 2012 tentang

In addition to the above, the following two bills were passed:

a. Pengesahan Protokol Nagoya tentang Akses pada

alam dan lingkungan hidup pada 2011 adalah: PP Nomor 38 Tahun 2011 tentang Sungai; PP Nomor 50 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Nasional Tahun 2010-2025; Peraturan Presiden Nomor 28 Tahun 2011 tentang Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan Lindung untuk Penambangan Bawah Tanah; dan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 93 Tahun 2011 tentang Kebun Raya.

Keselamatan dan Keamanan Instalasi Nuklir; PP Nomor 40 Tahun 2012 tentang Pembangunan dan Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup Bandar Udara; PP Nomor 47 Tahun 2012 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Perseroan Terbatas; PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2012 tentang Pengelolaan DAS; Peraturan Presiden Nomor 121 Tahun 2012 tentang Rehabilitasi di Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulaupulau Kecil, Peraturan Presiden Nomor 122 Tahun 2012 tentang Reklamasi di Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil; Peraturan Presiden Nomor 73 Tahun 2012 tentang Strategi Nasional Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove; dan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 16 Tahun 2012 tentang Rencana Umum Penanaman Modal. Selain itu, disahkan pula dua rancangan undangundang, yaitu:

Sumberdaya Genetik dan Pembagian Keuntungan yang

Adil

dan

Seimbang

yang

Timbul

dari

a. Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization on the Convention of Biological Diversity;

Pemanfaatannya atas Konvensi Keanekaragaman

b. Ratification of Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.

b. Pengesahan Konvensi Rotterdam tentang Prosedur

(Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic

Hayati

Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity);

Persetujuan atas Dasar Informasi Awal untuk Bahan Kimia dan Pestisida Berbahaya Tertentu dalam Perdagangan Internasional (Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain

Environmental law enforcement is subject to the subsidiarity principle (Ultimum Remedium) and prioritizes imposition of administrative sanctions: written warnings, government orders, suspension and revocation of licenses. The subsidiarity principle is applied prior to the enforcement of civil law (out-of-court and incourt dispute settlement) and criminal law. As a last resort if disputes cannot be resolved by administrative law or if criminal law is enforced

Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade). Dalam

penegakan

hukum

lingkungan,

tetap

memberlakukan azas subsidiaritas (Ultimum Remedium) yaitu mengedepankan instrumen pengenaan Sanksi Administrasi: Teguran Tertulis, Paksaan Pemerintah, Pembekuan dan Pencabutan izin. Azas subsidiaritas dilakukan

sebelum

memakai

penegakan

hukum

perdata (penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan

116


directly without first resorting to administrative sanctions for certain formal offences, as regulated in Law No. 32/2009.

ataupun di pengadilan) dan pidana. Sebagai upaya terakhir, bila hukum administrasi tidak berhasil atau penegakan hukum pidana langsung tanpa sanksi administrasi terlebih dahulu (asas Premum Remedium)

Systemic efforts in the context of environmental law enforcements include sistem development and handling of environmental cases.

terhadap tindak pidana formil tertentu, seperti diatur Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009. Dalam rangka penegakan hukum lingkungan, dilakukan upaya sistemik melalui: Pengembangan Sistem dan Penanganan Kasus Lingkungan.

System Development

Pengembangan Sistem

a. Online System for Environmental Complaints and

a. Sistem Online Pengaduan dan Penaatan Hukum

Consolidation of Environmental Administrative Law

Administrasi Lingkungan yang terkoneksi dengan 69

connected to 69 regional environmental institutions

institusi lingkungan hidup di provinsi, kabupaten/

at the province and regency/city level, including

kota, dan telah disiapkan perangkat pendukungnya

supporting equipment for 43 regional environmental

bagi 43 institusi lingkungan hidup daerah. Hal ini

institutions. This is reinforced by the Joint Circular Letter

diperkuat dengan Surat Edaran Bersama Menteri

between the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister

Dalam Negeri dan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup

of Environment No. 660/4545/SJ and MENLH-13/11/

Nomor 660/4545/SJ dan MENLH-13/11/LH/2010

LH/2010 Concerning the Management of Environmental

tentang Pengelolaan Pengaduan Lingkungan Hidup

Complaints in the Regions. This circular letters supports

di Daerah. Surat edaran ini sebagai upaya penegakan

law enforcements efforts in the regions.

hukum di daerah.

b. To facilitate implementation of administrative sanctions,

b. Untuk mendukung penerapan sanksi administratif,

technical capabilities of 386 regional enviromental

ada peningkatan kemampuan teknis 386 pejabat

inspector (PPLHD) and state administrative officials

Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (PPLHD) dan

at provincial and regency/city level institutions were

pemimpin pejabat tata usaha negara di institusi

upgraded.

provinsi dan kabupaten/kota.

c. Enactment of Minister of Environment Regulation No.

c. Ditetapkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup

2/2013 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of

Nomor 2 Tahun 2013 tentang Pedoman Penerapan

Administrative Sanctions in the Field of Environmental

Sanksi Administrasi di Bidang Perlindungan dan

Protection and Management.

Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

d. In the course of the environmental judge certification

d. Dalam rangka program sertifikasi hakim lingkungan

program for supreme court judges and judges, the

bagi hakim agung dan hakim, telah terbit Keputusan

Supreme Court issued Decree No. 134/KM/SK/IX/2011

Ketua

concerning Certification of Environmental Judges and

IX/2011 tentang Sertifikasi Hakim Lingkungan dan

Decree No. 178/KM/SK/IX/2011 about the Establishment

Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 178/

of Selection Teams within the System for Certification

KMA/SK/XI/2011 tentang Pembentukan Tim Seleksi

of Environmental Judges.

dalam Sistem Sertifikasi Hakim Lingkungan.

Implementing the above decree, at the end of 2012 a

Sebagai implementasi KMA itu, pada akhir 2012

training of trainers was held specifically for judges who

dilaksanakan Training

would become trainers in training measures for the

bagi hakim yang akan menjadi pendidik dalam

certification of environmental judges, and who would

Diklat Sertifikasi Hakim Lingkungan, yang melalui

be appointed as environmental judges by Supreme

keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung akan ditetapkan

Court Degree. As a follow-up to the environmental judge

sebagai hakim bersertifikat lingkungan.

117

Mahkamah

Agung

Nomor

134/KMA/SK/

of Trainers

khususnya

3


certification program, Chief Justice Decree No. 26/KMA/

Tindak lanjut program sertifikasi hakim lingkungan

SK/II/2013 concerning the Selection and Appointment

itu terbit Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung

System for Environmental Judges; Chief Justice Decree

Nomor 26/KMA/SK/II/2013 tentang Sistem Seleksi

No. 36/KMA/SK/II/2013 concerning the Imposition of

dan Pengangkatan Hakim Lingkungan; Keputusan

Guidelines regarding the Handling of Environmental

Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 36/KMA/SK/II/2013

Cases; and Minister of Environment Regulation No.

tentang

4/2013

Perkara

concerning

Guidelines

for

Environmental

Dispute Settlement were issued.

Pemberlakuan Lingkungan

Pedoman

Hidup;

Penanganan

Peraturan

Menteri

Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 4 Tahun 2013 tentang Pedoman

To address the need for certified mediators, 73 mediators

Penyelesaian

Sengketa

Lingkungan

Hidup.

from various regional environmental institutions were trained in cooperation with the Indonesian Institute for

Untuk menyediakan mediator yang bersertifikat,

Conflict Transformation (IICT ) in 2012.

selama 2012 dididik 73 mediator dari instansi lingkungan

e. To comply environmental law through out-of-court dispute

settlement,

troughout

2012

there

hidup

daerah

seluruh

Indonesia,

bekerjasama dengan IICT (Indonesian Institute for

were

Conflict Transformation).

a number of capacity building for environmental mediators (negotiators, mediators and arbiters) that

e. Untuk

penaatan

hukum

lingkungan

melalui

were attended by 297 officers in the five Ecoregion

penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan, selama

Management Centers (Pusat Pengelolaan Ekoregion/

2012 dilakukan penguatan kapasitas mediator

PPE) for Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali-Nusa Tenggara

lingkungan (negosiator, mediator, dan arbiter)

and Sulawesi-Maluku-Papua. In addition to that,

sebanyak 297 orang di lima wilayah Pusat Pengelolaan

capacity building measures were also held for 314

Ekoregion (PPE) Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Bali-

judges, appelate court judges and litigators.

Nusa Tenggara dan Sulawesi-Maluku-Papua. Di samping itu, selama 2012 dilakukan peningkatan

f. To strengthen integrated environmental law enforcement

kapasitas 314 hakim pengadilan tingkat pertama

that involves Ministry of Environment public servant investigators

(PPNS),

police

investigators

dan banding serta litigator.

and

prosecutors, capacity building measures were carried

f. Untuk memperkuat penegakan hukum lingkungan

out for 374 environmental public servant investigators

terpadu antara pejabat penyidik pegawai negeri sipil

from provincial and regency/city level institutions,

(PPNS) KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP dengan

93 police investigators and 66 public prosecutors.

penyidik polisi dan jaksa, dilakukan peningkatan

In addition to that, there were 1,825 environmental

kapasitas bagi 374 PPNS-LH institusi provinsi dan

inspection

civil

kabupaten/kota, 93 penyidik polisi dan 66 jaksa

servant investigators at the Ministry of Environment

penuntut umum. Selain itu, terdapat 1.825 PPLH

and regional environmental bodies. The efforts that

dan 574 PPNS-LH yang tersebar di KEMENTERIAN

were carried out in 2012 were implementations of the

LINGKUNGAN HIDUP dan instansi lingkungan hidup

Joint

Decree between the Minister of Environment,

daerah. Upaya pada 2012 itu sebagai implementasi

the Chief of the Indonesian National Police and the

Surat Keputusan Bersama: Menteri Lingkungan

Attorney General No. 11/MENLH/07/2011, No. B/20/

Hidup, Kepala Kepolisian Negara RI, dan Jaksa

VII/2011, and No. Kep.156/A/JA/07/2011 and Minister of

Agung, Nomor 11/MENLH/07/2011, Nomor B/20/.

Environment Decree No. 209/2011 regarding Integrated

VII/2011, dan Nomor Kep.156/A/JA/07/2011 dan

Environmental Law Enforcement Teams dated 13

keputusan Menteri Nomor 209 Tahun 2011 tentang

October 2011.

Tim Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Hidup Terpadu

officers

and

574

environmental

tanggal 13 Oktober 2011. This was supported by Minister of Environment Regulation No. 2/2012 regarding Governance of Civil

Hal itu masih dilengkapi aturan Menteri Lingkungan

Servant Investigators and Minister of Environment

Hidup Nomor 02 Tahun 2012 tentang Tata Laksana

Regulation No. 11/2012 regarding Guidelines for Crime

Jabatan Pejabat Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil

Investigation in the Field of Environmental Protection

Lingkungan dan aturan Menteri Nomor 11 tahun 2012

and Management.

tentang Pedoman Penyidikan Tindak Pidana di Bidang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

118


Coordination

efforts

were

undertaken

to

Selain

align

itu,

juga

dilakukan

koordinasi

dalam

perceptions on legal norms and principles stipulated

penyamaan persepasi terhadap norma dan kaidah

in Law No. 32/2009 regarding cooperation between

hukum UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 antara pejabat

environmental

regional

pengawas lingkungan hidup, pejabat pengawas

environmental inspection officers, environmental civil

lingkungan hidup daerah, pejabat penyidik negeri

servant investigators, the legal counsel of the Ministry

sipil – LH, kuasa hukum KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN

of Environment, police investigators, and district

HIDUP, penyidik POLRI, jaksa di enam ekoregion—

attorney in six ecoregions – Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan,

Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Bali, Sulawesi-Maluku-

Bali, Sulawesi-Maluku-Papua.

Papua.

inspection

officers,

Transboundary

g. Dalam rangka penanganan sengketa lingkungan

Environmental Disputes were published to improve

lintas batas, telah diterbitkan Panduan Umum

handling of such disputes.

tentang Penanganan Sengketa Lingkungan Lintas

g. General

Guidelines

on

Handling

Batas. h. Minister of Home Affairs Regulation no. 67/2012 regarding Guidelines on the Implementation of Strategic

h. Untuk penerapan di daerah terbit Peraturan Menteri

Environmental Assessment (SEA) in the Preparation or

Dalam Negeri Nomor 67 Tahun 2012 tentang

Evaluation of Regional Development Plans was issued

Pedoman Pelaksanaan Kajian Lingkungan Hidup

for implementation in the regions. Further, the Director

Strategis (KLHS) Dalam Penyusunan atau Evaluasi

General for Guidance of Regional Development issued

Rencana Pembangunan Daerah. Selain itu, ada Surat

Recommendation

660/2081/IV/Bangda,

Rekomendasi Dirjen Bina Pembangunan Daerah

which was addressed to all governors and regents/

kepada seluruh gubernur dan bupati/walikota

mayors and contained the results of the 2012 regional

Nomor 660/2081/IV/Bangda, yang memuat hasil

environmental management meeting for mandatory

rapat regional pengelolaan lingkungan hidup pada

implementation.

2012 dan harus dilaksanakan daerah.

Letter

No.

Handling of Environmental Cases

Penanganan Kasus Lingkungan

a. Dealing with Public Complaints The environmental complaints procedure is regulated in Minister of Environment Regulation no. 9/2010 regarding the Procedure for Complaints Related to Environmental Pollution and/or Destruction.

a. Penanganan Pengaduan Masyarakat Mekanisme penanganan pengaduan lingkungan hidup dilakukan berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 09 Tahun 2010 Tentang Tata Cara Pengaduan dan Penanganan Pengaduan Akibat Pencemaran dan/atau Perusakan Lingkungan Hidup.

The number of complaints received in 2012 by the Ministry of Environment was 179, comprising 106 letters, 5 verbal complaints, 5 complaints by short message service (SMS), 12 complaints via the website, 1 phone call, 1 email, and 49 PROPER submissions for companies with black ratings.

Jumlah pengaduan yang masuk ke Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup pada 2012 sebanyak 179, terdiri dari 106 surat, 5 menyampaikan langsung, 5 layanan pesan singkat (SMS), 12 via website, 1 telepon, 1 email, dan 49 penyerahan PROPER bagi perusahaan peringkat Hitam.

119

3


Figure 3.13 Complaints Procedure

Gambar 3.13. Mekanisme Tata Cara Penanganan Pengaduan Public Complaints

MoE KLH

Pengaduan Masyarakat

Examination & Classification Telaah & Klasifikasi Environmental Complaint Pengaduan LH

Non-environmental Complaint Bukan Pengaduan LH

Sector Sektor

Competence of MoE Kewenangan KLH

Competence of Reg. Env. Institutions Kewenangan Instansi LH Daerah

Verification of Complaint by MoE Pengaduan Diverifikasi oleh KLH

Verification of Complaint by Reg. Env Institution Pengaduan Diverfikasi Oleh Daerah

Valid Terbukti

Not valid TidakTerbukti

Report on Progress & Follow-up on Verification of Complaint

Recommendation Rekomendasi

Penyampaian Perkembangan & Tindak Lanjut Hasil Verifikasi Pengaduan Administrative Sanctions Sanksi Administrasi

Criminal Law Enforcement Penegakan Hukum Pidana

Env. Dispute Settlement Penyelesaian Sengketa LH



b. Imposition of Environmental Administrative Sanctions The Ministry of Environment has imposed 47 administrative sanctions on parties that violated environmental permits and environmental laws and regulations, comprising 45 government orders and 2 written warnings. Provincial and regency/ city have imposed 450 administrative sanctions on violators, consisting of written warnings, government orders, suspension of licenses and revocation of lisences.

b. Penerapan Sanksi Administrasi Lingkungan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah menerapkan Sanksi

Administrasi

terhadap

izin

lingkungan dan peraturan perundang-undangan lingkungan hidup. Tak kurang ada 47 Sanksi Administrasi,

terdiri

45

Paksaan

Pemerintah

dan 2 Teguran Tertulis. Pemerintah provinsi dan kabupaten/kota

juga

telah

mengeluarkan

450

Sanksi Administratif kepada pelanggar, berupa Teguran Tertulis, Paksaan Pemerintah, Pembekuan Izin, sampai Pencabutan Izin.

The number of administrative sanctions imposed in 2012 is shown in the below chart.

Adapun jumlah Sanksi Administrasi selama 2012 disajikan dalam gambar berikut.

Figure 3.14 Number of Administrative Sanctions Imposed in 2012 Gambar 3.14.Jumlah Sanksi Administrasi yang Dikeluarkan Tahun 2012

MoE government order Paksaan Pemerintah KLH

50 40

pelanggar

MoE written warning Teguran Tertulis KLH

45

30 20 2

10 0 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

120


c. Supervision of Compliance with Environmental Administrative Sanctions Imposition of sanctions was followed by supervision of their execution by the 47 companies that were sanctioned. The supervision process included the following steps: review of sanctions, field surveillance, preparation of surveillance reports, compliance analysis, compliance status report, and notification of compliance with administrative sanctions.

c. Pengawasan Pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi

Based on the results of the supervision process, the Deputy Minister of Environment for Environmental Law Compliance issued notifications of legal compliance for 11 companies that had fulfilled their obligations, while supervision continued for 36 companies. The below chart shows the compliance status for the 47 administrative sanctions that were imposed:

Berdasarkan hasil pengawasan dikeluarkan surat

Lingkungan Sebagai

lanjutan

pengawasan

penerapan

pelaksanaan

sanksi

Sanksi

dilakukan

Administrasi

bagi 47 perusahaan yang terkena sanksi. Tahapan pengawasan

adalah

penelaahan,

pengawasan

lapangan, penyusunan berita acara pengawasan, analisa ketaatan, laporan status ketaatan, dan pemberitahuan

pelaksanaan

ketaatan

Sanksi

Administrasi.

pemberitahuan ketaatan hukum dari Deputi MENLH Bidang

Penaatan

Hukum

Lingkungan

kepada

11 perusahaan telah menaati kewajiban Sanksi Administrasi (selesai) dan 36 perusahaan masih dalam pengawasan. Status ketaatan 47 sanksi administrasi adalah seperti diagram berikut :

Figure 3.15 Result of Supervision of the Implementation of Administrative Sanctions Gambar 3.15. Hasil Pengawasan Penaatan Pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi

47 AS under supervision SA yang diawasi Compliant Sudah Taat Not yet compliant Belum Taat

36

11

*AS = administrative sanction Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

d. Handling of Environmental Disputes In 2012, preliminary investigations (PULBAKET ) were launched in 57 environmental disputes as efforts to enforce civil law through the dispute settlement mechanism. Of these 57 civil cases or disputes, 16 were in the process of verification while 41 had completed the process, with 35 cases validated as disputes and 6 cases not classified as disputes.

d. Penanganan Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup Dalam

penegakan

hukum

perdata

melalui

mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa, selama 2012 dilaksanakan

pengumpulan

bahan

keterangan

(PULBAKET ) terhadap 57 sengketa lingkungan hidup. Perkara perdata atau sengketa yang diselesaikan sebanyak 57 sengketa, terdiri dari: proses verifikasi 16 sengketa; selesai verifikasi 41 sengketa, yang terbukti 35 sengketa dan tidak terbukti 6 sengketa.

Out-of-court dispute settlement was opted for

Penyelesaian sengketa melalui proses di luar

121

3


in 31 disputes in 2012. Of these, 16 were in the process of negotiating an agreement, while 15 had reached agreements that were then embodied in Minutes of Agreement. This included cases involving PT PZ Cusson Indonesia and PT Pertamina (PERSERO) RU VI Balongan Indonesia (Phase II). Four disputes had to be taken to court due to failure to reach an agreement, with two cases being in the preparation stage and the other two having been registered at district courts. Of 9 cases, four have final and conclusive legal force (in kracht).

pengadilan pada 2012 dilakukan terhadap 31 sengketa. Dari jumlah sengketa itu, 16 sengketa dalam proses kesepakatan dan 15 sengketa mencapai kesepakatan, yang dituangkan dalam Berita Acara Kesepakatan, antara lain PT PZ Cusson Indonesia dan PT Pertamina (PERSERO) RU VI Balongan Indramayu (Tahap II). Sedangkan penyelesaian yang “terpaksa” melalui

pengadilan,

karena

tidak

diperoleh

kesepakatan adalah 4 sengketa, terdiri: penyusunan gugatan perdata 2 sengketa, pendaftaran gugatan kepada pengadilan negeri 2 sengketa, dan 9 perkara telah berkekuatan hukum tetap (In Kracht) 4 sengketa, dan yang belum, 5 sengketa.

e. Enforcement of Criminal Law In 2012, there were 71 cases of suspected environmental crimes. Nineteen cases were in the process of preliminary investigation (PULBAKET ) for suspected pollution or destruction of the environment; 32 case were in the process of full investigation; 17 cases were turned over to the district attorney’s office, but were further examined by investigating prosecutors (P.19); 2 cases were on trial; and 1 case was closed.

e. Penegakan Hukum Pidana Jumlah kasus dugaan tindak pidana lingkungan yang ditangani selama 2012 sebanyak 71 kasus. Kasuskasus itu terdiri 19 kasus pada tahap penyelidikan (PULBAKET ) dugaan terjadi pencemaran ataupun perusakan lingkungan; 32 kasus tahap penyidikan; sedangkan 17 kasus telah diserahkan ke kejaksaan, tetapi masih tahap pengkajian oleh jaksa peneliti (P.19); 2 kasus tahap persidangan; dan 1 kasus telah selesai.

All cases were related to the import 1,202 containers of scrap metal suspected of contamination by hazardous waste materials through the ports of Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Emas, Tanjung Perak and Belawan; to forest and land burning in Aceh, North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra and Central Kalimantan; and to B3 waste disposal in Banten, West Java and East Java.

Semua kasus itu terkait dengan memasukkan skrab besi yang diduga tercampur limbah B3 dalam 1.202 kontainer melalui Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Emas, Tanjung Perak dan Belawan; kasus pembakaran hutan dan lahan di Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Riau, Sumatera Selatan, dan Kalimantan Tengah; serta pembuangan limbah B3 di Banten, Jawa Barat, dan Jawa Timur.

Environmental Impact Assessment

Analisa Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan

Environmental and technical feasibility are mandatory requirements for the mining industry. In 2009-2011, the Regency of Tanah Bumbu in South Kalimantan issued 39 EIA approval letters, most of them for mining concessions, 14 approval letters had to be revoked because the were issued without prior EIA review. Similar incidents occurred in the Regency of Kota Baru, also in South Kalimantan. This information was the result of guidance and supervision by the Ministry of Environment for regional EIA review commissions.

Kelayakan lingkungan dan kelayakan teknis belum menjadi persyaratan mutlak industri pertambangan. Misalnya saja, Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu, Kalimantan Selatan, telah mengeluarkan 39 Surat Persetujuan AMDAL sepanjang 2009 – 2011, yang sebagian besar berupa

pertambangan.

Sayangnya,

sebanyak

14

Surat Persetujuan harus dicabut karena dikeluarkan tanpa proses penilaian AMDAL. Kejadian serupa juga terjadi di Kabupaten Kota Baru, juga di Kalimantan Selatan. Informasi ini merupakan hasil pembinaan dan pengawasan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup terhadap Komisi Penilai AMDAL daerah. Peran Komisi Penilai

The EIA review commissions play a very important

AMDAL sangat penting dan harus berkompeten, yang

122


role and must have competence in three aspects:

meliputi 3 aspek:

1. EIA review commission license requirements 2. Quality of EIA documents 3. EIA administration process

1. Persyaratan Lisensi Komisi Penilai Amdal

Thirty three provinces and 165 regencies/cities have obtained EIA review commission licenses, but this is still not satisfactory.

Hasil pembinaan menunjukkan, 33 provinsi dan 165

2. Mutu Dokumen Amdal 3. Administrasi Proses Amdal

kabupaten/kota telah mendapat Lisensi Komisi Penilai Amdal, namun masih belum memenuhi harapan.

Figure 3.16 Performance Evaluation of EIA Review Commissions at the Provincial and Regency/City Level Gambar 3.16. Hasil Evaluasi Kinerja Komisi Penilai AMDAL Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota

Provincial EIA Review Commission Komisi Penilai AMDAL Provinsi

Regency/City EIA Review Commission Komisi Penilai AMDAL Kabupaten/Kota

Adequate Memenuhi

Adequate Memenuhi

Inadequate Tidak Memenuhi

Inadequate Tidak Memenuhi

EIA Administration Process Administrasi Proses Amdal

20

13

Quality of EIA Documents Mutu Dokumen Amdal 2 Review Commission License Requirements Pesyaratan Lisensi Komisi Penilai AMDAL

20 1

31 30

3

EIA Administration Process Administrasi Proses Amdal

95

Quality of EIA Documents Mutu Dokumen Amdal

114 41

74

Review Commission License Requirements Pesyaratan Lisensi Komisi Penilai AMDAL


Compliance in a Development Context

Penaatan Dalam Konteks Pembinaan

Social engineering efforts took various forms, including the implementation of quality standards for the 1,200 participants of the Environmental Performance Rating Program for Companies (PROPER). To further encourage the involvement of the business sector, 160 companies were persuaded to participate in environmental CSR. Other efforts included introduction of ecolabeling to produce environmentally-friendly products. Because access to environmentally-friendly technology and materials is direly needed, almost 100 recommendations were issued to promote the use of efficient technology as a means to reduce pollution of the environment.

Rekayasa sosial dilakukan melalui berbagai kegiatan, seperti penerapan baku mutu bagi 1.200 perusahaan yang

melaksanakan

Program

Penilaian

Peringkat

Kinerja Perusahaan (Proper). Untuk lebih mendorong keterlibatan dunia usaha, 160 perusahaan telah berpartisipasi dalam CSR lingkungan. Upaya lainnya, penerapan ecolabel untuk menghasilkan produkproduk ramah lingkungan. Karena akses kepada teknologi

dan

bahan

ramah

lingkungan

sangat

dibutuhkan, sekitar 100 rekomendasi dikeluarkan untuk mendorong pemakaian teknologi efisien agar bisa menekan pencemaran lingkungan. Dalam upaya memberdayakan pemerintah daerah dan

To empower regional governments and communities, environmental education is of strategic importance in imparting knowledge and skills. Environmental education can foster a caring attitude, build commitment to protect and restore the environment,

masyarakat, pendidikan lingkungan menjadi langkah strategis dalam memberi kesempatan mendapatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan. Pendidikan lingkungan bisa menumbuhkan sikap peduli, komitmen melindungi dan memperbaiki lingkungan hidup, menciptakan pola perilaku

123

3


create patterns of environmentally-friendly behavior, and improve quality of life. Educational efforts can take place in formal, non-formal and informal settings.

ramah lingkungan, mengembangkan etika lingkungan

Formal education

Pendidikan Formal

One effort to develop an environmental culture among schools is the Adiwiyata Program of MoE. Indicators of its success include: (a) development of policies for schools that foster environmental care and culture; (b) development of an environmentbased curriculum; (c) development of participatory environmental activities; (d) development and management of environmentally-friendly school support facilities.

Salah satu upaya mengembangkan sekolah yang

Schools that successfully meet the four indicators are presented with the Adiwiyata award. In 2012, 76 schools won the Adiwiyata Mandiri award, while 200 schools received the Adiwiyata Nasional award. Training efforts were held in 2,160 schools as part of the Adiwiyata program. One hundred seventy Adiwiyata schools from 19 provinces took part in Green Camp activities.

Penghargaan Adiwiyata diberikan kepada sekolah yang

Environmental education can also be provided as part of the local content component of the school curriculum. One such example was the COREMAP Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program, which presented local content material about “My Coast and Sea” to elementary and high school students from coastal regions in 15 regencies in eight provinces. The program imparted knowledge about coastal and marine ecosystems that have to be protected for the well-being of coastal communities and the preservation of nature.

Pendidikan lingkungan hidup juga dapat diperoleh

hidup dan memperbaiki kualitas hidup. Pendidikan dilakukan melalui jalur formal, non formal dan informal.

berbudaya

lingkungan

Adiwiyata.

Indikator

hidup

adalah

keberhasilannya

Program mencakup:

(a) pengembangan kebijakan sekolah peduli dan berbudaya lingkungan; (b) pengembangan kurikulum berbasis lingkungan hidup; (c) pengembangan kegiatan lingkungan yang partisipatif; (d) pengembangan dan pengelolaan sarana pendukung sekolah yang ramah lingkungan.

berhasil memenuhi empat indikator tersebut.Pada 2012 penghargaan Adiwiyata Mandiri diberikan kepada 76 sekolah dan Adiwiyata Nasional untuk 200 sekolah. Sebagai bagian program Adiwiyata, juga dilakukan pembinaan 2.160 sekolah Adiwiyata.Sebanyak 170 sekolah Adiwiyata dari 19 provinsi merupakan peserta kegiatan Kemah Hijau.

melalui muatan lokal dalam kurikulum sekolah. Seperti dalam COREMAP—Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang—di 15 kabupaten di delapan provinsi, para murid SD sampai sekolah menengah mendapat muatan lokal ”Pesisir dan Lautku”. Melalui muatan lokal ini, generasi muda pesisir mendapatkan

pengetahuan

mengenai

ekosistem

pesisir dan laut, yang harus dilindungi demi kehidupan masyarakat pesisir dan kelestarian alam. Kementerian

Lingkungan

Hidup

juga

merangkul

The Ministry of Environment also reached out to universities through its Green Campus program. In 2012, there were five universities that had implemented the Green Campus concept.

perguruan tinggi melalui program Green Campus.

Non-Formal Education

Pendidikan Non Formal

Non-formal environmental education takes place outside schools in a structured and tiered manner. The Ministry of Environment’s Education and Training Center (PUSDIKLAT KLH) is tasked with providing education and training regarding the protection

Pendidikan

Jumlah universitas yang berwawasan lingkungan (Green Campus) pada 2012 ada lima perguruan tinggi.

lingkungan

hidup

nonformal

digelar

di luar sekolah, secara terstruktur dan berjenjang. Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan (PUSDIKLAT ) KLH mengemban

misi

melaksanakan

pendidikan

dan

pelatihan untuk pengembangan sumberdaya manusia

124


and management of the environment. This is in accordance with Minister of Environment Regulation No. 20/2012 regarding General Guidelines for the Implementation of Education and/or Training on Environmental Protection and Management.

dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

To ensure the quality of environmental education and training, the Ministry of Environment runs an accreditation program for institutions that provide education and training, especially on EIA preparation. The program refers to Minister Regulation No. 21/2012 regarding Accreditation of Institutions Providing Education and/or Training on Environmental Management and Protection. Twelve universities were accredited as providers of education and training on EIA preparation.

Untuk menjamin mutu pendidikan dan latihan bidang

hidup. Misi itu mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Nomor 20 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Umum Pelaksanaan Pendidikan dan/atau Pelatihan di Bidang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

lingkungan hidup, KLH melakukan akreditasi lembaga pelaksana

diklat,

terutama

Penyusunan

AMDAL.

Akreditasi itu mengacu peraturan menteri Nomor 21 Tahun 2012 tentang Akreditasi Lembaga Pelaksana Pendidikan

dan/atau

Pelatihan

Pengelolaan

dan

Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup. Akreditasi dalam diklat penyusunan AMDAL telah diberikan kepada 12 perguruan tinggi.

Figure 3.17 Ministry of Environment Education and Training, 2010 - 2012 Gambar 3.17. Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Tahun 2010 - 2012

Consolidation of Environmental Law Penataan Hukum Lingkungan Monitoring Teknis Pemantauan Pollution and Control Teknis Pengendalian Pencemaran dan kontrol Support Programs Teknis Program Pendukung



Informal education

Pendidikan Informal

a. Green Banking Green Banking is a regulation that requires banks to pay closer attention to environmental considerations in developing their business. The Indonesian Central Bank issued the proenvironment policy in reference to Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management. Eventually, the Bank Indonesia will introduce five ratings to assess the environmental friendliness of banks, namely gold, green, blue, red and black. A gold rating will indicate the highest degree of environmental compliance, a black rating the lowest. In 2014, Green Banking, or financing for the environmental sector, shall be turned over to the Indonesian Financial Services Authority as the supervising body of banks.

a. Green Banking

Green Banking adalah aturan yang mewajibkan bank memperhatikan lingkungan hidup dalam mengembangkan bisnisnya. Pedoman Bank Indonesia untuk

menerbitkan

kebijakan

prolingkungan

itu merujuk Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009

tentang

Perlindungan

dan

Pengelolaan

Lingkungan Hidup. Nantinya, BI akan memberi penilaian bank yang ramah lingkungan dengan lima tingkat: emas, hijau, biru, merah, dan hitam. Emas peringkat ketaatan lingkungan tertinggi dan hitam peringkat terendah. Dan pada 2014, Green Banking, atau pembiayaan yang akan disalurkan ke sektor lingkungan, akan diserahkan kepada Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) sebagai pengawas perbankan. Bank Indonesia mengisyaratkan perbankan bakal

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Bank Indonesia indicates that banks will be provided with clearer “green” criteria to assess corporations seeking loans. The hierarchy of environment-polluting corporations starts with financiers, and banks and investors finance companies. Because of this, banks must become “green” institutions also with regard to the products they offer. Bank Indonesia acknowledges this position. Banks will be required to better implement Law No. 7/1992 regarding Banking. The regulation states that banks must pay attention to EIA reports, to ensure that the projects they are funding preserve the environment.

memiliki indikator ’hijau’ yang lebih jelas dalam

To measure a bank’s environmental compliance in channeling credits, Bank Indonesia will associate it with risk-weighted assets (RWA). A bank that extends credit to a debtor with low PROPER rating will have to bear high RWA, and vice versa. Implementation of Green Banking enables banks to contribute actively in improving environmental protection and management. Bank Indonesia already requires EIA documents as a condition for extending credits.

Untuk

menilai korporasi yang mengajukan kredit. Jika dilihat hierarkinya, korporasi pelaku pencemaran lingkungan dimulai dari pemberi dana. Nah, bank dan para investor adalah pihak yang membiayai perusahaan. Lantaran itulah, perbankan mestinya menjadi institusi ’hijau’ hingga tahap produk yang dikeluarkannya. Bank Indonesia menginsyafi posisi ini. Ke depan, perbankan akan diminta menjalankan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan dengan lebih baik. Peraturan itu menyebutkan perbankan mesti memperhatikan hasil AMDAL, agar proyek yang dibiayai tetap menjaga kelestarian lingkungan. mengukur

ketaatan

bank

dalam

memperhatikan lingkungan ketika menyalurkan kredit,

BI

akan

mengaitkannya

dengan

aset

tertimbang menurut risiko (ATMR). Bank yang menyalurkan kredit pada debitur dengan PROPER rendah, harus menanggung ATMR tinggi; begitu pula sebaliknya. Penerapan Green Banking memberi kontribusi aktif perbankan untuk meningkatkan perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. BI selama ini telah mensyaratkan adanya dokumen AMDAL dalam pemberian kredit.

b. Training on using Environmental Economic Instruments A system of competency standards and competency certification has been developed for those responsible for a business. This system of competency standards also applies to persons and organizations that provide professional services in the field of environmental protection and management (EIA consultants and environmental auditors). The development of competency standards and certification involves the establishment competency criteria, the ministerial regulation for the application of competency criteria/ standards, the development of competency training and competency certification institutions, the registration of competencies by the Ministry of Environment as well as support and supervision.

b. Training Instrumen Ekonomi Lingkungan Hidup

Telah dikembangkan dan diterapkan sistem standar kompetensi

dan

sertifikasi

kompetensi

bagi

penanggung jawab usaha. Sistem standar kompetensi itu juga termasuk bagi personil dan lembaga penyedia jasa profesional bidang perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup (konsultan penyusun Amdal dan auditor lingkungan hidup). Pengembangan standar kompetensi dan sertifikasi itu mencakup penyusunan kriteria kompetensi, peraturan menteri untuk pemberlakuan kriteria/ standar

kompetensi,

pengembangan

lembaga

pelatihan kompetensi, pengembangan lembaga sertifikasi kompetensi, registrasi kompetensi oleh Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, serta pembinaan dan pengawasan.

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There are three phases in the implementation of competency standards: a. acquisition of competencies in compliance with the standards that have been set; this can be achieved through competency-based training and gathering of competency-relevant work experience; b. verification of compliance with competency standards, issuance of competency certificates/ registration, and announcement to the public; and c. continual maintainence and upgrading of competencies for competency certificate/ registration holders with the aim of developing a profession with a professional code of ethics.

Dalam penerapan standar kompetensi itu terdapat tiga fase: : a. perolehan

kompetensi

sesuai

standar

yang

ditetapkan; antara lain: melalui pelatihan berbasis kompetensi dan pengumpulan pengalaman kerja sesuai kompetensi; b. verifikasi terhadap pemenuhan standar kompetensi, pemberian sertifikat/registrasi kompetensi, serta pemuatan dalam informasi publik; dan c. pemeliharaan dan peningkatan kompetensi secara berkelanjutan bagi pemegang sertifikat/registrasi kompetensi, yag mengarah pada profesi dengan Kode Etik Profesi. Ikhtiar peningkatan kapasitas sumberdaya manusia— terutama penanggung jawab usaha, personil ataupun

To develop the capacities of human resources, in particular those responsible for businesses as well as individual and institutional service providers, the Ministry of Environment develops and implements competency standards and competency certification/ registration on an ongoing basis. Until 2012, the following competency certification/registration efforts were carried out: a. Preparation of EIA documents, 700 individual and 94 institutional EIA service providers; b. Environmental auditor, 17 participants; c. Water pollution control for business actor, 1,000 participants; d. Air pollution control for business actors, 100 participants; e. Refrigeration service technicians (ozone protection), 2,500 participants; f. Green Building, 75 participants.

lembaga penyedia jasa, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup mengembangkan dan menerapkan standar kompetensi

dan

sertifikasi/registrasi

kompetensi

secara berkelanjutan. Sampai 2012 bidang kompetensi yang telah dilaksanakan meliputi : a. Penyusun dokumen Amdal, bagi 700 orang dan 94 lembaga jasa Amdal; b. Auditor Lingkungan Hidup, kepada 17 orang; c. Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, kepada 1000 orang; d. Penanggungjawab

Pengendalian

Pencemaran

Udara, kepada 100 orang; e. Teknisi Servis Refrigerasi (perlindungan ozon), kepada 2.500 orang; f. “Green Building”, kepada 75 orang. Selain itu, pada 2012 juga disusun standar kompetensi untuk tiga bidang baru, yang penerapannya dimulai pada 2013, meliputi:

In 2012, competency standards for an additional three new fields were prepared for implementation on 2013, comprising: a. Inventory of greenhouse gas emission sources, greenhouse gas emission control and greenhouse gas emission verification; b. Environmental analysis for commercial banks (with Bank Indonesia); c. Sample collecting for environmental parameter testing.

a. Inventarisasi sumber emisi gas rumah kaca, pengendalian emisi gas rumah kaca dan verifikasi emisi gas rumah kaca; b. Analis lingkungan hidup di bank umum (bersama Bank Indonesia); c. Pengambil lingkungan.

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sampel

untuk

uji

parameter

3


ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

PROGRAM PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

The Internationalization of the Environment

Internasionalisasi Lingkungan Hidup

Active participation in international forums is one strategy employed by Indonesia to conduct environmental diplomacy in a way that ascertains the country’s leadership in global affairs, as practiced by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. This measure enhances diplomacy in the fields of economy, trade and politics, and furthers Indonesia’s interests within the international community.

Partisipasi aktif di forum internasional merupakan salah satu strategi Indonesia menjalankan diplomasi di bidang lingkungan hidup yang memberi peluang bagi Indonesia untuk menunjukkan kepemimpinannya dalam persoalan global sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

Langkah ini

untuk memperkuat diplomasi ekonomi, perdagangan, dan politik, yang mendukung kepentingan Indonesia di dunia internasional.

Indonesia’s Role in International Forums

Peran Indonesia di Forum Internasional

Sustainable Development The Rio+20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20 –22 Juni 2012, reflected on the 20 years since the 1992 Earth Summit and the 10 years that had passed since the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). The themes of the Rio+20 Summit were “Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, “The institutional framework for sustainable development –IFSD” and “The action framework for sustainable development”.

Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Rio+20 di Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20 – 22 Juni 2012, merupakan refleksi 20 tahun penerapan KTT Bumi 1922 dan 10 tahun kesepakatan World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). Topik bahasan KTT Rio+20 adalah ekonomi hijau dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan dan penghapusan kemiskinan,

kelembagaan

bagi

pembangunan

berkelanjutan (Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development - IFSD), dan kerangka aksi pembangunan berkelanjutan.

The Rio+20 summit was attended by 29,373 participants from 191 countries, comprising 105 heads of state and government, 487 ministers, delegates from the private sector and community organizations,UN officials, academics, journalists and members of the public (delegates approximately 12,000, NGOs and major groups 10,047, media 3,989). The Indonesian delegation was led by the Indonesian President, who was accompanied by several ministers. The Ministry of Environment in cooperation with the Coordinating Minister for the People’s Welfare was responsible for the preparation of material to be presented and headed the Rio+20 Summit Secretariat. The summit produced the outcome document “The Future We Want”, which outlined a common vision about the world’s future that included renewing political commitment to sustainable development.

KTT Rio+20 dihadiri 29.373 peserta dari 191 negara, yang terdiri dari 105 kepala negara dan pemerintahan, 487 menteri, wakil bisnis dan organisasi kemasyarakatan, pejabat PBB, akademisi, wartawan dan masyarakat umum (Delegasi sekitar 12.000 orang,

LSM dan

Kelompok Utama 10.047 orang dan Media 3.989 orang). Delegasi Indonesia dipimpin Presiden, didampingi sejumlah menteri.


menjadi penanggungjawab substansi bersama dengan Menkokesra dan menjadi Ketua Sekretariat Rio+20. KTT Rio+20 menyepakati Dokumen The Future We Want yang memuat kesepahaman pandangan terhadap masa depan yang diharapkan oleh dunia (common vision) dan penguatan komitmen menuju pembangunan berkelanjutan (renewing political comitment).

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Gambar Pavillion Indonesia di Rio DeJaneiro, 2012 Foto: D ok KLH

The Indonesian Pavillion in Rio DeJaneiro, 2012 Photo: MoE documentation

During an open debate session, the Indonesian President emphasized the importance of poverty eradication as the main goal of sustainable development. Attainment of this goal would necessitate not just economic growth, but sustainable growth with equity. With the appointment of the Indonesian President as co-chair of the High Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, Indonesia plays an important role in shaping the future of sustainable development.

Dalam sesi debat umum, Presiden RI menekankan

Sustainable Consumption and Production/SCP Since 2012, the implementation of sustainable consumption and production has focused on the following: 1. Instruments for the implementation of sustainable consumption and production; 2. Synergy between government agencies and stakeholders; 3. Preparation of sustainable consumption and production and green economy competencies.

Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan (Sustainable

The implementation of sustainable consumption and production in Indonesia is being promoted by the Indonesia SCP Forum, which consists of representatives of related ministries, the private sector, SMEs, NGOs and academics

Peningkatan

untuk

mewujudkan

tujuan

utama

pembangunan

berkelanjutan yaitu pengentasan kemiskinan. Tidak hanya diperlukan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun juga pertumbuhan berkelanjutan dengan pemerataan atau Sustainable Growth with Equity. Indonesia memegang peran penting dalam menentukan pembangunan berkelanjutan ke depan, dengan terpilihnya Presiden RI sebagai salah satu ketua High Level Panel on Eminent Person for 2015 Post Development Agenda.

Consumption and Production/SCP) Penerapan Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan (SCP) sejak 2012 dengan fokus sebagai berikut: 1. Instrumen penerapan Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan; 2. Sinergi program riil antar-instansi dan pemangku kepentingan; 3.Penyiapan kompetensi Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan dan ‘green economy’. penerapan

Konsumsi

dan

Produksi

Berkelanjutan di Indonesia dilakukan melalui Forum SCP Indonesia yang terdiri wakil kementerian terkait, dunia usaha dan UKM, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, dan akademisi.

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Protection of the Ozone Layer In 1985, the global community agreed upon the Vienna Convention as the framework for cooperation to protect the ozone layer. In 1987, further steps for the protection of the ozone layer were formulated in the Montreal Protocol. Indonesia has ratified the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol along with its amandments trough Presidential Decree No. 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as adjusted and amended by the Second Meeting of The Parties London. Since 1 January 2008, Indonesia has prohibited the import of several ozone depleting substances, namely CFC, CTC, TCA, halon and methyl bromide for nonquarantine and pre-shipment purposes. The import of HCFC and methyl bromide for quarantine and preshipment purposes is still permitted and is regulated by a license and quota system.

Perlindungan Lapisan Ozon Masyarakat dunia pada 1985 telah menyepakati Konvensi Wina sebagai kerangka kerjasama perlindungan lapisan ozon. Pada 1987, langkah-langkah aksi sebagai upaya perlindungan lapisan ozon lantas dijabarkan dalam Protokol Montreal. Indonesia telah meratifikasi Konvensi Wina dan Protokol Montreal beserta amendemennya melalui Keputusan Presiden No. 23 Tahun 1992 tentang pengesahaan Vienna Convention for the Protection of The Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as adjusted and Amended by The Second Meeting of The Parties London. Sejak 1 Januari 2008, Indonesia telah melarang impor beberapa jenis BPO yaitu jenis CFC, CTC, TCA, halon dan metil bromida untuk keperluan non-karantina dan prapengapalan. Sedangkan untuk HCFC dan metil bromida untuk keperluan karantina dan pra-pengapalan masih diperkenankan untuk diimpor dengan pengaturan melalui sistem lisensi dan kuota.

The 24 Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MOP-24) was held in Geneva, Swiss, 12-16 November 2012. The Indonesian government cooperated with stakeholders to accelerate phasing out of HCFCs and implement an import quota system as a key aspect to achieve the baseline freeze in 2013. th

Pertemuan 24th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MOP-24) diselenggarakan di Jenewa, Swiss, pada 12 – 16 November 2012. Pemerintah Indonesia telah bekerja sama dengan pemangku kepentingan dalam pelaksanaan percepatan penghapusan HCFC dan menerapkan sistem kuota impor sebagai aspek kunci untuk mencapai target pembekuan

By becoming a party to the convention, Indonesia obtained funding for ozone layer protection through the Institutional Strengthening Phase (ISP) program of the Implementation of Indonesia Ozone Layer Protection project. The ISP program aims to increase capacities for the phasing out of ODS; the phasing out of CFC for refrigeration; and the phasing out of HCFC for air conditioning and refrigeration.

(freeze) atau kembali ke angka baseline 2013. Dengan mengikuti konvesi ini, Indonesia mendapatkan pendanaan bidang ozon yang tergabung dalam the Implementation of Indonesia Ozone Layer Protection Project melalui program Institutional Strengthening Phase (ISP). Program ISP untuk peningkatan kapasitas bagi upaya penghapusan BPO; penghapusan CFC untuk sektor refrigerator; dan program penghapusan HCFC untuk sektor AC dan refrigerator.

Management of Chemicals and Hazardous Waste Indonesia has ratified the Stockholm Convention on the Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and developed a National Implementation Plan (NIP) as required in the convention.

Pengelolaan Bahan Kimia dan Limbah B3 Indonesia telah meratifikasi Stockholm Convention tentang

pengelolaan

POP’s

(Persistent

Organic

Pollutants) dan menyusun NIP (National Implementation Plan) yang merupakan kewajiban dalam konvensi ini.

Indonesia has also signed the Basel Convention, which aims to prevent shipment of B3 waste from developed countries to developing countries, and has ratified itu through Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 regarding the Ratification of the Basel Convention on The Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and the Disposal.

Sedangkan, Konvensi Basel untuk mencegah pengiriman limbah B3 dari negara maju ke negara berkembang. Indonesia telah menandatangani konvensi Basel, dan meratifikasinya melalui Keppres Nomor 61 Tahun 1993 tentang Pengesahan Basel Convention On The Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their

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As an implementation, Indonesia and the Swiss government have launched the Indonesian-Swiss Country Led Initiative (CLD). Indonesia also plays an active role as the Basel Convention Regional Centre for South-East Asia.

Disposal. Sebagai implementasinya, Indonesia bersama

To reduce the use of mercury in small-scale gold mining, Indonesia, as a member of the UN International Negotiating Committee (INC) on mercury, is actively involved in the development of legally binding instrument on mercury that addresses the issues of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (AGSM); supply and trade; product and process; emission and release; storage, waste and contaminated sites; funding; and transfer of technology. It is hoped that a legally binding instrument can be agreed upon in 2013.

Untuk

Trade and the Environment

Perdagangan dan Lingkungan

pemerintah Swiss telah memprakarsai Indonesia-Swiss Country Led Initiative (CLI) dan berperan aktif sebagai Sekretariat Basel Convention Regional Center untuk Asia Tenggara. mengurangi

penggunaan

merkuri

yang

digunakan penambangan emas skala kecil, Indonesia melalui International Negotiating Committee (INC), aktif dalam penyusunan legally binding untuk pelarangan merkuri yang berisi isu-isu Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM), Supply and Trade, Product and Process, Emission and Release, Storage Waste and Contaminated Site, pendanaan, dan teknologi transfer. Diharapkan keputusan legally binding ini dapat disepakati pada 2013.

Isu lingkungan dalam forum WTO (Doha Development

Environmental issues discussed at the WTO Forum (Doha Development Agenda/DDA) included the harmonization of multilateral environmental agreements with WTO rules, trade of environmental goods and services, and intellectual property rights on genetic resources.

Agenda/DDA)

adalah

harmonisasi

kesepakatan

lingkungan multilateral dengan WTO, perdagangan barang dan jasa, dan hak atas kekayaan intelektual untuk sumber daya genetik. Pada tahun 2012 dihasilkan dokumen “Khabarovsk Statement” yang memuat kesepahaman bersama atas

In 2012, the Khabarovsk Statement was issued. The document focused on issues of biodiversity, green growth, sustainable water and natural resources management, transboundary air pollution and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

isu keanekaragaman hayati, pendekatan Green Growth, pengelolaan sumber daya air dan sumber daya alam yang berkelanjutan, pencemaran udara lintas batas, mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim. Di Forum APEC, agenda kerja fokus pada studi berbagai

At the APEC Forum, the work agenda focused on studying a variety of policy instruments used by APEC member countries and on efforts to harmonize professional recognition in the service sector for transnational application. Negotiations of the WTO Committee on Trade in Services focused on opening access to markets and agreeing on principles for domestic regulations of the service sector in the framework of the Doha Development Agenda.

instrumen kebijakan yang diterapkan bagi negara APEC, dan moda harmonisasi pengakuan profesi jasa dengan jangkauan layanan lintas negara. Sementara itu, di Forum WTO Committee on Trade in Services, perundingan fokus pada negosiasi pembukaan akses pasar dan prinsip yang disepakati dalam regulasi domestik di bidang jasa dalam kerangka Doha Development Agenda. Sampai 2012, telah terlaksana standar dan sertifikasi/

Competency standards and certification for the following six areas of expertise have been introduced until 2012: Environmental impact analysis, environmental auditor, water pollution control manager, air pollution control manager, refrigeration service technician (ozone protection), and green building. Three new fields are being prepared and will be introduced in 2013: Inventory of greenhouse gases, management of toxic and hazardous waste, and environmental analysis for banks.

kompetensi di enam bidang: Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan, Auditor Lingkungan Hidup, Penanggungjawab

Pengendalian

Pencemaran

Air,

Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara, Teknisi Servis Refrigerasi (perlindungan Ozon), dan Green Building. Selain itu, telah disiapkan juga tiga bidang baru, yaitu: Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca, Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, dan Analis Lingkungan Hidup di Bank Umum, yang penerapannya dimulai pada 2013.

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There are also a number of other important issues that are related to international diplomacy, such as climate change and protection of the atmosphere, biodiversity and maritim affairs. These will be addressed in the following sub-chapters.

Ada juga beberapa isu penting lain terkait dengan

Indonesia as Host International Meeting

Indonesia sebagai Tuan Rumah Dalam Pertemuan Internasional

To date, Indonesia has hosted several international meetings related to sustainable development and the environment. The following are some important events:

Sampai 2012, Indonesia dipercaya menjadi tuan rumah

COP 13 UNFCCC 2007 The UN Climate Change Conference 2007 (COP13/ CMP3) was the largest environmental event ever to be held in Indonesia. The conference was originally planned to take place from 3-14 December 2007, but was eventually extended until 15 December 2007. The event was attended by more than 10,000 participants from more than 180 countries, including observers from intragovernmental and non-governmental organizations and mass media. The COP 13/CMP 3 meeting adopted the Bali Roadmap in order to advance negotiations between parties. Even though the envisioned agreement was not reached until the end of 2012, the Bali Roadmap continued to function as basis for concensus.

COP 13 UNFCCC 2007

Joint 9 th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention and 23 rd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol This important meeting was held in Bali in November 2011 and produced the Bali Declaration on Transitioning to Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Substances. The Bali Declaration presented a middle ground for alternative technologies on the way to transitioning to ODS alternatives.

Joint 9 th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the

diplomasi internasional, yaitu Perubahan Iklim dan Perlindungan Atmosfir, Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Kelautan. Hal tersebut akan dibahas pada Sub-Bab selanjutnya.

berbagai pertemuan internasional yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan dan lingkungan hidup. Berikut ini beberapa peristiwa penting.

Konferensi PBB untuk Perubahan Iklim pada 2007 (COP 13/CMP 3) merupakan perhelatan lingkungan hidup terbesar yang pernah diselenggarakan Indonesia. Konferensi

yang

direncanakan

berlangsung

3-14

Desember 2007 ini, akhirnya diperpanjang, dan baru berakhir pada 15 Desember 2007. Perhelatan ini dihadiri lebih dari 180 negara, dengan 10.000 peserta lebih, termasuk pengamat dari antar-pemerintah, lembaga swadaya, serta media massa. Pertemuan COP 13/CMP 3 telah mengadopsi Bali Roadmap, supaya negaranegara pihak dapat memulai negosiasi baru. Walau hingga akhir 2012 belum tercapai kesepakatan yang diharapkan, Bali Roadmap selalu menjadi landasan bagi tercapainya konsensus.

Vienna Convention dan 23 rd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol Pertemuan penting lain yang diadakan di Bali November 2011 ini menghasilkan Bali Declaration on Transitioning to Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Substances. Deklarasi itu memuat kesepakatan penerapan transisi penggunaan bahan perusak ozon (BPO) alternatif.Deklarasi Bali adalah jalan tengah bagi alternatif teknologi untuk transisi penggunaan BPO alternatif.

Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program The ASEAN ministers of environment have endorsed the Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program and formed the Working Group on Environmentally Sustainable Cities (AWGESC). One of its programs was the establishment of the ESC Award.

Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program Menteri

Lingkungan

Hidup

ASEAN

mendukung

Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program dan mendirikan Kelompok Kerja untuk Kota Berwawasan Lingkungan

(Working

Group

on

Environmentally

Sustainable City/AWGESC). Salah satu programnya, pengembangan Penghargaan ESC Award.

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Figure 3.18 The UN Climate Change Conference, Bali 2007 Gambar 3.18 Konferensi PBB Untuk Perubahan Iklim, Bali 2007

10 th Asia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable Consumption and Production (APRSCP) This event was held in Yogyakarta in November 2011 and was a cooperation between APRSCP, the Ministry of Environment and InSwa (Indonesia Solid Waste Association) as co-host. The conference was also supported by UNEP (United Nations Environmental Program), UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization), IGES, EU SWITCH Asia, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Agency for the Assessment of and Application of Technology (BPPT ), and several other parties. The meeting produced the Yogyakarta Declaration on SCP, which later would provide inputs for the United Nationes Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio+20 Summit), in June 2012.

Konferensi Asia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable Consumption and Production (APRSCP) ke-10 Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di Yogyakarta, November 2011, atas kerjasama APRSCP, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dengan Co-Host InSWA (Indonesia Solid Waste Association). Konferensi ini juga mendapat dukungan UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization), IGES, EU SWITCH Asia, Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian

Energi

dan

Sumberdaya

Mineral,

BPPT, serta berbagai pihak lainnya. Pertemuan ini menghasilkan Yogyakarta Declaration on SCP sebagai masukan bagi Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Sustainable Development di Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (Konferensi Rio+20) pada Juni 2012.

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Indonesia’s Active Participation in Regional/International Organizations

Partisipasi Aktif Indonesia dalam berbagai Organisasi Regional/ Internasional

UNEP

UNEP

Indonesia is actively involved in UNEP activities. In 2006-2008, the Indonesia Minister of Environment served as President of the UNEP Governing Council. Indonesia has also served as member of the Steering Committee of the International Resource Panel (SCIRP) and has chaired a number of UNEP meetings.

Indonesia berperan aktif pada organisasi UNEP. Pada

ASEAN

ASEAN

In 2012, Indonesia’s involvement in environmental affairs included the following: 1. The Indonesian delegation deflected pressure from other member countries concerning the issue of ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AHTHP); supported Timor Leste’s bid for ASEAN membership; explained Indonesia’s reason for not yet ratifying the establishment agreement of the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity. 2. A s chair of ASOEN, Indonesia has coordinated a number of ASEAN Working Group (AWG) follow-up activities on the national level.

Di bidang lingkungan pada 2012 Indonesia telah

tahun 2006 – 2008 Menteri Lingkungan Hidup RI berperan sebagai Presiden Governing Council. Dan, terakhir berperan sebagai anggota Steering Committee International Resources Panel

(SC-IRP)

UNEP

dan

memimpin berbagai sidang UNEP.

berkiprah dalam: 1. Delegasi Indonesia telah menghela tekanan dari negara anggota lainnya soal isu ratifikasi ASEAN Agreement

on

Transboundary

Haze

Pollution

(AATHP); mendukung Timor Leste masuk sebagai anggota

ASEAN;

menjelaskan

posisi

alasan

Indonesia belum meratifikasi perjanjian ASEAN Center for Biodiversity. 2.Selaku

Ketua

mengkoordinasikan

ASOEN, tindak

Indonesia lanjut

telah

beberapa

kegiatan ASEAN Working Group (AWG) di tingkat nasional.

OECD Indonesia is active in the APEC Forum, and also participated in the Meeting of the OECD Environmental Policy Committee at Ministerial Level in Paris. To purpose of the participation was to obtain input from the ministers of environment of OECD member countries, Enhanced Engagement (EE5) countries, and OECD partner countries regarding the OECD Environmental Outlook 2050.

OECD

Bilateral Cooperation

Kerjasama Bilateral

Bilateral cooperation aims to strengthen ties between two countries through a number of measures ranging from the exchange of experiences and technology to the provision of fincancial aid. Indonesia’s bilateral cooperation partner include:

Pengembangan kerjasama bilateral untuk mempererat

Indonesia aktif dalam forum APEC, di antaranya dalam Pertemuan Tingkat Menteri Forum OECD’s Environment Policy Committee di Paris. Partisipasi dalam forum itu untuk memperoleh masukan dari para menteri lingkungan hidup negara-negara OECD dan Enhanced Engagement (EE5) serta negara mitra OECD terhadap OECD Environmental Outlook 2050.

hubungan dua negara dengan adanya pertukaran pengalaman, teknologi, hingga bantuan pendanaan, di antara adalah: Korea Selatan

South Korea Intensive cooperation with South Korea began in December 2011 with the establishment of the Indonesia-Korea Environmental Cooperation Center Indonesia (IKECC), and has been implemented in the form of a pilot project in the vicinity of the Istiqlal Mosque that will run until 2015.

Kerjasama intensif dengan negara ini dimulai sejak Desember 2011 dan dibentuknya kantor bersama Indonesia – Korea Environmental Cooperation Center (IKECC). Salah satunya, dibangun Pilot Project di Istiqlal yang akan berakhir pada 2015.

134


United States of America Cooperation with U.S. EPA has been restarted at the end of 2011 and focuses on capacity building and information exchange in air pollution control, toxic and hazardous materials and waste management, data and information management, environmental risk analysis and licensing.

Amerika Serikat

Other Bilateral Cooperation In addition to the above, Germany provided policy advice on climate change mitigation and adaptation through the PAKLIM cooperation program, while Denmark gave assistance in strategic environmental research, environmental impact analysis and development of economic instruments through the Rp45 billion Environmental Support Program Phase II. Other bilateral cooperation partners include Australia, Swedia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Singapore, Mexico and the UK. Lastly, Indonesia assisted Timor Leste in capacity building of its environmental staff in regard to environmental impact analysis.

Kerjasama Bilateral Lainnya

Forests and Lands

Hutan dan Lahan

Acknowledging the importance of forests for the welfare of the nation, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in October 2009 affirmed Indonesia’s commitment to reduce CO 2 emissions by up to 26 percent until 2020. Meanwhile, with international support, Indonesia was committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 41 percent. These reductions would follow a verified scheme under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) program. Indonesia’s commitment was expressed after UNFCCC (United Nations Frameworks Convention on Climate Change) COP 13 in Bali in 2007.

Menyadari betapa penting hutan bagi kesejahteraan

Kerjasama dengan US-EPA telah dimulai kembali pada akhir 2011 dengan fokus pada peningkatan kapasitas dan

pertukaran

informasi

dalam

pengendalian

pencemaran udara, pengelolaan bahan dan limbah berbahaya beracun, pengelolaan data dan informasi, analisis resiko lingkungan dan perizinan.

Selain itu, ada kerjasama dengan Jerman untuk kebijakan mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim (PAKLIM);

Denmark

melalui

kerjasama

teknis

Environmental Suport Program Phase II sebesar Rp 45 miliar untuk kajian lingkungan hidup strategis, analisis dampak lingkungan dan pengembangan instrumen ekonomi; serta kerjasama dengan Australia, Swedia, Selandia Baru, Belanda, Singapura, Meksiko, dan Inggris. Terakhir, bersama Timor Leste membantu peningkatan kapasitas staf lingkungan Timor Leste untuk pengembangan AMDAL.

bangsa, pada Oktober 2009 Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono menegaskan komitmen Indonesia untuk mengurangi emisi CO 2 hingga 26 persen pada 2020. Sementara dengan dukungan internasional, Indonesia berkomitmen mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca sampai 41 persen. Pengurangan emisi ini dalam skema yang sudah terverifikasi dalam Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Komitmen Indonesia ini disampaikan usai

UNFCCC

(United Nations Frameworks Convention on Climate Change) COP 13 di Bali pada 2007. Strategi REDD+ di Indonesia bertujuan memelihara

The REDD+ strategy in Indonesia was to maintain natural resources in a sustainable manner as national assets for the welfare of the nation. This goal could be achieved by implementing the strategy in five functional areas of institution-building and process-development, namely improvement of forest and peatland governance, re-assessment and improvement of the regulatory framework, launch of a strategic program that includes landscape management, paradigm shifting, and simultaneous involvement of key stakeholders. Central Kalimantan was selected as pilot province.

sumber daya alam secara berkelanjutan, sebagai aset nasional demi kesejahteraan bangsa. Tujuan itu dapat tercapai melalui implementasi di lima area fungsional pembangunan institusi dan proses yang menjamin peningkatan tata kelola hutan dan lahan gambut, pengkajian ulang dan peningkatan kerangka peraturan, meluncurkan program strategis termasuk untuk manajemen lansekap, merubah paradigma lama dan melibatkan pemangku kepentingan utama secara bersamaan. Sebagai provinsi percontohan dipilih Kalimantan Tengah.

135

3


To implement the results of COP 13, the government established the Indonesian Forest Climate Alliance (IFCA) on July 2007. This alliance is a communication, coordination and consultation forum for a group of forestry and climate change experts in Indonesia, especially to analyze REDD practices in the country. With the Ministry of Forestry as coordinator, IFCA comprises government institutions, the private sector, civil society, scientific institutions and and international partners. IFCA is supported by the governments of Australia, Germany, and the UK under the coordination of the World Bank. Other contributing agencies are CIFOR and ICRAF, the Australian Greenhouse Office, the Australian National University, Winrock International, World Resources Institute, URS, Ecosecurities,The Nature Conservacy, WWF, Sekala and Wetlands International.

Dalam menerapkan COP 13, pemerintah membentuk

Through IFCA, Indonesia established a REDD road map that was divided into three phases: - A preparation/readiness phase (2007/prior to COP 13) to setup the methodology/architecture and strategy for REDD implementation, to engage in communication/coordination/consultation with stakeholders, and to determine the criteria for selecting the location of the pilot activities. - A pilot/transition phase (2008 - 2012) to test the methodology and strategy as well as the transition from non-market tomarket mechanisms. - A full implementation phase (starting 2012 or earlier, depending on negotiations and Indonesia’s readiness) according to procedures based on COP decisions and Indonesian provisions.

Melalui IFCA, Indonesia menetapkan road map REDD

On May 26, 2010, the Government of Indonesia and the Kingdom of Norway signed a Letter of Intent (LoI) to implement efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as engage in peatland conservation.

Pada 26 Mei 2010, pemerintah Indonesia dan Kerajaan

The implementation of REDD+ was accommodated in five main activities, namely reducing deforestation rates, reducing forest degradation, maintaining the capacity of conservation forests as carbon sinks, implementing sustainable forest management, and enhancing the role of forests as media of carbon stock. Project proponents included the Indonesian government, the private sector, indigenous institutions, local communities, NGOs and international development partners.

Pelaksanaan REDD+ diwadahi dalam lima kegiatan

Indonesian

Forest

Juli

Aliansi

2007.

Climate ini

Alliance

suatu

(IFCA)

forum

pada

komunikasi,

koordinasi, dan konsultasi bagi sekelompok ahli kehutanan

dan

perubahan

iklim

di

Indonesia,

terutama untuk menganalisis praktik REDD di Tanah Air. Dengan koordinator Kementerian Kehutanan, IFCA

beranggotakan

pemerintah,

pihak

swasta,

masyarakat sipil, lembaga-lembaga ilmu pengetahuan dan mitra internasional.IFCA didukung pemerintah Australia, Jerman, dan Inggris, dibawah koordinasi Bank Dunia (World Bank). Lembaga-lembaga lainnya yang berkontribusi: CIFOR dan ICRAF, the Australian Greenhouse Office, Australian National University, Winrock International, World Resources Institute, URS, Ecosecurities, The Nature Conservacy, WWF, Sekala dan Wetlands International.

yang terbagi dalam tiga fase: - Fase persiapan/Readiness (2007/sebelum COP-13) untuk penyiapan perangkat metodologi/arsitektur dan

strategi

implementasi

koordinasi/konsultasi

REDD,

komunikasi/

stakeholder,

termasuk

penentuan kriteria untuk pemilihan lokasi pilot activities. - Fase pilot/transisi (2008 – 2012): menguji metodologi dan strategi, dan transisi dari non market ke mekanisme pasar. - Fase implementasi penuh (dari 2012 atau lebih awal tergantung perkembangan negosiasi dan kesiapan Indonesia) dengan tata cara berdasarkan keputusan COP dan ketentuan di Indonesia.

Norwegia menandatangani Letter of Intens(LoI) untuk mewujudkan upaya pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca dari penggundulan dan kerusakan hutan, serta konservasi hutan gambut.

utama: mengurangi laju deforestasi, mengurangi degradasi

hutan,

menjaga

ketersediaan

karbon

melalui konservasi hutan, menerapkan pengelolaan hutan berkelanjutan, dan meningkatkan stok karbon hutan dengan project proponent baik dari pemerintah, swasta, lembaga masyarakat adat, lokal, LSM maupun mitra pembangunan internasional. Upaya mengurangi laju kerusakan hutan dan lahan juga dilakukan dengan program Menuju Indonesia

Efforts to reduce the rate of forest and land

Hijau (MIH). Ini merupakan program pembinaan

136


degradation were also carried out through the Towards Green Indonesia (Menuju Indonesia Hijau/MIH) program. The purpose of this support and supervision program for conservation implementation, environmental damage control and handling of climate change was to improve the quality of the environment, among other things by increasing the extent of land cover from year to year. The MIH program encouraged regional governments to develop empowerment programs for forest and land sustainability, as has been done in several regencies that won the Raksaniyata Award of the 2011 Toward Green Indonesia Program.

dan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan konservasi, pengendalian

kerusakan

lingkungan

hidup

dan

penanganan perubahan iklim.Tujuan program ini, untuk perbaikan kualitas lingkungan, salah satunya penambahan tutupan lahan setiap tahun. Melalui MIH mendorong program

pemerintah

daerah

pemberdayaan

mengembangkan

keberlangsungan

hutan

dan lahan, seperti yang telah dilakukan di beberapa kabupaten

pemenang Trofi

Raksaniyata

Program

Menuju Indonesia Hijau 2011. Dari 103 kabupaten peserta MIH, 88 di antaranya mempertahankan

tutupan

hutan

di

kawasan

berfungsi lindung (kawasan tangkapan dan resapan

Of the 103 regencies that participated in MIH, 88 had preserved forest cover in protected areas (water catchment areas, land with slopes exceeding 40 percent, riparian zones). In addition to that, the award-winning regencies had also introduced support programs known as bedah kampong/desa (accelerated rural area development programs) to improve forest and land management. The programs featured greening measures and efforts to promote the utilization of non-timber forest products such as palm sugar, honey bees, silkworms for cultivation, dammar gum, etc. These activities brought improvement, not only in terms of vegetation cover, but also in regard to the economies of local communities.

air, kemiringan lahan di atas 40 persen, sempadan sungai

dan

pantai

serta

sekitar

danau/waduk).

Kabupaten penerima trofi telah melakukan program mempertahankan tutupan hutannya. Selain itu telah melakukan program pendukung dalam peningkatan pengelolaan hutan dan lahan, seperti bedah desa atau kampung, dengan penghijauan dan program sosial. Pemanfaatan hasil hutan nonkayu, seperti pemanfaatan aren, lebah madu, budidaya ulat sutera, getah damar mata kucing, dan lainnya.Kegiatan ini mendorong perbaikan, tidak hanya tutupan vegetasi, tetapi juga peningkatan ekonomi bagi masyarakat lokal. Kebijakan lain untuk melindungi hutan dan lahan denganInstruksi Presiden Nomor 10 Tahun 2011 tentang Penundaan Pemberian Izin Baru dan Penyempurnaan

Another policy to protect forests and lands is Presidential Instruction No. 10 of 2011 regarding Suspension of Granting of New Licenses and Improvement of Governance of Natural Primary Forests and Peatland, also known as the moratorium. This policy provides Indonesia with the opportunity to assess economic growth and its implication for natural resources. During the moratorium, Indonesia would attempt to reduce negative implications and search for a way toward new development solutions.

Tata Kelola Hutan Alam Primer dan Lahan Gambut. Inpres ini dikenal juga dengan program moratorium, yang memberi kesempatan bagi Indonesia mengkaji pertumbuhan

ekonomi

dan

implikasinya

bagi

sumberdaya alam. Selama jeda ini, Indonesia akan berupaya agar implikasi negatif yang muncul semakin berkurang dan mencari jalan keluar menuju langkah pembangunan yang baru. Pemerintah

juga

menerbitkan

Peraturan

Presiden

tentang Rencana Tata Ruang per pulau di Indonesia.

The government also issued a number of presidential regulations on spatial planning by island in Indonesia, including Presidential Regulation No. 13/2012 on Sumatra Island Spatial Planning, which in Article 5, paragraph f stipulates that protected areas with forest vegetation should be at least 40 percent of the total area of Sumatra Island, in accordance with the condition of the ecosystem.

Seperti Perpres Nomor 13 Tahun 2012 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Pulau Sumatera, yang pada Pasal 5 ayat f disebutkan kelestarian kawasan berfungsi lindung bervegetasi hutan tetap paling sedikit 40 persen dari luas Pulau Sumatera sesuai dengan kondisi ekosistemnya. Begitu juga dengan Perpres Nomor 3 Tahun 2012 tentang

Rencana Tata

Ruang

Pulau

Kalimantan,

yang dalam Pasal 6 ayat 1 disebutkan kebijakan

Presidential Regulation No. 3/2012 regarding Kalimantan Island Spatial Planning stipulates in

untuk mewujudkan kelestarian kawasan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati dan kawasan berfungsi lindung

137

3


Article 6, paragraph 1, that at least 45 percent of the total area of Kalimantan Island must be set aside as conservation areas for biodiversity and shall remain covered by tropical rainforest as protected areas.

yang bervegetasi hutan tropis basah paling sedikit 45 persen dari luas Pulau Kalimantan. Begitu juga, Perpres Nomor 28 tahun 2012 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Pulau Jawa Bali. Pada pasal 13 ayat

Presidential Regulation No. 28/2012 on Java-Bali Spatial Planning stipulates in Article 13, paragraph1 a, that the extent of protected areas must be increased to at least 30 percent of the total area of the islands of Java and Bali to adequate environmental carrying capacities. Presidential Regulation No. 88/2011 regarding Sulawesi Island Spatial Planning stipulates in Article 5 (i) that protected areas with forest cover should be at least 40 percent of the total area of Sulawesi Island, in accordance with the condition of the ecosystem. The presidential regulation on spatial planning of Papua Island has yet to be issued.

1 a, untuk mewujudkan kapasitas daya dukung dan

Environmental Management Capacities at the Ministry of Forestry

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Kementerian Kehutanan

As part of its 2012 strategic plan, the Ministry of Forestry conducted an extension and development program for human resources. The outcome of this program was increased capacities of main actors and business actors, as well as enhanced capacities of Ministry of Forestry staff and other resources in the forestry sector. Key performance indicators of the program included: (1) The establishment of 50 cooperation partnerships in order to increase the participation of main actors and business actors in community development; (2) Establishment of 500 independent productive community groups, (3) Certification of 1,500 forestry extension officers; (4) Education and training for Ministry of Forestry staff and other human resources in the forestry sector with 15,000 participants; (5) Secondary education in forestry with 1,440 participants.

Kementerian Kehutanan dalam rencana strategis 2012

daya tampung lingkungan hidup yang memadai untuk pembangunan, maka peningkatan luasan kawasan berfungsi lindung paling sedikit 30 persen dari luas pulau Jawa Bali. Untuk Sulawesi, Perpres Nomor 88 Tahun 2011 tentang Tata Ruang Pulau Sulawesi pada pasal 5 (i) ditegaskan penataan pulau ini untuk mewujudkan kelestarian kawasan berfungsi lindung yang bervegetasi hutan tetap paling sedikit 40 persen dari luas pulau, sesuai dengan kondisi ekosistemnya. Sementara peraturan presiden tentang Tata Ruang Pulau Papua hingga saat ini belum diterbitkan.

melakukan program penyuluhan dan pengembangan sumberdaya manusia. Capaian program ini adalah meningkatnya kapasitas pelaku utama dan pelaku usaha melalui penyuluhan, serta peningkatan kapasitas aparatur Kementerian Kehutanan dan sumberdaya kehutanan lainnya. Indikator kinerja utama dari program ini: (1) Terbentuknya 50 kerjasama kemitraan dalam rangka peningkatan peran-serta pelaku utama dan pelaku usaha dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat; (2) Terbentuknya 500 kelompok masyarakat produktif mandiri; (3) Sertifikasi penyuluh kehutanan, sebanyak 1.500 orang; (4) Pendidikan dan pelatihan aparatur Kementerian Kehutanan dan SDM kehutanan lainnya, sebanyak 15.000 orang; (5) Pendidikan menengah kehutanan, sebanyak 1.440 orang. Pada 2011, direncanakan akan dibentuk 100 kelompok

For 2011, the ministry plans to set up 100 independent productive community groups and to increase participation of the public and the business sector by establishing two cooperation partnerships for community empowerment. To add to existing capacities, 200 persons will be certified as extension officers in 2011, and 1 extension coordination center at province level and 5 more at regency/city level will be established.

masyarakat produktif mandiri, peningkatan peran serta masyarakat dan dunia usaha dalam upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat sebanyak 2 kerjasama. Upaya peningkatan kapasitas penyuluh, pada 2011 akan

disertifikasi

200

orang

dan

pembentukan

lembaga koordinasi penyuluhan di tingkat provinsi, di 1 provinsi dan 5 lembaga koordinasi penyuluhan kabupaten/kota. Dalam

To increase capacities, the ministry conducted

rangka

peningkatan

kapasitas

aparatur,

dilakukan pendidikan dan latihan yang pada 2010

138


Table 3.8 Number of forestry workers at Timber Plantation Concessions By educational background until 2011 Tabel 3.8. Tenaga Kerja Kehutanan Pada IUPHHK HT Berdasarkan Latar Belakang Pendidikan s/d 2011 (sumber statistic Kehutanan 2011) Number of workers based on hiring status (persons) Jumlah Tenaga Kerja Berdasarkan Status Tenaga Kerja (orang)

Province Provinsi

No.

Monthly Bulanan WNI

1

Aceh

Aceh

2

North Sumatra

3 4

WNA

Daily Harian Jml

WNI

WNA

Contracted Borongan Jml

WNI

WNA

Total Jml

WNI

WNA

Jml

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Sumatera Utara

347

0

347

257

0

0

0

0

0

604

0

604

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

219

0

219

203

0

0

120

0

120

542

0

542

Riau

Riau

351

0

351

156

0

0

126

0

126

633

0

633

5

Riau Archipelago

Kep. Riau

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

Jambi

Jambi

7

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

8

Bangka Belitung

9 10

82

0

82

12

0

0

0

0

0

94

0

94

173

0

173

20

0

0

10

0

10

203

0

203

Bangka Belitung

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Lampung

Lampung

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

11

Banten

Banten

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

12

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

13

West Java

Jawa Barat

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

14

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

15

DI Yogyakarta

DI Yogyakarta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

16

East Java

Jawa Timur

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

17

Bali

Bali

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

18

West Nusa Tenggara N T B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

19

East Nusa Tenggara

N TT

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

20

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

1.169

1

1.170

657

0

0

738

0

738

2.564

1

2.565

21

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

4.168

0

4.168

1.076

0

0

1.159

0

1.159

6.403

0

6.403

22

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

23

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

24

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

25

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

26

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

27

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

28


29

West Sulawesi

30

610

0

610

6

0

0

0

0

0

616

0

616

5.250

0

5.250

1.134

0

0

0

0

0

6.384

0

6.384

77

0

77

24

0

0

101

0

101

202

0

202

177

0

177

38

0

0

57

0

57

272

0

272

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

489

0

489

122

0

0

173

0

173

784

0

784

77

0

77

10

0

0

13

0

13

100

0

100

Sulawesi Barat

257

0

257

85

0

0

86

0

86

428

0

428

Maluku

Maluku

336

0

336

179

0

0

416

0

416

931

0

931

31

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

32

Papua

33

West Papua

Amount Jumlah

543

0

543

193

0

0

226

0

226

962

0

962

Papua

1.863

6

1.869

771

0

0

629

0

629

3.263

6

3.269

Papua Barat

1.362

0

1.362

640

0

0

944

0

944

2.946

0

2.946

17.550

7

17.557

5.583

0

5.583

4.798

0

4.798

27.931

7

27.938

*WNI: Indonesian citizens *WNA: Foreign citizens

Source: Ministry of Forestry in 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 2012

139

3


education and training measures for 4,679 participants in 2010, comprising education and training measures for staff members (preservice, technical and leadership) as well as education and training measures for nonstaff members. In 2011, there were 3,000 participants for education and training. while 570 students will be educated at vocational schools for forestry. Education and training for functional positions in 2010 included training for 206 forest ecosystem controllers, 160 forestry extension officers, 330 forest rangers and 42 teachers (Ministry of Forestry).

telah dilakukan bagi 4.679 orang, terdiri atas diklat

One Billion Indonesian Trees Program

Gerakan Penanaman 1 Miliar Pohon

The emergence of environmental awareness among the public and stakeholders has prompted the government to launch the One Billion Indonesian Trees for the World program in 2010. This program is expected to reduce the impact of climate change and carbon emissions. One tree can produce 20 million times the amount of oxygen inhaled by one person. This movement is supported by the government, the public, the private sector and community organizations. This is indicated by that fact that only a part of the tree seedlings were provided by the government. The government allocated DIPA (Preparation and Ratification of Budget Allocation List) funds to provide 36 million seedlings. Three hundred million seedlings were donated by the private sector, state enterprises, NGOs, regional governments, and other donors; 320 million by social and village forest programs; 330 million by forest and watershed rehabilitation programs; and 50 million by forest community partnerships.

Munculnya kesadaran masyarakat dan para pemangku

aparatur (pra-jabatan, teknis dan kepemimpinan) dan diklat nonaparatur. Pada 2011, akan dilaksanakan diklat sebanyak 3.000 orang, dan 570 siswa dalam penyelenggaraan SMK Kehutanan. Sementara diklat fungsional selama 2010 meliputi pengendali ekosistem hutan, 206 orang; penyuluh kehutanan, 160 orang; polisi kehutanan, 330 orang; serta guru, 42 orang (Kementerian Kehutanan).

kepentingan terhadap kondisi lingkungan hidup, mendorong

pemerintah

menggerakkan

program

penanaman 1 miliar pohon pada 2010. Dengan gerakan ini diharapkan bisa mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim dan emisi gas karbon. Satu pohon dapat menghasilkan 20 juta kandungan oksigen yang dihirup manusia. Gerakan ini mendapat dukungan dari seluruh komponen bangsa, mulai dari pemerintah, masyarakat, kalangan

swasta

dan

organsasi

kemasyarakatan.

Buktinya, penyediaan bibit pohon yang tak semua dari pemerintah. Pemerintah melalui anggaran DIPA BA 2010, hanya menyediakan 36 juta batang.Partisipasi para pihak (swasta, BUMN, LSM, pemda, lembaga donor) mencapai 300 juta batang; Hutan Kemasyarakatan dan Hutan Desa: 320 juta batang; Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai: 300 juta batang; serta Hutan Rakyat Kemitraan sebanyak 50 juta batang. Program ini juga bertujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat, terutama yang tinggal di sekitar hutan.

This program also intended to improve the welfare of the people, especially those living around forests. Several schemes adopted by The Ministry of Forestry included community forests, covering an area of 210,749.64 hectares in 2010; forest community partnerships, covering an area of 203,833 hectares; village forests, 10,310 hectares, and lands set aside for community plantation forest, 480,303 hectares. The total extent of forest amounted to 905,1895.64 hectares. If one head of family was given permission to manage an average of 15 hectares and brought with him 4 workers, forest management would absorb at least 60,346 heads of families or 241,384 workers. If each hectare of community-managed forest were

Beberapa

skema

yang

ditempuh

Kementerian

Kehutanan adalah melalui Hutan Kemasyarakatan, yang pada 2010 seluas 210.749,64 hektar; Hutan Rakyat Kemitraan, seluas 203.833 hektar; Hutan Desa, seluas 10.310 hektar; dan pencadangan Hutan Tanaman Rakyat, mencapai 480.303 hektar. Total luas mencapai 905.195,64 hektar. Bila setiap kepala keluarga diberikan izin kelola rata-rata seluas 15 hektar, dan melibatkan empat orang sebagai tenaga kerja, maka sedikitnya 60.346 KK atau 241.384 tenaga kerja terserap dalam pengelolaan hutan. Bila setiap hektar yang dikelola masyarakat dapat menghasilkan 200 meter kubik kayu dengan harga Rp. 500.000 per kubik, maka dapat menghasilkan Rp 100 juta, atau Rp 1,5 miliar setiap

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to produce 200 cubic meters of wood at Rp500,000 per cubic meter, it would yield Rp100 million or Rp1.5 billion per head of family. Until mid-April 2013 approximately 1.2 billion trees had been planted.

kepala keluarga. Hingga medio April 2013, pohon yang telah ditanam mencapai 1,2 miliar

Water

Air

Environmental Management Capacities at the DirectorateGeneral of Water Resources

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Dirjen Sumber Daya Air

Integral water resources management is regulated by Law No. 7 of 2004 regarding Water Resources, which states that water resources must be managed comprehensively and integrally with an environmental concept, with the aim of realizing sustainable water resources benefits.

Pengelolaan sumberdaya air terpadu sesuai UndangUndang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumberdaya Air, yang menjelaskan air harus dikelola secara menyeluruh, terpadu dan berwawasan lingkungan hidup, dengan tujuan kemanfaatan secara berkelanjutan. Secara

The national policy on water resources is based on: - The 1945 Constitution - Law No. 7/ 2004 regarding Water Resources - Law No. 32/ 2004 regarding Local Government - Law No. 26/ 2007 regarding Spatial Planning - Law No. 24 / 2007 regarding Disaster Management - Law No. 32/ 2009 regarding the Environmental Protection and Management - Government Regulation No. 35 Year 1991 regarding Rivers - Government Regulation No. 16 Year 2006 regarding Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems - Government Regulation No. 20 Year 2008 regarding Irrigation - Government Regulation No. 42/2008 regarding Water Resources Management - Government Regulation No. 43 / 2008 regarding Groundwater - Government Regulation No. 37 / 2010 regarding Dams - Presidential Decree No. 12 / 2008 regarding the National Water Resources Council - Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 04 / 2008 regarding the Establishment of Water Resources Coordinating Bodies at Provincial, Regency/City and River Basin Levels

menyeluruh,

landasan

kebijakan

nasional

sumberdaya air, adalah: - UUD 1945 - UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2004, tentang Sumberdaya Air - UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah - UU Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang - UU Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan Bencana - UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup - PP Nomor 35 Tahun 1991 tentang Sungai - PP Nomor 16 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum - PP Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Irigasi - PP Nomor42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air - PP Nomor 43 Tahun 2008 tentang Air Tanah - PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2010 tentang Bendungan - Perpres Nomor 12 Tahun 2008 tentang Dewan Nasional Sumber Daya Air - Permen

PU

Nomor

04

Tahun

2008

tentang

Pembentukan Wadah Koordinasi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air tingkat Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota & Wilayah Sungai Ketentuan penyusunan pola dan rencana pengelolaan sumberdaya airdiatur lebih lanjut dengan: PP Nomor

Further provisions for water resources management are set forth in Government Regulations No. 42/2008 regarding Water Resources Management;, No. 43/2008

42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air, PP Nomor 43 Tahun 2008 tentang Air Tanah, PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2010 tentang Bendungan, Perpres Nomer 12

141

3


regarding Groundwater, No. 37/2010 regarding Dams; Presidential Decree No. 12/2008 regarding the National Water Resources Council; Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 04/2008 regarding the Establishment of Water Resources Coordinating Bodies at Provincial, Regency/city and River Basin Levels; and Government Regulation No. 20/2006 regarding Irrigation.

Tahun 2008 tentang Dewan Nasional Sumberdaya Air, Permen PU Nomor 04 Tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Wadah Koordinasi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air tingkat Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota dan Wilayah Sungai, PP Nomor 20 Tahun 2006 tentang Irigasi.

This Dutch-built dam from the 1930s is the main dam for irrigation purposes in the Regency of Pinrang, South Sulawesi Gattang Bendungan peninggalan belanda yang di bangun tahun 1930an tersebut merupakan bendungan utama untuk mengairi irigasi yang ada di kabupaten Pinrang, Sulawesi Selatan Photo Foto: TEMPO/Suardi Gattang

142


Civil Servant Investigators for Water Resources

Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Sumber Daya Air

Water resources management is based on river areas and not subject to administrative boundaries. Complex issues and the ignorance of law enforcement officers was the background of the formation of Civil Servants Investigators in the field of Water Resources (PPNS SDA). This was mandated by Article 93 of the Law regarding Water Resources. Formation of PPNS SDA in each river basin is targeted for completion in 2013. PPNS SDA have the following authorities: • Perform an examination on the correctness of a report or information regarding the occurrence of a water resources criminal act; • Perform an examination on individuals or business entities that are suspected to have committed a water resources criminal act; • Summon persons for hearings and investigation as witnesses or suspects in a water resources criminal acts; • Perform an examination on water resources infrastructure and stop operation of equipment that is suspected of being used for committing a criminal act; • Seal and/or seize for evidence any activity instruments which are used to commit a criminal act; • Request for expert assistance in the execution of an investigation of a water resources criminal act; • Write and sign official investigation reports and send them to the Republic of Indonesia State Police; and/or • Discontinue an investigation if there is not enough evidence or the event does not constitute a criminal act.

Pengelolaan sumberdaya air berbasis wilayah sungai tanpa dipengaruhi batas administratif.Isu yang kian kompleks ditambah ketidakpahaman penegak hukum mengenai

substansipengelolaan

melatarbelakangi

pembentukan

sumberdaya Penyidik

air,

Pegawai

Negeri Sipil bidang Sumberdaya Air (PPNS SDA).Hal ini diamanatkan Pasal 93 Undang-Undang Sumberdaya Air.Pembentukan PPNS SDA di setiap wilayah sungai ditargetkan selesai pada 2013.

Kewenangan PPNS

SDA: - memeriksa kebenaran laporan atau keterangan tentang adanya tindak pidana sumberdaya air, - memeriksa orang atau badan usaha yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana sumberdaya air, - memanggil orang untuk didengar dan diperiksa sebagai saksi atau tersangka dalam perkara tindak pidana sumber daya air, - melakukan pemeriksaan prasarana sumberdaya air dan menghentikan peralatan yang diduga untuk tindak pidana, - menyegel dan/atau menyita alat kegiatan yang digunakan untuk melakukan tindak pidana sebagai alat bukti, - meminta bantuan ahli dalam rangka pelaksanaan tugas penyidikan tindak pidana sumber daya air, - membuat dan menandatangani berita acara dan mengirimkannya kepada penyidik Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, - menghentikan penyidikan bila tidak terdapat cukup bukti atau peristiwa tersebut bukan merupakan tindak pidana. Sedikitnya 50 orang calon PPNS SDA telah dilatih pada

At least 50 PPNS SDA candidates were trained in two groups in 2011. The first group of 28 candidates on 22 September-25 November 2011, the second group of 22 candidates on 21 October-December 19, 2011.

2011 dalam dua gelombang.Gelombang pertama

To implement the concept of comprehensive water resource management, river basin organizations (Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai/BBWS and Balai Wilayah Sungai/BWS) were established in accordance with Articles Section 14, 15, and 16 of the Law regarding Water Resources. These institutions are responsible for managing water resources, including planning, construction, as well as operation and maintenance in the context of conservation, utilization of water resources, and control of the destructive force of water.

Untuk mewujudkan konsep pengelolaan sumberdaya

sebanyak 28 orang, pada 22 September-25 November 2011, sedangkan gelombang kedua, 22 orang pada 21 Oktober-19 Desember 2011.

air secara menyeluruh dibentuk pula Balai Besar dan Balai Wilayah Sungai (BBWS dan BWS) sesuai UU Sumberdaya Air Pasal 14, 15, dan 16.Lembaga ini

bertugas

mengelola

sumberdaya

air

yang

meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan konstruksi, serta operasi dan pemeliharaan dalam rangka konservasi, pendayagunaan sumberdaya air, dan pengendalian daya rusak air. Sedangkan

143

penentuan

wilayah

sungai

mengacu

3


The determination of river basin areas is pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 12/2012 on River Basin Areas,

Keputusan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 tentang Penetapan Wilayah Sungai, yang membagi 131 wilayah sungai di Indonesia. Seluruh wilayah sungai itu terdiri

which classifies 131 river basins in Indonesia. In total there are 5 cross-country river basins, 29 crossprovincial river basins, 29 national strategic river basins, 53 cross-regency/city rivers basins inside on province, and 15 river basins inside one regency/city.

dari: 5 wilayah sungai Lintas-negara, 29 wilayah sungai Lintas-provinsi, 29 wilayah sungai Strategis Nasional, 53 wilayah sungai Lintas-kabupaten/Kota dalam provinsi dan 15 wilayah sungai dalam kabupaten/kota. Sampai saat ini telah dibentuk 12 Balai Besar dan

To date, 12 BBWS and 21 BWS have been established in various provinces, with another 2 BWS in early 2011 in North Maluku and West Papua (Yearbook of Water Resources, 2012). To carry out its duties, the Directorate General of Water Resources currently oversees 33 UPT/BWS and BBWS with 8,639 employees and officials (PU, 2012).

21 Balai Wilayah Sungai yang tersebar di berbagai

As a follow-up to Government Regulation No. 16 Year 2006 regarding the Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems, the government developed Drinking Water Supply Systems (PAM) on the national and regional level. The development of drinking water supply systems is carried out by state-owned enterprises and regional government-owned enterprises.

Sebagai tindak lanjut Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16

provinsi, dan 2 BWS pada awal 2011 di Maluku Utara dan Papua Barat (Buku Tahunan Sumber Daya Air, 2012). Dan, untuk menjalankan tugasnya, Direktorat Jenderal Sumberdaya Air saat ini membawahi 33 UPT/ Balai Besar dan Balai Wilayah Sungai, yang didukung 8.639 pegawai dan pejabat (PU, 2012).

Tahun 2006 tentang Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, pemerintah melakukan pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (PAM) di pusat dan daerah. Badan usaha milik negara dan badan usaha milik daerah ini merupakan penyelenggara pengembangan sistem penyediaan air minum. Berbagai upaya pengelolaan sumberdaya air juga

Various efforts to manage water resources also reflect Article 21, Chapter II, of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7/2004 regarding the conservation of water resources, which stipulates that carrying capacities and functions of water resources must be preserved.

tercermin dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 Bab II pasal 21 tentang konservasi sumberdaya air, menjaga kelangsungan keberdayaan daya dukung, daya tampung dan fungsi sumberdaya air. Sementara itu, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 42 Tahun

Meanwhile, Government Regulation No. 42/2008 Article 7, paragraph 1 directs management at the national level from 2011-2030 and acts as reference for ministers or leaders of government agencies in setting sectoral policies as well as for formulation of policies for water resources management in the regions.

2008 Pasal 7 ayat 1 menjadi pengarah pengelolaan di tingkat nasionalselama 2011 – 2030, menjadi acuan bagi menteri atau pemimpin lembaga pemerintah dalam menetapkan kebijakan sektoral dan menjadi acuan penyusunan kebijakan pengelolaan sumberdaya airdi provinsi. Peran pemerintah pusat sebagai pengarah mutlak

The role of the central government as the steering body is absolutely necessary for local governments. The central government should fully control regional policies to prevent water resource management practices that are profit oriented without consideration of any environmental impacts.

diperlukan

bagi

pemerintah

daerah.Pemerintah

pusat harus mengontrol penuh kebijakan di daerah, untuk mencegah pengelolaan sumberdaya air yang hanya mementingkan pemasukan daerah (PAD) tanpa menimbang dampaknya. Hingga kini pengelolaan sumberdaya air secara

Until now, national water resource management has faced a variety of problems, among others: - The performance of irrigation network is not yet optimal: Of the 7.46 million hectares that are

nasional menghadapi berbagai masalah di antaranya: - Kinerja pelayanan jaringan irigasi belum optimal: dari 7,46 juta hektar daerah irigasi yang dibangun, sekitar 1,34 juta hektar belum berfungsi optimal karena

144


covered by the irrigation network, approximately 1.34 million hectares cannot function optimally due network damage, natural disasters, lack of maintenance, lack of involvement of farmers and others parties in managing the irrigation network, - Performance of swamp reclamation networks is not optimal: of 33.4 million hectares of tidal swamps and non-tidal swamps including peatlands, only about 1.8 million hectares are covered by the government-build swamp reclamation networkt, - Changes in shoreline will cause problems for the protection of facilities and infrastructure along the coast and national borders.

kerusakan jaringan irigasi, karena bencana alam, kurangnya pemeliharaan, rendahnya keterlibatan petani dan pihak lain dalam pengelolaan jaringan irigasi, - Kinerja pelayanan jaringan reklamasi rawabelum optimal: dari 33,4 juta hektar lahan rawa pasang surut dan rawa lebak termasuk gambut, baru sekitar 1,8 juta hektare jaringan reklamasi rawa yang dikembangkan pemerintah, - Perubahan garis pantai akan menimbulkan masalah bagi perlindungan sarana dan prasarana sepanjang pantai dan batas negara. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, ke depan perlu dilakukan

The following steps are necessary to tackle future problems (MoPW, 2012): - Restore the function of water resource infrastructure damaged by natural disasters ; - Provide more intensive irrigation management advancement measures to local governments and other stakeholders - Maintain water supply capacities of water despite decreasing open areas and rapid declining capacities of natural and artificial water reservoirs; - Restructure of water resource management organizations such as Large River Basin Organization ( BBWS)/River Basin Organizations (BWS) Technical Implementation Units and Regional Technical Implementation Units/Center of Water Resources Infrastructure; - Improve coordination and handling management to reduce conflicts among users of water resources; - Improve performance of Water Resources Information Systems (SISDA) management at BBWS and BWS as well as at agencies, supply data and information for decision making and expand public access; - Promote gender mainstreaming in the implementation of water resources activities in terms of access, control, participation, and benefits; - Identify new investment opportunities in the development of water resources infrastructure.

(PU, 2012): - Mengembalikan fungsi infrastruktur sumber daya air yang mengalami kerusakan karena bencana alam; - Menyelenggarakan pembinaan lebih intensif kepada pemerintah daerah dan parapihak lainnya dalam pengelolaan irigasi; - Mempertahankan kemampuan penyediaan air dari sumber-sumber air, karena berkurangnya areal terbuka hijau dan menurunnya kapasitas wadah air alami maupun buatan dengan cepat; - Melakukan

penataan

organisasi

pengelola

sumberdaya air, seperti Unit Pelaksana Teknis Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS)/Balai Wilayah Sungai (BWS) maupun Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah/Balai Prasarana sumberdaya air; - Meningkatkan penanganan

koordinasi untuk

dan

ketatalaksanaan

mengurangi

konflik

antarpengguna sumberdaya air; - Meningkatkan kinerja pengelolaan Sistem Informasi Sumberdaya air (SISDA) pada Balai Besar dan Balai WS, dinas, serta melengkapi data dan informasi untuk

digunakan

dalam

proses

pengambilan

keputusan serta memperluas akses publik; - Mengupayakan pengarusutamaan gender dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan sumberdaya air, baik dari segi akses, kontrol, partisipasi, maupun manfaatnya; - Mencari peluang investasi baru dalam pengembangan infrastruktur sumber daya air.

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3


Biodiversity

Keanekaragaman Hayati

More than 11 percent of Indonesia’s land area (approximately 21.5 million hectares) were declared protected areas in the form of nature reserves, wildlife reserves, national parks, natural recreation parks, grant forest parks, and hunting parks managed by the Ministry of Forestry. In addition, Indonesia has an additional 6.3 million hectares of marine parks (Director of Conservation and Marine National Parks, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, 2009).

Lebih 11 persen daratan Indonesia (sekitar 21,5 juta hektar) dicanangkan sebagai wilayah dilindungi, dalam bentuk suaka alam, suaka margasatwa, taman nasional, taman rekreasi alam, taman hutan raya, dan taman buru yang dikelola Kementerian Kehutanan. Selain itu, Indonesia memiliki tambahan 6,3 juta hektar taman laut (Direktur Konservasi dan Taman Laut Nasional, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2009). Upaya

Biodiversity conservation efforts also take place in the botanical gardens, zoos, safari parks, breeding and cultivation centers, as well as arboretums. The Ministry of Forestry also set up a “genetic bank” for food crops, while the Ministry of Agriculture has a collection of cells and plasmas for livestock and agricultural crops.

pelestarian

keanekaragaman

hayati

juga

dilakukan di kebun raya, kebun binatang, taman safari,

pusat

penangkaran

dan

budidaya,

serta

arboretum. Kementerian Kehutanan juga mendirikan “bank genetika” untuk tanaman pangan, sementara Kementerian Pertanian memiliki koleksi sel dan plasma untuk ternak dan tanaman pertanian. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah merumuskan

The Ministry of Environment has formulated an Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (IBSAP) to guide the implementation of the biodiversity program until 2020. IBSAP contains five goals including developing community awareness, developing conservation-oriented attitudes, and involve citizens in governance issues. IBSAP is not a legally binding document nor has it , the power and authority of the law in its implementation.

Strategi dan Rencana Aksi Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia (Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, IBSAP) untuk memandu penerapan program keanekaragaman hayati hingga 2020. IBSAP memuatlima sasaran, empat di antaranya berupa mengembangkan kesadaran

masyarakat,

mengembangkan

sikap

berorientasi-konservasi, dan melibatkan warga negara dalam masalah tata kelola. Sayangnya, IBSAP bukan dokumen yang mengikat secara hukum, dan karenanya tanpa kekuatan dan kewenangan hukum dalam

As a mega-biodiversity country, Indonesia supported the development of Genetically Engineered Products (GEPs) at the 11th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity/ CBD, which was precluded by the 6th Meeting of Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in Hyderabad, India.

pelaksanaannya Sebagai negara megabiodiversity, Indonesia turut memperjuangkan pengembangan Produk Rekayasa Genetik (PRG) pada Konferensi PBB XI tentang Keanekaragaman Hayati (Convention on Biological Diversity/CBD), parapihak

The meeting produced 16 decisions which emphasized the importance of socio-economic impact assessments of Genetically Engineered Product (GEP) development, efforts to increase national capacities in GEP detection and identification, as well as the need for identification system in handling, transportation, packaging and GEP identification processes.

yang

pada

diawali

Protokol

dengan

pertemuan

Cartagena

mengenai

Keamanan Hayati VI di Hyderabad, India. Pertemuan ini menghasilkan 16 keputusan yang menekankan pada kesepakatan pentingnya kajian dampak sosial ekonomi

pengembangan Produk

Rekayasa Genetik (PRG), upaya peningkatan kapasitas nasional dalam deteksi dan identifikasi PRG; serta perlunya sistem identifikasi dalam proses penanganan, transportasi, pengemasan dan identifikasi PRG.

COP XI adopted 33 decisions, among others the need to accelerate the ratification process of the Nagoya Protocol, to monitor the implementation of the 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and

Pada Konferensi PBB XI itu diadopsi 33 keputusan dan beberapa keputusan yang pada intinya mencakup: perlunya percepatan proses ratifikasi Protokol Nagoya,

146


the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, as well as Resource Mobilization.

implementasi Strategic Plan 2011-2020 dan pencapaian Aichi Target, serta Mobilisasi Sumber Daya (Resource Mobilisation).

Developed countries agreed to increase two-fold the total flow of international funding to developing countries for the mplementation of the Strategic Plan. Meanwhile, the developing countries are under an obligation to include biodiversity programs as national priorities, as well as to report domestic spending and to prepare national financial plans related to biodiversity by 2015. Indonesia hoped that developed countries would be fair in utilizating genetic resources and that source countries would reap commensurate benefits based on the equality principle of the world community.

Negara-negara maju sepakat akan meningkatkan dua kali lipat total aliran sumber pendanaan international kepada negara berkembang untuk implementasi Strategic Plan. Adapun negara berkembang berkewajiban memasukkan keanekaragaman hayati pada prioritas nasional serta melaporkan pengeluaran domestik dan mempersiapkan national financial plans terkait keanekaragaman hayati pada 2015. Indonesia menginginkan agar negara maju berlaku fair terhadap setiap pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik dan agar negara-negara sumber memperoleh manfaat yang sepadan dalam prinsip kesetaraan dalam masyarakat dunia.

Figure 3.18 Biodiversity Management Flowchart

Gambar 3.18.Alur Proses Pengelolaan Keanekaragaman Hayati Conditions and Potential of Biodiversity Utilization Kondisi dan Potensi pemanfaatan Kehati

Responsibilities Kewajiban

MoE KLH Reports Laporan

Support for sustainable utilization

Kelestarian tata nilai kelangsungan kehidupan dan penopang keberhasilan pemanfaatan berkelanjutan Coordination Koordinasi

GLOBAL

- Coordination Koordinasi

Lingkungan hidup

Reports Laporan

- Forestry

Kehutanan

- Agriculture Pertanian

- Marine & Fisheries Kelautan & Perikanan

- etc dll

Reg./City Gov. Agency: SKPD Kab/Kota: - Environment

Lingkungan hidup

- Marine & Fisheries Kelautan & Perikanan

Governors Gubernur

Coordination Koordinasi - Policies Kebijakan -Supervision Pengawasan

Kehutanan Pertanian

- Sosialisasi & Asistensi Promotion & Assistence

- Policies Kebijakan -Supervision Pengawasan

- Forestry

- Agriculture

Ministry of Ministry Ministry of Marine Affairs of Forestry Agriculture and Fishing DEPHUT DEPTAN DKP

Indonesian Institute of Sciences LIPI

- NSPK Norms, Standards, Guidelines, Criteria

Prov. Gov. Agency: SKPD Provinsi: - Environment

Utilization value/ utilization Nilai manfaat/ pemanfaatan

Reports Laporan

Regents/Mayors Bupati/Walikota

- Policies Kebijakan -Supervision Pengawasan

Reports Laporan

Natural Resources Conservation Center BKSDA

Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology BPTP

Watershed Management Agency BPDAS

Research and Development Litbang

National Park Center BTN

- etc dll

Source: Ministry of Forestry

Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan

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3


Biosafety Clearing House

Balai Kliring Keamanan Hayati

The establishment of a Biosafety Clearing House (BCH) is one of the requirements that must be met by each country which ratified the Cartagena Protocol, as Indonesia has done through Law No. 21/2004 regarding the Ratification of Cartagena Protocol. The Cartagena Protocol aims to ensure the safe handling, use and transboundary movement of genetically modified organisms for food, feed and processing.

Balai Kiring Keamanan Hayati (BKKH) atau Biosafety Clearing House adalah salah satu persyaratan yang harus

dipenuhi

setiap

negara

yang

meratifikasi

Protokol Cartagena. Indonesia sudah meratifikasinya melalui

Undang-Undang

Nomor

21

tahun

2004

tentang Pengesahan Protokol Cartagena. Protokol Cartagena bertujuan memberi jaminan perlindungan yang memadai dalam penanganan dan pemanfaatan, perpindahan lintas batas organisme hasil modifikasi genetik, termasuk pangan, pakan, dan pengolahan.

Biodiversity Parks

Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati

To support the conservation of biodiversity, The Ministry of Environment has developed Biodiversity Parks in a number of regions. The Biodiversity Park Development Program was launched in 2007 with an emphasis on the reservation and conservation of biodiversity with regard to ecosystem functions. The Ministry of Environment has facilitated the establishent of biodiversity parks in North Sulawesi, East Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, West Java and Lampung. Biodiversity parks prioritize local, rare or endangered plants, or flora that is representative of a province or regency/city.

Untuk mendukung pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati,

Flora that represent regional identity include plum mango in West Java, snake fruit in Jakarta, white champaca in Central Java, the kepel tree in Yogyakarta, the palmyra palm in South Sulawesi, the ebony tree Central Sulawesi, the titan arum in Bengkulu, and the red palm in Jambi. Endangered flora include cendana, bayur, ulin, jelutung, mimba and tembesu. To ensure that Biodiversity Parks are not converted to other uses, their land should be owned by regional governments or universities.

Flora yang menjadi identitas daerah misalnya, gandaria

The Nagoya Protocol

Protokol Nagoya

To protect its biological assets, Indonesia should immediately ratify the Nagoya Protocol, which previously had been signed by the Minister of the Environment. Ratification of the protocol will protect genetic resources from intellectual theft by foreign parties and will be followed up by inventory taking of genetic resources and traditional knowledge.

Salah satu upaya menjaga aset hayati, Indonesia segera

Indonesia signed the Nagoya Protocol on May 11, 2011 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York

Pada 11 Mei 2011 di Markas PBB, New York, Indonesia

KLH mengembangkan Taman Keanekagargaan Hayati di berbagai daerah. Taman Kehati diluncurkan pada 2007 yang menekankan pencadangan dan pelestarian keanekaragaman

hayati

dengan

memperhatikan

fungsi ekosistem. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup memfasilitasi provinsi-provinsi yang mengembangkan Taman Kehati, yakni Sulawesi Utara, Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Jawa Barat dan Lampung. Aneka tanaman untuk Taman Kehati diutamakan jenis lokal, langka, atau terancam punah, atau flora yang menjadi identitas provinsi dan kabupaten/kota.

bagi Jawa Barat; salak bagi DKI Jakarta;bunga kantil maskot Jawa Tengah;pohon kepel bagi DI Yogyakarta; lontar bagi Sulawesi Selatan, eboni bagi Sulawesi Tengah, bunga bangkai bagi Bengkulu, ataupun pinang merah bagi Jambi. Sedangkan flora terancam punah antara lain cendana,bayur,ulin,jelutung, mimba dan tembesu.Untuk menjamin Taman Kehati suatu ketika tidak tergusur untuk kepentingan lain, sebaiknya lahan dimiliki pemerintah daerah atau perguruan tinggi.

meratifikasi Protokol Nagoya, yang sebelumnya telah ditandatangani Menteri Lingkungan Hidup. Ratifikasi itu untuk menjaga sumberdaya genetik dari pencurian intelektual pihak asing. Bila telah diratifikasi, akan ditindaklanjuti

dengan

inventarisasi

sumberdaya

genetik dan pengetahuan tradisional.

bersama

148

Jepang,

Guatemala,

India,

Norwegia,


along with Japan, Guatemala, India, Norway, South Africa, Switzerland and Tunisia. Colombia, Yemen, Algeria, Brazil, Mexico, Rwanda, Ecuador, Central African Republic, Seychelles, Mali, Sudan, Panama and Peru, had already signed the Protocol.

Afrika Selatan, Swiss dan Tunisia menandatangani Protokol Nagoya. Kedelapan negara itu menyusul Kolombia, Yaman, Aljazair, Brasil, Meksiko, Rwanda, Ekuador, Republik Afrika Tengah,

Seychelles, Mali,

Sudan, Panama dan Peru, yang sudah lebih dahulu menandatangi Protokol.

The Nagoya Protocol enters into force when 50 states have ratified it. To date, of the 193 member countries of the Biodiversity Convention only 92 have signed and 14 have ratified it, namely South Africa, Rwanda, Mexico, Jordan, Panama, Fiji, Ethiopia, Gabon, Laos, Seychelles, India, Mauritius, Micronesia , and Albania.

Protokol Nagoya berfungsi apabila ditandatangani sedikitnya 50 negara.Sampai saat ini, dari 193 negara anggota

Konvensi

Keanekaragaman

Hayati,

92

negara telah menandatangani dan baru 14 negara yang meratifikasinya, yaitu Afrika Selatan, Rwanda, Meksiko, Yordania, Panama, Fiji, Ethiopia, Gabon, Laos, Seychelles, India, Mauritius, Mikronesia, dan Albania.

The Nagoya Protocol will become an instrument to optimize the utilization of genetic resources and stop biopiracy of genetic resources (biopiracy). Until 2012, this protocol has been signed by 92 countries. For Indonesia as a megabiodiversity country, the Nagoya Protocol important for optimum and fair use biodiversity.

Protokol

Nagoya

akan

mengoptimalkan

menjadi

pemanfaatan

instrumen

yang

sumber

daya

genetik dan menghentikan pencurian sumber daya genetik (biopiracy). Hingga 2012, protokol ini sudah ditandatangai 92 negara. Bagi Indonesia, sebagai negara megabiodiversity, Protokol Nagoya penting bagi pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati

Indonesia needs to ratify the protocol into national law in line with the acceleration of the Bill on Genetic Resources Management (RUU PSDG). By doing so, it will strengthen national legislation on the use of genetic resources for the welfare of the people, especially in regard to communities with traditional wisdom or knowledge in processing genetic resources.

yang

optimal dan adil. Indonesia perlu meratifikasinya dalam hukum nasional seiring dengan percepatan Rancangan Undang-undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik (RUU PSDG). Dengan begitu,akan memperkuat legislasi nasional dalam pemanfaatan SDG untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat terutama masyarakat yang memiliki kearifan atau pengetahuan tradisional dalam pengolahan sumber

On 11 April 2013, the Bill on Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits was approved by the House of Representatives to be enacted as law.

daya genetik. Pada 11 April 2013, RUU Pengesahan Protokol Nagoya tentang

Akses

pada

Sumber

Daya

Genetik

dan

Pembagian Keuntungan yang Adil dan Seimbang sudah

Nagoya Protocol provides access to and benefitsharing of the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge, including the commercialization of its derivatives. Access to genetic resources must prioritize state sovereignty and be compliant with national laws based on the principle of prior informed consent (PIC) of the owners or providers of genetic resources.

disetujui DPR untuk disahkan sebagai Undang Undang. Protokol Nagoya memberi akses dan pembagian keuntungan terhadap pemanfatan sumberdaya genetik dan pengetahuan tradisional, termasuk komersialisasi produk

turunannya.Akses

terhadap

sumberdaya

genetik tetap mengedepankan kedaulatan negara dan sesuai hukum nasional berdasarkan prinsip prior informed consent (PIC) dengan pemilik atau penyedia

One example of biodiversity that deserves serious attention is medicinal plants. The value of Indonesian medicinal plants is estimated at US$14.6 billion, or more than twofold the value of timber products.

sumberdaya genetik. Salah satu contoh keanekaragaman hayati yang patut mendapat perhatian sungguh-sungguh adalah tumbuhan

obat.

Berbagai

jenis

tumbuhan

obat

Indonesia bernilai US$14,6 miliar atau lebih dua kali lipat nilai produk kayu hutan.

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3


Bill on Management of Genetic Resources

Rancangan Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik

The Bill on Management of Genetic Resources is the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol as obligated by the signing of the Protocol in May 2011 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. This law is very important in view of the close relationship between the issue of ownership of traditional knowledge and genetic resources and intellectual property rights.

Rancangan

The Bill on Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol has been approved by the House of Representatives for enactment as law in April 2013. Indonesia is now waiting for the Law on Genetic Resource Management, which is very important for the management of biodiversity.

Rancangan UU Pengesahan Protokol Nagoya sudah

Undang-Undang

Daya

Genetik,

DPR,

merupakan

yang

masih

Pengelolaan dalam

implementasi

Sumber

pembahasan

Protokol

Nagoya,

sebagai konsekuensi penandatangan Protokol itu pada Mei 2011, di Markas PBB, New York. UndangUndangini sangat penting mengingat isu kepemilikan pengetahuan tradisional dan sumberdaya genetik terkaitan erat dengan hak kekayaan intelektual.

disetujui DPR untuk disahkan sebagai UU pada April 2013. Kini, Indonesia menunggu

kehadiran

UU Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik, yang sangat penting bagipengelolaan keanekaragaman hayati. Untuk melindungi flora dan fauna dari kepunahan,

The government has undertaken various efforts to protect flora and fauna from extinction. The number of nature reserves has increased from 183 in 2001 to 238 in 2009, extending the total area from 2.6 million to 4.3 million hectares. The number of wildlife reserves was increased from 50 in 2001 to 74 in 2009, with a total area increasing from 3.6 million to 5.1 million hectares.

pemerintah melakukan berbagai upaya. Di antaranya menambah jumlah cagar alam, yang dari 2001 hingga 2009 bertambah dari 183 unit menjadi 238 unit, dengan luas dari 2,6 juta hektar menjadi 4,3 juta hektar. Jumlah suaka margasatwa, dari 2001 hingga 2009 bertambah dari 50 unit menjadi 74 unit, dengan luas bertambah dari 3,6 juta hektar menjadi 5,1 juta hektar. Sedangkan untuk Taman Nasional Laut yang terjadi

The number of marine national parks, on the other hand, decreased from 8 in 2003 to 7 in 2009, with a total area of just 4.0 million hectares. The number of terrestrial national parks increased from 40 to 43 units in 2003-2009, but their total area decreased from 14.7 million to 12.3 million hectares.There are at least 50 national parks in Indonesia, spread all over the country. Indonesia also has a 73 wildlife reserves with a total area of 5,422,922.79 hectares.

justru penurunan. Bila pada 2003 terdapat 8 unit, seluas 4,2 juta hektar, tahun 2009 berkurang menjadi 7 unit, seluas hanya 4,0 juta hektar. Sementara jumlah Taman Nasional Darat pada

2001 hingga 2009 bertambah

dari 40 unit menjadi 43 unit, tetapi luas kawasan konservasinya turun dari 14,7 juta hektar menjadi 12,3 juta hektar. Di Indonesia terdapat paling sedikit 50 Taman Nasional, yang tersebar di seluruh pulau. Untuk Suaka Margasatwa, terdapat 73 lokasi, dengan total luas 5.422.922,79 hektar.

There are at least 22 grand forest parks in various locations in Indonesia. Grand forest parks are conservation areas that combine ex-situ and in-situ approaches. Both natural and man-made forests can be declared grand forests parks. These parks highlight biodiversity and are used for research, breeding and tourism purposes.

Taman Hutan Raya di Indonesia sedikitnya ada 22 lokasi, sebagai bentuk pelestarian kombinasi, antara ex-situ dan in-situ.Sehingga, Tahura dapat ditetapkan baik dari hutan alam maupun hutan buatan. Namun demikian, fungsi taman hutan raya adalah sebagai ‘etalase’ keanekaragaman hayati, tempat penelitian, tempat penangkaran jenis, serta tempat wisata.

150


Plant Conservation in Ex-Situ Conservation Areas

Konservasi Tumbuhan di Kawasan Ex-Situ Konservasi

The threat on biodiversity in natural habitats is high and needs serious attention. Conservation outside natural habitats (ex- situ conservation) becomes the best alternative as the last resort prior to extinction. Ex-situ conservation may involve species, genetic or molecular conservation.

Ancaman kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati di habitat aslinya sangat tinggi hingga perlu penanganan serius. Konservasi di luar habitat asli (ex-situ konservasi) menjadi alternatif terbaik sebagai benteng terakhir sebelum

terjadi

kepunahan.

Ex-situ

konservasi

dapat berupa konservasi spesies, genetik ataupun molekuler.

The development of regional botanical garden has the purpose to facilitate local plant conservation, education, research and nature tourism. Presidential Decree No. 3 of 2009 provides the legal basis for ex-situ plant conservation activities in the form of botanical gardens. This ensures that regional governments give more attention and allocate more funds for the management of botanical gardens.

Pembangunan kebun raya daerah antara lain untuk konservasi tumbuhan lokal, pendidikan, penelitian dan wisata alam. Dengan Inpres Nomor 3 Tahun 2009 kegiatan ex-situ konservasi tumbuhan dalam bentuk kebun raya mempunyai kekuatan hukum. Hingga perhatian dan alokasi dana daerah untuk pengelolaan kebun raya di daerah lebih terjamin.

The development of botanical gardens also refers to: - the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of 1992, - Law No. 5/1994 regarding the ratification of the CBD, - Chapter 16 of Agenda 21 Indonesia of 1996, - the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), - the Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, - Speech of the Indonesian President in 2004 to launch the the development of regional botanical gardens, - Circular Letter of the Minister of Research and Technology to all governors No. 77/M/VIII/2004.

Selain itu, pembangunan kebun raya mengacu pada: - United Nation Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992, - Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1994 tentang pengesahan CBD, - Agenda 21 Indonesia tahun 1996 Bab 16, - Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), - Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, - Pidato Presiden RI tahun 2004, yang mencanangkan pembangunan Kebun Raya di provinsi, - Surat Edaran Menteri Ristek kepada seluruh gubernur Nomor 77/M/VIII/2004. Sebanyak

A total of 21 regional botanical gardens have been developed (Figure 3.19), and some of them have been legally declared Technical Implementation Units (UPT). The total area of the botanical gardens under the management of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences in 17 provinces amounted to 3,000 hectars. This raised Indonesia’s position from 17th to 13th in the world.

21 Kebun Raya Daerah telah terbangun

(Gambar 3.19), di antaranya sudah berkekuatan hukum sebagai Unit Pelaksana Teknis (UPT ). Total luas kebun raya di 17 provinsi dan yang dikelola Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia mencapai 3.000 hektar. Jumlah ini menaikkan posisi Indonesia, dari ke-17 menjadi ke13 dunia. Keterlibatan pemerintah daerah dan Kementerian

Regional governments and the Ministry of Public Works have provided physical assistance to accelerate the development of regional botanical gardens. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences’s four botanical gardens have been giving advice and guidance for the development of regional botanical gardens for years. Various training for botanical garden management training and human resource development are being carried out, but the development of managers of the botanical garden still needs more attention.

Pekerjaan Umum dalam bantuan fisik ikut mempercepat pembangunan kebun raya daerah, sehingga konservasi jenis lokal cukup punya harapan. Empat kebun rayaLIPI yang sudah lama berkembang berperan sebagai pengarah dan pembina pengembangan kebun raya daerah. Berbagai pelatihan managemen kebun raya dan pengembangan sumberdaya manusia kini sedang dilakukan. Namun, pengembangan pengelola kebun raya masih perlu mendapat perhatian lebih.

151

3


Botanical Garden under LIPI management Kebun Raya di bawah pengelolaan LIPI Botanical Garden under regional government management Kebun Raya di bawah pengelolaan Pemerintah Daerah

Figure 3.19 Development of the Botanical Gardens Gambar 3.19 Pengembangan Kebun Raya Source : Development of Botanical Gardens in Indonesia Sumber : Perkembangan Pembangunan Kebun Raya di Indonesia

Table 3.9 Name and Area of Botanical Gardens Tabel 3.9 Nama Dan Luas Kebun Raya

NO

NAME NAMA

PROVINCE PROVINSI

AREA (hectare) LUAS (hektar)

1

Sungai Wain Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Sungai Wain

2

Batam Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Batam

3

Baturraden Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Baturraden

4

Bukit Sari Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Bukit Sari

Jambi Jambi

425

5

Danau Lait Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Danau Lait

West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat

328

6

Enrekang Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Enrekang

South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan

300

7

Katingan Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Katingan

8

Kendari Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Kendari

9

Kuningan Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Kuningan

10

Liwa Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Liwa

11

Lemor Lombok Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Lemor Lombok

East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur Riau Archipelago Central Java

Central Kalimantan

Kepulauan Riau Jawa Tengah

Kalimantan Tengah

South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara West Java

Jawa Barat

Lampung Lampung West Nusa Tenggara

NTB

140 85,71 150

200 113 175 100 130

12

Minahasa Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Minahasa

North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara

186

13

Puca Botanical Garden, Maros Kebun Raya Puca, Maros

South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan

120

14

Sambas Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Sambas

West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat

300

15

Samosir Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Samosir

North Sumatra Sumatera Utara

100

16

Solok Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Solok

West Sumatra Sumatera Barat

17

Purwodadi Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Purwodadi

East Java

Jawa Timur

84,47

18

Cibodas Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Cibodas

West Java

Jawa Barat

125

19

Bogor Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Bogor

West Java

Jawa Barat

20

Eka Karya Bedugul Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bedugul

Bali

Bali

112

87 154,5

Source: Indonesian Institute of Sciences Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

152


The above table shows that the largest botanical garden to be built is the 425-hectares Bukit Sari Botanical Garden in Jambi. This site was previously used as grand forest park. In addition to facilitating conservation, research, education and tourism, Bukit Sari Botanical Garden also serves to protect surrounding forests from expansion of palm oil plantations. Meanwhile, Purwadadi Botanical Garden in East Java is the smallest at about 85 hectares and will become a conservation and research center for dry lowland plants.

Dari tabel terlihat kebun raya terbesar yang akan

Coastal and Marine

Pesisir dan Laut

The Golden Chain Program – Coastal Rehabilitation Benefits Local Communities

Program Rantai Emas—Rehab Pantai, Entaskan Masyarakat Setempat

The Ministerial Forum of the East Asian Seas (EAS) Congress in July 2012 in South Korea was attended by 12 countries to discuss the sustainable development on marine management. The meeting agreed upon the Changwon Declaration, which provided a platform to share knowledge and formulate collaborative action to resolve challenges in coastal areas and oceans. In 2012, The State of Coastal and Marine Environments, or State of the Coast (SOC), report on the implementation of coastal and marine environmental management in 22 locations in Indonesia was published.

Forum pertemuan para menteri East Asian Seas

In the context of East Asian regional activities, Indonesia has been receiving funding from the GEF since 2008 to develop partnerships for environmental management in East Asian marine regions (PEMSEA). Indonesia implements the program as part of its Sustainable Development Strategy for Coastal and Marine Areas which emphasizes the consolidation and development of the National Interagency Coordinating Mechanism (NICM) in the waters off Jakarta.

Dalam kegiatan regional kawasan Asia timur, Indonesia

Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program – COREMAP

Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang - COREMAP

The Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program or COREMAP was initiated by the Indonesian government to protect, rehabilitate, and manage the sustainable use of coral reefs and their ecosystem. In turn, this program supports the welfare of coastal communities.

Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang

dibangun adalah Kebun Raya Bukit Sari Jambi seluas 425 hektar. Lahan ini sebelumnya berupa Taman Hutan Raya.Selain untuk kawasan konservasi, penelitian, studi dan wisata, Kebun Raya Bukit Sari juga sebagai pelindung bagi hutan di sekitarnya dari ekspansi perkebunan sawit. Sementara Kebun Raya Purwadadi, Jawa Timur, sekitar 85 hektar merupakan yang terkecil, yang menjadi pusat konservasi dan studi tanaman dataran rendah kering.

(EAS) Congress pada Juli 2012 di Korea Selatan yang dihadiri 12 negara ini untukmembahas pembangunan berkelanjutan

pengelolaan

laut.Pertemuan

ini

menyepakati Deklarasi Changwon yang merupakan platform

berbagi

pengetahuan

dan

perumusan

tindakan kolaboratif dalam menyelesaikan tantangan di pesisir dan lautan. Pada 2012, telah disusun Status Lingkungan Pesisir dan Laut atau State of the Coast (SOC),

sebuah

laporan

pelaksanaan

pengelolaan

lingkungan pesisir dan laut secara terpadu di 22 lokasi di Indonesia.

mendapatkan

bantuan

mengembangkan

dana

kemitraan

melalui dalam

GEF

untuk

pengelolaan

lingkungan di kawasan laut di regional Asia Timur (PEMSEA) sejak 2008. Bagi Indonesia, program ini untuk melaksanakan Strategi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Wilayah Pesisir dan Laut yang menekankan pemantapan dan pengembangan National Interagency Coordinating Mechanism (NICM) di perairan Jakarta.

atau COREMAP adalah program yang diparkarsai pemerintah Indonesia untuk melindungi, merehabilitasi, dan mengelola pemanfaatan lestari terumbu karang serta ekosistemnya. Pada gilirannya, program ini menunjang kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir.

153

3


COREMAP was originally designed to have a duration of 15 years and was divided into three phases. After its launch in early September 1998, there are some changes within governance in Indonesia. The program’s phasing was re-adjusted into a initiation first phase (1998 - 2004) a decentralization and acceleration second phase (2004 - 2009), and a institutionalization third phase (2010-2015).

COREMAP semula dirancang untukkegiatan selama 15

COREMAP was funded by the Indonesian government, with World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) support for COREMAP Phase I only.

COREMAP didanai pemerintah Indonesia, dengan

The executing agency of COREMAP Phase I was the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. With the establishment of the Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (DKP) in 1999 – now the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries - implementation of Phase II was switched to the other agency. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences continued to play a role, but focused on the areas of information, science, training and education. In practice, the executing agency cooperated with related central and regional government agencies, as well as with non-governmental organizations and local communities.

Lembaga Pelaksana (Executing Agency) COREMAP

tahun, terdiri dari tiga tahap. Setelah diluncurkan awal September 1998, terjadi beberapa perubahan dalam tata pemerintahan di Indonesia. Program ini pun perlu penyesuaian, antara lain dengan perubahan tahapan. Tahap Inisiasi (1998 – 2004); Tahap II Desentralisasi dan Akselerasi (2004 – 2009); dan Tahap III, Pelembagaan (2010 – 2015).

dukungan World Bank, Asian Development Bank, dan Australia Agency for International Development (AusAID), yang hanya untuk COREMAP Tahap I.

Tahap I adalah Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Dengan Perikanan

dibentuknya (DKP)

Departemen

pada

Kelautan

1999—kini

dan

Kementerian

Kelautan dan Perikanaan, Lembaga Pelaksana Tahap II beralih ke kementerian yang baru ini. LIPI tetap berperan, tapi fokus pada bidang informasi, ilmiah, pelatihan serta pendidikan.Dalam pelaksanannya, Lembaga Pelaksana bekerjasama dengan lembaga pemerintah terkait di pusat maupun daerah, dengan lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan masyarakat lokal. Gagasan COREMAP bermula dari keprihatinan para

The idea for COREMAP stemmed from several Indonesian Institute of Science marine researchers who were concerned by deteriorating condition of coral reefs. In the 1980s, Indonesia participated in the ASEAN-Australian Living Coastal Resources Program for monitoring marine resources in Southeast Asia. A preliminary survey in 1984 found that coral reefs in good condition amounted to just about 5 percent, while 29 percent were in fair condition, 25 percent in poor condition, and 40 percent in very poor condition.

peneliti kelautan LIPI terhadap nasib terumbu karang yang makin memburuk.Pada 1980-an, Indonesia ikut dalam Program ASEAN-Australia, Living Coastal Resources, untuk memantau sumberdaya laut di Asia Tenggara. Survei pendahuluan pada 1984 menemukan terumbu karang dalam keadaan baik tinggal sekitar 5 persen; kondisi lumayan, 29 persen; buruk, 25 persen; dan sangat buruk, 40 persen. Temuan ini menumbuhkan kesadaran para pengambil keputusan perlunya langkah komprehensif untuk

These findings raised the awareness of decision makers about the need for comprehensive measures to conserve marine ecosystems and the fisheries resources. Backed by the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), the study of coral reefs was intensified and involved 10 universities from various provinces. They formed an information networkwhich eventually became the Coral Reef Information and Training Centre (CRITIC).

melestarikan ekositem sumberdaya perikanan dan kelautan ini. Dengan dorongan Badan Perancang Pembangunan

Nasional

(Bappenas),

penelitian

terumbu karang mulai ditingkatkan, melibatkan 10 universitas dari berbagai provinsi, yang membentuk jejaring informasi, cikal bakal Coral Reef Information and Training Centre (CRITIC). COREMAP tahap I(1998-2004) menetapkan landasan kerja sistem pengelolaan terumbu karang. Tahap ini

COREMAP Phase I (1998-2004) established the foundation for a coral reef management system. This phase was executed by the Indonesian Institute of Science in cooperation with several provinces

dilaksanakan LIPI

bersama beberapa provinsi dan

kabupaten sebagai pelaksana. Pada COREMAP tahap II, penanggung jawab program

adalah

Direktorat

Jenderal Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil, Kementerian

154


and regencies. The Directorate General of Coasts and Small Islands of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries was in charge of Coremap Phase II, which was implemented by the Directorate General of Forestry and Nature Protection of the Ministry of Forestry, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 8 provinces and 15 regencies. Coral reef management boards (LPSTK) were introduced at village level. Villagers appointed facilitators and motivators as advisory staff to assist them in their activities.

Kelautan dan Perikanan. Pelaksana program Ditjen Kehutanan dan Perlindungan Alam, Kementerian Kehutanan, LIPI, 8 provinsi dan 15 kabupaten. Pada tingkat desa

terdapat Lembaga Pengelolaan

Sumberdaya Terumbu Karang. Untuk membantu kegiatan,

masyarakat

menunjuk

fasilitator

dan

motivator desa sebagai staf penasihat. Jaringan pengelolaan terumbu karang ini dilengkapi Tim Pengarah Nasional dan Tim Pengarah Teknis dengan anggota dari Bappenas, LIPI, Kementerian

The coral reef management network is supported by a National Steering Committee and a National Technical Steering Committee consisting of representatives from the National Development Planning Agency; the Indonesian Institute of Sciences; the Ministries of Forestry, Home Affairs, and Environment; Water and Air Police, the Navy, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR).

Kehutanan, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Polisi Perairan dan Udara (Airud), TNI Angkatan Laut, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) dan Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR). Program pengelolaan terumbu karang inidari Nias, Sumatera Utara, sampai Raja Ampat dan Biak di Papua Barat dan Papua telah membuahkan hasil. Data dari penelitian tahun 2012 menunjukkan kondisi terumbu karang sangat baik, 5,30 persen;kondisi baik, 27,19

The coral reef management program that extends from Nias, North Sumatra, to Raja Ampat and Biak in West Papua and Papua has been successful. 2012 research data has showed 5.30 percent of coral reefs were in excellent condition, 27.19 percent in good condition, 37.29 percent in fair condition and 27.19 percent in poor condition.

persen; cukup baik, 37,29 persen; dan kurang baik 27,19 persen. Masyarakat pesisir semakin sadar dan bertanggung jawab melindungi dan melestarikan terumbu karang dan

ekosistemnya.

Desa-desa

pesisir

memiliki

peraturan desa yang melindungi terumbu karang. Banyak nelayan mantan pengebom ikan malah menjadi

Coastal communities are becoming increasingly aware and committed to protecting and conserving coral reefs and their ecosystems. Coastal villages have village regulations that protect coral reefs. Many fishermen who used to practice blast fishing have become motivators for reef conservation instead. Fishing with explosives and toxic chemicals is declining, especially in areas covered by the COREMAP program.

motivator pelestarian terumbu karang. Penangkapan ikan dengan bahan peledak dan racun kimia semakin menurun, terutama di wilayah program COREMAP. Terumbu

karang

Teluk

Maumere, Sikka, NTT,

misalnya, yang hancur akibat gempa dan tsunami pada 1992, kini sudah pulih. Bahkan pada 2010, di sana diselenggarakan lomba fotografi bawah laut, menampilkan

keindahan

terumbu

karang. Teluk

Maumere pernah menjadi sentra produksi rumput

Coral reefs in Maumere Bay in the Sikka regency of East Nusa Tenggara, for example, were destroyed by a 1992 earthquake and tsunami but have now recovered. There even was a underwater photography competition in 2010, featuring the beauty of the coral reefs. Seagrass cultivation once flourished in Maumere Bay during 1990s, but then production declined sharply due to pollution caused by green tonic fertilizers used by seagrass farmers. After COREMAP stepped in by providing assistance in the form of seeds and mentoring, the seagrass business eventually recovered.

laut di NTT yang berkembang sangat baik pada 1990an. Tapi lantas merosot tajam akibat pencemaran dari pupuk green tonic oleh pembudidaya rumput laut. Setelah COREMAP turun tangan memberikan bantuan bibit dan pendampingan, usaha rumput laut kembali berkembang. Di Raja Ampat, program COREMAP mendorong masyarakat desa pesisir mengembangkan budidaya kerapu atau lobster, mengembangkan usaha kecil, mengelola usaha homestay, dan tidak bergantung sepenuhnya

155

pada

penangkapan

ikan.

Setelah

3


In Raja Ampat, the COREMAP program encouraged rural coastal communities to engage in grouper or lobster cultivation, develop small businesses, managing homestays, and not depend entirely on fishing. As the institutionalization phase superseded COREMAP II, it remained important to continue fostering awareness about marine ecosystems and provide information about coral reef conservation to other coastal communities that were not directly involved in COREMAP.

COREMAP II berakhir, dan dilanjutkan dengan Tahap

Air

Udara

The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysic Agency has a network of 44 air quality monitoring stations. Of these 44 stations, 42 monitor Suspended Particulate Matter, 31 monitor rainwater chemistry (KAH) parameters, 7 monitor SO2 and NO2 concentrations, 4 monitor PM10 levels, 3 measure monitor aerosol parameters, 2 measure monitor surface ozone (O 3), and 1 measures monitors greenhouse gases (GHG).

Sampai saat ini, BMKG memiliki 44 jaringan stasiun

Kelembagaan,harus

terus

memupuk

kesadaran

bagi ekosistem laut, menyebarluaskan pemahaman melestarikan terumbu karang kepada masyarakat pesisir lain yang tidak terlibat langsung

dalam

COREMAP.

pemantau kualitas udara. Dari 44 unit kerja pemantau kualitas udara itu, 42 mengamati parameter SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter), 31 stasiun parameter kimia air hujan (KAH), 7 stasiun parameter SO 2 dan NO 2 , 4 stasiun parameter PM10, 3 stasiun parameter Aerosol, dan 2 stasiun melakukan pengamatan parameter Ozon (O 3 ) permukaan, serta 1 stasiun lainnya memonitoring gas rumah kaca (GRK).

The Climate Village Program (ProKlim), initiated by the Ministry of the Environment, was an effort to strengthen local initiatives related to climate change. Through ProKlim, the government gave recognition to the active participation of communities that had engaged in integrated climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts at the local level. Such efforts supported the achievement of the national GHG emission reduction targets and increased community resilience against climate change impacts.

Program Kampung Iklim (ProKlim) yang diinisiasi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup merupakan upaya memperkuat berbagai inisiatif lokal terkait perubahan iklim.

Melalui

ProKlim,

pemerintah

memberi

penghargaan bagi partisipasi aktif masyarakat yang melakukan upaya mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim yang terintegrasi di tingkat lokal. Sehingga, dapat mendukung target penurunan emisi GRK nasional dan meningkatkan ketahanan masyarakat terhadap dampak perubahan iklim.

In the context of climate change, human production and consumption may have an impact on global warming and cause thinning of the ozone layer, through the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) such as HCFCs and CFCs. To avert this, Indonesia is active at the global level through the Montreal Protocol on Controlling Ozone-Depleting Substances. The phase-out of ODS will not only support the protection of the ozone layer but also reduce CO 2-eq, which directly and indirectly protects the climate system.

Dalam

konteks

perubahan

iklim,

produksi

dan

konsumsi manusia dapat berdampak pada pemanasan global sekaligus membuat penipisan lapisan ozon, seperti pemakaian HCFC dan CFC sebagai bahan perusak ozon (BPO). Untuk mengatasinya, Indonesia berperan aktif di tingkat global melalui Protokol Montreal tentang Pengendalian Bahan Perusak Ozon (BPO). Penghapusan BPO akan berkontribusi, tidak saja untuk perlindungan lapisan ozon, namun juga mereduksi CO 2 ekuivalen, yang secara langsung dan tidak langsung melindungi sistem iklim.

The Indonesian government has phased out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halon, varbon tetrachloride (CTC), methyl chloroform (TCA) and methyl bromide (MBR) for non-quarantine and preshipment uses since December 31, 2007, or two years

Pemerintah Indonesia telah menghapus BPO jenis chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Halon, Carbon tetrachloride (CTC),

Methyl

chloroform

( TCA)

dan

Methyl

bromide (MBr) untuk keperluan non-karantina dan

156

Figure 3.20 Network of Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Indonesia Gambar 3.20 Jaringan Stasiun Pemantau Kualitas Udara di Indonesia

ahead of the schedule set in the Montreal Protocol. Because of that, in 2011 the UNEP and the Secretariat of the Montreal Protocol gave appreciation to Indonesia. To achieve the targets of the Montreal Protocol, Indonesia has developed a HCFC phaseout acceleration strategy through the HCFC Phaseout Management Plan (HPMP) with grants from multilateral funds.


prapengapalan sejak 31 Desember 2007. Ini berarti 2 tahun lebih cepat dari jadwal yang ditetapkan Protokol Montreal. Untuk itu, pada 2011 UNEP dan Sekretariat Protokol Montreal memberikan apresiasi kepadaIndonesia.Dalam

upaya

mencapai

target

Protokol Montreal, Indonesia menyusun strategi percepatan penghapusan HCFCs melalui HCFC Phaseout Management Plan (HPMP) dengan dana hibah Multilateral Fund.

To ensure successful phase-out of HCFCs, the Indonesian government has revised Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 24/M-DAG/PER/6/2006 on Provisions regarding the Import of Ozone Depleting Substances into Minister Regulation No. 3/M-DAG/ PER/1/12 on Provisions on the Import of Ozone Depleting Substances. In addition, the government will impose regulations on the prohibition of the use of HCFCs in the manufacturing industry and on the prohibition of the import of goods containing HCFCs. The government will also implement the conversion from HCFC to non-HCFC technology in the air conditioning (AC) manufacturing, refrigeration and foam sectors. Based on the calculations in the HPMP proposal , the phase-out of HCFC could reduce the amount of CO 2-eq from 1,954,170 million tonnes to 385,640 tonnes.

ton CO 2 -eq.

The transportation sector was also contributing to

Hal lain yang juga berkontribusi meningkatkan

Demi keberhasilan penghapusan HCFCs, Pemerintah Indonesia

telah

merevisi

Peraturan

Menteri

Perdagangan Nomor 24/M-DAG//PER/6/2006 tentang Ketentuan Impor Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon menjadi Peraturan Menteri Nomor 3 /M-DAG/PER/1/12 tentang Ketentuan Impor Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon. Selain itu, pemerintah akan menetapkan regulasi pelarangan penggunaan HCFC pada industri manufaktur dan larangan impor barang yang mengandung HCFC. Pemerintah juga akan melaksanakan alih teknologi HCFC menjadi non-HCFC pada industri manufaktur Air Conditioning (AC), refrigerasi dan foam. Berdasarkan perhitungan

dalam

proposal

HPMP,

kontribusi

penghapusan HCFC dapat menurunkan jumlah CO 2 eq sebesar dari 1.954.170 ton CO 2 -eq menjadi 385.640

157

3


concentrations of greenhouse gases, particularly in urban areas. The increase by 10 percent in the number of vehicles (BPS, 2012) caused consumption of fossil fuels to rise, which in turn increased the concentration of greenhouse gases.

konsentrasi gas rumah kaca adalah dari sektor

Roadside air quality monitoring in several major cities in 2012 showed that some parameters of air pollutants tended to worsen, but still complied with the quality standard. Deterioration of air quality will negatively affect people’s health, damage crops and buildings, hinder forest growth and reduce visibility.

Pemantauan kualitas udara jalan raya di beberapa

transportasi, khususnya di perkotaan. Bertambahnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor pada kisaran 10 persen (BPS, 2012), meningkatkan konsumsi bahan bakar fosil, yang menaikkan konsentrasi gas rumah kaca.

kota

besar

pada

2012,

menunjukkan

beberapa

parameter pencemar udara cenderung meningkat— namun masih dibawah baku mutu. Penurunan kualitas udara akan berdampak burukbagi kesehatan manusia, merusak tanaman dan bangunan, pertumbuhan hutan terganggu dan berkurangnya jarak pandang.

The Blue Sky program was launced to control air pollution from moving sources and included the following measures: 1. E stablishment of emission standards, 2. U se of clean fuels, 3. Transportation demand management, 4. E missions inspection and motor vehicle maintenance.

Untuk itu, program Langit Biru dikemas sebagai upaya pengendalian

pencemaran

udara

untuk

sumber

bergerak meliputi: 1. Penetapan baku mutu emisi, 2. Penggunaan bahan bakar bersih, 3. Manajemen kebutuhan transportasi (Transport Demand Management), 4. Pemeriksaan emisi dan perawatan kendaraan

The Blue Sky Program aimed to control and prevent air pollution and reduce environmental loads from both stationary sources (industry) and mobile sources. The Blue Sky Program was launched in 1996 by the Ministry of Environment through Ministerial Decree No. 15 of 1996.

bermotor. Program langit biru bertujuan mengendalikan dan mencegah

pencemaran

udara

dan

mewujudkan

perilaku sadar lingkungan baik dari sumber tak bergerak (industri) maupun sumber bergerak. Program Langit Biru diluncurkan pada 1996 oleh Kementerian

These days, the transportation system is in the midst of an energy crisis and an environmental crisis, especially in regard to pollution from motor vehicle exhaust gases. This has come to the attention of the Ministry of Transportation, which bears a moral responsibility towards public transport users and the general public.

Lingkungan Hidup, melalui Keputusan Menteri Nomor 15 Tahun 1996. Saat ini sistem transportasi mengalami krisis energi dan krisis lingkungan, terutama pencemaran gas buang kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini telah menjadi perhatian Kementerian Perhubungan yang bertanggung jawab moral kepada pengguna jasa angkutan maupun

Efforts by the Ministry of Transportation’s Directorate General of Land Transportation to improve the quality of motor vehicle exhaust emissions include application of environmentally-friendly technologies, motor vehicle inspection, establishment of standards for vehicle exhaust emissions, as well as improvement of traffic management.

masyarakat umum. Upaya

Ditjen

Perhubungan

Darat

Kementerian

Perhubungan untuk meningkatkan kualitas emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor antara lain: pendekatan teknologi ramah lingkungan, inspeksi kendaraan bermotor,

penetapan

standar

emisi

gas

buang

kendaraan, serta manajemen lalu-lintas yang baik.

There are ongoing efforts to make today’s automotive more environmentally-friendly, for instance by improving the design and performance of exhaust systems. Improvement in the design of gasoline and diesel engines will be compounded by the use by the use of environmentally- friendly fuels. Another development is the application of gasoline-electric

Teknologi otomotif saat ini terus diupayakan menuju teknologi berwawasan lingkungan. Salah satunya, penyempurnaan

desain

maupun

perlengkapan

treatment emisi gas buang. Selain itu, penyempurnaan motor bensin maupun diesel juga akan diimbangi dengan pemanfaatan bahan bakar ramah lingkungan. Pengembangan lain adalah teknologi hibrida bensin-

158


hybrid technology to limit the consumption of fossil fuels. More sophisticated is fuel cell technology, which does not produce toxic exhaust gases and is the most promising technology for eco-cars.

listrik atau ecocar, yang tidak banyak memakai bahan bakar fosil. Pengembangan yang lebih canggih adalah teknologi fuel cell yang tidak menghasilkan gas buang beracun. Teknologi terakhir ini menjadi harapan bagi teknologi kendaraan ecocar.

The government has prepared a draft test program for all motor vehicles in regard to inspection and maintenance. Emissions testing will be required to determine the roadworthiness of a vehicle. A provision regarding threshold values stipulates that smoke opacity of vehicles with diesel-fueled compression-ignition engines shall not exceed 50 percent. Other efforts include: - Application of CO 2 emission standards for passenger cars, - Installation of converter kits (use of natural gas for public transport), - Application of congestion charging and road pricing, - Improvement of public transport services

Dalam hal inspeksi dan pemeliharaan, pemerintah telah menyiapkan rancangan program uji semua kendaraan bermotor.Emisi gas menjadi bagian dari kelaikan kendaraan yang harus diuji terlebih dahulu. Persyaratan ambang batas kelaikan menyebutkan ketebalan asap kendaraan yang penyalaan kompresinya berbahan bakar solar, ditentukan maksimum sebesar 50 persen. Upaya yang dilakukan antara lain dengan: - Penerapan standar emisi CO 2 untuk mobil penumpang, - Pemasangan Converter Kit (gasifikasi angkutan umum), - Penerapan Congestion Charging dan Road Pricing, - Pembinaan Peningkatan Pelayanan Angkutan Umum.

With the introduction of testing, vehicle owners will be inclined to maintain their vehicles properly and regularly to ensure their roadworthiness. Establishment of exhaust emission standards for vehicles that are already in operation is also being prepared by the government.

Dengan pengujian itu, para pemilik kendaraan merawat kendaraannya dengan baik dan teratur sehingga laik jalan. Penetapan standar emisi gas buang untuk kendaraan yang sudah berjalan juga tengah diupayakan pemerintah.

The Minister of Environment has set a new standard for exhaust emissions of new type motor vehicles in Decree No. 141/2003 regarding Emission Standard Limits for Vehicles in Current Production. This provision stipulates that new types of motor vehicles must comply with emission testing requirements according to the EURO 2 standard, which is much stricter than previous rules. Testing is conducted in cooperation with the Laboratory for Thermodynamic Engines and Propulsion (BTMP-BPPT ) in accordance with cooperation agreement No. AJ.402/4/19/ DRJD/2005 and No. 080/KB/BTMP/BPPT/IV/2005 signed on 6 April 2005.

Menteri Lingkungan Hidup menetapkan standar

Other approaches include improvement of traffic management to reduce traffic congestion, which is a major cause for the increase in vehicle emissions. Efforts undertaken included: - Overhaul of the transit system - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT )/semi BRT , - Use of traffic control technology on national roads (ATCS - Area Traffic Control System) , - Application of traffic impact control on national roads ,

Pendekatan lainnya, menata manajemen lalu lintas

baru emisi

gas

buang untuk kendaraan bermotor

baru dengan keputusan Nomor 141 Tahun 2003 tentang ambang batas emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor yang sedang diproduksi. Dalam ketentuan itu disebutkan kendaraan bermotor tipe baru yang diproduksi harus memenuhi syarat uji emisi sesuai standar EURO 2, yang jauh lebih ketat dibanding aturan sebelumnya. Untuk pelaksanaannya, Kementerian Perhubungan

telah

menandatangani

kerjasama

dengan BTMP dan BPPT untuk uji emisi melalui kerjasama Nomor AJ.402/4/19/DRJD/2005 dan Nomor 080/KB/BTMP/BPPT/IV/2005 pada 6 April 2005.

yang baik sehingga jalan menjadi lebih lancar. Kemacetan menyebabkan emisi gas buang kendaraan meningkat

lebih besar. Upaya yang dilakukan di

antaranya: - Reformasi sistem transit - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT )/ semi BRT, - Pemanfaatan teknologi untuk lalu lintas di jalan nasional (ATCS-Area Traffic Control System), - Penerapan pengendalian dampak lalu lintas di

159

3


- Application of parking management on national roads, - Support for the formation and development of transit systems - BRT/Semi BRT , - Introduction ecodriving - Development of infrastructure for non-motorized vehicles and pedestrians - Construction of pedestrian facilities - Construction of a bike paths - Construction of mode integration facilities (pedestrian) - Application of car labelling .

jalan nasional, - Penerapan manajemen parkir di jalan nasional, - Mendorong pembinaan dan pengembangan sistem transit - BRT/Semi BRT, - Pembangunan budaya smart driving (ecodriving), - Pengembangan prasarana kendaraan tidak bermotor dan pejalan kaki (Nonmotorize transport): - Pengembangan fasilitas pejalan kaki - Pembangunan jalur sepeda - Pembangunan fasilitas integrasi moda (pedestrian) - Penerapan Car Labelling.

Meanwhile, efforts to implement policies regarding control of pollution from motor vehicle emissions continue through: • Establishment of motorcycle emission standards ( Euro3 ) which will be applied in August 2013. This is expected to reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions from motorcycles by 5.5 percent, 2.7 percent and 4.04 percent respectively by 2014. • Evaluation of urban air quality (EKUP) in 45 locations , comprising 14 metropolitan cities , 14 big cities and 17 provincial capitals. The purpose of this activity is to evaluate air pollution control efforts by city governments in order to encourage them to reduce air pollution loads. • Testing of 28 gasoline-fueled four-wheel vehicle types, 5 diesel-fueled four-wheel vehicle types, and 10 motorcycle types to evaluate compliance with motor vehicle emission standards for new types of vehicles. This purpose of this activity was to evaluate the consistency of products that passed the emissions test, and provide information to the public about environmentally-friendly motor vehicles . • Development of guidelines for the control of air pollution from water, air and rail transportation, as well as from heavy equipment. These guidelines will act as reference for the parties in controlling air pollution.

Sementara itu, upaya implementasi kebijakan dalam pengendalian pencemaran dari emisi kendaraan bermotor terus dilakukan melalui: • Penetapan baku mutu emisi sepeda motor (EURO3) yang akan mulai pada Agustus 2013. Hl ini diperkirakan akan menurunkan emisi sepeda motor untuk parameter CO sebesar 5,5 persen, HC sebesar 2,7 persen dan NOx sebesar 4,04 persen pada 2014. • Evaluasi kualitas udara perkotaan (EKUP) dilaksanakan di 45 lokasi: 14 kotametro, 14 kota besar, serta 17 ibu kota provinsi. Kegiatan ini mengevaluasi upaya pengendalian pencemaran udara oleh pemerintah kota. Harapannyabisa memicu pemerintah kota menurunkan beban pencemaran udara. • Evaluasi penaatan baku mutu emisi kendaraan bermotor tipe baru sebanyak 28 kendaraan roda empat berbahan bakar bensin, 5 kendaraan roda empat berbahan bakar solar, dan motor sebanyak 10. Kegiatan ini untuk mengevaluasi konsistensi produk yang lulus uji emisi, dan memberi informasi kepada masyarakat mengenai kendaraan bermotor ramah lingkungan. • Pedoman pengendalian pencemaran udara dari transportasi air, udara, kereta api, dan alat berat. Adanya pedoman menjadi acuan bagi para pihak mengendalikan pencemaran udara.

160


Climate Change

Perubahan Iklim

The Government of Indonesia has ratified the Convention of Climate Change through Law No. 6/1994. In addition, Indonesia has also ratified the Kyoto Protocol through Law No. 17 of 2004.

Pemerintah Indonesia melalui Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 1994 telah meratifikasi konvensi perubahan iklim. Selain itu, Indonesia juga telah meratifikasi Protokol Kyoto melalui Undang-undang No. 17 Tahun 2004.

At the COP-18/CMP-8 UNFCCC, the parties agreed on the “Doha Package” (Doha Climate Gateway) which included several decisions, among others,to adopt amendments to the Kyoto Protocol, which will serve as the legal basis for the enactment of the Second Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol (CP-2 KP) from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020 (8 years).

Pada COP-18/CMP-8 UNFCCC, para pihak menyepakati “Paket Keputusan Doha” (Doha Climate Gateway) dengan beberapa keputusan,antara lain mengadopsi amandemen Protokol Kyoto yang akan menjadi dasar

hukum berlakunya Periode Komitmen Kedua

Protokol Kyoto (Kyoto Protocol’s Second Commitment period/CP-2 KP), dengan jangka waktu mulai 1 Januari 2013 sampai 31 Desember 2020 (8 tahun).

The second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol provides Indonesia with the opportunity to continue the development of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), one of the flexible mechanisms for carbon trading defined in the Kyoto Protocol. To date Indonesia has 96 UNFCCC-registered CDM projects, with an annual potential for emission reduction of 11.3 million tonnes of CO 2.

Bagi Indonesia, periode Komitmen Kedua Protokol Kyoto

membuka

kesempatan

untuk

melanjutkan

pengembangan Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) yang merupakan salah satu mekanisme fleksibel perdagangan karbon dalam Protokol Kyoto.Sebagai informasi, saat ini Indonesia memiliki 96 proyek CDM yang telah terdaftar di UNFCCC dengan potensi reduksi emisi sebesar 11,3 juta ton CO 2 per tahun.

Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing, especially carbon dioxide (CO 2), which increased 80 percent from 1970 to 2004

Pencemaran udara telah terjadi secara masif. Ini ditunjukkan dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi gas

Table 3.10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Gg CO2e) in Indonesia, 2000-2005

Tabel 3.10 Perkembangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Indonesia Tahun 2000-2005 (Gg CO2e)

Year Tahun

Sector Sektor

2000 280.937,58 42.813,97 75.419,73

2005 369.799,88 48.733,38 80.179,31

Forestry and Land Use Change (Gg CO2e) Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan(Gg CO2e)

649.254,17

674.828,00

Peat Fires (Gg CO2e) Kebakaran Gambut (Gg CO2e)

172.000,00 157.327,96

451.000,00 166.831,32

Energy (Gg CO2e) Energi (Gg CO2e) Industrial Processes (Gg CO2e) Proses Industri (Gg CO2e) Agriculture (Gg CO2e) Pertanian (Gg CO2e)

Waste (Gg CO2e) Limbah (Gg CO2e) Total (incl. Forestry and Land Use Change & Peat Fires) Gg CO2e) Total (dengan Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan & Kebakaran Gambut)1 (Gg CO2e) Total (not incl. Forestry and Land Use Change & Peat Fires) (Gg CO2e) Total ( tanpa Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan & Kebakaran Gambut 2 (Gg CO2e) Notes: 1Emission from peat fires taken from van der Werf et al (2008). 2Estimation based on MoE (2009) and Bappenas (2009) Source: SNC 2010

1.377.753,41 1.791.371,892 556.499,24

665.543,89

Catatan: 1Emisi dari kebakaran gambut diambil dari van der Werf et al (2008). 2Estimasi berdasarkan KLH (2009) dan Bappenas (2009). Sumber: SNC, 2010

161

3


(IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007). Based on the documents of the Second National Communication (SNC) Indonesia 2010, Indonesia’s GHG emissions in 2000 reached 1.38 Gigatonnes CO 2e.

rumah kaca di atmosfer, terutama karbon dioksida (CO 2) yang meningkat 80 persen selama 1970–2004 (IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007).Berdasarkan dokumen Second National Communication (SNC) Indonesia 2010, emisi GRK Indonesia pada 2000 mencapai 1.38 Gigaton

In 2005, GHG emissions reached 1.79 Gigatonnes of CO 2e. Main sources of emission included landuse change and forestry, peatland fires, waste, as well as the energy, agriculture and industry sectors. According to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES 2000), GHG emissions are projected to increase from 25 percent - 95 percent of CO 2e over the period of 2000 to 2030, with fossil fuels remaining the dominant cause of climate change.

CO 2e. Pada 2005, emisi GRK mencapai 1,79 Gigaton CO 2e, dengan sektor-sektor utama sumber emisi meliputi perubahan tata guna lahan dan kehutanan, energi, kebakaran gambut, limbah, pertanian dan

industri.

Menurut IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarious (SRES 2000) diproyeksikan emisi GRK akan meningkat dari 25 persen – 95 persen CO 2-eq selama jangka 2000 - 2030, dengan bahan bakar fosil tetap menduduki

Therefore, during the G-20 meeting in Pittsburg in 2009, Indonesia voluntarily set a national target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percent on its own, and by 41 percent if it receives international aid, by the year 2020, with all reductions based on conditions in the absence of an action plan (business as usual/BAU).

posisi dominan penyebab perubahan iklim. Karena itu, pada pertemuan G-20 di Pittsburg 2009, Indonesia secara sukarela telah menetapkan target nasional untuk menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca sebesar 26 persen dengan usaha sendiri, dan 41 persen jika mendapat bantuan internasional pada 2020 dari kondisi tanpa adanya rencana aksi (bussines as usual/

For the implementation of GHG emission reduction policies, Indonesia has issued two presidential regulations: No. 61/2011 on regarding the National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction and No. 71/ 2011 regarding the Implementation of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Subsequently, on October 19, 2011, the President gave a briefing to the Minister of the Environment to ensure that the 26 percent emissions reduction was aligned with the need to maintain economic growth at a rate of 7 percent.

BAU). Untuk pelaksanaan kebijakan penurunan emisi GRK, Indonesia

menerbitkan

dua

peraturan

presiden:

Nomor 61 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dan Nomor 71 Tahun 2011 tentang Pelaksanaan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional.

Selanjutnya, pada 19 Oktober 2011

presiden memberi arahan kepada Menteri Lingkungan Hidup untuk memastikan penurunan emisi 26 persen bersamaan dengan menjaga kestabilan pertumbuhan ekonomi pada tingkat 7 persen.

Article 7 of Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 mandates the Minister of the Environment together with the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of the National Development Planning Agency and the Minister of Home to facilitate the compilation of Regional Action Plans for GHG Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK). The facilitation of activities was carried out in 2012 and resulted in Regional Action Plans from 27 provinces. The implementation of the Presidential Decree aims to reduce GHG emissions from activities related to energy, transportation, industry, forestry, agriculture, and waste.

Dalam Perpres Nomor 61 Tahun 2011, Pasal 7, Menteri Lingkungan

Hidup

bersama

Menteri

PPN/Kepala

Bappenas dan Menteri Dalam Negeri dimandatkan untuk memfasilitasi penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah untuk Penurunan Emisi GRK (RAD-GRK) Provinsi. Kegiatan

fasilitasi

tersebut

telah

dilaksanakan

sepanjang 2012 dan menghasilkan RAD-GRK dari 27 provinsi. Implementasi Perpres itu untuk menurunkan emisi GRK dari kegiatan energi, transportasi, industri, kehutanan, pertanian, dan limbah. Kebijakan

GHG policies, actions and inventories have been implemented in the following sectors: 1. I n the forestry sector, a decrease of 0.675 million hectares per year in the average deforestation rate

dan

langkah

penurunan

emisi

dan

inventarisasi GRK telah dilaksanakan di sektor-sektor terkait: 1.

Di

sektor

kehutanan,

penurunan

deforestasi

rata-rata periode 2000-2006 ke periode 2009-

162


from 2000-2006 and 2009-2011 has reduced GHG emissions by 0.489 gigatonnes of CO 2e. This equals 72.8 percent of GHG of the 2020 emissions reduction target of 0.672 gigatonnes CO 2e in the forestry and peatlands sector. Improvement, rehabilitation and maintenance of wetlands reclamation networks in 23 provinces was estimated to reduce GHG emissions by 2.02 million tonnes of CO 2e. 2. I n the agricultural sector, GHG emission reductions of 10.3 million tonnes of CO 2e were achieved in 2011 due to integrated crop management practices and the use of the Ciherang rice varietiy. Efforts to reach the GHG emission reduction target in peatlands of 334 million tonnes of CO 2e included cultivation of marginal and degraded lands, sustainable peatland management, as well as rehabilitation and revitalization of degraded peatlands. In addition, irrigation network repair and maintenance work was carried out in 24 provinces, resulting in an estimated reduction in GHG emissions of 0.042 million tonnes of CO 2e. 3. G HG emissions in the energy sector in 2010 were calculated at 0.427 gigatonnes of CO 2e. The implementation of the National Energy Policy (KEN) is expected to make possible the achievement of the 2010 GHG emissions reduction targets of 0.038 gigatonnes of CO 2e. 4. I n the transport sector, policies and measures related to GHG emissions reduction and GHG inventories were undertaken in the land, rail, maritime and air transportation sub-sectors. At present the Sustainable Urban Transport Program is in the process of submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMAs). 5. G HG emission reduction policies in the industrial sector were implemented through the identification of potential benefits of energy conservation, green industry awards, and the implementation of machinery restructuring programs in the textile and textile products, footwear, and sugar industries. Minister of Industry Decree No. 12/2012 on Technical Guidelines for the Reduction of CO 2 Emissions in the Cement Industry estimated voluntary greenhouse gas reductions at 2 percent in 2011-2015, and mandatory reductions at 3 percent in 2016-2020. 6. I n the waste sector, construction of off-site and on-site wastewater facilities and infrastructure was carried out, with an estimated reduction in GHG emissions of 13.85 million tonnes of CO 2e.

2011 sebesar 0,675 juta hektare per tahun, telah menurunkan emisi GRK sebesar 0,489 Gigaton CO 2e, setara 72,8 persen dari target penurunan emisi GRK sektor kehutanan dan lahan gambut pada 2020, sebesar 0,672 Gigaton CO 2e. Terkait lahan gambut, peningkatan,

rehabilitasi

dan

pemeliharaan

jaringan reklamasi rawa di 23 provinsi, diperkirakan menurunkan emisi GRK 2,02 juta ton CO 2e. 2. Di sektor pertanian, penurunan emisi GRK sebesar 10,3 juta ton CO 2e pada 2011 dari kegiatan pengelolaan tanaman terpadu dan penggunaan varietas padi Ciherang. Penurunan emisi GRK pada lahan gambut ditargetkan sebesar 334 juta ton CO 2e dilakukan dengan pengembangan pertanian di lahan marjinal dan lahan terdegradasi, pengelolaan gambut berkelanjutan, rehabilitasi, revitalisasi dan revitalisasi lahan gambut terdegradasi. Selain itu, dilakukan perbaikan dan pemeliharaan jaringan irigasi di 24 provinsi, dengan perkiraan penurunan emisi GRK 0,042 jutaton CO 2e. 3. Di sektor energi, hasil perhitungan tingkat emisi GRK sektor energi pada 2010 sebesar 0,427 Gigaton CO 2e. Melalui penerapan Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN), target penurunan emisi GRK pada 2020 sebesar

0,038 Gigaton CO 2e diharapkan dapat

tercapai. 4. Di sektor transportasi, dilakukan kebijakan dan langkah penurunan emisi GRK dan inventarisasi GRK di subsektor perhubungan darat, perkeretaapian, perhubungan laut, dan perhubungan udara.Saat ini sedang proses pengajuan program Sustainable Urban Transport sebagai Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMAs) ke United Nations Frameworks

Convention

on

Climate

Change

(UNFCCC). 5. Di sektor industri, dilakukan kebijakan penurunan emisi GRK melalui identifikasi potensi penerapan konservasi

energi,

pemberian

penghargaan

industri hijau, penerapan Program Restrukturisasi Permesinan Industri Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil, Alas Kaki dan Gula. Melalui Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Teknis Pengurangan Emisi CO 2 Industri Semen, diperkirakan penurunan gas rumah kaca secara sukarela sebesar 2 persen selama 2011-2015, dan secara wajib sebesar 3 persen selama 20162020. 6. Di sektor limbah, telah dilakukan pembangunan sarana prasarana air limbah dengan system off-site dan on-site dengan perkiraan penurunan emisi GRK 13,85 juta ton CO 2e.

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3


The Joint Circular Letter (SEB) between the Ministers of Home Affairs, National Development Planning/ Head of the National Development Planning Agency and Environment No. 660/95/SJ/2012, No. 0005/M.PPN/01/2012 and No. 01/MENLH/01/2012 concerned the preparation of Regional Action Plans for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK). This circular letter was a follow up to Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 (as mandated by Article 7) and Presidential Decree No. 71/2011, which mandated the preparation of Regional Action Plans and the implementation of sectoral programs. A total of 29 provinces have compiled Regional Action Plans as stipulated in regulations by the respective governor.

Surat Edaran Bersama (SEB) Menteri Dalam Negeri, Menteri PPN/Kepala Bappenas dan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 660/95/SJ/2012, Nomor 0005/M.PPN/01/2012 dan Nomor 01/MENLH/01/2012, tentang Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (RAD-GRK). Surat edaran ini sebagai tindak lanjut dari Peraturan Presiden Nomor 61 Tahun 2011 (sesuai amanat Pasal 7) dan Perpres Nomor 71 Tahun 2011 yang harus ditindaklanjuti dengan penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah dan pelaksanaan program setiap sektor. Provinsi telah menyusun RADGRK sebanyak 29, yang ditetapkan dengan peraturan gubernur. Beberapa inisiatif program untuk menurunkan emisi GRK di antaranya: Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH),

Programs initiatives to reduce GHG emissions include: Towards Green Indonesia (MIH), Peatland Ecosystem Management, Environmental Performance Rating (PROPER), Clean Indonesia Movement (GIB), Waste Bank, Adipura Award, and others.

Pengelolaan Ekosistem Gambut, Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Lingkungan (PROPER), Gerakan Indonesia Bersih (GIB), Bank Sampah, Adipura, dan lainnya. Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH) merupakan program pengawasan dalam pelaksanaan perbaikan kualitas

Towards Green Indonesia (MIH) is a supervision program on the implementation of environmental quality improvement. The program has four objectives. First, increased vegetation cover, improved water management and numbers of water sources, reduced risk of floods and landslides, as well as reduced rates of coastal degradation. Second, increased energy conservation through the use of biofuels and biomass energy from vegetation cover extension activities. Third, less loss in biodiversity. Fourth, enhanced protection of the atmosphere.

lingkungan. Ada empat sasaran yang ingin dicapai.

The MIH program gives appreciation to regencies and provinces that improve and maintain vegetation cover in their regions. In 2007-2011, the Ministry of Environment provided guidance and supervision to approximately 260 regencies in relation to physical parameters, management, community participation and innovations by the parties.

Program

The Towards Green Indonesia Program (MIH) facilitates calculation of changes in carbon stock. In 2005 - 2010, the Ministry of Environment carried out calculations in in 21 regencies. The Regency of Banyumas had the highest carbon stock, the Regency of Pacitan the lowest.

Melalui Program Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH) dapat

Pertama, meningkatnya tutupan vegetasi, diikuti perbaikan

tata

air

dan

kuantitas

sumber

air,

menurunnya risiko bencana banjir dan tanah longsor, serta tertahannya laju kerusakan wilayah pesisir. Kedua, meningkatnya konservasi energi melalui pemanfaatan energi biofuel dan energi biomassa dari berbagai kegiatan

penambahan

menurunnya

laju

tutupan

kemerosotan

vegetasi.

Ketiga,

keanekaragaman

hayati. Keempat, meningkatnya perlindungan lapisan atmosfer. MIH

untuk

memberi

apresiasi

kepada

kabupaten dan provinsi dalam meningkatkan dan mempertahankan tutupan vegetasi di wilayahnya. Dalam

kurun

2007-2011,

KLH

telah

melakukan

pembinaan dan pengawasan sekitar 260 kabupaten dengan parameter fisik, manajemen, peran-serta masyarakat dan inovasi para pihak.

dihitung perubahan cadangan karbon (carbon stock). Selama periode 2005 – 2010, KLH telah melakukan perhitungan di 21 kabupaten. Kabupaten Banyumas berhasil mempertahankan cadangan karbon tertinggi, sedangkan yang paling rendah adalah Kabupaten Pacitan.

164


Efforts in the Industrial Sector

Upaya Sektor Industri

Data obtained from a 2008-2011 PROPER inventory of pollution sources within the agro-industry showed that the average intensity of CO 2 eq per year to reach approximately 3,136 tonnes and that of CH 4 to amount to approximately 149.3 Gg gr every year. Potential emissions from waste handling in the agroindustry sector tend to increase each year, in line with an increase in total national production capacity. The reduction of GHG emissions in this sector can only be achieved through CDM, improvement of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) systems, the implementation of methane capture and utilization of methane gas for conversion into biogas.

Berdasarkan hasil inventarisasi sumber pencemar

Data obtained from a 2008-2011 inventory of pollution sources based on monitoring of manufacturing industries, infrastructure and services showed that the average total intensity of CO 2 eq per year was about 11,174.85 tonnes and that of CH 4 about 532.14 Gg. Meanwhile, CO emissions reduction calculations from waste of RU activities/Processing Unit/Oil and Gas Refinery (4 refineries) can be concluded as follows: GHG emissions (CO 2) fell by 9.70 per cent compared to 2010 calculations of 2010, which was calculated for from BOD and COD parameters.

Berdasarkan hasil

dari agroindustri melalui Program Penilaian Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER) 2008 – 2011, diperoleh data ratarata intensitas CO 2 eq per tahun sekitar 3.136 ton dan CH 4 sekitar 149,3 Gg gr saban tahun. Potensi emisi dari sektor agroindustri untuk penanganan limbah setiap tahun cenderung meningkat, kapasitas

total

produksi

seiring meningkatnya

nasional.

Pengurangan

emisi GRK pada sektor ini hanya dapat dijalankan melalui upaya seperti CDM, perbaikan sistem instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL), implementasi methane capture dan pemanfaatan gas methane menjadi biogas. inventarisasi sumber pencemar

dari pengawasan industri manufaktur prasarana dan jasa tahun 2008 – 2011 diperoleh data total ratarata intensitas CO 2 eq per tahun sekitar 11.174,85 ton dan

CH 4 sekitar 532,14 Gg gr.

Sementara itu,

perhitungan penurunan emisi CO dari sektor limbah kegiatan RU/Unit Pengolahan/Kilang migas (4 kilang) dapat disimpulkan: emisi GRK (CO 2) turun sebesar 9,70 persen dengan basis perhitungan tahun 2010, yang dihitung dari parameter BOD dan COD. Kegiatan penurunan beban pencemaran pada sektor

Pollution load reduction activities on a small-scale businesses sector during 2007-2011 focused on the utilization and waste treatment from the tofu and cattle cattle industries. Reductions of GHG emissions through WWTP biogas in 14 tofu production centres was estimated at 9,572.05 tonnes a year. Meanwhile, reductions with biodigesters in 13 lifestock centers amounted to 2,424.33 tonnes a year. Total reductions of GHG emissions from waste management of small-scale businesses that received assistence from the Ministry of Environment amounted to 11,996.38 tonnes a year.

usaha skala kecil selama 2007-2011 difokuskan pada pemanfaatan limbah dan pengolahan industri tahu dan usaha ternak sapi. Reduksi GRK dari penggunaan IPAL biogas di 14 sentra tahu diperkirakan 9.572,05 ton per tahun. Sedangkan dari penggunaan biodigester di 13 sentra ternak sapi sebesar 2.424,33 ton per tahun. Alhasil, total reduksi GRK dari pengelolaan limbah usaha skala kecil yang dibantu KLH sebesar 11.996,38 ton per tahun. Upaya di sektor limbah domestik untuk mengurangiGRK dilakukan melalui pengelolaan sampah sesuai Undang-

GHG reduction in the domestic waste sector was, implemented through waste management, pursuant to Law No. 18/2008 and Government Regulation No. 81/2012. For details, see the section on Waste.

Undang No. 18 Tahun 2008 dan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 81 tahun 2012. Untuk jelasnya lihat pada bagian Sampah.

165

3


Photo by Courtesy

Foto: Istimewa

166


National Greenhouse Gases Inventory System (SIGN)

Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional (SIGN)

To coordinate GHG inventory, the change of GHG emission and sink, the national carbon stock, monitoring processes, and the results of GHG inventories, the government is building the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System (SIGN), which is expected to become effective at the end of 2012. SIGN is a node for various GHG inventory reports from relevant agencies and local governments. The national GHG inventory reporting system can be illustrated as in Figure 3.21.

Untuk koordinasi inventarisasi GRK, perubahan emisi dan serapan GRK, simpanan karbon nasional,monitoring proses dan hasil inventarisasi GRK, pemerintah sedang membangun Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional (SIGN) yang diharapkan akan mulai berjalan efektif pada akhir 2012. SIGN menjadi simpul dari berbagai laporan inventarisasi GRK dari instansi terkait dan pemerintah daerah.Sistem pelaporan inventarisasi GRK Nasional secara umum dapat digambarkan seperti pada Gambar 3.21. Penyusunan Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Inventarisasi

Guidelines for the Implementation of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory were was adopted from the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2006 Guidelines, to provide regular information on the rates, status, and trends of emissions and sink of greenhouse gas on the national and regional leves, as well as information on the achievement of GHG emissions reduction from the mitigation of climate change.

GRK Nasional, yang diadopsi dari IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2006 Guidelines, untuk menyediakan informasi berkala mengenai tingkat, status, dan kecenderungan perubahan emisi dan serapan gas rumah kaca nasional dan daerah serta informasi pencapaian penurunan emisi GRK dari mitigasi perubahan iklim

Figure 3.21 The National Greenhouse Gases Inventory Reporting System Gambar 3.21 Sistem Pelaporan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral

Steering Committee

Ministry of Industry Kementerian Perindustrian

Ministry of Transportation Kementerian Perhubungan

Ministry of Forestry Kementerian Kehutanan

KLH SIGN Center

Regional Goverment Pemerintah Daerah Other sources: Indonesia Statistics; National Development Planning Agency; National Institute of Aeronautics And Space; Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency, National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping; Universites; other Institutions Sumber lain: BPS, Bappenas, LAPAN, BMKG, Bakesurtanal, Universitas, Lembaga Lainnya

Experts

Ministry of Agriculture Kementerian Pertanian

Ministry of Public Works

Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum National GHG Inventory Report Laporan Inventarisasi GRK Nasional

NCCC DNPI

Ministry of Environment


Coordinating Ministr For People’s Welfare Kemenko Kesra

UNFCCC



167

3


Solid Waste

Sampah

Ministry of Environment records show that the average citizen produces about 2.5 liters of solid waste per day, which translates into 625 million liters for the entire population. The volume of solid waste has increased sharply in the last three years. It was 200,000 tons a day in 2010, and more than doubled to 490,000 tonnes a day in 2012, amounting to 178.85 million tonnes a year. Of the total volume of waste, more than 50 percent is household waste.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup mencatat penduduk

Household waste is not yet managed properly. Only about 24.5 percent is handled appropriately, namely collected by garbage men and composted. The remaining 75.5 percent is not handled well. This was revealed by 2010 RISKESDAS data (Office of the Special Envoy of the President for the MDGs, 2012), which showed that households generally apply six methods of domestic waste management: 1. Collection by garbage men (23.4 percent) 2. Burial in the soil (4.2 percent) 3. Composting (1.1 percent) 4. Burning (52.1 percent) 5. Disposal into sewers, rivers, sea (10.2 percent) 6. Indiscriminate disposal (9 percent)

Sampah rumah tangga ternyata belum ditangani

rata-rata menghasilkan sekitar 2,5 liter sampah per hari atau 625 juta liter dari total jumlah penduduk. Volume sampah ini dalam tiga tahun terakhir meningkat tajam. Volume sampah per hari pada 2010 mencapai 200.000 ton, dan pada 2012 meningkat dua kali lipat lebih: 490.000 ton per hari atau 178.850.000 ton setahun. Dari total sampah itu, lebih dari 50 persen merupakan sampah rumah tangga.

dengan baik. Baru sekitar 24,5 persen yang ditangani secara benar, yaitu diangkut petugas kebersihan dan dikomposkan. Sisanya (75,5 persen) belum ditangani dengan baik. Fakta itu ditunjukkan data RISKESDAS 2010 (Kantor Utusan Khusus Presiden RI untuk MDGs, 2012) yang menyatakan rumah tangga umumnya menerapkan enam metode penanganan sampah, yaitu: 1. diangkut petugas kebersihan (23,4 persen) 2. dikubur dalam tanah (4,2 persen) 3. dikomposkan (1,1 persen) 4. dibakar (52,1 persen) 5. dibuang di selokan, sungai, laut (10,2 persen) 6. dibuang sembarangan (9 persen)

Waste has become a serious threat to efforts to improve people’s quality of life. The National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) stated that the daily volume of waste in Indonesia was around 1 million cubic meters, of which only 42 percent could be collected and treated properly. Uncollected waste amounted to 348,000 cubic meters or about 300,000 tonnes each day and was handled independently by communities, left scattered or dumped indiscreminately.

Sampah menjadi ancaman serius bagi upaya peningkatan kualitas

hidup masyarakat. Badan Perencanaan dan

Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas) mencatat volume sampah di Indonesia sekitar 1 juta meter kubik setiap hari, namun hanya 42 persen yang bisa terangkut dan diolah dengan baik. Sampah yang tidak diangkut setiap harimencapai 348.000 meter atau sekitar 300.000 ton diurus masyarakat secara swadaya, atau tercecer dan secara sistematis terbuang ke mana saja.

Therefore, any attempt to manage the growing amount of waste should be carried out collectively. The whole population should engage in waste reduction, recycling and reuse (3R) through intelligent, efficient and programmed efforts.

Karena itu, upaya mengelola sampah yang volumenya terus bertambah harus dilakukan secara bersama-sama. Seluruh lapisan masyarakat melaksanakan pembatasan timbulan sampah, pendauran ulang dan pemanfaatan kembali sampah (3R) melalui upaya-upaya cerdas, efisien dan terprogram.

Law No. 18/2008 and Government Regulation No. 81/2012 encourage a shift of paradigm in waste management from collecting-transporting-dumping to treatment that is based on waste reduction and management.

Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 dan Peraturan Pemerintah

Nomor

81

Tahun

2012

mendorong

perubahan paradigma dalam pengelolaan sampah: dari

paradigma

kumpul–angkut–buang,

menjadi

pengolahan yang bertumpu pada pengurangan dan

Waste remains a serious problem in many urban

penanganan sampah.

168


areas and settlements. Waste management is still a long way from the mandate provided by laws and regulations. Even though Indonesia has designated a National Waste Day, which commemorates the landslide at Leuwigajah landfill in Cimahi on February 21, 2005, waste related matters are still an issue.

Masalahnya, hingga kini sampah masih menjadi masalah serius di berbagai wilayah perkotaan maupun permukiman. Pengelolaan sampah masih jauh dari amanat UU dan Peraturan Pemerintah tersebut. Meski Indonesia memiliki Hari Peduli Sampah yang diambil dari peristiwa longsornya bukit sampah Leuwigajah, Cimahi, 21 Februari 2005, urusan sampah masih sering

Until now 3R activities still face the obstacle of low public awareness about sorting waste. One solution might be the development of the Waste Bank, a social engineering effort aimed at teaching people how to sort waste and raising awareness about smart waste treatment. This in turn will reduce the amount of waste dumped in landfills.

memusingkan pemerintah. Hingga kini kegiatan 3R masih menghadapi kendala rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat untuk memilah sampah. Salah satu solusinya, pengembangan Bank Sampah yang bersifat social engineering untuk mengajarkan masyarakat memilah

sampah

serta

menumbuhkan

kesadaran

mengolah sampah secara bijak. Pada gilirannya akan

The Waste Bank program became important with the issuance of Government Regulation No. 81/2012. This regulation required manufacturers to incorporate 3R concepts by providing products with biodegradable packaging that would generate as little waste as possible and use raw materials which could be recycled and reused. Alternatively, they could collect waste generated by their products and packaging to be recycled and reused.

mengurangi sampah yang diangkut ke TPA. Keberadaan Bank Sampah menjadi penting dengan terbitnyaPeraturan Pemerintah No. 81 Tahun 2012. Aturan ini mewajibkan produsen melakukan 3R dengan menghasilkan produk berkemasan yang mudah diurai, sampah sesedikit mungkin, berbahan bakuyang dapat didaur ulang dan diguna ulang. Atau, menarik kembali sampah dari produk dan kemasan untuk didaur ulang dan diguna ulang.

Waste Banks may act as collection points manufacturers to dispose of products and product packaging that have past their due dates. This means that some of the government’s responsibility in waste management is transfered to business actors. Application of this scheme is expected to reduce the volume of waste to be dumped at landfills. Application of the 3R principles as close as possible to the source of waste is expected to solve the waste problem in an integrated and comprehensive manner, so that the ultimate objective of waste management policies can be achieved.

Bank Sampah dapat berperan sebagai dropping point bagi produsen untuk produk dan kemasan produk yang masa pakainya telah usai.Sehingga sebagian tanggung jawab pemerintah dalam pengelolaan sampah juga menjadi beban pelaku usaha.Dengan menerapkan pola ini, diharapkan volume sampah yang dibuang ke TPA berkurang. Penerapan prinsip 3R sedekat mungkin dengan sumber sampah diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan masalah sampah secara terintegrasi dan menyeluruh, sehingga tujuan akhir kebijakan pengelolaan sampah dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik.

Per December 2012 there were 1,195 waste banks in 55 regencies/cities, with 96,203 customers and a monthly turnover of approximately Rp15.1 billion. The volume of inorganic waste managed reached 2,262 tonnes per month.

Pembentukan bank sampah yang sampai Desember 2012

Successful waste management depends on the joint efforts of the government, business actors and the public., and is based on understanding of the importance of proper waste handling as part of an infrastructure that reflects the successful environmental management. Waste is not just an environmental, a health and an aesthetic problem, but also indicates the degree of civilization in a society.

Keberhasilan

mencapai 1195 bank sampah, tersebar di 55 kabupaten/ kota, melibatkan 96.203 penabung dengan omzet sekitar Rp 15,1 milyar per bulan dan sampah anorganik yang terkelola mencapai 2.262 ton per bulan. pengelolaan

sampah

tergantung

pada upaya bersama:pemerintah, pelaku usaha dan masyarakat. Kemauan ini dimulai dari pemahaman dan kesadaran pentingnya masalah sampah sebagai salah satu infrastruktur yang menceminkan keberhasilan mengelola lingkungan.Sampah bukan hanya masalah lingkungan,

kesehatan,

dan

estetika,

gambaran keberadaban masyarakat.

169

tapi

juga

3


Despite applying 3R management, waste ultimately still needs to be processed at landfills, the majority of which still use the open dumping system. This system has been banned by Law No. 18/2008 and must be replaced by more environmentally-friendly alternatives such as controlled landfills or, ideally, sanitary landfills. Scarcity of land for landfills neccesitates regional waste management, which to date is available in just a few areas, for instance Yogyakarta (Kartamantul), Denpasar (Sarbagita) and Gorontalo (Statistical Information of Public Works, Ministry of Public Works, 2012).

Kendati memakai pengelolaan dengan 3R, tetap saja

Based on assessments by the 2011-2012 Adipura Program, the overall performance of landfills in big cities was low. Only 14 percent of big cities had well-managed landfills that reached a score of 71 or higher, as shown in Figure 3.22.

Berdasarkanevaluasi

sampah akhirnya perlu diolah di TPA, yang sebagian besar masih memakai sistem open dumping. Dengan adanya UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 sistem itu sudah dilarang, sehingga perlu menuju pengolahan yang lebih ramah lingkungan, yaitu controlled landfill, dan idealnya sanitary landfill. Terbatasnya lahan untuk TPA menuntut pengelolaan sampah secara regional, yang saat ini masih terbatas di beberapa daerah, seperti Yogyakarta (Kartamantul), Denpasar (Sarbagita) dan Gorontalo (Buku Informasi Statistik Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012). Program

Adipura

2011-2012,

kinerja penanganan TPA di kota-kota besar secara umum belum menunjukkan performa yang baik. Hanya 14 persen kota-kota besar yang menunjukkan kinerja penanganan TPA yang baik, dengan nilai di atas atau sama dengan 71, seperti ditunjukkan Gambar 3.22.

To accelerate waste management improvement efforts, the Clean Indonesia Movement (GIB) was establishd using the 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) concept and involving ministries, companies and the public.

Untuk mempercepat upaya pengelolaan sampah, dikembangkan Gerakan Indonesia Bersih (GIB) melalui konsep 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) yang melibatkan kementerian, perusahaan dan masyarakat.

Figure 3.22 Performance of Landfill Sites, 2011-2012

Gambar 3.22 Kinerja Penanganan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Tahun 2011-2012 Note Keterangan: P1 = Monitoring Pemantauan 1 P2 = Monitoring Pemantauan 2

30 – 45 46 – 60 61 – 70 71 – 80

Very poor Sangat Jelek Poor Jelek Fair Sedang Good Baik

81 – 90 Excellent Sangat Baik



170


ACCESS TO PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

AKSES PARTISIPASI PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN

To improve the quality of the environment, the proper technological interventions, policies, methods, management techniques, human resources and institutions were required. Another important factor was increased participation aimed at developing initiatives involving as many parties as possible, ranging from the public, community organizations, professional bodies and the private sector, to legislative, judicial and executive institutions.

Peningkatan kualitas lingkungan hidup perlu intervensi

The Private Sector

Dunia Usaha

The private sector has become increasingly involved in actions of environmental protection and management and nature conservation.

Pihak swasta semakin melibatkan diri dalam aksi

Corporate Environmental Performance Rating Program PROPER

Program Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan PROPER

The Corporate Environmental Performance Rating Program (PROPER) monitors and assesses the environmental management performance of companies. PROPER is implemented by the Ministry of Environment in cooperation with provincial environmental agencies. It supervises and assesses the performance of companies in the manufacturing; mining; energy, oil and gas; and estate and services sectors. Initially, PROPER focused on water pollution control, but now also covers air and B3 waste. It will be developed to include environmental destruction as well.

Program

teknologi, kebijakan, metode, teknik pengelolaan, sumberdaya manusia dan kelembagaan yang baik. Dan peningkatan partisipasi bertujuan mengembangkan inisiatif berbagai pihak seluas mungkin, mulai dari masyarakat,

organisasi

kemasyarakatan,

lembaga

profesi, dunia usaha, lembaga legislatif, yudikatif hingga eksekutif.

perlindungan, pengelolaan lingkungan dan pelestarian alam.

Peringkat

Kinerja

Perusahaan

(PROPER)

adalah program pengawasan dan penilaian kinerja perusahaan dalam mengelola lingkungan. PROPER dilaksanakan KLH bersama Badan Lingkungan Hidup provinsi mengawasi dan menilai kinerja perusahan manufaktur, pertambangan, energi dan migas, sektor kawasan dan jasa. Awalnya, PROPER fokus pada pengendalian pencemaran air, namun kini mencakup udara, limbah B3 dan akan dikembangkan pada aspek kerusakan lingkungan. Pengawasan

dan

penilaian

meliputi

ketaatan

pelaksanaan AMDAL, pengendalian pencemaran air

Supervision and assessment include: compliance in implementing EIA, water and air pollution control, B3 waste management, prevention of environmental damage, especially in mining. The number of companies participating in PROPER continues to increase every year. In 2011-2012 there were 1,317 companies, increasing from 1,002 in 20102011. However, the number companies with poor

dan udara, pengelolaan limbah B3, penanggulangan kerusakan lingkungan, terutama bagi pertambangan. Jumlah perusahaan yang ikut dalam PROPER terus meningkat setiap tahun. Pada 2011-2012 terdapat 1.317 perusahaan,meningkat dari 1.002 pada 2010-2011. Tapi, jumlah perusahaan yang pengelolaan lingkungannya buruk meningkat dari 49 pada 2010-2011, menjadi 79 pada 2011-2012. Perusahaan yang mendapat peringkat

171

3


environmental management ratings increased from 49 in 2010-2011 to 79 in 2011-2012. Most companies with Black PROPER ratings are found in the mining; energy, oil and gas; and agro-industry sectors. .

Hitam PROPER umumnya bergerak di pertambangan, energi dan migas, serta agroindustri.

Figure 3.23 Number of Companies Participating in PROPER Gambar 3.23 Jumlah Perusahaan Peserta PROPER

2010-2012 Average increase 313 companies/year

1.400

2010-2012 Kenaikan rata-rata 313 perusahaan/tahun

1.200

1002

1.000

2003-2009 Average increase 109 companies/year

2003-2009 Kenaikan rata-rata 109 perusahaan/tahun

800

627 600

0

690

519

466

69 %

400 200

1317

66%

251 76 %

85 69 %

49 %

70%

71%

52 %

2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012


Rating categories : (source : Minister of Environment Regulation no. 5 of 2011 concerning PROPER) • Gold: consistently showing environmental excellence • Green: environmental management beyond compliance • Blue: environmental management efforts compliant with laws and regulations • Red: environmental management efforts not compliant with laws and regulations • Black: in violation of regulations and suspected of causing pollution and/or environmental damage. Keterangan Peringkat : (sumber : PerMenLH No. 5 Tahun 2011 tentang PROPER) • Peringkat Emas: secara konsisten menunjukkan keunggulan lingkungan • Peringkat Hijau: pengelolaan lingkungan lebih dari yang dipersyaratkan dalam peraturan (beyond compliance) • Peringkat Biru: upaya pengelolaan lingkungan sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan. • Peringkat Merah: upaya pengelolaan lingkungan tidak sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan • Peringkat Hitam: tidak taat peraturan dan diindikasikan mengakibatkan pencemaran dan/atau kerusakan lingkungan.

Figure 3.24 Waste Balance Sheet; Mining, Energy, Oil & Gas

Gambar 3.24 Neraca Limbah B3 Kegiatan Pertambangan Energi Migas

Tonnes Ton 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Produced Dihasilkan

1.726.623,84

6.854.645,41

6.897.117,00

13.005.458,3

20.368.948,1

Managed Dikelola

1.097.765,65

2.134.785,00

3.898.072,00

12.311.267,7

20.342.814,4

172



Figure 3.25 B3 Waste Balance Sheet; Estates and Services Gambar 3.25 Neraca Limbah B3 Sektor Kawasan dan Jasa

Not managed 268.29 Ton 0% Belum Dikelola 268.29 Ton 0%

PROPER 2010

(Produced : 219,151,968 Tonnes Dihasilkan : 219151.968 Ton)

Managed 218,883,678 Tonnes 100 % Dikelola 218883.678 Ton 100 %


Table 3.11 Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1002 Companies, 2010-2011

Tabel 3.11 Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh Dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER Pada Periode 2010-2011 Dengan Jumlah Perusahaan yang Dipantau Sebanyak 1002 perusahaan. Managed Dikelola Sector Sektor

Unit Satuan

Produced Dihasilkan

3d Party Pihak Ke-3

On-site DI TPS

Internal use Pemanfaatan Internal

Treated Diolah

Not managed Belum Dikelola

Mining, oil PEM

Tonne Ton

87.333.422.820

73.831.764.170

13.501.658.650

Manufacture Manufaktur

Tonne Ton

3.017.281.341

14.214.325

58.946.591

4.492.675

2.032.762.434

906.865.316

Estate services KawasanJasa

Tonne Ton

4.008.245.690

34.304

3.870.602.450

126.732.049

10.587.500

289.387

Agro-Industry Agro Industri

Tonne Ton

86.670.751

26.933.203

29.889.336

0.627

37.526

29.810.059

Total

Tonne Ton

94.445.620.602

73.872.946.002

3.959.438.377

131.225.351

2.043.387.460

14.438.623.412

Total

Tonne Ton

94.445.620.602

80.006.997.191

14.438.623.412



Table 3.12 Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1317 Companies, 2011-2012 Tabel 3.12 Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER Pada Periode 2011-2012 Dengan Jumlah Perusahaan yang Dipantau Sebanyak 1317 Perusahaan. Managed

Dikelola Dumped in sea Dumping ke Laut

Not managed Belum Dikelola

Sector Sektor

Unit Satuan

Produced Dihasilkan

Mining, oil PEM

Tonne Ton

59.651.473.45

596.514.73

2.982.573.67

22.071.045.18

1.789.544.20

Manufacture Manufaktur

Tonne Ton

4.604.561.44

1.749.733.35

2.440.417.56

0

414.410.53

906.865.316

Estate services KawasanJasa

Tonne Ton

576.499.90

80.709.99

443.904.92

0

23.060.00

28.825.00

Agro-Industry Agro Industri

Tonne Ton

1.138.077.45

68.284.65

864.938.86

113.807.75

91.046.20

0

Total

Tonne Ton

65.970.612.24

2.495.242.71

6.731.835.02

22.184.852.92

2.318.060.93

Total

Tonne Ton

65.970.612.24

On-site DI TPS

3 Party Pihak Ke-3 d


Treated Diolah/ landfill

Internal use Pemanfaatan Internal

31.615.280.93

596.514.73

31.615.280.93

625.339.73

65.345.272.51

625.339.73


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3


Development of Green Industry

Pengembangan Industri Hijau

Following PROPER, the Ministry of Industry participated in developing Green Industry through the following efforts: 1. The use of environmentally friendly machinery through the restructuring of machinery in the textile industry and textile products, footwear, and sugar industries. The program had a significant impact in the form of energy savings of up to 25 percent, a 17-percent increase in productivity, higher employment and improved effectiveness of presses in the sugar industry; 2. The implementation of clean production, with training for industry actors and officials, preparation of technical guidelines for clean production of several industrial commodities and provision of technical assistance to several industries; 3. Technical policies, protection of the ozone layer through phased control on products, raw materials or auxiliary materials (Minister of Industry Regulation No. 33/M-IND/PER/4/2007); 4. Inventory of CO 2 equivalent emissions data from 700 companies from eight sectors of industry for the determination of a GHG emissions baseline 5. Preparation of a Grand Strategy for Energy Conservation Concept; 6. Implementation of energy conservation in 35 steel and 15 pulp and paper companies; 7. Preparation of technical guidelines for GHG emissions reduction in the cement industry; 8. Presentation of the Green Industry award to 9 industrial companies in 2010 and to 10 companies in 2011.

Mengikuti jejak PROPER, Kementerian Perindustrian turut mengembangkan Industri Hijau dengan upaya yang telah dilakukan : 1. Penggunaan mesin ramah lingkungan melalui program restrukturisasi permesinan industri tekstil dan produk tekstil, alas kaki, dan gula. Program ini berdampak signifikan berupa penghematan energi

sampai

25

persen,

peningkatan

produktivitas sampai 17 persen, peningkatan penyerapan

tenaga

kerja

danmeningkatkan

efektivitas giling pada industri gula; 2. Penerapan produksi bersih dengan pelatihan bagi pelaku industri danaparatur, menyusun pedoman teknis produksi bersih untuk beberapa komoditas industridan bantuan teknis kepada beberapa industri; 3. Kebijakan teknis, perlindungan lapisan ozon melalui kontrolproduk, bahan baku atau bahan penunjang secara bertahap (Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 33/M-IND/PER/4/2007); 4. Penyusunan Data Inventori Emisi CO 2 equivalent di 700 perusahaan dari 8 sektorindustri untuk penetapan baseline emisi GRK; 5. Penyusunan Konsep Grand Strategi Konservasi Energi; 6. Implementasi konservasi energi pada 35 industri baja dan 15 industri pulp dan kertas; 7. Penyusunan Pedoman Teknis Penurunan Emisi GRK pada industri semen; 8. Pemberian penghargaan industri hijau, yang pada 2010 kepada 9 perusahaan industri dan 2011 kepada 10 perusahaan. Selanjutnya, upaya yang akan dilakukan adalah:

Further efforts will include: 1. Establishing green industry standards; 2. Preparing fiscal and non-fiscal incentives schemes; 3. Establishing a green industry certification agency; 4. Establishing national and international cooperation; 5. Increasing the capacities of human resources; 6. Improving the quality of research and development; 7. Providing technical assistance for the implementation of clean production;

1. Menyusun standar industri hijau; 2. Menyiapkan skema insentif fiskal dan nonfiskal; 3. Membangun lembaga sertifikasi industri hijau; 4. Membangun kerjasama nasional dan internasional; 5. Peningkatan kapasitas SDM; 6. Meningkatkan pengembangan kualitas penelitian dan pengembangan; 7. Memberikan bantuan teknis penerapan produksi bersih; 8. Memfasilitasi pembiayaan pengembangan industri hijau; 9. Membangun sistem informasi industri hijau;

174


8. Facilitating the financing for development of green industries; 9. Building a green industry information system; 10. D rawing-up guidelines for GHG emissions reduction; 11. M onitoring of GHG emissions.

10. Menyusun pedoman-pedoman dalam rangka penurunan emisi GRK; 11. Monitoring emisi GRK.

Assessment on Green Industry and the Environment A.Development Industry Policy

and

Formulation

of

Pengkajian Industri Hijau dan Lingkungan Hidup Green

A.Pengembangan

dan

Perumusan

Kebijakan

Industri Hijau

1. The preparation of a master plan for green industry development. Availability of grand strategy, roadmap, action plan and the green industry standards. 2. Preparation of raw materials and auxiliary materials catalogs. Availability of of raw materials and auxiliary materials catalogs to make the textileand ceramics industries as well as SMEs in the food industry more environmentally friendly in order to implement green industry. 3. The presentation of the green industry award. Encouragement of industry actors to implement environmentally-friendly production processes.

1. Penyusunan rencana induk pengembangan industri hijau Tersedianya grand strategy, roadmap, rencana aksi dan standar industri hijau. 2. Penyusunan

katalog

bahan

baku

dan

bahan

katalog

bahan

baku

dan

bahan

penolong

Tersedianya

penolong untuk industri tekstil, keramik dan IKM makanan yang ramah lingkungan guna terwujudnya industri hijau. 3. Penganugerahan penghargaan industri hijau Mendorong pelaku industri menerapkan proses produksi ramah lingkungan B. Pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK)

B. Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

1. Penyusunan pedoman pengurangan GRK melalui implementasi konservasi energi

1. Preparation of guidelines for GHG reduction through the implementation of energy conservation. Availability of technical guidelines on reducing GHG emissions through the implementation of energy conservation in fertilizer and ceramic industries.

Tersedianya pedoman teknis pengurangan emisi GRK melalu implementasi konservasi energi di industri pupuk dan keramik.

C.Kebijakan

Pencegahan

dan

Pengendalian

Pencemaran Industri :

C. Policy on Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution: 1. Mapping of electronic waste treatment technology. Availability of electronic waste treatment technology map. 2. Assessment of alternative technologies and materials for the phase-out of HCFCs and POPs Recommendation on policy on alternative technology and materials for replacement of HCFCs and POPs in the industrial sector.

1. Pemetaan teknologi pengolah limbah elektronik Tersedianya peta teknologi pengolahan limbah elektronik. 2. Kajian teknologi dan bahan alternatif dalam phase out HCFC dan POPs

Rekomendasi

kebijakan

teknologi

dan

bahan

alternatif pengganti HCFC dan POPs di sektor industri. 3. Kajian pengelolaan limbah udara pada industri berbahan bakar batubara

175

3


3. Assessment of air pollution control in coalburning industries. Availability of technical guidelines on pollution control in coal-burning industries for EPCM programs in the industrial sector.

Tersedianya pedoman teknis pengelolaan limbah udara di industri berbahan bakar batubara dalam penerapan program EPCM sektor industri. Melalui Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) yang diamanatkan UU Nomor 40 Tahun 2007, berbagai

To implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as mandated by Law No. 40 of 2007, private companies became concerned with environmental issues. Article 74 of the Act stipulates that companies in the field of and/or related to natural resources are required to implement their social and environmental responsibility. Social and environmental responsibility efforts are to be budgeted and accounted for as corporate expenses cost of the company and must heed appropriate and reasonable in their implementation.

perusahaan swasta melibatkan diri dalam berbagai isu lingkungan. Pasal 74Undang Undang itu menegaskan, perseroan di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam wajib melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan. Juga disebutkan, tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan itu merupakan kewajiban perseroan yang dianggarkan dan diperhitungkan sebagai

biaya

perseroan

yang

pelaksanaannya

memperhatikan kepatutan dan kewajaran. Berbagai kegiatan peduli lingkungan pihak swasta antara lain menanam pohon, melestarikan bambu,

Private sector environmental awareness activities include tree planting, preserving of bamboo, allocation of funds for the conservation of the Javan rhino, Sumatran rhino, orangutan , anoa , babirusa , maleo birds and sea turtles, as well as participation in coral transplantation.

mengalokasikan dana pelestarian badak jawa, badak sumatera, orangutan, anoa, babirusa, burung maleo dan

penyu,

atau

berpartisipasi

dalam

kegiatan

transplantasi terumbu karang. Kampanye

menyelamatkan

penyu

sisik,

penyu

belimbing, penyu hijau sudah dilakukan pihak swasta

Campaigns to save hawksbill sea, leatherback and green sea turtles have been launced by the private sector to educate the young. The private sector also collaborates with the Ministry of Forestry to distribute 550,000 tree seedlings. From 2005 to 2009, more than 6,600 trees have been planted through the Jakartaku Hijau initiative as part of One Million Tree Planting Program. Apart from that, two urban parks were built, one at Jl. Galunggung in Central Jakarta, the other in the Cirendeu Permai housing complex in Tangerang.

dengan mendidik generasi muda.Ada juga pihak swasta yang bekerjasama dengan Kementerian Kehutanan menyebar 550.000 bibit pohon. Sejak 2005 hingga 2009 telah ditanam lebih dari 6.600 pohon melalui Program Hijau Jakartaku, bagian Program Penanaman Sejuta Pohon. Selain itu, juga dibangun dua taman kota, yaitu di Jl. Galunggung, Jakarta

Pusat, dan di Kompleks

Perumahan Cirendeu Permai, Tangerang. Dunia usaha ada yang lebih mengarahkan CSR lingkungannya pada konservasi sumber daya air. Selain terlibat dalam berbagai kampanye lingkungan,

Some businesses direct their environmental CSR activities at the conservation of water resources. In addition to get involved in various environmental campaigns, they also engage in programs such as Water for Schools, Cinta Air (Love Water), and tree planting. Greening efforts using biopores and composting of organic waste into organic fertilizer in and around factories are further examples of activities.

ada kegiatan Water for School, Program Cinta Air, dan penanaman pohon.Tak jarang juga diterapkan konsep penghijauan melalui penggunaan biopori, daur ulang sampah organik menjadi pupuk organik di pabrik dan lingkungan sekitarnya. Bekerja sama dengan Universitas Padjadjaran dan Universitas Islam Bandung serta masyarakat sekitar, perusahaan membangun Green Organic Farm (Rumah hijau) sebagai sarana pembibitan untuk penghijauan

In collaboration with the Padjadjaran University, the Islamic University of Bandung and surrounding communities, several companies developed a Green Organic Farm (green house) as a nursery for reforestation and learning center

dan pembelajaran bagi warga setempat. Sementara itu, di Bali terdapat perusahaan yang telah mengganti kendaraan operasional karyawan dengan E-Bike: sepeda motor listrik. Sepeda motor ini mampu mereduksi karbondioksida ke udara hingga 78 persen per unit,

176


for local residents. Meanwhile, companies in Bali have replaced operational vehicles for employees with E-Bikes. These electric motorcycles emit 78 percent less carbon dioxide per unit, cause no noise pollution, and are safe and efficient due to built-in speed control.

tanpa polusi suara, serta memiliki kendali kecepatan sehingga aman dan efesien. Konservasi sumber daya air dan hutan menjadi target CSR sejumlah perusahaan. Tidak hanya terlibat konservasi daerah aliran sungai di 12 lokasi pabriknya di Indonesia,

A number of companies target conservation of water and forest resources through their CSR activities. They are involved in the conservation of watersheds where 12 of their factories are located in Indonesia, and also actively conduct reforestation and forest conservation efforts by planting hundreds of thousands of trees in protection forests, critical areas, and mountain areas on Java. One CSR program for clean water supply was named One for Ten and continues until today. This program provided clean water reservoirs for communities in East Nusa Tenggara that often suffer from droughts.

namun juga aktif mereboisasi dan

konservasi hutan melalui penanaman ratusan ribu pohon di kawasan hutan lindung, lahan kritis, dan pegunungan di Jawa. Salah satu kegiatan CSR dalam penyediaan air bersih bertajuk Program Satu untuk Sepuluh yang hingga saat ini masih

dilakukan.

Program ini menyediakan bak-bak penampung air bersih bagi masyarakat Nusa Tenggara Timur yang sering mengalami kekeringan. Kegiatan CSR sebuah perusahaan minuman kopi lebih

banyak

diterapkan

secara

langsung,

baik

melalui produk dan pelayanan, fasilitas toko, maupun kampanye lingkungan bersama komunitasnya.Adapun

A coffee company chose a more direct approach and implemented its environmental CSR through its products, services and shop facitilies as well as through environmental campaigns aimed at its customers, focusing on renewable energy, energy conservation, collaboration and advocacy. The company seeks to minimize its environmental impact by saving energy and water; reducing waste in the form of paper tissues, cups, and product packaging; practisings recycling, and applying green building concepts to its outlets all over the world.

strateginya adalah energi terbarukan, konservasi energi,

kolaborasi,

dan

advokasi.Perusahaan

iniberupaya mengecilkan dampak lingkungan melalui menghemat energi dan air, mengurangi limbah tisu, cangkir, maupun pembungkus produk, daur ulang, serta memakai konsep green building pada gerai-gerai di seluruh dunia. Perusahaan yang bergerak dalam makanan instan terjun memulihkan pantai-pantai di Jawa Tengah dengan pohon cemara laut. Bekerjasama dengan Pusat Penelitian Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi, Kementerian

An instant food companiy participated in beach rehabilitation activities in Central Java by planting she-oak trees. Other companies are collaborating with the Conservation and Rehabilitation Research Center of the Ministry of Forestry and support Javan Rhino conservation in Ujung Kulon National Park, agarwood inoculation and deer breeding. Meanwhile, a pineapple processing company in Central Lampung established a conservation area for more than 200 species of bamboo, which at the same time protected the pineapple plantation from erosion and prevented silting of a nearby river.

Kehutanan, ada perusahaan yang melestarikan badak

Much has already been achieved by Indonesian private companies. Several multinational companies operating in Indonesia are also engaged in the protection and management of the environment through their CSR efforts.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menilai paling kurang

jawa di gaharu

Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, inokulasi dan

penangkaran

rusa.Dan

di

Lampung

Tengah, perusahaan nenas olahan mengembangkan kebun pelestarian 200 spesies bambu lebih, sekaligus melindungi kebun nenas dari erosi

dan mencegah

sedimentasi sungai di sekitarnya. Banyak yang dilakukan berbagai perusahaan swasta nasional. Berbagai perusahaan multinasional yang beroperasi di Indonesia melalui CSR melakukan aksi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.

10 perusahaan telah menerapkan CSR meliputi kegiatan yang dikembangkan KLH, antara lain konservasi energi dan sumberdaya alam, pengelolaan sampah dengan 3R, adaptasi perubahan iklim, dan pendidikan lingkungan. Kesepuluh perusahaan itu: PT Adaro, Kalimantan

The Ministry of Environment considers at least 10

Selatan; PT Badak NGL, Kalimantan Timur; PT Bio Farma,

177


companies to have implemented CSR through activities that were developed by the ministry, among others in the fields of energy and natural resources conservation, 3R waste management, climate change adaptation, and environmental education. The ten companies were PT Adaro, South Kalimantan; PT Badak NGL, East Kalimantan; PT Bio Farma, West Java; PT Chevron, Mount Salak, West Java; PT Holcim, Cilacap, Central Java; PT Indonesia Power, Banjarnegara, Central Java; PT Kaltim Prima Coal, East Kalimantan; PT Pertamina Hulu Energy, West Java; PT Sebuku Iron Ores Lateric, South Kalimantan; and PT Unilever, Jakarta.

Jawa Barat; PT Chevron, Gunung Salak, Jawa Barat; PT Holcim, Cilacap, Jawa Tengah; PT Indonesia Power, Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah; PT Kaltim Prima, Coal, Kalimantan Timur; PT Pertamina Hulu Energi, Jawa Barat; PT Sebuku Iron Lateric Ores, Kalimantan Selatan; dan PT Unilever, Jakarta.

800

Figure 3.26 Budget for Community Development

Gambar 3.26 Jumlah Anggaran Community Development

928

1.000

Budget For Jumlah anggaran Community Development (Billion milyar)

3

731

646

600 400 200 -

2010

2011

2012

Year

Tahun


State-Owned Enterprises

Badan Usaha Milik Negara

A number of State-Owned Enterprises have also participated in environmental protection and management in order to implement the provisions of Law Number 19/2003 on State-Owned Enterprises and Minister of State-Owned Enterprises Regulation No. 05/MBU/207. These regulations required stateowned enterprises to set aside a portion of their net profits for small business development and environmental stewardship. The Ministry of StateOwned Enterprises has announced that in 2012, 130 state-owned enterprises have channeled CSR funds totalling Rp6.15 billion to the Environmental Partnership Program (PKBL).

Berbagai Badan Usaha Milik Negara juga berkiprah dalam aksi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Perusahaan-perusahaan plat merah itu berusaha menerapkan amanat UU Nomor 19 Tahun 2003 tentang BUMN dan Peraturan Menteri BUMN 05/MBU/207. Aturan itu menyebutkan BUMN menyisihkan sebagian laba bersihnya untuk pembinaan usaha kecil dan pembinaan lingkungan. Kementerian BUMN merilis dari 130 perusahaan BUMN yang menyalurkan dana tanggung jawab sosial (CSR) dari Program Kemitraan Bina Lingkungan (PKBL) sepanjang 2012 sebesar Rp 6,15 triliun.

178


A number of oil and gas companies, for example, often carry out environmental programs and participate in environmental protection and management activities such as tree planting, mangrove rehabilitation, greenhouse gas reduction campaigns, and clean water and public sanitation development.

Sejumlah

In 2009, state -owned enterprises distributed 100,000 productive tree seedlings like mango, rambutan starfruit, and teak, as well as various types of mangrove, to communities around their operation areas. In addition, there were also beach clean-up activities in Balikpapan, Cilacap, and Balongan .

Pada

Other efforts included the distribution of 12,300 biopore drills for water catchment as well as collection of organic waste for fertilizers in DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Yogyakarta and Central Java. Between 2010-2011, 147,000 mangrove trees were planted in Cilacap alone. State-owned enterprises also supported the 2009 Green Festival 2009 with a Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, Rethink and Replace (5R) campaign.

Pun membagikan 12.300 bor biopori untuk resapan air

perusahaan

migas

misalnya,

sering

melaksanakan program bina lingkungan, terlibat aksi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dengan menanam pohon, merehabilitasi mangrove, kampanye penurunan gas rumah kaca, dan mengembangkan program air bersih dan sanitasi publik. 2009

perusahaan

plat

merah

juga

membagikan 100.000 bibit pohon produktif seperti mangga,rambutan, belimbing, dan jati serta berbagai jenis mangrove untuk masyarakat di sekitar wilayah operasinya. Selain itu, juga ada aksi bersih-bersih pantai di Balikpapan, Cilacap, dan Balongan.

danmenampung sampah organik untuk menyuburkan tanah di DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Yogyakarta dan Jawa Tengah. Antara 2010 - 2011 untuk Cilacap saja ditanam 147.000 pohon hutan mangrove. Perusahaan plat merah ini juga berperan dalam Green Festival 2009 dengan kampanye 5R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, Rethink dan Replace.) Badan usaha milik negara bidang telekomunikasi tak

State-owned telecommunication companies engaged in environmentally-friendly business ventures as well. One such venture, the Smart Building Solution service, applied environmentally-sound infrastructure to generate added value for highrise offices. The company offered a green building concept that utilized communication technology for automation of building operations in order to save energy.

ketinggalan menjalankan bisnis ramah lingkungan. Salah

satunya,

layanan

Smart Building Solution,

gabungan infrastruktur sadar lingkungan dan nilai tambah perkantoran di gedung pencakar langit. Perusahaan ini menawarkan konsep gedung hijau yang memanfaatkan teknologi komunikasi untuk otomatisasi operasional gedung untuk menghemat energi. Teknologi Smart Building memungkinkan penghematan energi pada fase konstruksi dan operasi gedung,

Smart Building technology enables energy savings during both construction and operation of a building. The technology is integrated with the building control system through a fiber optics-based TCP/IP network that provides solutions to realize the eco-friendly building. Globally acknowledged for its reliability, the technology has become been the standard for green buildings. The company is introducing this concept to encourage a environmentally-friendly building movement, as well as to create new advantages for its business.

karena teknologi itu berjalan pada platform jaringan

The company is proactively fostering a culture of environmental responsibility towards the community and lessening the impacts of human activities, and addresses the issue of climate change through :

Secara proaktif, perusahaan ini membina budaya

yang terintegrasi dengan pengontrolan gedung, yaitu jaringan TCP/IP berbasis serat optik yang memberi solusi mewujudkan gedung ramah lingkungan. Kehandalan teknologi itu telah diakui secara global, sehingga dijadikan norma bagi bangunan hijau. Perusahaan

ini

mengenalkan

konsep

ini

untuk

mendorong gerakan bangunan ramah lingkungan, sekaligus

membangun

kekuatan

baru

dalam

perencanaan bisnisnya.

tanggung jawab lingkungan bagi masyarakat dan mengurangi

dampak

kegiatan

manusia,

sebagai

dukungan terhadap perubahan iklim melalui : 1. Program penghijauan dan penanaman kembali

1. Greening and replanting programs related to

terkait program pemerintah dalam:

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3


government programs: • participation in the planting of one billion trees across Indonesia , • one man one tree program. 2 . Cleanup and revitalization of public facilities 3 . Waste water treatment : • waste water treatment in waste water treatment plant (WWTP) to prevent river pollution, and • recycling grey water into clean water for watering plants and washing vehicles.

• partisipasi dalam penanaman satu miliar pohon di seluruh Indonesia, • program one man one tree. 2. Pembersihan dan revitalisasi sarana publik 3. Pengolahan air limbah: • air kotor diolah terlebih dahulu dengan instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) guna menghindari polusi sungai; dan • air limbah didaur ulang menjadi air bersih yang dimanfaatkan untuk menyiram tanaman dan mencuci kendaraan bermotor.

Awareness to maintain and preserve a healthy environment is growing not only in government circles, but also within the public. Elements of society such as non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) and private companies play increasingly important roles.

Selain lembaga pemerintah, kesadaran masyarakat menjaga dan melestarikan lingkungan yang sehat semakin

meningkat.

Elemen

masyarakat

seperti

lembaga swadaya masyarakat (LSM) dan perusahaan swasta makin berperan penting.

Non-Governmental Organizations

Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat

Non-governmental organizations in Indonesia first emerged in the 1970s to enable public participation in development. The presence of NGOs was acknowledged by Law No. 4/1982 regarding Basic Provisions of Environmental Management. Article 19 of said Law stated that NGOs could participate in environmental management. Minister of Home Affairs Instruction No. 8/1990 to all governors further elaborated on guidance for NGOs.

Lembaga swadaya masyarakat di Indonesia mulai munculpada

1970-an

sebagai

partisipasi

masyarakat

bentuk

dalam

kesadaran

pembangunan.

Keberadaan LSM sudah diakui Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1982 tentang ketentuan-ketentuan pokok pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Pasal 19 UU tersebut menyatakan

LSM

berperan

dalam

pengelolaan

lingkungan hidup. Kemudian Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 8 Tahun 1990 kepada semua gubernur menyebutkan ihwal pembinaan LSM.

Over time, the role of NGOs became more decisive in environmental management. NGOs invite the participation of community members in to achieve environmental management objectives. In providing support for the public, non-governmental organizations function as educators, motivators, facilitators, dynamists, mediators, and counselors.

Dalam perkembangannya, peran LSM menentukan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.LSM berperan mengajak anggota masyarakat dalam mencapai tujuan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Sebagai pendamping masyarakat, lembaga swadaya masyarakat memiliki banyak fungsi, sebagai pendidik, motivator, fasilitator, dinamisator, mediator, dan konselor.

Currently there are about 298 NGOs engaged in environmental management. In addition to NGOs at the national level, there are also local NGOs that are concerned with the protection and management of the environment.

Saat ini tercatat ada sekitar 298 LSM yang bergerak dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Selain tingkat nasional, juga berkembang LSM lokal yang peduli pada perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.

One such NGO is Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (WALHI), an independent, non-profit NGO, and also the largest in Indonesia. WALHI was established as a response to injustices in the management of natural resources due to an unsustainable and inequitable

Salah satu LSM adalah Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI) yang independen, non-profit dan terbesar di Indonesia. WALHI didirikan sebagai reaksi dan keprihatinan atas ketidakadilan pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan sumber kehidupan akibat

180


development paradigm. WALHI is a forum for civil society groups and consists of non-governmental organizations , groups of naturalists and community self-help groups.

paradigma pembangunan yang tidak berkelanjutan dan berkeadilan. WALHI merupakan forum kelompok masyarakat sipil yang terdiri dari organisasi nonpemerintah, kelompok pecinta alam dan kelompok swadaya masyarakat (KSM).

WALHI is present in 27 provinces with 479 organization members and 156 individual members per December 2011) and actively campaigns at local and national level. At the international level, WALHI campaign via the Friends of the Earth International network, which consists of 71 grassroots organizations in 70 countries, 15 affiliate organizations and more than 1 million members.

WALHI hadir di 27 provinsi dengan 479 organisasi anggota dan 156 anggota individu (Desember 2011) yang secara aktif berkampanye di tingkat lokal dan nasional. Di tingkat internasional, WALHI berkampanye melalui jaringan Friends of the Earth Internasional yang beranggotakan 71 organisasi akar rumput di 70 negara, 15 organisasi afiliasi, dan lebih dari 1 juta anggota.

Other prominent environmental NGOs are Yayasan Kehati, Jatam (Mining Advocacy Network) and Sawit Watch (Palm-oil Watch). In addition, there are a number of foreign non-governmental organizations such as WWF Indonesia, WCS and TNC.

Lembaga swadaya masyarakat lainnya yang menonjol

Yayasan Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia (KEHATI Foundation) was established in Jakarta on January 12, 1994, as non-profit organization and independent grant manager, which facilitates the conservation and utilization of biodiversity in a sustainable manner. KEHATI acts as a catalyst to formulate innovative ways to manage and utilize biodiversity in a sustainable manner. Various forms of cooperation are continually being forged with institutions that can support the vision of the organization, such as non-governmental organizations, universities, local governments, professional associations, the business community and the mass media.

Yayasan Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia (Yayasan

With the support of many parties, KEHATI takes various measures to save biodiversity from various activities and policies that can destroy it. KEHATI helps facilitate and support efforts for biodiversity conservation, so that future generations can benefit from it.

Dengan dukungan banyak pihak, Kehati melakukan

dalam isu lingkungan antara lain, Yayasan Kehati, Jatam, Sawit Watch. Selain itu, terdapat sejumlah organisasi nonpemerintah luar negeri, misalnya WWF Indonesia, WCS dan TNC.

KEHATI) yang didirikan di Jakarta 12 Januari 1994 adalah organisasi nirlaba pengelola dana hibah mandiri,

yang

memfasilitasi

upaya

pelestarian

dan pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati secara berkelanjutan. KEHATI bertindak sebagai katalisator untuk menemukan cara-cara inovatif dalam mengelola dan memanfaatkan keanekaragaman hayati secara berkelanjutan. Berbagai bentuk kerjasama terus dijalin dengan lembaga-lembaga yang dapat mendukung visi organisasi, seperti lembaga swadaya masyarakat, perguruan tinggi, pemerintah daerah, asosiasi profesi, komunitas bisnis maupun media massa.

berbagai kegiatan menyelamatkan keanekaragaman hayati dari berbagai aktivitas maupun kebijakan yang dapat memusnahkannya. KEHATI membantu memfasilitasi berbagai upaya dan dukungan bagi pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati, agar manfaatnya dapat dirasakan hingga generasi penerus kelak.

Meanwhile, the Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL) conducts training for members of the Indonesian judiciary on environmental law, the lawsuit, and other related issues. The Chief of Supreme Court has since indicated to the high courts that only judges who had attended training should be appointed to preside over environmental cases.

Sementara itu, Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL) melaksanakan pelatihan bagi anggota peradilan Indonesia tentang hukum lingkungan, proses gugatan, dan isu terkait lainnya. Sejak itu, Ketua Mahkamah Agung mengisyaratkan kepada pengadilan tinggi bahwa hanya hakim yang pernah mengikuti pelatihan yang ditunjuk memimpin kasus lingkungan.

The approach of community empowerment based on economic strengthening can be combined with environmental awareness and environmental

Pola pemberdayaan masyarakat berbasis penguatan ekonomi

181

dapat

dikombinasikan

dengan

pola

3


preservation. There are many schemes and studies on the subject developed by local, national and international NGOs, among others:

penyadaran lingkungan dan pelestarian lingkungan. Ada banyak skema dan pembelajaran yang pernah dilakukan LSM lokal, nasional maupun Internasional. Di antaranya :

- Coastal rehabilitation by Wetlands International-IP in Pemalang, Central Java, involving the formation of community-based economic groups and the provision of capital as compensation for cultivation of mangrove seedlings and coastal rehabilitation activities. Similar programs were carried out by JICA on the Benoa Ccoast, Bali; Mangrove Foundation on Sumatra and Kalimantan; Bentera Karya Foundation in Belu, East Nusa Tenggara; groups of naturalists at Karangsong village, Indramayu. - Rehabilitation of peatlands in South Sumatra, Jambi and Kalimantan as a cooperation between the Government of Canada (CIDA, Wetlands International-IP, WBH Foundation in South Sumatra and PINSE in Jambi.

-

Rehabilitasi

pantai

yang

dilakukan

Wetlands

Internasional-IP di Pemalang, Jawa Tengah, dengan membentuk kelompok usaha ekonomi masyarakat, pemberian modal ekonomi sebagai kompensasi masyarakat

melakukan

pembibitan

bakau

dan

rehabilitasi pantai. Begitu juga, JICA di pantai Benoa, Bali; Yayasan Mangrove di Sumatera dan Kalimantan; Yayasan Bentera Karya di Belu, NTT; kelompok pecinta alam Desa Karangsong, Indramayu. - Rehabilitasi lahan gambut di Sumatera Selatan, Jambi dan Kalimantan, atas kerja sama antara pemerintah Kanada (CIDA) dengan Wetlands InternasionalIP, Yayasan WBH di Sumatera Selatan dan PINSE di Jambi.

A Brief History of WALHI Sepenggal Jejak WALHI

Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI), or the Indonesian Forum for Environment, was declared on October 15, 1980, at the closing of the Indonesian Environmental Study Center conference. The concern over government indoctrination was marked by the agreement by activists of non-governmental organization to establish three principles of the organization: independence, non-binding cooperation, and real work with and for the society.

Wahana

Lingkungan

Hidup

Indonesia

(WALHI)

dideklarasikan pada 15 Oktober 1980, bertepatan dengan penutupan konferensi Pusat Studi Lingkungan (PSL) seluruh Indonesia. Ketakutan atas indoktrinasi pemerintah ditandai dengan kesepakatan aktivis organisasi non-pemerintah

menetapkan tiga asas

organisasi: asas mandiri, bekerjasama tanpa ikatan, dan bekerja nyata bersama dan untuk masyarakat. Para aktivis LSM mendeklarasikan WALHI dalam bentuk forum yang dapat diterima saat itu, yaitu

NGO activitsts declared WALHI as a forum that was acceptable at that time, a forum of environmental NGO, having egalitarian and loose membership, and serving as a communication forum. WALHI formed a presidium run by an executive secretary to facilitate coordination.

forum LSM lingkungan, dengan sifat keanggotaan egaliter dan longgar, dan berperan sebagai forum komunikasi. Untuk memudahkan koordinasi,WALHI membentuk presidium yang dijalankan oleh seorang sekretaris eksekutif. Kelahiran WALHI sebagai sebuah forum mempunyai

As a forum, WALHI emerged as a formidable force. Gradually, its membership reached 350 institutions in 1983. In its early stages, WALHI served to promote public awareness in the society regarding environmental issues.

kekuatan cukup besar. Secara bertahap pada1983-an jumlahnya mencapai 350 lembaga. Padamasa awal, peran WALHI adalah melakukan ’public awareness’ kepada masyarakat tentang isu-isu lingkungan. Perlahan,

182

WALHI

mendapat

legitimasi

dari


WALHI then earned legitimation from the society and the government as a representative of environmental organizations, and was invited by the Indonesian parliament (DPR) to discuss Laws on the Environment. In 1982, WALHI and several other NGOs discussed and gave recommendations for the Basic Law on Environmental Management/ Law Number 4 of 1982. The recommendation that was adopted was included in Article 6 on public participation.

masyarakat dan pemerintah sebagai representasi LSM lingkungan dan diundang DPR untuk pembahasan UU Lingkungan Hidup. Pada 1982, WALHI bersama lembaga swadaya masyarakat lainnya membahas dan memberi masukan bagi Undang-undang Pokok Pengelolaan

Lingkungan

Hidup/Undang-undang

Nomor 4 Tahun 1982. Masukan yang diadopsi adalah pasal 6 tentang peran serta masyarakat. Dari sekitar 80-an LSM pada 1980, tercatat 320 pada 1982. Dan pada 1985 bergabung lebih 400 LSM.

There were around 80 NGOs in 1980, while 320 were recorded in 1982. More than 400 NGOs joined in 1985. When WALHI organized the Third Meeting on the Environment in 1986, 350 of 486 environmental NGOs that existed at that time joined their cause. ( Tanah Air, Edisi Khusus, April 1986 No.61 tahun VI).

Ketika WALHI menggelar Pertemuan Lingkungan Hidup III pada 1986, dari 486 LSM lingkungan yang ada, 350 di antaranya bergabung (Tanah Air, Edisi Khusus, April 1986 No.61 tahun VI) . Kampanye WALHI tak hanya mendapatkan legitimasi pemerintah dan masyarakat, namun juga media

WALHI’s campaigns were granted legitimation not only by the government and the society, but also by the mass media.

massa. Setelah beberapa kali mengajukan gugatan, akhirnya legal standing WALHI diterima di pengadilan.

After a number of lawsuits, WALHI’s legal standing was finally accepted by the court. This NGO’s legal standing was finally listed in Law Number 23 of 1997 on Environmental Management, which was defined as environmental legal standing.

Akhirnya, legal standing LSM ini ditampung dalam UU Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, yang diartikan sebagai hak gugat organisasi lingkungan. Sejak awal, terlihat keanggotaan WALHI sangat

Since the beginning, WALHI’s membership has always been diverse. It was born not only from environmental NGOs, but also from human right groups, consumers, religious groups, women, nature lovers, journalists, indigenous people alliances, and other professionals. This indicates that WALHI represents the diversity of Indonesian people who are committed to the environment.

beragam.

Dia

terlahir

lingkungan,

namun

konsumen,

kelompok

bukan

juga

dari

hanya

dari

kelompok

keagamaan,

LSM HAM,

perempuan,

pecinta alam, jurnalis, kelompok masyarakat adat, dan anggota profesi lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan WALHI merupakan representasi dari keragaman masyarakat Indonesia, yang berkomitmen terhadap lingkungan.

Indigenous People

Masyarakat Hukum Adat

Indigenous peoples possess social, economic, and legal institutions as well as local wisdom that are commendable in protecting and managing the environment. Law No. 32/2009 Article 70 states that communites shall have the equal and broad rights and opportunities to participate actively in the protection and management of the environment. Public participation may be in the form of social control, suggestions, opinions, recommendations,

Masyarakat adat memiliki pranata sosial, ekonomi, dan hukum serta kearifan lokal patut dihargai dalam upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Undang Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 Pasal 70

menyebutkan,

masyarakat

memiliki

hak

dan

kesempatan yang sama dan seluas-luasnya untuk berperan aktif dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Peran masyarakat dapat berupa pengawasan sosial, pemberian saran, pendapat, usul,

183

3


complaints, delivery of information and/or reports.

keberatan, penyampaian informasi dan/atau laporan.

Indigenous peoples living in a particular geographic area are bound by hereditary ancestral ties. They comprise 30 million people and consist of 1,163 communities registered with the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara/AMAN) and 1,062 other communities that are members of the Organization of Indigenous Peoples (Lembaga Masyarakat Ada/LMA). Indigenous peoples have a strong relationship with the environment.

Masyarakat adat yang bermukim di wilayah geografis tertentu, secara turun-temurun adaikatan leluhur. Masyarakat adat meliputi 30 juta jiwa, terdiri dari 1.163 masyarakat hukum adat terdaftar dalam Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara

(AMAN) dan 1.062

masyarakat adat lainnya tergabung dalam Lembaga Masyarakat Adat (LMA) tersebar di berbagai daerah. Masyarakat adat ini memiliki hubungan yang kuat dengan lingkungan hidup. Masyarakat adat menghuni daerah pedalaman, pesisir,

Indigenous peoples inhabiting hinterlands, coastals, small islandsand even border islands. The position of indigenous peoples in the outer islands is very strategic as guardians of the country’s territory. And because of their strong relationship with the environment, indigenous local knowledge saves coastal and marine ecosystems, wetlands and forest ecosystems, and conserves water resources and biodiversity.

pulau-pulau kecil bahkan pulau-pulau perbatasan. Kedudukan masyarakat adat di pulau terluar sangat strategis sebagai penunggu wilayah negara. Dan karena hubungan kuat dengan lingkungan, kearifan lokal masyarakat adat menyelamatkan ekosistem pesisir dan laut, ekosistem lahan basah dan hutan, melestarikan sumber daya air dan keanekaragaman hayati. Komunitas masyarakat adat Baduy di Banten misalnya, memiliki kearifan lokal sangat baik bagi pelestarian

The indigenous Baduy community in Banten, for example, has local wisdom that is very conducive to environmental conservation. The Baduy believe that mountains should not be assaulted and that valleys should not be destroyed. They impose bans on cutting dow forest trees, diverting the flow of water and catching fish with poison. A number of forest areas are held sacred and should not be entered except for worship. Baduy local wisdom was instrumental in protecting sources of rivers in their region.

lingkungan. Bagi orang Baduy, gunung tak boleh digempur, lembah tak boleh dirusak. Masyarakat Baduy menerapkan larangan: menebang pohon hutan, mengubah jalan air, menangkap ikan dengan tuba, sejenis racun dari bahan alami. Berbagai kawasan hutan disakralkan,tidak boleh dimasuki selain untuk ziarah. Kearifan lokal Baduy telah melestarikan sumber-sumber air sungai-sungai yang berhulu di kawasannya. Kearifan lokal Baduy dalam menjaga dan melindungi lingkungan

mendapat

payung

hukum

peraturan

daerah Kabupaten Lebak Nomor 32 Tahun 2001 tentang

Baduy local wisdom in maintaining and protecting the environment received legal protection through Lebak Regency Regulation No. 32 of 2001 regarding the Protection of Customary Rights of the Baduy Community, and regarding the Declaration of the Kenekes Village Forbidden as Absolute Protection Forest within the Communal Forest Zone.

Perlindungan Atas Hak Ulayat Masyarakat Badui, dan Surat Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Barat 2003/B.V/ SK/68 tentang Penetapan Status Hutan Larangan Desa Kenekes sebagai Hutan Lindung Mutlak dalam Kawasan Hutan Ulayat. Kearifan

serupa

sama

dimiliki

masyarakat

adat

di Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa

Similar wisdom is found among the indigenous peoples of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, East Nusa Tenggara and Papua. In the Raja Ampat Archipelago of West Papua, for example, the locals perceive nature as mother to be treated with respect and care. Coastal communities still hold on firmly to the custom of sasi, which prohibits coconut harvesting and fishing during certain periods. The allows coconut trees to reproduce and other marine

Tenggara Timur, dan Papua. Di Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Papua Barat, misalnya, masyarakat melambangkan alam sebagai ibu, karena itu harus dihormati dan diperlakukan penuh perhatian. Masyarakat pesisir masih teguh menerapkan sasi, larangan

adat mengambil

hasil kebun kelapa dan larangan menangkap ikan pada periode tertentu. Larangan adat kesempatan buah kelapa berkembang,

ini memberi ikan serta

berbagai biota laut berkembang biak. Sasi laut

184


biota to breed. Maritime sasi regulates the utilization of marine resources, imposes restrictions on fishing gear, on fish species that may be captured, and on the location and times of harvesting the sea.

mengatur pemanfaatan sumberdaya laut, menetapkan

Universities

Perguruan Tinggi

The role of universities in the environment can be viewed in terms of the implementation of the Three Duties of Universities (Tri Darma Perguruan Tinggi): Education, Research and Community Services. Various universities have played active roles in the development of environmental education, among others Gadjah Mada University , University of Indonesia, Bogor Agricultural University, Bandung Institute of Technology, Surabaya Institute of Technology, Diponegoro University, Brawidjaya University of Malang, State University of Jakarta, State University of Yogyakarta and State University of Malang.

Peran perguruan tinggi dalam lingkungan hidup

Universities have had an important part in initiating environmental education in Indonesia. During the 1970s and 1980s, universities became the main gate for environmental education. Discussion forums have prompted the development of a variety of environmental education institutions. Several universities began providing environmental education courses in undergraduate and graduate programs, both as elective and mandatory courses.

Perguruan tinggi memiliki peran penting dalam

pembatasan alat tangkap, jenis yang boleh ditangkap, lokasi dan waktu panen hasil laut.

dapat dilihat dari perspektif pelaksanaan Tri Darma: ‘Pendidikan,

Penelitian

Masyarakat.

Pengabdian

Kepada

Berbagai perguruan tinggi

dan

telah

berperan aktif dalam pengembangan pendidikan lingkungan hidup. Diantaranya Universitas Gadjah Mada,

Universitas

Indonesia,

Institut

Pertanian

Bogor, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Institut Teknologi Surabaya,

Universitas

Brawidjaya

Malang,

Diponegoro,

Universitas

Universitas

Negeri

Jakarta,

Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dan Universitas Negeri Malang.

memulai

gerakan

pendidikan

lingkungan

di

Indonesia. Selama 1970-an dan 1980-an, perguruan tinggi menjadi gerbang utama gerakan pendidikan lingkungan. Forum-forum diskusi telah mendorong perkembangan

berbagai

pendidikan

lingkungan.

Beberapa universitas mulai menyediakan kursus pendidikan lingkungan dalam program sarjana dan pascasarjana, baik sebagai program studi pilihan atau wajib.

It is important to note the role of non-governmental organizations, such as WALHI and Klub Indonesia Hijau (KIH), which stimulated environmental education among the students. A large number of environmental activists and environmental education efforts come from large universities. Many people who are involved in environmental issues and environmental education have been active since their university days.

Penting dicatat, peranlembaga swadaya masyarakat, seperti WALHI, Klub Indonesia Hijau (KIH), yang merangsang pendidikan lingkungan di kalangan mahasiswa. Sejumlah besar aktivis lingkungan dan pendidikan lingkungan berasal universitas besar. Banyak orang yang terlibat dalam isu lingkungan dan pendidikan lingkungan telah aktif sejak belajar di universitas.

In 1979, the first Centers for Environmental Studies (Pusat Studi Lingkungan) were established at various universities. Over the years, the Centers have become an extension of the Ministry of Environment in the fields of research, training and environmental management in the regions. Responding to increasingly severe environmental problems and the need for expertise, the Centers became a means for the improvement of capabilities and services. Although structurally under and responsible to

Pada 1979, Pusat Studi Lingkungan (PSL) pertama kali dibentuk diberbagai perguruan tinggi. Dalam perkembangannya, PSL menjadi alat perluasan kerja Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup di bidang penelitian, pelatihan dan pengelolaan lingkungan di daerah. Semakin beratnyamasalah lingkungan dan kebutuhan keahlian, PSL menjadi sarana peningkatan kemampuan dan pelayanan. Meski secara struktural tetap dibawah dan bertanggungjawab kepada perguruan tinggi, PSL berperan besar dalam pendidikan lingkungan

185

3


universities, the Centers have played a major role in environmental education in the regions. Today there are 88 Center for environmental studies in Indonesia.

hidup di daerah. Saat ini tercatat tak kurang 88 PSL di Indonesia.

Centers for Environmental Studies at Universities Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Perguruan Tinggi

Several university have established Centers for Environmental Studies, which can be regarded as examples of institutions oriented at making new discoveries in the field of environment and realizing sustainable development. The Centers organize and facilitate critical and holistic assessment of the environment. In addition, they also publicize and implement the results of the studies within the framework of the Three Duties of Universities.

Beberapa perguruan tinggi mendirikan Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup, yang bisa sebagai contoh lembaga yang berorientasi menghasilkan penemuan baru dalam lingkungan hidup dan mewujudkan pembangunan

berkelanjutan.

Pusat

Studi

ini

menyelenggarakan dan memfasilitasi kajian kritis dan holistik lingkungan hidup. Selain itu, lembaga ini juga menyebarkan dan menerapkan hasil kajian itu dalam kerangka Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi, utamanya penelitian.

The Centers have libraries with collections of books, journals/magazines and reports, storage space for portable laboratory equipment research on environmental quality. Furthermore, the Centers are also supported by other laboratories within the campus and provide research facilities for students at the magister and doctoral levels.

Pusat

Studi

dilengkapi

perpustakaan

dengan

koleksi buku, jurnal/ majalah dan laporan, ruang penyimpanan alat laboratorium portabel, yang dapat

digunakan

untuk

penelitian

kualitas

lingkungan. Selain itu, Pusat Studi juga didukung laboratorium lain di lingkungan kampus setempat dan

Centers for Environmental Studies collaborate with various stakeholders, both domestic and foreign. This includes the Ministry of Environment, the National Development Planning Agency, the Assessment and Application of Technology Agency, local governments, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation. In 1978-1994, Centers for Environmental Studies also managed education funds for lecturers from five universities who wanted to continue their studies in management of natural resources and the environment. This eventually evolved into Graduate Programs for Management of Natural Resources and Environment at seven universities. When the education fund project continued to grow, it was taken over by the DG of Higher Education at the Ministry of Education and Culture in 1994.

menyediakan

fasilitas

untuk

penelitian

mahasiswa S2 dan S3. Dalam kegiatannya, Pusat Studi menjalin kerjasama dengan berbagai pihak, baik dalam maupun luar negeri. Di antaranya dengan KLH, Bappenas, BPPT, pemerintah daerah, Yayasan Rockefeller dan Ford Foundation. Dalam kurun 1978-1994, Pusat Studi juga mengelola dana pendidikan bagi dosendosen dari lima universitas yang ingin melanjutkan pendidikan ilmu pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan. Dengan demikian, telah terbentuk Program Pascasarjana Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan di tujuh universitas tersebut. Dengan semakin besar proyek dana pendidikan ini, DIKTI-Depdikbud mengambil alih pengelolaannya dari PPLH pada 1994.

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Development of Environmental Engineering in Indonesia

Pengembangan Pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan di Indonesia

One indication of environmental mainstreaming in Indonesia is the development of environmental engineering in Indonesia. The Department of Civil Engineering at ITB (founded in 1959) eventually established the Department of Sanitary Engineering on October 10, 1962. This was the offcial beginning of higher education in the field of environmental engineering in Indonesia.

Salah satu indikasi pengarusutamaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia adalah dari perkembangan disiplin ilmu di pendidikan formal tingkat perguruan tinggi. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari pengembangan pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan di Indonesia.Dalam perjalanan waktu, pendidikan Teknik Sipil berkembang di (didirikan

tahun

1959),

melahirkan

ITB

Departemen

Teknik Penyehatan pada 10 Oktober 1962. Sebagai yang pertama di Indonesia, lahirnya Departemen

In 1984, due to increasingly complex environmental issues, especially in regard to the rapid industrialization at the time, the scope of issues studied was expanded to include environmental engineering, and so the name of the department was changed to Department of Environmental Engineering.

Teknik Penyehatan ini merupakan tonggak resmi berdirinya pendidikan tinggi Teknik Lingkungan (TL) di Indonesia. Pada

tahun

1984,

permasalahan

di

seiring

dengan

bidang

peningkatan

lingkungan

terutama

dengan semakin cepatnya era industrialisasi maka lingkup kajian keilmuan Teknik Penyehatan kemudian

Environmental engineering then spread to other universities in Indonesia. Until now, universities offering courses in environmental engineering number about 30 and are located on Java, Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi.

diperluas menjadi Teknik Lingkungan, sehingga nama departemen ini berubah menjadi Departemen Teknik Lingkungan. Pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan kemudian berkembang ke perguruan-perguruan tinggi lain yang ada di

Environmental engineering departments are institutions of higher education that are concerned with the engineering and management of built environments, including housing; urban and rural settlements; industrial, mining, and oil and gas facilities; as well as natural environments related to built environments.

Indonesia.

Sampai saat ini perguruan tinggi yang

memiliki program studi TL di Indonesia berjumlah sekitar 30 perguruan tinggi yang tersebar di pulau Jawa, Bali, Sumatera, Kalimantan dan Sulawesi. Program studi Teknik Lingkungan merupakan lembaga pendidikan

tinggi

dalam

bidang

rekayasa

dan

pengelolaan lingkungan binaan, yaitu di lingkungan

The body of knowledge of environmental engineering programs as an engineering discipline covers among others the fields of water supply; environmental health, including occupational safety and health; pollution control, conservation of water resources that can be expanded to include natural resources; environmental management systems; and environmental impact and risk assessment.

permukiman, perkotaan dan pedesaan, perindustrian, pertambangan, minyak dan gas, serta lingkungan alami yang terkait dengan lingkungan binaan. Body of knowledge

dari

Program

Studi

Teknik

Lingkungan sebagai sebuah disiplin ilmu teknik antara lain bergerak dalam bidang: penyediaan air; kesehatan lingkungan, termasuk keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja; pengendalian pencemaran, konservasi sumber-sumber

Several universities in Indonesia offer courses at the undergraduate,magister, and doctoral levels in environmental engineering and have produced many graduates who are now active in environmental management and other fields. For example, to date ITB has produced approximately 2,600 graduates at

daya air yang dapat diperluas dengan sumber daya alam;sistem manajemen lingkungan; dan penilaian dampak dan resiko lingkungan. Beberapa perguruan tinggi di Indonesia membuka jenjang pendidikan S-1, S-2 dan S-3 di bidang

187

3


undergraduate level, 600 at magister level and 30 at doctoral level, who work in a number of different fields, especially in housing and urban development as well as in various industries, particularly the mining industry. The number of graduates is still not sufficient to fulfil the need for environmental engineers.

pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan dan telah banyak melahirkan lulusan-lulusan yang bergerak di bidang pengelolaan lingkungan dan bidang lainnya.Sebagai contoh di ITB, sampai saat jumlah lulusan yang dihasilkan adalah sekitar 2.600 lulusan S-1, 600 lulusan S-2 dan 30 lulusan S-3 dan bekerja pada berbagai bidang

terutama

di

bidang

keciptakaryaan

dan

industri khususnya industri pertambangan. Jumlah lulusan yang dihasilkan tersebut masih belum mampu menjawab kebutuhan sarjana Teknik Lingkungan.

Photo by Courtesy Foto: Istimewa

Mass Media

Media Massa

Environmental protection and management efforts require the participation of various parties: the government, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, the mass media and the public. The mass media can play an active role in raising public awareness to participate in environmental conservation. The media is responsible to provide information correctly and in a manner that is educative and encourages people to participate in various efforts of environmental conservation.

Upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup membutuhkan peran banyak pihak: pemerintah, swasta, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, media massa dan masyarakat luas. Media massa bisa aktif berperan dalam menyadarkan masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam pelestarian lingkungan hidup. Media bertanggung jawab memberikan informasi yang benar, mendidik, dan mendorong masyarakat dalam berbagai upaya pelestarian lingkungan. Sebagai bagian dari masyarakat, media memiliki hak dan

As part of society, the mass media have equal rights and opportunities to take part in environmental

kesempatan yang sama berkiprah dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Selain itu, media

188


protection and management. In addition, the mass media also plays a role to resolve environmental cases, whether pursued in-court or out-of-court. In general, the mass media’s involvement comprises education, campaigns, advocacy, mediation and environmental action.

juga memiliki peran menyelesaikan kasus lingkungan hidup, baik yang ditempuh melalui jalur pengadilan atau luar pengadilan. Secara umum, media massa bisa menjalankan peran edukasi, kampanye, advokasi, mediasi dan aksi lingkungan hidup. Dari analisis berita media terlihat tren kesadaran

The analysis of news indicates that environmental awareness is on the rise. If forests, land and biodiversity-related themes were the major issues covered by the mass media in 2009, in 2010 and 2011 the focus of attention had shifted to environmental campaigns.

lingkungan yang meningkat. Bila pada 2009 tema hutan, lahan dan kehati yang menjadi isu utama media, pada 2010 dan 2011, kampanye lingkungan menjadi topik yang banyak dibahas dan menjadi perhatian media.

Figure 3.27 Environmental News/Information in the Mass Media Gambar 3.27 Media Massa Dalam Pemberitaan/Informasi Lingkungan Hidup Environmental News/Information in the Mass Media Media Massa dalam Pemberitaan/Informasi Lingkungan Hidup • Space for environmental news/information has increased (9 national newspapers) Ruang Pemberiitaan/Informasi LH menigkat (9 Surat Kabar Nasional)

∙ 2009: +/- 16 news/information items per day Tahun 2009: +/- 16 berita/info per hari

∙ 2010: +/- 18 news/information items per day Tahun 2010: +/- 18 berita/info per hari

• Media for environmental issues Special columns/programs, activities (biking, tree planting), green office Media Peduli isu lingkungan : Kolom/program khusus, Aksi (bersepeda, menanam pohon), green office

Top 10 Environmental Themes/Issues 2009 - 2011 10 Besar Tema/Isu LH 2009 - 2011 No

2009

%

1

Forests and lands Hutan dan Lahan

15

2

Biodiversity Keanekaragaman Hayati

3

2010

%

2011

%

Environmental campaigns Kampanye Lingkungan

20


13

14

Other topics Isu lainnya

19


11

Climate change Perubahan Iklim

12


13

Env. law enforcement Penegakan Hukum LH

7

4


11

Environmental disasters Bencana Lingkungan

10


6

5

Rivers and lakes Sungai dan Danau

7


8

Environmental disasters Bencana Lingkungan

6

6

Spatial planning Tata Ruang

6


7

Waste Sampah

6

7

Waste Sampah

6

Waste Sampah

6


5

8


5


6


4

9

Environmental technology Teknologi Lingkungan

5

Environmental standards Standar Lingkungan

4

Hazardous waste Limbah B3

4

10

Coastal and marine Pesisir dan Laut

4


4

Water pollution Pencemaran Air

4

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3


General Public

Masyarakat Umum

Community participation in the protection and management of the environment is mandated in Article 28 H paragraph (1) of the Constitution of 1945 and in Law No. 32/2009. Law No. 32 states that a proper and healty environment constitutes a human right of every Indonesian citizen, and that communities have the equal and broad right and opportunity to participate actively in environmental protection and management.

Peran-serta

masyarakat

dalam

perlindungan

dan

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup didasarkan mandat UUD 1945 pasal 28 H ayat (1) serta UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009. Undang undang Nomor 32 itu menyatakan, lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat adalah hak semua masyarakat. Dengan demikian, lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat merupakan hak asasi manusia.Selain itu dijelaskan pula bahwa masyarakat memiliki hak dan kesempatan yang sama dan seluas-luasnya berperan aktif dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

Public participation shall aim at : a. Increasing awareness; b. Enhancing independence, empowerment, partnership; c. Developing capacity and initiave; d. Developing responsiveness in regard to social control; e. Developing and preserving local culture and wisdom

hidup. Penyertaan masyarakat dimaksudkan agar : a. Meningkatkan kepedulian; b. Meningkatkan kemandirian, keberdayaan, kemitraan; c. Menumbuh kembangkan kemampuan dan kepeloporan; d. Menumbuh kembangkan ketanggapsegeraan untuk melakukan pengawasan sosial;

Public participation can be implemented in three ways: a. Social control; b. Submission of suggestions, recommendations, objections and complaints; c. Submission of information and reports.

e. Mengembangkan dan menjaga budaya dan kearifan lokal. Dalam pelaksanaan peran itu, masyarakat dapat melakukan 3 hal: a. Pengawasan sosial; b. Pemberian usul, saran, keberatan dan pengaduan;

The following approaches are used to facilitate public participation: a. Empowerment of coastal communities; b. Empowerment of communities living near rivers; c. Empowerent of communities in vulnerable areas.

c. Penyampaian informasi dan laporan. Untuk memfasilitasi peran-serta masyarakat dilakukan pendekatan melalui: a. Pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir; b. Pemberdayaan masyarakat sekitar DAS;

Communities on the north coast of Java, for example, have jointly saved coastal regions in their areas. In 2012, the cities of Gresik and Tuban in East Java introduced concrete actions to protect coastal environments. These included mangrove planting and utilization to increase income. There have also been several actions to promote coastal-friendly behavior.

c. Pemberdayaaan masyarakat daerah rentan. Kelompok masyarakat di pesisir utara Jawa misalnya, melakukan

gerakan bersamapenyelamatan pesisir

didaerahnya. Di Gresik dan Tuban, Jawa Timur, pada 2012 telah memperlihatkan kegiatan konkrit melindungi lingkungan pesisir. Di antaranya:penanaman dan memanfaatakan

mangrove

untuk

peningkatan

pendapatan. Begitu juga, ada gerakan aksi dalam

A number of community-based organizations are active in strategic watersheds such as those of the Bengawan Solo, Brantas, Ciliwung, Musi and Mahakam rivers. Their activities comprise campaigns and protection efforts along the watershed. Several community-based organizations and NGOs have

mendorong perilaku ramah terhadap pesisir. Kelompok

organisasi

masyarakat

melakukan

aksi

di beberapa DAS stretegis, seperti: DAS Bengawan Solo, DAS Brantas, Das Ciliwung, DAS Musi, dan DAS Mahakam. Kegiatannya berupa kampanye dan gerakan

190


specific target areas along watersheds and encourage local communities to protect these areas. Actions to protect watersheds included replanting of riverbanks with plants of economic value.

perlindungan sepanjang DAS. Beberapa organisasi masyarakat dan LSM tertentu mempunyai daerah binaan di sepanjang DAS danmengajak masyarakat melindungi DAS itu. Berbagai aksi juga digelar: perlindungan DAS dengan melindungi sempadan sungai dengan penanaman kembali tanaman produktif.

Along the Ciliwung River there are 23 community groups engaged in a variety of integrated activities to save the river. An inventory of problems in the Ciliwung watershed was conducted to determine what activities were needed. Participative planning and joint actions with the support of the Ministry of Environment were instrumental in the implementation of activities. The Bamboo Lovers group in the Regency of Bogor, for example, has been very active along the Ciliwung and intends to grow bamboo in other regions outside West Java.

Di Sungai Ciliwung terdapat 23 kelompok masyarakat yang bekerja dari hulu ke hilir, yang melakukan kegiatan terpadu menyelamatkan sungai ini. Untuk itu, telah dilakukan penilaian masalah DAS Ciliwung dan jenis kegiatan yang perlu dilakukan kelompok masyarakat. Perencaanaan partisipatif dan gerakan aksi bersama didukung Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, menjadi kunci kegiatan di DAS. Kelompok Pencinta Bambu di Kabupaten Bogor misalnya,

telah banyak berkiprah

di Sungai Ciliwung dan berupaya mengembangkan bambu di daerah lain, di luar Jawa Barat.

Community building efforts for vulnerable areas are focused on areas near industry and cities. Surabaya and Balikpapan are examples of community development in vulnerable areas. In Surabaya, the focus is on communities living near industrial estates, whereas in Balikpapan efforts are geared towards communities living near mining operations.

Penguatan masyarakat di daerah rentan diarahkan pada daerah sekitar industri dan kota. Surabaya dan Balikpapan menjadi contoh pengembangan kelompok daerah rentan. Di Surabaya fokus pada masyarakat sekitar

industri,

di

Balikpapan

diarahkan

pada

masyarakat sekitar pertambangan. Peran-serta

masyarakat

dikembangkan

dengan

memperkuat tiga akses: akses atas informasi, akses

Public involvement is being encouraged by providing access in three areas, namely access to information, access to participation and access to equality in the utilization of natural resources in the respective areas. Efforts in the above-mentioned locations will become examples for the strengthening of local communities..

terhadap partisipasi, serta akses keadilan dalam pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam, di dua daerah tersebut. Lokasi binaan ini bakal menjadi contoh bagi sekitarnya dalam upaya penguatan kelompok binaan. Selain itu, melalui pendekatan keagamaan, khususnya bersama

Nahdatul

Ulama

serta

Muhammadiyah,

dikembangkan Ecopesantren atau pesantren ramah lingkungan.Untuk

mengembangkan

program

ini

A religious approach is employed by organizations such as Nadhatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah in developing eco-pesantren or environmentallyfriendly Islamic boarding schools. To implement this program, various outreach efforts and technical training measures were provided for the management of such schools.

dilaksanakan sosialisasi dan pelatihan teknis kepada

Ten environmentally-friendly Islamic boarding schools have been established as pilot projects. Each of these pilot boarding schools will provide guidance to ten other boarding schools, so that eventually there will be 100 eco-pesantren.

Begitu juga dikembangkan Eco-Church (gereja hijau)

para pengurus pesantren di berbagai tempat. percontohan Ecopesantren di 10 tempat, masingmasing dua Ecopesantren setiap ekoregion. Selanjutnya, setiap Ecopesantren contoh melakukan pembinaan 10 pesantren lainnya. Alhasil,dicapai 100 Ecopesantren.

di berbagai daerah. Dua gereja di Kupang dan Medan dijadikan percontohan pengembangan Eco-Church. Dalam pelaksanaannya, disusun buku sebagai bahan khotbah lingkungan bagi umat Kristen. Bersama Persekutuan Gereja Indonesia (PGI), buku tersebut

Environmentally-friendly

churches

are

also

dijadikan buku pegangan pendeta agar memahami

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3


being established. Two churches in Kupang and Medan have been selected as pilot projects for this purpose. Special materials have been prepared as reference material for environmental sermons. With the support of the Indonesian Communion of Churches (PGI), these materials will help priests to understand environmental issues from a theological perspective.

masalah lingkungan dari perspektif teologi.

Each pilot church will receive four solar cell unit to make people aware of solar power as an alternative energy source. Hopefully, each pilot church member will not only become environmentally-conscious, but also use solar power at home.

Berbagai upaya mendidik masyarakat telah dilakukan

Selanjutnya, setiap gereja percontohan diberi bantuan listrik tenaga surya empat unit, sebagai penyadaran umat bahwa sinar matahari dapat digunakan sebagai energi alternatif. Harapannya, setiap umat gereja percontohan, bukan hanya peduli lingkungan, tapi juga dapat memanfaatkan energi surya dirumahnya.

berbagai pihak. Namun selama ini belum ada ukuran keberhasilannya.

Karena

itu,

diperlukan

indeks

yang memakai variabel nonfisik perilaku manusia pada tingkat yang berpengaruh terhadap kualitas lingkungan. Indeks perilaku masyarakat ini merupakan

Many parties have undertaken efforts of community education, but so far there has been no measure of success. It is therefore necessary to develop an index that relates non-physical human behavior variables to environmental quality. This index of community behavior will become a measure of environmental quality (Oh, et al, 2005). The Environmentally-Friendly Behavior Index (IPPL) measures the community behaviour against environmental quality, and includes behavior toward water and air resources.

determinan

terhadap

baik

buruknya

kualitas

lingkungan (Oh, et al, 2005). Indeks Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan (IPPL) adalah indeks yang disusun untuk mengukur perilaku kehidupan masyarakat terhadap lingkungan, mencakup perilaku terhadap sumberdaya air dan udara. Air dapat terjaga keseimbangannya melalui pemanfaatan yang tepat, ada area tangkapan hujan dan ruang terbuka hijau. Pemanfaatan air yang tepat memperhatikan keberlanjutan,seperti

Water balance can be maintained through proper use, and by providing water catchment areas and green open space. Sustainable use of water such as the proper disposal of waste water, the reuse of grey water for other purposes, prevention of water squandering, and other behaviors to save water.

membuang

air

limbah

di

tempatnya, memanfaatkan air bekas untuk keperluan lain, tidak membiarkan air mengalir saat tidak digunakan, serta perilaku lainyang menghemat air. Sementara

Meanwhile, air quality is affected by many other components. Driving behavior, fuel consumption, burning of CFC-containing waste and electronic devices can all trigger carbon emissions. This means that daily behaviors have a large effect on air quality. The index ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. The closer to 1, the higher the concern of the community for the environment, and vice versa. There are six indicators that constitute the index: 1. Energy Consumption Behavior, measured by the use of energy-saving lamps at home and expressed as the ratio between energy-saving lamps and normal lamps by area. The assumption is that the higher the ratio of energy-saving lamps against normal lamps, the better the behavior of the community. 2. Waste Disposal Behavior, measured by the practice of sorting waste prior to disposal (putriscible/inert

itu,

udara

sangat

dipengaruhi

oleh

komponen lainnya. Perilaku

berkendara,pemakaian

bahan

sampah

bakar,

pembakaran

dan

barang

elektronik yang mengandung CFC, dapat memicu emisi karbon.Sejalan dengan itu, perilaku sehari-hari sangat menentukan kualitas udara. Angka indeks berkisar dari 0,0 hingga 1,0. Semakin mendekati 1 berarti semakin peduli masyarakat terhadap lingkungan, dan sebaliknya.Terdapat enam indikator penyusun indeks, yang dijabarkan berikut ; 1.Perilaku Konsumsi Energi, diukur melalui pemakaian lampu hemat energi dalam rumah, dalam rasio antara lampu hemat energi yang terpasang dengan lampu biasa yang terpasang terhadap ruang. Asumsinya: semakin besar rasio lampu hemat energi terhadap lampu biasa yang terpasang, semakin baik perilaku masyarakat. 2. Perilaku

Membuang

Sampah,

diukur

dengan

mekanisme pemilahan sebelum di buang (menurut jenisnya:

sampah membusuk dan tidak) dan

perlakuan rumah tangga terhadap barang bekas

192


waste) and attitudes of household against used goods in good condition. 3. Water Use Behavior, measured based on equipment used to regulate water flow when taking a bath, method of washing clothes, and how often a household lets water run unused. The assumption is that the less clean water is used, the better the score on the index. 4. Carbon Emission Contributing Behavior, measured by how often vehicle emissions testing and vehicle maintainence was carried out within the last year, and use of air conditioning at home and on the road. 5.Healthy Living Behavior, measured by defecation habits; excreta disposal facilities; use of sunlight within the home; number of plants around the house; availability of water infiltration areas; main source of water for bathing, cooking and washing. Also evaluated are consumption patterns of imported foods, food prepared with ingredients from own garden; habit of eating fruit, vegetables and fish. In relation to imported foods, the higher the consumption, the lower the score, whereas for consumption of vegetables, fruit and fish, and also foodstuff from own garden, the higher the consumption, the higher the score. 6. Fuel Consumption Behavior, measured by fuel consumption per capita based on the assumption that the higher the use of fuel for motor vehicles, the lower the concern for the environment.

layak pakai. 3. Perilaku Pemanfaatan Air, diukur melalui peralatan yang digunakan untuk mengatur penggunaan air ketika mandi,cara mencuci pakaian, dan seberapa sering rumah tangga membiarkan air mengalir ketika tidak digunakan. Asumsi yang dibangun: pentingnya perilaku hemat air bersih, semakin minimal air bersih yang digunakan, semakin baik nilai indeksnya. 4. Perilaku Penyumbang Emisi Karbon, diukur dengan pernah tidaknya melakukan uji emisi kendaraan dan perawatan mesin dalam setahun terakhir, penggunaan AC di rumah maupun saat berkendara. 5. Perilaku

Hidup

Sehat,

diukur

dari

kebiasaan

membuang air besar, tempat pembuangan akhir tinja, pemanfaatan cahaya matahari di dalam rumah, pemeliharaan tanaman sekitar rumah, penyediaan area resapan air, sumber utama air untuk mandi, masak, dan mencuci. Selain itu, juga kebiasaan mengonsumsi

makanan

impor,

makanan

yang

dimasak dari tanaman sendiri, kebiasaan makan buah, sayur dan ikan. Dalam hal ini, semakin sering konsumsi

dilakukan,

semakin

rendah

nilainya,

sedangkan konsumsi sayur, buah, ikan dan makanan dari bahan makanan yang ditanam sendiri akan semakin tinggi nilainya. 6. Perilaku Penggunaan Bahan Bakar, diukur melalui banyaknya konsumsi bahan bakar per kapita. Asumsi yang dibangun: semakin banyak bahan bakar untuk kendaraan bermotor, semakin rendah kepedulian terhadap lingkungan.

Table 3.13 Environmentally-Friendly Behavior Index (IPPL) Tabel 3.13 Indeks Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan

Province Provinsi

East Java

Jawa Timur

Energy consumption behavior Perilaku Konsumsi energi

Waste disposal behavior Perilaku membuang sampah

0,8

0,64

air bersih

Fuel consumption behavior Perilaku pemanfaatan bahan bakar

Carbon emissions contributing behavior Perilaku penyumbang emisi karbon

Healthy living behavior Perilaku hidup sehat

0,43

0,35

0,62

0,74

Clean water use behavior Perilaku pemanfaatan

IPPL

0,6

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

0,82

0,67

0,41

0,31

0,61

0,64

0,58

West Java

Jawa Barat

0,91

0,67

0,39

0,31

0,63

0,62

0,59

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

0,89

0,75

0,47

0,34

0,68

0,69

0,62

North Sumatra

Sumatera Utara

0,98

0,65

0,39

0,34

0,63

0,66

0,61

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

0,94

0,66

0,4

0,31

0,61

0,61

0,59

Bali

Bali

0,96

0,66

0,44

0,34

0,67

0,69

0,63

East Nusa Tenggara

NTT

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

0,9

0,52

0,34

0,15

0,52

0,7

0,52

0,63

0,63

0,37

0,28

0,61

0,62

0,52

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

0,99

0,65

0,4

0,25

0,58

0,65

0,59

Maluku

Maluku

0,93

0,57

0,42

0,17

0,5

0,65

0,54

Papua

Papua

0,86

0,6

0,46

0,26

0,56

0,62

0,56

National

Nasional

0,88

0,64

0,41

0,28

0,60

0,66

0,57



193

3


The average score on the community behavior versus environmental quality index is at a moderate 0.57. This shows that community behavior is not yet fully as desired. The above result is not yet representative of real conditions, because its concept and methodology still need improvement. Currently, the number of respondents totals 6,048 in 12 provinces and is therefore not representative of the entire population of Indonesia. Nevertheless, the result can be viewed as an early indication of society’s behavior toward the environment.

Secara umum indeks perilaku masyarakat terhadap

Even though the national IPPL score is relatively low, many communities are actively engaged in efforts to raise the public’s environmental awareness. A group of ITB environmental engineering students, for example, launched a campaign entitled “Plastic Phopia” in early 2008. The campaign, which was supported by Bandung school students, the Tatar Sunda Council for Forestry and Environment Issues and WALHI, was well received, especially on Java and Bali. The public was encouraged to bring their own cotton bags or basket when shopping and avoid using plastic bags.

Meski secara nasional nilai IPPL relatif rendah, sejatinya

In 2010, the “Plastic Bag Diet“ was launched by young people members of Green Generation Indonesia or Greeneration. In 2012, the campaign was extended to several cities on Java, Sumatra and Bali. In Bali, the Say No to Plastic Bags campaigne was supported by Yayasan Bali Cantik Tanpa Plastik and Eco Bali, and well-received by the public.

Pada 2010 kampanye “Diet Kantong Plastik” juga

Biodegradable bags made from cassava and vegetable oil, which can be decomposed by microorganisms, last for just a few weeks or months in nature. Plastic bags made of polyolefin or polyvinyl chloride, which are used for several minutes or hours before being disposed of, need 500 or even 1,000 years to decompose in nature.

Kantong biodegradable terbuat dari singkong dan

In the 1980s, Indonesia already produced biodegradable bags, but only to meet demand from supermarkets abroad, for example from Hongkong. In the last three years, bags featuring the decomposing logo and the note “This bag will decompose by itself ” have replaced plastic bags and have become widely used. People now in supermarkets that provide degradable bags for groceries. About 16,000 minimarkets, midimarkets and hypermarkets in Indonesia use bags that decompose easily in nature.

Pada

lingkungan masih pada angka sedang yaitu 0,57. Ini

menunjukkan

perilaku

masyarakat

masih

belum sepenuhnya baik. Hasil ini memang belum menggambarkan kondisi nyata, karena masih perlu disempurnakan konsepsinya maupun metodologi surveinya. Saat ini, baru mencakup 6.048 responden dan 12 provinsi, sehingga belum dapat merepresentasikan penduduk Indonesia. Namun begitu, hasil ini dapat dijadikan indikasi awal perilaku masyarakat terhadap lingkungan hidup.

berbagai komunitas aktif meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat peduli lingkungan. Komunitas Mahasiswa Teknik Lingkungan ITB misalnya, pada awal 2008 melancarkan kampanye anti-kantong plastik dengan penyebaran “Plastic Phobia’—Takut Plastik. Kampanye yang mendapat dukungan pelajar di Bandung, Dewan Pemerhati Kehutanan dan Lingkungan Tatar Sunda serta WALHI ini bergaung luas, terutama di Jawa dan Bali. Masyarakat dianjurkan saat berbelanja membawa sendiri kantong katun atau keranjang dari rumah, dan menghindari memakai kantong plastik.

dilakukan kaum muda Greeneration Indonesia atau Generasi Hijau Indonesia. Kampanye dilanjutkan pada 2012 di berbagai kota di Jawa, Sumatera dan Bali. Di Bali, kampanye Say No to Plastic Bag didukung Yayasan Bali Cantik Tanpa Plastik dan Eco Bali, juga mendapat respon luas masyarkat.

minyak nabati, yang bisa diurai mikroorganisme, hanya bertahan dalam beberapa minggu atau bulan di alam. Sedangkan kantong plastik dari polyolefin atau polivinil klorida, yang dipakai beberapa menit atau jam sebelum dibuang, ternyata perlu 500 tahun, bahkan 1.000 tahun, untuk terurai di alam. 1980-an

kantong

biodegradable

sudah

diproduksi Indonesia, tapi untuk melayani permintaan supermarket di luar negeri, antara lain di Hongkong. Dalam tiga tahun terakhir, kantong yang bergamabr proses

penghancuran

dan

keterangan

“Tas

ini

dapat hancur dengan sendirinya” sudah digunakan luas, mengganti kantong plastik.Kini masyarakat berbelanja di berbagai pasar swalayan, yang barang belanja dimasukkan dalam tas yang dapat hancur sendiri. Sekitar 16.000 minimarket,midimarket dan hypermarket di seluruh Indonesia, umumnya sudah

194


In the transport sector, the Bike To Work that was established with just 150 members in 2004 not has more than 10,000 in several cities. A number of fanatic members of this fuel saving community use their bikes every day to reach their workplace, while others take their bikes for a ride as often as possible. The community continues to grow, even though facing many obstacles on roads that are less than friendly to bikes.

memakai kantong yang mudah diurai alam. Di bidang transportasi, komunitas Bike To Work, yang dibentuk di Jakarta pada 2004 baru memiliki 150 pendukung, kini sudah lebih dari 10.000 orang, yang tersebar di banyak kota. Komunitas hemat bahan bakar ini, sebagian pendukung fanatik setiap hari bersepeda ke tempat kerja dan sebagian lagi sesering mungkin bersepeda.Komunitas ini terus berkembang

There is also a group of mangrove lovers that study and rehabilitate damaged mangrove formations, and goes by the name of Kesemat (Kelompok Studi Ekosistem Mangrove Teluk Awur/Teluk Awur Mangrove Ecosystem Study Group). This community of university students actively engages in mangrove formation rehabilitation in several locations on the north coast of Java.

walau masih menghadapi tantangan di jalan raya yang tak ramah sepeda. Ada

pula

komunitas

pencinta

mangrove

yang

melakukan studi dan merehabitasi hutan mangrove yang rusak. Namanya Kelompok Studi Ekosistem Mangrove

Teluk

Awur

(Kesemat).

Komunitas

mahasiswa ini terjun langsung merehabilitasi hutan

The community has a branch in Jakarta and also invites mangrove lovers from outside the campus, even high school students. The Jakarta Kemangteer (Kesemat Mangrove Volunteer) group rehabilitates mangrove formations in the Bay of Jakarta and the Thousand Islands, and develops mangrove ecotourism while planting mangrove trees.

mangrove di beberapa kawasan pantai utara Jawa Tengah. Komunitas ini memiliki cabang di Jakarta, melibatkan pencinta mangrove dari luar kampus, bahkan pelajar. Jakarta Kemangteer (Kesemat Mangrove Volunteer) merehabilitasi hutan mangrove Teluk Jakarta dan Kepulauan Seribu, serta mengembangkan ekowisata

To appreciate the public’s efforts and hard work, the Government launched the Kalpataru Award. The award is presented to individuals or community groups that have shown initiative and contributed to the preservation of the environment. The purpose of the award is to encourage and motivate the public to preserve environmental functions in line with their chosen forms of dedication.

hutan mangrove, sambil menanam. Untuk menghargai kiprah dan kerja keras masyarakat ada penghargaan Kalpataru, yang diberikan kepada individu atau kelompok masyarakat yang menunjukkan kepeloporan dan sumbangsihnya bagi pemeliharaan lingkungan hidup. Anugerah ini diberikan untuk mendorong dan memotivasi peran masyarakat dalam melestarikan

The Kalpataru Awards are presented in four categories: Environmental pioneer, environmental devotee, environmental savior and environmental patron. Awards in the environmental pioneer category are given to members of society that are not civil servants or leaders of formal organizations and that have had extraordinary success in initiating environmental preservation efforts and in promoting new types of activities in their respective areas.

fungsi

lingkungan

hidup

menurut

bentuk pengabdiannya masing-masing. Penghargaan Kalpataru terdiri dari empat kategori: Perintis

Lingkungan,

Pengabdi

Lingkungan,

Penyelamat Lingkungan dan Pembina Lingkungan. Perintis Lingkungan diberikan kepada seseorang warga masyarakat, bukan pegawai negeri dan tokoh organisasi formal, yang berhasil merintis pelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup secara luar biasa dan kegiatan baru sama sekali bagi daerahnya.

Awards in the environmental devotee category are presented to field officers and/or civil servants who have devoted their time to environmental preservation over and outside their job descriptions for a long time. Awards in the environmental savior category are given to communities that successfully engaged in efforts to perserve the environment and to prevent environmental damage.

Pengabdi lingkungan diberikan kepada petugas lapangan dan/atau pegawai negeri yang mengabdikan diri

dalam

pelestarian,

jauh

melampaui

tugas

pokoknya dan berlangsung cukup lama.Penyelamat Lingkungan diberikan kepada kelompok masyarakat yang berhasil melakukan upaya pelestarian dan pencegahan kerusakan lingkungan.

195

3


Figure 3.28 Kalpataru Award Gambar 3.28 Penghargaan Kalpataru

Awards in the environmental patron category are given to leaders of sociopolitical and religious organizations, government officials, businessmen, researchers and community leaders who successfully engaged in environmental preservation, promoted or initiated environmental awareness and community participation in environmental preservation, or invented new, environmentally friendly technologies.

Pembina Lingkungan diberikan kepada pemimpin organisasi sosial-politik dan keagamaan, pejabat, pengusaha, peneliti, dan tokoh masyarakat yang berhasil melestarikan fungsi lingkungan hidup dan mempunyai pengaruh dan prakarsa untuk

membangkitkan

kesadaran

lingkungan dan peran masyarakat guna melestarikan

fungsi

lingkungan

hidup atau berhasil menemukan teknologi

baru yang ramah

lingkungan. Sedangkan kriteria khusus,antara lain

One important evaluation criteria is type of preservation efforts, especially prevention of environmental damage and pollution. Other criteria include location, scope, frequency, intensity, duration and level of success of activities, self-help and sacrifice ; initiative and motivation; replication prospects; impact on natural, sociocultural and economic environment; number of emulators; popularity and number of awards received. Kalpataru Awards have been presented to 297 individual/groups from 1980 to 2012.

jenis

upaya

pelestarian,

terutama

mencegah kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan. Kriteria lain adalah lokasi kegiatan, ukuran kegiatan, frekuensi dan intensitas, lama kegiatan, tingkat keberhasilan, swadaya dan pengorbanan, prakarsa dan motivasi, manfaat, prospek replikatif, dampak lingkungan alam-lingkungan sosial budaya dan ekonomi, banyak yang meniru, dan popularitas atau penghargaan yang diterima.Sejak 1980 hingga 2012, jumlah penerima penghargaan

Kalpataru

sebanyak

297orang/

kelompok.

Pro-Environment Stakeholders

Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup

Nowadays many people care about the environment, but it is still difficult toobtain specific numbers for the whole of Indonesia, in particular for distribution by province. Surveys conducted by the Ministry of Environment are still unsatisfactory in terms of the representativeness of respondents, and so it remains difficult to measure people’s concern for the environment. Another way to view the situation is to focus on achievements by stakeholders that are based on measurable criteria. These include winning the Adiwiyata environmental award for schools, winning the Kalpataru environmental award, and industrial compliance rates as evaluated by the PROPER environmental performance rating program (Gold, Green and Blue categories).

Sudah banyak masyarakat yang peduli lingkungan, namun masih sulit mengetahui secara keseluruhan di Indonesia, dan utamanya melihat sebarannya per provinsi. Hasil survei yang dilakukan KLH masih memiliki kekurangan dari sisi representasi yang diwakili responden. Dengan begitu,masih sulit melihat tingkat kepedulian masyarakat terhadap lingkungan hidup. Untuk gambaran dari sisi lain, dapat dilihat beberapa unsur

pemangku

kepentingan

dengan

beberapa

kriteria yang terukur, yaitu dari peraih penghargaan Sekolah Adiwiyata, Kalpataru, serta tingkat ketaatan industri yang dievaluasi melalui PROPER (Emas, Hijau dan Biru).

196

Adiwiyata: Number of recipients of the Adiwayata environmental award for schools Jumlah Sekolah Adiwiyata Kalpataru: Numer of Kalpature Award recipients Jumlah Penerima Penghargaan Kalpataru Proper: Percentage of industry compliance (Gold, Green, Blue) Persentase Tingkat Ketaatan Industri (Emas, Hijau, Biru)

Gambar 3.29 Jumlah dan Prosentase Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup

Figure 3.29 Number and Percentage of Pro-Environment Stakeholders Legend


4

SPECIAL NOTES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

CATATAN KHUSUS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

4 Special Notes on Environmental Management

“The quality of the environment in Indonesia tends to decline due to various kinds of pressures. However, while the matters regarding the declining environmental quality, there are many initiatives in favor of the environment. This is like two sides racing against each other, between threats to and hopes for the environment”.

“Kualitas lingkungan hidup Indonesia cenderung menurun karena berbagai tekanan.Namun di sela catatan ihwal mutu lingkungan yang menurun, bisa dijumpai upaya-upaya yang berpihak kepada lingkungan hidup. Ini ibarat dua sisi yang saling berpacu, antara ancaman dan harapan bagi lingkungan hidup”.

A number of environmental protection and management practices found in several locations deserve to be given special notes. Such actions were taken by various institutions, communities, and businesses. These practices can motivate, inspire, and even be a model for the efforts on environmental protection and management.

Di beberapa lokasi dijumpai pula praktik perlindungan

While deforestation is still taking place, areas covered by forests in several big islands are increasing in size. This is possible because, among others, the moratorium of forest utilization permits,development of community plantation forests, community forests, and village forests. To ensure that the water spring at Mount Ciremai is protected, Cirebon City Government has agreed to pay for environmental services to Kuningan Regency to preserve the water source.

Ketika deforestasi masih terjadi, luas area tutupan

dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang patut diberi catatan khusus. Aksi-aksi tersebut digelar berbagai lembaga, komunitas, maupun dunia usaha. Praktik dapat menjadi pendorong, mampu memberi inspirasi, bahkan menjadi model upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.

hutan malah meningkat di beberapa pulau besar. Mengapa demikian? Jawabannya, antara lain adanya moratorium izin pemanfaatan hutan, pengembangan hutan tanaman rakyat, hutan rakyat, dan hutan desa. Ketika mata air di lereng Gunung Ciremai harus dijaga, Pemerintah Kota Cirebon sepakat membayar jasa lingkungan kepada Kabupaten Kuningan demi menjaga

kelanggengan

sumber

air

bagi

warga

Cirebon. Di tempat lain, ada perusahaan swasta aktif

In other locations, several private companies play an active part in preserving hundreds of bamboo species, and they become destinations of researchers from many countries. Other areas, such as Raja Ampat in West Papua, have environmental regulations signed by the village chiefs supported by the community to monitor the efforts to preserve coral reefs and their ecosystems.

melestarikan ratusan spesies bambu, bahkan menjadi tujuan peneliti dari berbagai negeri. Di pelosok lain, di Raja Ampat,peraturan lingkungan hidup yang hanya ditandatangani kepala kampung, dengan dukungan masyarakat,dapat mengawal upaya perlindungan terumbu karang dan ekosistemnya. Juga

patut

dicatat,

kerjasama

koordinatif

dan

integratif antar-kementerian dan lembaga dalam

It is also important to note the coordinative and integrated cooperation between ministries and institutions in environmental protection and management, such as actions to save lakes, Tomini Bay and Bali Strait. Also worthy of note is the law enforcement in cases and handling of environmental conflicts-including environmental conflicts involving national borders.

perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan, seperti aksi penyelamatan danau-danau yang bermasalah, aksi pengelolaan Teluk Tomini dan pengelolaan Selat Bali. Demikian pula catatan khusus perlu diberikan bagi penegakan hukum dalam kasus dan penanganan sengketa lingkungan—termasuk sengketa lingkungan lintas-batas negara.

200

Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

CHANGES IN LAND COVER

PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN

The Island of Sumatra

Pulau Sumatera

Situated on Sunda land, Sumatra has complete types of forest ecosystems: from mangrove and peat lands on the east coast to montane forests on the mountain range west of Sumatra. This ecosystem is home to priceless wealth of flora and fauna. A number of locations have a high level of endemicity as shown on figure 4.1. The total forest area on this island in 2011 was approcimately 13.7 million hectares.

Terletak di dataran sunda (Sunda Land), Sumatera memiliki tipe ekosistem hutan yang lengkap: dari mangrove dan gambut di pantai timur hingga hutan pegunungan di bukit barisan di bagian barat Sumatera. Ekosistem ini menyimpan kekayaan flora dan fauna yang

tidak

ternilai

harganya.

Beberapa

tempat

menyimpan tingkat endemisitas yang tinggi, seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.1. Total luas hutan pada 2011 di pulau ini sekira 13,7juta hektar.

Riau Province has the largest forest area, followed by Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and West Sumatra. However, when compared to the province area, Aceh has the largest proportion of forest (56 percent), followed by West Sumatra (47 percent) and Bengkulu (37 percent). Lampung has the smallest proportion of forest at 9.5 percent.

Provinsi Riau memiliki hutan terluas, disusul Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam dan Sumatera Barat. Namun bila dibandingkan dengan luas provinsi, proporsi hutan Aceh paling tinggi (56 persen) disusul Sumatera Barat (47 persen) dan Bengkulu (37 persen). Lampung memiliki proporsi penutupan hutan terkecil, 9,5 persen.

Compared to the situation in 2000, the area of forest cover on the Island of Sumatra has declined by approximately 3 million hectares. The highest rate of deforestation occurred in Riau, followed by Jambi and North Sumatra (Figure 4.2). The decline of the forest cover area was caused by land use change into other land purposes, particularly those of crops, plantations, and farming, as well as nonproductive land which included open land and shrub.

Dibandingkan dengan kondisi tahun 2000, luasan tutupan hutan Pulau Sumatera turun kurang lebih 3 juta hektar. Deforestasi tertinggi terjadi di Riau, disusul Jambi dan Sumatera Utara (Gambar 4.2). Penurunan luasan hutan itu lantaran alih fungsi untuk lahan lain, terutama hutan tanaman, perkebunan dan pertanian, serta lahan tidak produktif berupa lahan terbuka dan semak belukar.

Degradation of primary forests into secondary ones was also expanding (Figure 4.3). Bare lands, fields, shrub, and secondary forests are probably parts of the succession stage from shifting cultivation that has been long practiced by indigenous communities (Burgers, Ketterings, & Garrity, 2005; Stolle et al. 2003; Imbernon, 1999, Ketterings, Wibowo, van Noordwijk & Eric Penot, 1999) .

Degradasi hutan primer menjadi hutan sekunder juga cukup luas (Gambar 4.3). Lahan terbuka, ladang, semak belukar dan hutan sekunder mungkin bagian tahapan suksesi dari pertanian lahan berpindah (shifting cultivation) yang sudah lama dipraktikkan masyarakat adat (Burgers, Ketterings, & Garrity, 2005; Stolle et al. 2003; Imbernon, 1999, Ketterings, Wibowo, Noordwijk & Eric Penot, 1999) .

201

van

4


Figure 4.1 Forest Cover Change on Sumatra Island (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f) Deforestasion 2000 – 2011 Gambar 4.1. Perubahan tutupan hutan P. Sumatera (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f ) Deforestasi 2000 – 2011

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.


202


Figure 4.2 Forest Cover Change by Province on Sumatra Island Gambar 4.2. Perubahan tutupan hutan Provinsi di Pulau Sumatra

Lampung 2011 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan

2009 2006

Province Provinsi

Bengkulu

2003 2000

West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Jambi Riau North Sumatra Sumatera Utara

Aceh Daerah Istimewa Aceh -

500

1.000

1.500

2.000 2.500 thousands hectare ribu hektar

3.000

3.500

4.000


Figure 4.3 Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover on Sumatra, 2011

Gambar 4.3. Perubahan hutan tahun 2000 menjadi tutupan lahan lain di tahun 2011 di Pulau Sumatera Other Land Cover Penutupan Lahan Lain Transmigration Transmigrasi Settlements Permukiman Mining Tambang Bare Lands Lahan Terbuka Shrub/Savanna Semak Belukar/Savana Fish Ponds Tambak Paddy Fields Sawah Dryland Farming Pertanian Lahan Kering Plantations Perkebunan Industrial Forest HTI Secondary Forests Hutan Sekunder Primary Forests Hutan Primer 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent Persen


203

4


Kalimantan Island Pulau Kalimantan

a.

Figure 4.4 Forest Cover Change on Kalimantan (a) 2000 dan (b) 2011 Gambar 4.4 Perubahan tutupan Hutan P. Kalimantan (a) 2000 dan (b) 2011

b.


204


After Greenland and Papua, Kalimantan is the world’s third largest island which is part of Sunda land. Kalimantan is blessed with a wide variety of highly diverse forest ecosystems, including mangrove, kerangas, peatland, freshwater swamp, lowland and montane forests. Total forest area in Kalimantan in 2011 reached 29 million hectares or around 54 percent of its land area. East Kalimantan has the largest forest cover, 13.6 million hectares (69 percent of the land area); followed by Central Kalimantan, 8.4 million hectares (53.6 percent); and West Kalimantan, 6.3 million hectares (42.9 percent). On the other hand, South Kalimantan has the smallest area of forest covers, only as much as 0.9 million hectares (24.1 percent) (Figure 4.4). Compared to the situation in 2000, the forest covers have declined by 2.8 million hectares, the highest rate of deline being in Central Kalimantan (0.98 million hectares), followed by East Kalimantan Timur (0.87 million hectares) (Figure 4.5).

Setelah Greenland dan Papua, Kalimantan merupakan pulau terbesar ketiga di dunia yang menjadi bagian dataran Sunda. Kalimantan dianugerahi berbagai ekosistem hutan dengan keanekaragaman tinggi, diantaranya hutan mangrove, hutan kerangas, hutan rawa gambut, hutan rawa air tawar, hutan dataran rendah dan hutan pegunungan. Luas total hutan Kalimantan pada 2011 mencapai 29 juta hektar atau sekira 54 persen dari luas daratan. Kalimantan Timur mempunyai tutupan hutan terluas, 13,6 juta hektar (69 persen dari luas wilayah); disusul Kalimantan Tengah, 8,4 juta hektar (53,6 persen); dan Kalimantan Barat, 6,3 juta hektar (42,9 persen). Sementara Kalimantan Selatan mempunyai tutupan hutan yang paling rendah, 0,9 juta hektar (24,1 persen) (Gambar 4.4).Dibandingkan kondisi pada 2000, tutupan hutan turun sebesar 2,8 juta hektar, dengan penurunan tertinggi di Kalimantan Tengah (0,98 juta hektar), diikuti Kalimantan Timur (0,87 juta hektar) (Gambar 4.5).

Figure 4.5 Forest Cover Change by Province on Kalimantan Gambar 4.5. Perubahan tutupan hutan Provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan

2011 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur

2009 2006 2003 2000

Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah

South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan

West kalimantan kalimantan Barat

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

Hectare Hektar Source: Ministry of Forestry

Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan

The history of changes in forest cover in Kalimantan is closely related to the patterns of climate changes. In certain periods, the dry season (El Nino) causes prolonged draught and forest fires—as occurred in 1982 and 1997. At that time, millions of hectares of forest land was ablaze. The flame resulted in secondary forest covers, shrub, and alang-alang fields.

Sejarah perubahan tutupan lahan di Kalimantan terkait erat dengan pola perubahan iklim. Pada periode tertentu,musim kering (ELNino) menyebabkan kekeringan panjang dan kebakaran hutan—seperti pada 1982 dan 1997. Saat itu, jutaan hektar hutan dan lahan terbakar. Kebakaran menciptakan tutupan hutan sekunder, semak belukar dan padang alang-alang.

205

4


In addition, traditional communities practicing shifting cultivation often utilize fire to help them open new lands (Mertz et al., 2008). Shifting cultivators cut down forests to transform them into fields, and leave those areas for a few years until they become forests again. Introduction of wetland farming that settle in peatland ecosystems in large scale (1 million hectares) was once conducted in 1997 - 1998, which transformed peatland ecosystems into paddy fields. Unfortunately, this giant project failed to make any significant impact. Today, the project only leaves shrub in the peat blog ecosystems in Central Kalimantan. Figure 4.6 shows the change of forests in 2000 into numerous land covers in 2011. Most primary forests in 2000 have been transformed into secondary forests, shrub, plantations, and some of them were tranformed into plantation forests, farmlands, and settlements.

Selain itu, masyarakat tradisional dengan pertanian berpindah juga akrab dengan api,sebagai alat bantu pembukaan lahan (Mertz et al., 2008). Peladang berpindah membuka hutan untuk dijadikan ladang, dan meninggalkannya untuk beberapa tahun (bera), hingga bersukses menjadi hutan lagi. Introduksi pertanian lahan basah menetap di ekosistem gambut dalam skala luas (1 juta hektar) pernah dilakukan pada 1997 - 1998, yang mengubah ekosistem gambut menjadi sawah. Sayangnya, proyek raksasa ini gagal dan berdampak besar. Hingga saat, proyek itu menyisakan semak belukar di ekosistem gambut Kalimantan Tengah. Gambar 4.6 menunjukkan perubahan hutan pada

2000,

menjadi

berbagai

penutupan

lahan

pada 2011. Sebagian besar hutan primer pada 2000 berubah menjadi hutan sekunder, semak belukar dan perkebunan, dan sebagian kecil menjadi hutan tanaman, lahan pertanian dan permukiman.

Figure 4.6 Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover In 2011 on Kalimantan

Gambar 4 .6. Perubahan hutan tahun 2000 menjadi tutupan lahan lain di tahun 2011 di Pulau Kalimantan Other Land Cover Penutupan Lahan Lain Transmigration Transmigrasi Settlements Permukiman Mining Tambang Bare Lands Lahan Terbuka Shrub/Savanna Semak Belukar/Savana Fish Ponds Tambak Paddy Fields Sawah Dryland Farming Pertanian Lahan Kering Plantations Perkebunan Industrial Forest HTI Secondary Forests Hutan Sekunder Primary Forests Hutan Primer

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent Persen


206


The Island of Papua

Pulau Papua

Papua provinces on the land of Sahul are separated by the Wallace line and the Weber line with Sunda land. Forest resources in these two provinces are very rich and have high endemicity. In 2011, forest covers in Papua and West Papua reached 34 million hectares, or covering 82.2 percent of the areas in those two provinces (Figure 4.7). Until now, pressures against the forests in these two provinces are relatively low compared to those against other provinces. No wonder the changes in forest covers in Papua and West Papua in 2000 – 2011 are very few (Figure 4.8). Exploitation of forest resources are mostly subsistent so that some of the forest covers in 2000 became secondary forests, and very few of them that changed into shrub, plantations, farmlands, and settlements (Figure 4.9).

Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat di dataran Sahul,

Land covers that tends to decline requires stronger efforts to preserve and increase the extent of forest cover. The efforts include, among others, the policy on forest moratorium, such as Presidential Instruction Number 10 of 2011 regarding new permit postponement and improvement of primary natural forest and peatland management—which is now reinstated.

Penutupan

dipisahkan garis Wallace dan garis Weber dengan dataran Sunda. Sumber daya hutan kedua provinsi ini sangat kaya dan memiliki endemisitas tinggi. Pada 2011, tutupan hutan di Papua dan Papua Barat mencapai 34 juta hektar, atau mencakup 82,2 persen wilayah kedua provinsi itu (Gambar 4.7).

Sampai

kini, tekanan terhadap hutan di kedua provinsi ini relatif kecil dibandingkan dengan provinsi lain. Tak mengherankan, perubahan tutupan hutan di Papua dan Papua Barat selama 2000 – 2011 sangat kecil (Gambar 4.8). Eksploitasi sumber daya hutan sebagian besar bersifat subsisten, sehingga tutupan hutan pada 2000 sebagian menjadi hutan sekunder, dan sangat sedikit yang berubah menjadi semak belukar, lahan perkebunan, pertanian dan permukiman (Gambar 4.9). lahan

yang

cenderung

menurun

menuntutupaya menjaga dan meningkatkan tutupan hutannya perlu ditingkatkan. Di antaranya, kebijakan moratorium hutan, seperti Instruksi Presiden Nomor 10 Tahun 2011 tentang penundaan pemberian izin baru dan penyempurnaan tata kelola pada hutan alam primer dan lahan gambut—kini diperpanjang lagi. Kunci

The key to success lies in collective consciousness to restore the forests function, suppress the rate of forest degradation and deforestation. Such consciousness is implemented in forest rehabilitation, planting of one billion trees, establishment of community plantation forests, community forests, social forests, and village forests. This is also shown through law enforcement and standards for timber legality verification.

keberhasilannya

terletak

pada

kesadaran

bersama untuk mengembalikan fungsi hutan yang rusak, menekan laju degradasi hutan dan deforestasi. Kesadaran itu mewujud dalam bentuk rehabilitasi, penanaman satu miliar pohon, pembangunan hutan tanaman rakyat, hutan rakyat, hutan kemasyarakatan serta hutan desa. Begitu jugapenegakan hukum serta standar verifikasi legalitas kayu.

Wamena Photo foto : Don

207

4


Figure 4.7 Deforestation on Papua, 2000 - 2011 Gambar 4.7. Deforestasi Hutan Pulau Papua 2000 - 2011

Forest Hutan Deforestation Deforestasi Other Land Cover Tutupan Lahan lainnya


208


Figure 4.8 Forest Cover Change by Province on Papua Gambar 4.8. Perubahan tutupan hutan Provinsi di Pulau Papua

2011 2009 2006

Papua

2003 2000

West Barat Papua

0

5.000.000

10.000.00

5.000.000

20.000.000

25.000.000

Hectare hektar Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan

Figure 4.9 Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Papua

Gambar 4.9. Perubahan hutan tahun 2000 menjadi tutupan lahan lain di tahun 2011 di Pulau Papua Other Land Cover Penutupan Lahan Lain Transmigration Transmigrasi Settlements Permukiman Mining Tambang Bare Lands Lahan Terbuka Shrub/Savanna Semak Belukar/Savana Fish Ponds Tambak Paddy Fields Sawah Dryland Farming Pertanian Lahan Kering Plantations Perkebunan Industrial Forest HTI Secondary Forests Hutan Sekunder Primary Forests Hutan Primer

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent Persen


209

4


Success Story of Forest Conservation in Kuningan Regency Keberhasilan Kuningan Dalam Konservasi Hutan

The Island of Java, occupied by 1,026 people per km2 is the most densely populated island in the world. Its population growth rate is also very high: more than 2 percent each year. Population density and rapid growth is suspected to encourage deforestation. A similar case takes place in China (Zhang, Uusivuori, and Kuuluvainen, 2000), Brazil (Andersen, 1996), Mexico (Barbier and Burgess, 1996), Thailand (Cropper, Griffiths, and Mani, 1997), Tanzania (Kaoneka and Solberg,1997) and Papua New Guinea (Ningal, Hartemink and Bregt, 2008). According to the Forestry Planology Agency, (2010), the rate of deforestation in Java reached 13,520 hectares every year.

Jawa yang dihuni 1.026 orang per km2 menjadi pulau terpadat di muka Bumi. Laju pertambahan penduduknya pun sangat tinggi: 2 persen lebih per tahun. Kepadatan dan peningkatan penduduk yang cepat dikhawatirkan memicu deforestasi. Contoh serupa dapat dilihat di Cina (Zhang, Uusivuori, and Kuuluvainen, 2000), Brazil (Andersen, 1996), Mexico (Barbier and Burgess, 1996), Thailand (Cropper, Griffiths, and Mani, 1997), Tanzania (Kaoneka and Solberg,1997) dan di Papua Nugini (Ningal, Hartemink and Bregt, 2008). Menurut Badan Planologi (2010), laju deforestasi di Jawa mencapai 13.520 hektar setiap tahun. Meski begitu, sebuah contoh menarik di Kabupaten Kuningan, Jawa Barat, bisa menjadi teladan bagi

Nevertheless, an interesting case in Kuningan Regency, West Java, can be a model for efforts to improve the environment. Between 1997 and 2009, Kuningan forest cover underwent some reforestation (replanting). This can be viewed on Figure 4.10, while the map of land covers is presented on Figure 4.11.

upaya perbaikan lingkungan. Antara 1997 hingga 2009, tutupan hutan Kuningan justru mengalami reforestasi (penghutanan kembali). Hal itu bisa dilihat pada Gambar 4.10, sedangkan peta penutupan lahannya disajikan Gambar 4.11. Perubahan dari deforestasi menjadi reforestasi dikenal dengan istilah forest transition (Transisi hutan). Teori

The change from deforestation into reforestation is known as forest transition. The theory of forest transition was first proposed by Mather (2004) when he was investigating the change in forest covers in Scotland. Reforestation there occurred to stop dependency on imported timber from England.

forest transition pertama kali dikemukakan Mather (2004) ketika meneliti perubahan tutupan hutan di Skotlandia. Reforestasi di sana terjadi sebagai upaya untuk melepaskan ketergantungan kayu impor dari Inggris. Ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan reforestasi Kabupaten Kuningan terjadi:

Reforestation in Kuningan Regency took place due to several factors, including:

a)Keberhasilan

program

pengelolaan

hutan

bersama masyarakat (PHBM) Perhutani Program

a) The success of Perhutani’s forest management programs with the community (Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat = PHBM) This program has brought economic benefits to PHBM participants. In addition to being permitted to cultivate the forested land for several years, farmers also received some share of the profit when the timber was harvested. Besides, this program provides fixed borders between the forest and the land owned by the locals.

ini memberi keuntungan ekonomi bagi peserta PHBM. Selain boleh mengolah lahan hutan selama beberapa tahun, petani juga mendapatkan bagihasil saat kayu dipanen. Program ini juga memberi kepastian batas kawasan hutan dan lahan milik. b) Insentif ekonomi Harga kayu sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) yang terus meningkat membuat petani bergairah menanam pohon. Siregar et al.(2007) menyatakan

210


b) Economic incentives The price of sengon ood (Paraserianthes falcataria) that kept increasing encouraged the farmers to plant more trees. Siregar et al.(2007) explained that in 2003, one cubic meter of sengon wood worth Rp 250 thousand went up to Rp 600 thousand in 2008. In the next five years, the price is predicted to reach Rp 1 million per cubic meter. The strategy of poverty reduction through PHBM has also influenced average household income. Research in Kalimati, Japara, indicated that household income obtained from the access to PHBM land reached Rp 43,664.16 or 6.60 percent of total monthly income. At the same time, time, the economic value of land access other than PHBM land was worth only Rp 3,383.33 (0.50 percent). The village of Jabranti got Rp 33,664.58 or 3.6 percent of the total monthly income, of which the income from the land other than PHBM totalling Rp 35,197.56 (3.77 percent).

pada 2003 satu kubik kayu sengon seharga Rp 250 ribu, dan pada 2008, sudah mencapai Rp 600 ribu. Selama lima tahun mendatang, harganya akan mencapai Rp 1 juta per meter kubik. Strategi pengurangan kemiskinan melalui PHBM, juga berpengaruh pada rata-rata pendapatan rumah tangga.Dari penelitian di Kalimati, Japara, diketahui pendapatan rumah tangga atas akses lahan PHBM mencapai Rp 43.664,16 atau 6,60 persen dari total pendapatan per bulan. Sementara itu, nilai ekonomi dari akses lahan di luar lahan PHBM hanya Rp 3.383,33 (0,50 persen). Untuk Desa Jabranti mencapai Rp 33.664,58 atau 3,6 persen dari total pendapatan pendapatan per bulan, dengan perolehan dari pendapatan di luar lahan PHBM, Rp 35.197,56 (3,77 persen). c) Urbanisasi Banyak petani Kuningan juga bekerja di beberapa kota besar sebagai pekerja informal. Para petani ini memilih menanam pohon di ladangnya ketika bekerja di kota, karena tidak perlu perawatan

c) Urbanization A lot of Kuningan farmers also work in several big cities as informal workers. These farmers choose to plant trees on their fields while working in the city as the trees do not require intensive maintenance. d) Support from the regional government, Perhutani, donor institutions, and NGOs Various reforestation programs are carried out through PHBM by the regional government, Perhutani, donor institutions, and NGOs. In 2003, these parties allocated Rp 2.4 billion worth of funds for PHBM (Setiamihardja 2003).

intensif. d)Dukungan

pemerintah

daerah,

Perhutani,

lembaga donor dan LSM Berbagai program reforestasi dilakukan melalui PHBM, baik oleh pemerintah daerah, Perhutani, lembaga donor dan LSM. Tercatat pada 2003, para pihak tersebut mengalokasikan dana Rp 2,4 miliar untuk PHBM (Setiamihardja 2003). Dorongan

lebih

lanjut

atas

kehendak

politik

Kabupaten Kuningan pada saat menggagas dan menggulirkan PHBM, semakin dimantapkan melalui alokasi program PHBM dalam kebijakan Rencana

Further encouragement based on the political will of the Kuningan Regency government when initiating and rolling out PHBM was even more established through allocation of PHBM program in the policy of Long Term Development Plan (RPJP) 2005-2025 which was included into fiveyear Medium Term Regional Development Plan (RPJMD).

Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (RPJP) 2005-2025 yang dimasukkan dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) 5 tahunan. Selain itu,pengarus-utamaan konservasi sumber daya alam juga dilakukan di berbagai bidang: (a) Deklarasi sebagai kabupaten konservasi dan telah dituangkan dalam visi dan misi Kabupaten

Moreover, mainstreaming of natural resources conservation was also carried out in a variety of aspects:

Kuningan. (b) Penanaman pohon bagi pasangan yang akan menikah

(a) A declaration as a conservation regency, which has been included into the vision and mission of

(Pengantin

Peduli

Lingkungan/

PEPELING). Program ini digagas pada 2005, untuk membangun tanggungjawab dan kesalehan sosial

211

4


Figure 4.10 Land Cover Change in Kuningan Regency 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

30.000,00

Luas Tutupan Lahan (ha)

Extent of Land Cover (Hectare)

Gambar 4.10. Diagram perubahan penutupan lahan Kab. Kuningan 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

25.000,00 20.000,00 15.000,00 10.000,00 5.000,00 0,00 1997

1999

2002

2009

Year

Tahun Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan

Figure 4.11 Land Cover Change Map For Kuningan Regency 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Gambar 4.11. Peta perubahan tutupan lahan Kabupaten Kuningan tahun 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

Source: Prasad, Damayanti and Masuda, 2013 Sumber : Prasetyo, Damayanti dan Masuda, 2013

212


Kuningan Regency.

para calon pengantin bagi upaya penanganan lahan kritis,

(b) Planting trees by couples who are getting married (Pengantin Peduli Lingkungan/ PEPELING). This program was initiated in 2005 to develop a sense of responsibility and social awareness of brides and bridegrooms in the efforts to manage critical land.

(c) Penanaman pohon setiap promosi jabatan (Aparatur Peduli Lingkungan/APEL). Program ini khusus seluruh PNS Kabupaten Kuningan, (d) Program Seruan Siswa Baru Peduli Lingkungan (SERULING). Program ini mendorong kesadaran

(c) Planting trees at every job promotion (Aparatur Peduli Lingkungan/APEL). This program is particularly aimed at all civil servants in Kuningan Regency.

siswa untuk mencintai pelestarian sumeber

(d) The Program called Seruan Siswa Baru Peduli Lingkungan (SERULING). This program encourages students’ awareness to care about the conservation of natural resources and the environment through a tree planting movement for new students of junior and senior high schools, at least 2-5 trees by each student.

(e) Program Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi

daya alam dan lingkungan, melalui gerakan penanaman siswa baru, SLTP dan SLTA, minimal 2-5 pohon tiap siswa,

Bersama Masyarakat (PKKBM).

Program ini

diterapkan di Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, dalam

bentuk modifikasi sistem pengelolaan

taman nasional, ke arah yang berbasis komunitas. Diharapkan konsep PKKBM Kabupaten Kuningan akan menjadi teladan bagi konsep pengelolaan kawasan konservasi di Indonesia, yang cenderung

(e)The Program of Conservation Area Management with the Community (PKKBM). This program was implemented at Mount Ciremai National Park, taking the form of modifications to the national park management towards a more community-based system. The PKKBM concept adopted by Kuningan Regency is expected to be a model for conversation area management in Indonesia.

kaku aturan, (f ) Pengembangan Model Desa Konservasi (MDK). Sampai 2013, telah terbangun 10 MDK di sekitar Gunung Ciremai, kerja sama antara Pemkab Kuningan dengan Dirjen Bangda (Kemendagri) dan satu desa kawasan hutan rakyat melalui peran APBD Kabupaten. Dampak diharapkan:terciptanya

budaya

positif yang konservasi,

melalui optimalisasi pemanfaatan sumberdaya

(f ) Development of Conservation Village Model (MDK). Until 2013, 10 MDK have been established around Mount Ciremai through cooperation between Kuningan Regency Government with the Directorate General of Regional Development (Ministry of Home Affairs) and a village in a community forest area funded by the regency’s Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD). Positive impacts expected from this cooperation included: people will develop a conservation culture by optimizing forest resources utilization with a balance between ecology, social, and economy.

hutan berimbang

antara ekologi, sosial dan

ekonomi, (g) Pembangunan dan pengembangan hutan kota. Kebijakan membangun hutan kota 1 lokasi di setiap kecamatan, masih terus dilaksanakan. Sampai 2013,

telah dibangun 17 hutan kota,

seluas 71,5 hektar. Hutan-hutan kota ini dibangun sesuai karakteristik dan tipologi setiap wilayah. Selain sarana rekreasi, juga bisa sebagai kantongkantong konservasi. (h)

Kerjasama hulu-hilir dalam pemanfaatan air.

(g) Development and growth of urban forests. The policy to develop urban forest in one location in every district still continues. Until 2013, 17 urban forest areas had been established, covering 71.5 hectares. These urban forests

Mekanisme kerja sama dibangun untuk

menumbuhkan komitmen pengguna di hilir (Kabupaten Cirebon dan Kota Cirebon) agar berkontribusi

upaya-upaya

pemeliharaan

catcment area di hulu (Kabupaten Kuningan).

213

4


were grown according to the characteristics and typologies of each region. Besides being recreational facilities, they may also serve as conservation area.

Naiknya konsumsi air minum menuntut PDAM Kota Cirebon meningkatkan sumber air dari Kabupaten Kuningan. Lantas, Kuningan berupaya mengajak Kota Cirebon bekerja sama memelihara kelestarian Gunung Ciremai sebagai kawasan resapan air yang

(h) Upstream-downstream cooperation in water utilization. A mechanism for cooperation was set up to build user commitments in downstream (Cirebon Regency and Cirebon City) area to contribute in preservation of upstream catchment areas (Kuningan Regency).

selama ini memasok kebutuhan air masyarakat Kota Cirebon. Kesepahaman untuk konservasi sumber mata air bisa diraih karena komitmen politik dari kedua pemimpin wilayah. Komitmen politik, dengan dukungan publik, mampu mendorong penyelesaian masalah air lintas-

Increasing drinking water consumption required the water company (PDAM) of Cirebon City to increase water sources from Kuningan Regency. Kuningan then tried to invite Cirebon City to work together to preserve water catchment areas on Mount Ciremai that had been supplying water to Cirebon City.

wilayah yang saling menguntungkan. Kerja sama ini disepakati pada 17 Desember 2004, berupa Perjanjian Kerja sama antara Pemerintah Kabupaten Kuningan dengan Pemerintah Kota Cirebon, tentang Pemanfaatan Sumber Mata Air Paniis, Kecamatan Pasawahan, Kabupaten Kuningan. Perjanjian

The agreement to conserve water sources could be obtained because of a political commitment from the leaders of the two regions. A political commitment, supported by the public, was able to encourage a solution to the problem of crossregion water supply which was mutually beneficial. This collaboration was signed on Desember 17, 2004, through an Agreement for Cooperation between the Government of Kuningan Regency and the Government of Cirebon City, concerning Utilization of Paniis Water Spring, Pasawahan District, Kuningan Regency.

merupakan

pembayaran bentuk

jasa

kepedulian

lingkungan terhadap

itu nilai

hidrologis dan kelangsungan sumber air. Dana konservasi dimanfaatkan untuk pemeliharaan hutan, guna menyelamatkan sumber air lintas-wilayah. Dalam skema pembayaran jasa lingkungan ini diatur kewajiban masing-masing pihak. Besarnya dana kompensasi konservasi dihitung dengan menimbang produksi air dari sumber air, tarif yang berlaku sebelum diolah bagi pelanggan di Kota Cirebon, dan tingkat kebocoran air. Untuk 2005 misalnya, dana kompensasi konservasi Gunung Ciremai disepakati Rp1,75 miliar. Dengan satu catatan: dana kompensasi

The agreement on payment for this environmental service was a form of concern for hydrological values and continuity of water sources. Funding for conservation was used for forest preservation in order to preserve cross-region water sources.

ini secara khusus untuk mendanai konservasi di zona resapan air Paniis sebagai sumber mata air. Skema pembayaran jasa lingkungan muncul karena Kota Cirebon tak punya sumber air baku air bersih yang memenuhi syarat. Skema ini seiring dengan UU

This scheme on payment for environmental services regulates the obligations of each party. The amount of compensation fund for conservation was calculated based on water production and applicable rates before treatment as well as the water loss. For 2005, for instance, the compensation fund for Mount Ciremai conservation was agreed at Rp 1.75 billion on one condition: this compensation fund was specifically intended to fund conservation of Paniis water catchment area as the source of water.

Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, dan UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air. Dengan begitu, pemerintah kabupaten dan kota yang memiliki sumber daya air memiliki wewenang mengupayakan menjadi sumber pendapatan asli daerah (PAD).Contoh pembayaran jasa lingkungan Kota Cirebon kepada Kabupaten Kuningan mungkin dapat dikembangkan di daerah lain dalam berbagai variasi. Pengarusutamaan konservasi juga berbentuk produk hukum konservasi. Sejauh ini, produk hukum terkait

214


The payment for environmental services scheme is needed because Cirebon City did not have any quality standard for clean water.

konservasi yang dihasilkan Kabupaten Kuningan di

that met the requirements. This scheme was compliant to the Law Number 32 of 2004 regarding Regional Government and Law Number 7 of 2004 regarding Water Resources. Therefore, governments of the regency and the city with water resources had the authority to add water to their regional revenues (PAD). The case of payment for environmental services by Cirebon City to Kuningan Regency might be implemented in other regions with certain variations.

- Peraturan daerah Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 tentang

antaranya: - Peraturan daerah Nomor 13 Tahun 2007 tentang Konservasi Sumberdaya Air, Pelestarian Satwa Burung dan Ikan, - Peraturan daerah Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kebun Raya Kuningan, - Perjanjian Kerja sama antara Kabupaten Kuningan dengan Kotamadya Cirebon Nomor 44 Tahun 2002 tentang Pemanfaatan Sumber Mata Air Paniiss, - Keputusan dengan

Bersama

Bupati

Huk/2011

antara

Cirebon

tentang

Kerja

Bupati

Kuningan

Nomor

690/Kep.08-

sama

Pemanfaatan

Sumber Mata Air Cigusti, Cibodas, dan Talaga

Conservation mainstreaming also took the form of conservation law. Thus far, laws on conservation enacted by Kuningan Regency included: - Regional regulation Number 13 of 2007 regarding Conservation of Water Resources - Regional regulation Number 10 of 2009 regarding Preservation of Birds and Fish, - Regional regulation Number 11 of 2012 regarding Management of Kuningan Botanical Garden, - Cooperation Agreement between Kuningan Regency and Cirebon City Number 44 of 2002 regarding the Utilization of Paniis Water Spring, - Joint Decree by the Head of Kuningan Regency and the Head of Cirebon Regency Number 690/ Kep.08-Huk/2011 regarding the Cooperation for the Utilization of Cigusti, Cibodas, and Talaga Nilam Water Springs, - The Head of Kuningan Regency’s Decree Letter Number 522/Kep.01-HUTBUN/2006 regarding the Stipulation of Local Endemic and Rare Plants in Kuningan Regency.

Nilam, - Surat Keputusan Bupati Kuningan Nomor 522/ Kep.01-HUTBUN/2006

tentang

Penetapan

Tanaman Endemik dan Langka Lokal Kabupaten Kuningan.

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4


CONTROL OVER RIVER DESTRUCTION

PENGENDALIAN KERUSAKAN SUNGAI

Ciliwung River

Sungai Ciliwung

Ciliwung is a river that crosses the borders of two provinces, flowing in West Java and DKI Jakarta. Ciliwung watershed (DAS) has an area of 521 km2, the main river being 109.7 kilometers long, with an average slope of 1/70 (6.3 – 1,500 m ASL). Ciliwung watershed stretches from the foot of Mount Pangrango in Puncak, Bogor Regency, to Teluk Jakarta, as shown on figure 4.12. In terms of topography, the upstream of Ciliwung River comprises hills or mountains, while the downstream of the river comprises lowlands.

Ciliwung merupakan sungai lintas-batas provinsi yang mengalir di Jawa Barat dan DKI Jakarta. Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Ciliwung seluas 521 km 2, sungai utamanya mengalir sepanjang 109,7 km, dengan kemiringan rata-rata 1/70 (6,3 – 1.500 m dpl). Daerah Aliran Sungai Ciliwung membentang dari kaki Gunung Pangrango di Puncak, Kabupaten Bogor, sampai ke Teluk Jakarta, seperti nampak pada gambar 4.12.Topografi Sungai Ciliwung di bagian hulu berupa perbukitan atau pegunungan, sedangkan di hilir

berupa dataran

rendah.

Based on Government Regulation Number 47 of 1997 regarding National Spatial and Regional Planning (RTRWN), the area along Ciliwung River is intended for: 1) Upstream area, conservation area, and utilization of natural resources such as reforestation, infiltration well, ditches, lake revitalization, and village fresh water supply; 2) Central area, reliable buffer zones in DKI Jakarta and certain areas in Jabodetabek (conservation and utilization of water resources); and 3) Downstream area, reliable zones in DKI Jakarta (including control of destructive capacity: normalization of rivers and estuaries, building flood control dams, and building flood canals)

Berdasarkan PP Nomor 47 Tahun 1997, tentang Rencana Tata Ruang dan Wilayah Nasional (RTRWN),kawasan sepanjang Sungai Ciliwung diperuntukkan: 1) Wilayah hulu, kawasan konservasi dan pendayagunaan sumber daya alam, seperti penghijauan, sumur resapan, parit, revitalisasi situ dan penyediaan air baku pedesaan; 2) Wilayah tengah, kawasan andalan penyangga DKI Jakarta dan kawasan tertentu Jabodetabek (konservasi dan pendayagunaan sumberdaya air); dan 3) Wilayah hilir,

kawasan

andalan

DKI

Jakarta

(mencakup

pengendalian daya rusak: normalisasi sungai dan muara, pembuatan waduk pengendali banjir, dan pembuatan kanal banjir) Selain sebagai kawasan resapan air utama bagi

In addition to being the main water catchment area for Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) and a buffer for the downstream area, the upstream of Ciliwung Watershed also flourishes as an area for tourism, trade, and services. Moreover, certain parts of Ciliwung riverbanks are densely populated. The condition of Ciliwung Watershed is getting worse and more polluted due to the decline of the land cover area upstream. This is caused by the high rate of land use changes as well as domestic waste, livestock and farm waste, and industry.

Jabodetabek

Around 80 percent of the water in Ciliwung River has been contaminated by domestic waste. The rest of the waste comes from small-scale businesses (livestock and farming) and industry. Accumulation of garbage in Ciliwung Watershed is undeniable

Sekitar 80 persen air Sungai Ciliwung telah tercemar

(Jakarta,

Bogor,

Depok,

Tangerang,

Bekasi) dan penyangga bagian hilir, bagian hulu DAS Ciliwung juga berkembang menjadi kawasan wisata, perdagangan dan jasa. Selain itu, di sebagian bantaran Sungai Ciliwung bagian hulu telah dipadati penduduk. Kondisi DAS Ciliwung semakin memprihatinkan dan menanggung beban pencemaran dengan menyusutnya luas tutupan lahan di hulu. Hal itu lantaran tingginya alih fungsi lahan serta masuknya limbah domestik, limbah peternakan dan pertanian, maupun limbah industri.

air limbah domestik.Sementara itu, sisa limbah berasal dari usaha skala kecil (peternakan dan pertanian) dan industri. Sampah yang bertumpuk di DAS Ciliwungtak bisa dipungkiri, mengingat kesadaran masyarakat yang relatif rendah.

216


Figure 4.12 Ciliwung River Location Map Gambar 4.12. Peta lokasi Sungai Ciliwung


considering the low public awareness. Beberapa lokasi sepanjang bantaran sungai di bagian

Many locations along the riverbanks upstream have turned into crowded settlements that increases he volume of garbage and water pollution. This is due to lack of waste disposal and domestic waste water treatment plants. Unfortunately, the same problem also occurs in a number of locations downstream where piles of garbage can be seen in some spots along the riverbanks.

hulu, telahmenjadi permukiman padat, sehingga meningkatkan volume sampah dan pencemaran air. Hal ini lantaran kurangnya fasilitas pembuangan sampah dan pengolahan air limbah domestik. Sayangnya, hal serupa juga terjadi di beberapa lokasi di bagian hilir, dengan tumpukan sampah di sejumlah titik bantaran sungai. Secara umum, kondisi DAS Ciliwung semakin memburuk,

In general, the condition of Ciliwung Watershed is getting worse with the increased sedimentation from erosion and river constriction because of illegal houses lining up along the riverbanks. Human liquid waste and solid waste, both directly and indirectly, enter the body of water. This would cause the quality of the river water and the quality of the environment in general to decline. Deterioration of water quality and environmental carrying capacity is also influenced by public and business awareness towards the environment.

dengan meningkatnya sedimentasi karena erosi dan penyempitan sungai karena rumah-rumah liar yang berjejer di bantaran sungai. Limbah cair dan limbah padat manusia, secara langsung dan tidak, masuk ke badan air. Dampaknya bisa ditebak: menurunkan kualitas air sungai dan kualitas lingkungan secara umum. Merosotnya kualitas air dan daya dukung lingkungan ini juga dipengaruhi kesadaran masyarakat dan pelaku usaha terhadap lingkungan. Dari analisis dan ekstraksi Citra Satelit Landsat dari 2000 sampai 2010, diketahui DAS Ciliwung telah mengalami degradasi lahan, yang ditunjukkan dengan alih fungsi

Analysis and extracts from Landsat Satellite Images from 2000 to 2010 indicated that Ciliwung Watershed was suffering from land degradation, which was suggested by significant land use change. This is shown in Figure 4.13.

lahan yang signifikan. Hal itu terlihat pada Gambar 4.13. Gambar 4.14 memperlihatkan tutupan lahan DAS Ciliwung pada 2010. Konversi fungsi lahan telah

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Figure 4.14 shows the land covers of Ciliwung Watershed in 2010. Land use change has caused Ciliwung Watershed to be surrounded by settlements. Houses along the riverbanks also cause constriction and silting up in downstream area. Crowded settlements cause the rate of surface runoff to increase due to the absence of catchment area. Eventually, the water debit of Ciliwung River is very high during the rainy season, but much lower during the dry season. Such land conversion increases the risk of environmental disasters such as: floods and landslides.

menyebabkan

DAS

Ciliwung

semakin

dikepung

permukiman penduduk. Pemukiman di bantaran sungai juga menyebabkan penyempitan dan pendangkalan di bagian hilir. Permukiman padat berdampak pada naiknya laju aliran permukaan, karena tidak adanya resapan air. Akhirnya,debit Sungai Ciliwung sangat tinggi pada musim hujan, namun saat musim kemarau, menjadi surut. Konversi lahan itu meningkatkan potensi bencana lingkungan: banjir dan tanah longsor. Pencemaran yang tinggi karena meningkatnya sumber pencemar ke arah hilir turut menurunkan kualitas air DAS Ciliwung. Berdasarkan perhitungan Storet

Severe pollution caused by additional sources of pollutants to downstream area also contributes to the decline of the quality of Ciliwung Watershed. Based on Storet calculation (Minister of Environment Decree No. 115/2003) compared to the Criteria Class II Water Quality — Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001, the status of water quality in the primary flow of Ciliwung Watershed has been heavily polluted, as shown on figure 4.16.

(KepMenLH Nomor 115 Tahun 2003) yang dibandingkan dengan Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II—PP Nomor 82 Tahun 2001, status mutu air aliran utama DAS Ciliwung telah tercemar berat, seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.16. Pencemaran kian memburuk di wilayah hilir Ciliwung. Beratnya beban pencemar dipengaruhi tingginya jumlah bakteri Fecal Coliform maupun Total Coliform dari limbah padat manusia dan binatang. Pencemaran berat, atau kadar BOD dan COD yang tinggi,terutama

The pollution level is worse in the upstream area of Ciliwung. The heavy pollution is influenced by the large number of Fecal Coliform bacteria and Total Coliform from solid waste of humans and animals. Heavy pollution, or high levels of BOD and COD, especially downstream, has caused oxygen availability to be very low or even zero. Obviously, this seriously disrupts the life of water biota in the river.

di bagian hilir, membuat ketersedian oksigen sangat rendah.Bahkan tidak ada. Tentu saja, hal ini sangat mengganggu kehidupan biota air sungai. Hasil penelitian Puslit Biologi LIPI selama 1910-2009 menyimpulkan, 92 persen ikan di Ciliwung sudah punah, sementara 66,7 persen mollusca, udang dan kepiting juga telah mengalami kepunahan (Kompas, 15/11/2011). Saat ini, hanya dijumpai 20 jenis ikan, padahal di era 1910-an Sungai Ciliwung memiliki 187

Results of research by LIPI Biology Research Center during the period of 1910-2009 concluded that 92 percent of fish in the Ciliwung were extinct, while 66.7 percent of the mollusca, shrimps, and crabs were also extinct (Kompas, 15/11/2011). Today there are only 20 species of fish, whereas there Ciliwung River had 187 species of fish in the 1910s (Team from LIPI Biology Research Center, 2009).

jenis ikan (Tim puslit Biologi-LIPI, 2009).

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Figure 4.13 Change in Forest and Settlement Areas in The Ciliwung Watershed, 2000-2010 Gambar 4.13. Perubahan Luasan Hutan dan Permukiman DAS Ciliwung, Tahun 2000-2010

Forest Hutan Settlements Pemukiman

40.000

31.169

35.167

32.195

35.503

35.503

30.000

Luas (Ha)

Extent (Hactare)

35.000

24.832

25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 0

4.162

4.918

2000

1.662

2005

1.265

2007

1.245

2008

1.245

2009

2010

Year

Tahun Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


Figure 4.14 Proportion of Land Cover Change in The Ciliwung , 2000-2010 Gambar 4.14. Proporsi Perubahan Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2000-2010

40.000

Extent (Hectare) Luas Lahan (hektar)

35.000

2000

2008

25.000

2005

2009

20.000

2007

2010

30.000

15.000 10.000

Water bodies Tubuh Air

Dry fields Tegalan/Ladang

Bare Lands Tanah Terbuka

Fish Ponds Tambak/Empang

Bush/Shrub Semak/Belukar

Paddy Fields Sawah

Swamp Rawa

Settlement Permukiman

Gardens/Plantations Kebun/Perkebunan

0

Forest Hutan

5.000

Land Cover

Tutupan Lahan Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


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4


Figure 4.15 Land Cover Map for the Ciliwung Watershed, 2010 Gambar 4.15. Peta Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung .tahun 2010



Figure 4.16 Water Quality Along the Ciliwung Watershed 2010-2012 According to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001

Compliant Memenuhi

0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160

Polluted Cemar Sedang

Heavily Polluted


KA11.Pik-downstream Hilir

SC10.Mangga Dua downstream Hilir

SC9.Manggarai

ASC10.YPM Manggarai

ASC9.Condet

ASC8.Cijantung

SC8.Ciliwung akses UI

ASC7.Sugutamu

ASC6.CiKumpa

SC7.Permata Depok

ASC5.Ciluar

ASC4.Ciparigi

SC6.Kedung Halang

ASC3.Cikapancilan

CS5.Jemb Sempur

ASC2.Cibudik

SC4.Bdg Katulampa

ASC1.Ciesek

SC3.Jemb Gadog

SC2.Jemb Leuwimalang

SC1.Mjd Nurul Iman

Cemar Berat

Headwater Hulu

Scor

Gambar 4.16. Status mutu hulu-hilir DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2010-2012 berdasarkan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001

2010 2011 t r Bera Cema d 2012 e t llu ily Po dang Heav ar Se C d em e t u uhi ll Po emen ant M li p m Co


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The degradation of water quality that occurs in Ciliwung Watershed has triggered a program for controlling environmental damage and pollution as stipulated in the attachments of Draft Presidential Regulation (Raperpres) on Ciliwung, General Plan (Qualitative ) on Pollution Control of Ciliwung River Water (Years 2010-2030). This program involves and brings together numerous parties including:

Kerusakan dan merosotnya kualitas air yang terjadi di DAS Ciliwung melecut adanya program pengendalian kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan yang tertuang dalam lampiran Raperpres Ciliwung, Rencana Umum (Kualitatif ) Pengendalian Pencemaran Air Sungai Ciliwung ( Tahun 2010-2030). Program ini melibatkan berbagai pihak secara terpadu sebagai berikut: a) Program Pengendalian Pencemaran Air

a)Water Pollution Control Program 1.Management of domestic waste, which includes: a) Treatment of community wastewater, b) Setting up a municipal sewage system,and c) Constructing community septic tanks. 2.Management of industrial waste, which includes: a) Identification of sources and types of pollutants, and b) Execution of PROKASIH and PROPER. 3.Solid waste management (3R), which includes : a) Integrated solid waste management, b) Composting, and c) Solid waste removal by using incinerators. 4.Controlling the use of farm fertilizers, which includes: a) Use of environment-friendly fertilizers (substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic fertilizers), b) Controlling the use of synthetic pesticides.

1. Penanganan limbah domestik, meliputi: a) Pengolahan limbah cair komunal, b)Pembangunan

jaringan

drainase

air

limbah

perkotaan, serta c) Pembuatan septictank komunal. 2. Penanganan limbah industri, meliputi: a) Identifikasi sumber dan jenis pencemar, serta b) Pelaksanaan PROKASIH dan PROPER. 3. Pengelolaan sampah (3R), meliputi : a) Pengelolaan sampah terpadu, b) Pengomposan sampah, serta c) Pemusnahan sampah dengan incinerator. 4. Pengendalian penggunaan pupuk pertanian, yang meliputi : a) Penggunaan pupuk ramah lingkungan (substitusi pupuk kimia dengan pupuk organik), b) Pengendalian penggunaan pestisida sintetis. b) Program Pengendalian Kerusakan Lingkungan 1. Penanganan lahan kritis, meliputi:

b) Environmental Damage Control Program 1.Management of critical land, which includes: a) Reforestation of open/critical land, b) Reforestation and replanting the riverbanks that are still exposed, c) Urban forest and environmental greening, d) Agroforestry, e) Land conservation on farms, and f ) Implementation of incentives in greening movements upstream. 2. Management of catchment areas, which includes: a) Maintenance of lakes b) Constructing infiltration wells, and c) Constructing more catchment reservoir systems 3.Controlling constrictions of rivers, which includes: a) Establishing riverbank limits b) Freeing and regulating riverbank limits

a) Reboisasi/ penghijauan lahan terbuka/kritis, b) Rehabilitasi dan penanaman kanan-kiri sungai yang masih terbuka, c) Hutan kota dan penghijauan lingkungan, d) Agroforestry, e) Konservasi tanah pada lahan pertanian, serta f ) Penerapan insentif dalam gerakan penghijauan wilayah hulu sungai. 2. Penanganan daerah resapan, meliputi : a) Pemeliharaan situ, b) Pembuatan sumur resapan, serta c) Perbanyakan waduk-waduk resapan. 3. Pengendalian penyempitan sungai, yang meliputi : a) Penetapan sempadan sungai, serta b) Pembebasan dan penataan sempadan. c) Program penataan ruang Program penataan kawasan, meliputi:

c) Spatial planning program Regional spatial planning program, which includes: a) Revision of spatial planning, and b) Spatial planning monitoring and controlling system.

a) Revisi tata ruang, serta b) Sistem monitoring dan pengawasan tata ruang. d) Program Penegakan Hukum Program penegakan hukum, meliputi:

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4


d) Law Enforcement Program Law enforcement program, which includes: a) Law enforcement against spatial planning violations, b) Law enforcement against cases of environmental pollution, c) Issuance of warning and revocation of operational license for industries that do not have WWTP, d) Centralization and small industry communal waste water treatment plant.

a) Penegakan hukum pelanggar tata ruang, b) Penegakan hukum bagi kasus pencemaran lingkungan, c) Peneguran dan pencabutan izin operasi bagi setiap industri yang tidak memiliki IPAL, d) Sentralisasi dan pengolahan limbah cair industri kecil. e) Program Peningkatan Peran serta Masyarakat 1. Pembinaan dan partisipasi masyarakat, meliputi: a) Pembentukan dan pembinaan forum (kelompok) peduli Ciliwung,

e)Community Participation Improvement Program 1.Community development and public participation, which includes: a) Forum (group) establishment and development for Ciliwung, b) Involvement of forums for Ciliwung in a variety of events related to management of Ciliwung River, c) Participation of forums/communities in experimental plots (terracing, conservation structures, composting, biogas from animal dung), d) Information dissemination (dangers of untreated waste disposal to the river, the importance of biogas as a substitute for fuel, WWTP for small-scale and integrated domestic industries), e) Training sessions (generating biogas, composting, community septic tanks, simple waste management), and f ) Involvement of businesses/private enterprises in events related to environmental management of Ciliwung River.

b) Pelibatan forum peduli Ciliwung dalam berbagai kegiatan pengelolaan Sungai Ciliwung, c) Penyertaan forum/masyarakat dalam demplot (pembuatan terasering, bangunan konservasi, kompos dari sampah, gas bio dari kotoran hewan), d) Sosialisasi

(bahaya

akibat

pembuangan

sampah ke sungai, pentingnya gas bio sebagai pengganti bahan bakar, IPAL industri skala kecil dan domestik terpadu), e) Pelatihan

(pembuatan

gas

bio,

kompos,

septictank komunal, pengelolaan limbah secara sederhana), serta f ) Pelibatan dunia usaha/swasta dalam kegiatan pengelolaan lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung. 2. Pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat, meliputi: a) Pelatihan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan produktif masyarakat, serta b) Pembinaan ekonomi (usaha produktif ) masyarakat. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, sepanjang 2006 – 2011 melakukan pemulihan kualitas air Sungai Ciliwung, seperti tertuang dalam gambar 4.18.

2.Empowerment of people’s economy, which includes: a) Training sessions to improve the people’s productive skills, and b) Development of people’s economy (productive businesses). During 2006-2011, the Ministry of Environment attempted to restore the quality of the water in Ciliwung River, as shown on figure 4.18.

222


4

Garis Besar Rencana 2012 - 2015

Figure 4.17 Outline of Ciliwung River Restoration Plan 2012 - 2015

Gambar 4.17. Garis Besar Rencana Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2012 - 2015

Restora s i S ung a i Cil iw ung

Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung Start of Pilot Project Awal Pelaksanaan Percontohan Waste water treatment plant design (6 month starting November) Desain IPAL (6 Bulan dari bulan November) *1 WWTP (Q = 500 m3/d) Landscaping using water *1 IPAL (Q=500 m3/d) Fasilitas Landscape menggunakan air

201 2 Construction & Main

Awal pelaksanaan per facilities Konstruksi & Sarana Utama contohan Dredging of river d Desain IPAL (6 bulan Pengerukan Sungai ari bulan November) Construction * 1 IPAL (Q=500m3/d) of foundation * Fasilitas Landscape Pembangunan Pondasi

menggunakan air limb ah IPAL

WWTP IPALUnderground di bawah tanah IPAL di bawah tanah

20 20 20 Waiting for construction of Finishing of Pilot Model 13 14 menunggu Penyelesaian Penyelesaian Model 15 WWTP and main Konstruksi danfacilities Sara toSelama be completed

Percontohan Percontohan penyelesaian pem • Evaluasi bangunan konstru Evaluation of Pilot Model l ksi IPAL dan Saran Evaluasi Model Percontohan a Utama Percontohan Operation of Learning • Pengop Penyiapan Rencan plans Center n Pusat IPAL Restora Pusat Penyiapan Rencana Lanjutana lanjutan Pengoperasian Pembelajara Pembelajaran si Sungai di Indone • Serah te Handover sia Serah Terima ekerjaan Rencana “Ind da Peme Plan for “Indonesian River Restor Restoration Model” n RiverDaerah Rencana “ Indonesian River Model” elola Ist Restoration Model” Awal dimulain Start of implementation aksanaan Res Awal dimulainya Pelaksanaan Center Sungai Ciliwu PusatLearning Pendidikan Pusat Pendidikan dari Tahun 20

na Utama Selama menunggu • Pengerukan s penyelesaian pembangunan konstruksi IPAL dan Sarana ungai Utama • Pembanguna n Pondasi Preparation of advanced



Ciliwung Watershed(DAS) in the Bogor area encroached upon by settlements, villas, and hotels Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Ciliwung di kawasan Bogor di sejumlah titik semakin terimpit perkampungan penduduk, vila, dan hotel Photo Foto: Kompas/Riza Fathoni

223


Figure 4.18 Ciliwung River Environmental Quality Restoration Pilot Project 2006-2011 Gambar 4.18. Pilot Project Pemulihan Kualitas Lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2006 - 2011

Ciliwung River Environmental Quality Restoration Pilot Project 2006-2011 Pilot Project Pemulihan Kualitas Lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2006 - 2011

Domestic Waste WWTP Model in Condet (East Jakarta)and Cilandak (South Jakarta) Model IPAL Limbah Domestik di Condet (Jakarta timur) dan Cilandak ( Jakarta Selatan) Community toilet/Septictank,Domestic WWTP, WWTP Biogas from Tofu Waste WC/Septictank Komunal, IPAL Limbah Domestik, IPAL Biogas Limbah Tahu Cow manure biogas, community toilet/Septictank, Domestic Waste WWTP, WWTP Solid waste/Trash (3-R) Biogas Limbah Ternak Sapi, WC/Septictank Komunal, IPAL Limbah Domestik, IPAL Limbah Padat/Sampah (3-R) Tofu waste biogas, tapioka waste biogas Community toilet/Septictank, WWTP Solid waste/Trash (3-R) Biogas Limbah Tahu, Biogas dari Limbah Tapioka, WC/Septictank Komunal, IPAL Limbah Padat/Sampah (3-R)


Cow manure biogas, Sediment Trap, Infiltration Well and Biopore Infiltration Holes Biogas Limbah Ternak (Sapi), Penangkap Sedimen (Sediment Trap), Sumur Resapan dan Lubang Resapan Biopori

224


Citarum River

Sungai Citarum

Citarum is the biggest and longest river in West Java, stretching across a number of regencies, 300 km long. Citarum belongs to the category of super-priority river based on the joint decree by the Minister of Domestic Affairs Number 19 of 1984, Minister of Forestry Number 059 of 1984, and Minister of Public Works Number 124 of 1984.

Citarum adalah sungai besar dan terpanjang di Jawa

The area of Citarum Watershed is approximately 7,400 km 2, which is divided into three parts according to physical ecology: First, the upstream part, covering an area of 1,771 km 2, bordering Majalaya down to the inlet of Saguling Reservoir. Second, the middle part covering an area of 4,242 km 2, from the inlet of Saguling Reservoir to the outlet of Jatiluhur Reservoir. Third, the downstream part, from the outlet of Jatiluhur Reservoir to the estuary in the Java Sea, covering an area of 1,387 km 2.

Luas DAS Citarum sekira 7.400 km 2 yang secara fisik

Barat,yang melintasi sejumlah kabupaten, sepanjang 300 km. Citarum berkategori sungai super-prioritas berdasarkan keputusan bersama Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 19 Tahun 1984; Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 059 Tahun 1984 dan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 124 Tahun 1984.

ekologis terbagi menjadi tiga bagian. Pertama, bagian hulu seluas 1.771 km2, dengan batas antara Majalaya sampai inlet Waduk Saguling. Kedua, bagian tengah seluas 4.242 km 2, dari inlet Waduk Saguling sampai outlet Waduk Jatiluhur. Ketiga, bagian hilir dari outlet Waduk Jatiluhur sampai muara di Laut Jawa, seluas 1.387 km2. Sungai

Citarum

bersumber

di

Gunung Wayang,

Cibeureum, Kecamatan Kertasari, Bandung, yang mengalir melalui Majalaya. Selanjutnya, mengalir ke

Citarum River starts in Mount Wayang, Cibeureum, District of Kertasari, Bandung, which flows through Majalaya. Then, it flows to the center of West Jawa from the south to the north, and eventually ends at the estuary in the Java Sea in Muara Gembong. Citarum flows through four districts: Bandung, Cianjur, Purwakarta, and Karawang, as shown on figure 4.19.

bagian tengah Jawa Barat dari selatan ke arah utara; dan akhirnya bermuara di Laut Jawa di Muara Gembong. Citarum melewati empat Kabupaten: Bandung, Cianjur, Purwakarta dan Karawang, seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.19 Sungai Citarum pun menjadi sumber energi listrik dengan tiga waduk besar. Pada 1963 dibangun Waduk Jatiluhur dengan kapasitas 3.000 m3, disusul Waduk Saguling pada

Citarum River is also a source of electricity with three large reservoirs. Jatiluhur Reservoir was built in 1963 with a capacity of 3,000 m 3, followed by Saguling Reservoir in 1986 with a capacity of 982 million m 3, and Cirata Reservoir, built in 1988, with a capacity of 2,165 million m 3. Being the oldest, multipurpose reservoir in Citarum River, Jatiluhur also supplies raw water for the regional water company in Jakarta, raw water for industry, irrigation, fishery, flushing, flood control, and serves as a recreational facility.

1986 berkapasitas 982 juta m3, lantas Waduk Cirata yang dibangun pada 1988, berkapasitas 2.165 juta m 3. Sebagai waduk serbaguna dan tertua di Sungai Citarum, Jatiluhur juga memasok air baku PDAM di Jakarta, air baku industri, irigasi, perikanan, penggelontoran, pengendali banjir dan sarana rekreasi. Secara hidrologis, DAS Citarum memiliki curah hujan rata-rata 2.300 mm per tahun, atau berdebit hingga 5,7 miliar m 3 per tahun. Debit Citarum sangat fluktuatif antara musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Ini berarti

Hydrologically, Citarum Watershed has average precipitation of 2,300 mm per year, or has a discharge up to 5.7 billion m 3 per year. Citarum debit is highly fluctuating between the rainy season and the dry season. This means Citarum Watershed belongs to the critical category.

DAS Citarum tergolong kritis. Lantaran alirannya melewati pemukiman dan industri yang luas dan beragam, kondisi Citarum kian menurun. Populasi yang tinggal di DAS Citarum meningkat pesat, yang memberi tekanan bagi kualitas dan kuantitas sungai. Pada 2000, penduduk wilayah ini 6.178.955 jiwa,

Since the water flows through vast housing and industrial areas with all their varieties, the condition of Citarum is deteriorating. Population along

meningkat 7.867.006 jiwa pada 2010. Jumlah ini akan terus berkembang, yang bisa mencapai 11.382.200 jiwa pada 2025. Populasi ideal yang mendiami kawasan

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4


Figure 4.19 Citarum Watershed Area Map Gambar 4.19. Peta wilayah DAS Citarum

Citarum Watershed DAS Citarum

Source: Ministry of Public Works Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum

Citarum Watershed has been growing rapidly, which puts pressure on the quality and quantity of the river. In 2000, population in this area was recorded at 6,178,955, and increased to 7,867,006 in 2010. This number will keep growing, possibly reaching 11,382,200 in 2025. The ideal population settling in this area is supposed to be 3 - 4 million people. People along Citarum River have begun to suffer from lack of fresh water as its quality keeps declining.

ini semestinya 3 - 4 juta jiwa. Masyarakat di sepanjang Sungai Citarum mulai terancam pemenuhan air bersihnya, karena kualitasnya terus menurun. Penurunan kualitas air Citarum disebabkan banyak hal, diantaranya karena aktivitas domestik, industri dan pertanian. Kegiatan domestik menjadi penyumbang utama pencemar. Sedikitnya 65 persen pencemar berasal dari kegiatan domestik, sisanya dari limbah industri dan pertanian. Beragam industri berkembang

Deterioration of the quality of Citarum water is caused by many things, including domestic activities, industry, and farming. Domestic activities are the major cause of pollution. At least 65 percent of

di DAS Citarum, terutama industri tekstil yang berlimbah warna dan logam berat. Seperti limbah pertanian, limbah industri banyak mengandung fosfor dan nitrogen, yang membuat perairan kaya nutrisi.

226


Figure 4.20 Land-use Change in the Citarum Watershed that Pressures Gambar 4.20. Perubahan tata guna lahan di DAS Citarum yang menekan kondisi Sungai Citarum Tahun 1994 - 2005



Dampaknya,

pollutants come from domestic activities, while the rest come from industrial and farm wastes. Various industries have flourished along Citarum Watershed, especially textile industry with wastes containing coloring agents and heavy metals. Like farm waste, industrial waste contains a lot of phosphorus and nitrogen, causing the waters to be rich of nutrients.

perairan

mengalami

penyuburan

berlebihan (eutrofikasi) yang terlihat dari pertumbuhan alga dan gulma yang tak terkendali. Salah satu gulma adalah enceng gondok yang mampu berkembang biak sangat cepat. Gulma ini menyesaki Sungai Citarum, yang menghalangi penetrasi sinar matahari dan pelarutan oksigen. Hal ini dapat merusak ekosistem perairan Sungai Citarum.

Consequently, the waters suffer from excessive fertilization (eutrophication) that can be seen from uncontrollable growth of algae and weeds. One of the aquatic weeds is the water hyacinth that is able to multiply very quickly. These weeds fill Citarum River, blocking the sun and preventing dissolution of oxygen. This may result in the damage to the ecosystem in Citarum River.

Karena pendangkalan, areal persawahan semakin kekurangan air, dengan kualitas yang juga memburuk. Tak pelak lagi, hal itu mempengaruhi kualitas hasil pertanian. Ratusan keramba apung di tiga waduk DAS Citarum telah meningkatkan pencemaran. Pemberian pakan ikan yang tidak proporsional telah meningkatkan unsur hara dan mempercepat sedimentasi waduk. Di beberapa segmen Sungai Citarum, terutama Citarum

Due to silting up, paddy fields receive less water with increasingly worse quality. It will undeniably affect the quality of farming. Hundreds of floating fish cages in three reservoirs along Citarum Watershed have made the contamination even worse. Unproportionate fish feeding has increased trace elements and accelerated sedimentation in the reservoir.

Hulu dan Pantai Utara, sering terjadi banjir. Ini terkait erat dengan kawasan hulu dan alih fungsi lahan di cekungan Bandung yang meningkatkan jumlah air larian dan tinggi muka air sungai seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.20. Laju sedimentasi meningkatkan laju pendangkalan, yang mengurangi daya tampung Sungai Citarum. Laju sedimentasi diperkirakan sebesar 0,7 - 1,7 juta ton setiap tahun.

In a few segments of Citarum River, especially Citarum Hulu and the North Coast, floods often occurs. This is closely related to the upstream area and land use change in the Bandung basin that increase the amount of surface runoff and level of river elevation as shown on figure 4.20. Sedimentation rate increases silting rate, further decreasing the capacity

Akibat alih fungsi lahan,jumlah air larian (run off) di cekungan Bandung—hulu DAS ini—sebesar 3.634 juta m 3 setiap tahun. Tak mengejutkan, volume air sungai cenderung meningkat, karena menampung air larian seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.21.

227

4


Figure 4.21 Annual Volume of the Citarum, 1963-2008

Gambar 4.21. Jumlah aliran air per tahun Sungai Citarum Tahun 1963-2008 9.000 8.000

Volume (Juta m3)

7.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000

(5,8 Billion milyar m3)




1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008


Source : Citarum River BasinOffice Sumber : Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Citarum

Figure 4.22. Pollution Index for the Upperin Segment of the Citarum River Gambar 4.22. Indeks pencemaran di segmen sungai Citarum hulu

PI IP

15 10

0

Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nan jung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjun g Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanju ng Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanju ng Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanju ng

5

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Source: Marganingrum, et al, 2013 Sumber: Marganingrum, dkk, 2013

of Citarum River. Sedimentation rate is estimated at 0.7 - 1.7 million tons every year.

Kebutuhan air baku untuk air minum pun semakin meningkat, sedangkan jumlah ketersediaan air tetap. Pada saat yang sama, pengambilan air tanah-dalam

Due to land use change, the amount of runoff in Bandung basin—upstream of this watershed reaches 3,634 million m 3 every year. Consequently, the volume of river water tends to increase as a result of the runoff as shown on figure 4.21.

makin intensif. Hal ini membuat muka air tanah turun dan penurunan permukaan tanah. Daerah yang berpotensi kekurangan air baku adalah Bandung, Bekasi, dan Karawang (Pantura). Pengelolaan air Sungai Citarum saat ini ditangani Perusahaan Umum Jasa Tirta (PJT ) II.

The demand for raw water is also increasing while the quantity of available water is constant. At the same time, extraction of deep- ground water is increasingly intensive. This has caused the ground water elevation to become lower. Areas with raw water crisis vulnerability include Bandung, Bekasi, and Karawang (Pantura). Water management of

Data historis 2002 – 2012 menunjukkan hulu DAS Citarum—antara Wangisagara dengan Nanjung, tercemar fecal coliform, sulfida, dan fenol, yang merupakan tiga tanda utama penurunan kualitas sungai. Fecal coliform adalah

parameter

tipikal

limbah

domestik;

fenol:

parameter tipikal limbah industri; sedangkan sulfida bisa

228


Citarum River is currently handled by Perusahaan Umum Jasa Tirta (PJT ) II.

berasal dari domestik maupun industri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan telah terjadi diferensiasi

Historical data of 2002 – 2012 suggest that fecal coliform, sulfide, and phenolare the, three major pollutants in the Citarum Watershed upstream area— between Wangisagara and Nanjung. Fecal coliform is a typical parameter of domestic waste; phenol is a typical parameter of industrial waste; while sulfide may come from either domestic or industrial waste.

polutan dari sumber domestik menjadi domestik dan nondomestik setelah 2005. Dari indeks pencemaran (IP) nampak Sungai Citarum, dari hulu (Wangisagara) hingga Nanjung (sebelum masuk Waduk Saguling) telah tercemar sedang hingga berat. Limbah domestik memang menjadi pencemar utama Sungai Citarum. Keterbatasan infrastruktur sanitasi

Research results suggested there had been a pollutant differentiation from domestic sources to domestic and nondomestic after 2005. The pollution index (IP) showed Citarum River, from its upstream (Wangisagara) to Nanjung (before entering Saguling Reservoir) was moderately to heavily polluted.

menyebabkan limbah domestik sampai ke badan air tanpa melalui pengolahan. Pertumbuhan populasi, yang ditandai kian banyaknya rumah, tidak diiringi dengan peningkatan infrastruktur sanitasi. Sementara fasilitas jaringan air kotor di cekungan Bandung hanya terdapat di kota Bandung. Tingkat pelayanannya pun baru mencapai kurang dari 60 persen.

Domestic waste has been the main pollutant of Citarum River. Limited sanitary infrastructures caused untreated domestic waste to reach the body of water. Population growth, marked by increasing number of houses, is not matched by the increase in sanitary infrastructures. At the same time, sewage water facilities in Bandung basin are only located in the city of Bandung. Besides, its service level only reaches less than 60 percent.

Figure 4.23 Upgrading of Sanitary Facilities in the Bandung Basin, 2000-2011

60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49

59,05

2011

2010

2009

2008

57,21

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

Number of house connections Jumlah SR Percentage Persentase

(%)

102 100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 2000

Number of house connections Jumlah SR

Gambar 4.23. Peningkatan fasilitas sanitasi di cekungan Bandung Tahun 2000-2011

Year

Tahun Source: Marganingrum, et al, 2013 Sumber: Marganingrum, dkk, 2013

229

4


Cisadane River

Sungai Cisadane

The water quality of Cisadane River that flows through Tangerang is also declining. The water from this river is actually the main source of drinking water for the people in that regency. Based on the research by the Environment Agency (BLHI) Tangerang in 2010, a number of parameters not comply with the standard.

Kualitas air Sungai Cisadane yang melewati Tangerang

In general water quality did not comply with standard, mostly due to domestic waste, animal dung, and markets. This was seen from monitoring results at eight sampling points: Waterworks company (PDAM) intake, Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge, Cisadane Cikokol Bridge, Cisadane Robinson Bridge, Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru, Cisadane Bayur, and Cisadane-Kali Baru.

Secara umum, partikel kimia telah melewati ambang

Calculation of the quality status was based on results of the river water from 2004 to 2008, using Storet method and Pollution Index (IP). Based on Storet method, it can be concluded that the pollution level of Cisadane River tends to increase at every monitoring point; the worst condition was in 2008. The trend of the pollution status from upstream to downstream can be seen on table 4.1.

Perhitungan status mutu didasarkan pada hasil analisis

Table 4.1 shows all monitoring points of Cisadane

Dari tabel 4.1, terlihat semua titik pantau DAS Cisadane,

juga semakin menurun. Padahal, air sungai ini sumber utama bahan baku air minum bagi penduduk kabupaten itu. Berdasarkan penelitian Balai Lingkungan Hidup (BLHI) Tangerang pada 2010, beberapa parameter telah melampui ambang batas normal.

batas normal, yang sebagian besar disebabkan limbah rumah tangga, kotoran hewan, dan pasar. Itu terlihat dari hasil monitoring di delapan titik: Intake PDAM, Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Jembatan Gading Serpong, Cisadane

Jembatan

Cikokol,

Cisadane

Jembatan

Robinson, Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru, Cisadane Bayur, dan Cisadane-Kali Baru.

air sungai selama lima tahun terakhir selama 2004 - 2008, dengan metoda Storet dan Indeks-Pencemaran (IP). Berdasarkan metode Storet, dapat disimpulkan tingkat pencemaran air Sungai Cisadane cenderung meningkat di setiap titik pantau; kondisi terburuk terjadi pada 2008. Untuk melihat kecenderungan status pencemaran dari hulu ke hilir dapat dilihat pada tabel 4.1.

Table 4.1 Pollution Status of the Cisadane River by Segment Tabel 4.1. Status Pencemaran di Segmen Sungai Cisadane

Monitoring Points Titik Pantau Cisadane Intake PDAM

Class Kelas I Score Skor

Status

Class Kelas II Score Skor

Status

Class Kelas III Score Skor

Status

Class Kelas IV Score Skor

Status

-88

D

Heavy

-68

D

Heavy

-38

D

Berat

-34

D

Heavy

Cisadane Cihuni

-100

D

Heavy

-76

D

Heavy

-42

D

Berat

-38

D

Heavy

Cisadane Gading Serpong bridge

-100

D

Heavy

-80

D

Heavy

-46

D

Berat

-38

D

Heavy

Cisadane Cikokol bridge

-96

D

Heavy

-88

D

Heavy

-44

D

Berat

-36

D

Heavy

Cisadane Robinson bridge

-80

D

Heavy

-64

D

Heavy

-44

D

Berat

-44

D

Heavy

Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru

-80

D

Heavy

-64

D

Heavy

-48

D

Berat

-36

D

Heavy

Cisadane Bayur

-80

D

Heavy

-72

D

Heavy

-42

D

Berat

-38

D

Heavy

Cisadane Kali Baru

-80

D

Heavy

-72

D

Heavy

-42

D

Berat

-38

D

Heavy

bridge

Berat Berat Berat Berat Berat Berat Berat Berat





230


Watershed from upstream to downstream and the severity of the pollution, including the class it belongs to. The main parameter based on class II quality standard that causes the pollution along Cisadane Watershed is presented on figure 4.24.

dari hulu ke hilir, berstatus tercemar berat dan tidak

Deterioration of the water of Cisadane River is caused by pollutants from domestic and industrial waste, farm waste, erosion, and sedimentation. Pollutant parameters that keeps appearing at every monitoring spot from upstream to downstream are Ecoli bacteria, total coliform, nitrite, and dissolved oxygen.

Gangguan kualitas air Sungai Cisadane disebabkan oleh

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter appears at almost every monitoring point, except in Cisadane Cihuni and Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge. The total zinc pollutant parameter was found at the monitoring points at Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge; while the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) parameter was found only at Cisadane Cikokol Bridge. The pH pollutant parameter was found at four monitoring points: Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge, Cisadane Robinson Bridge, and Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru.

Parameter pencemar chemical oxygen demand (COD)

termasuk dalam kelas manapun. Parameter utama berdasarkan baku mutu kelas III yang menyebabkan pencemaran DAS Cisadane disajikan pada gambar 4.24.

pencemaran limbah domestik dan industri, pertanian, fluktuasi

aliran sungai, erosi, dan sedimentasi.

Parameter pencemar yang selalu muncul di tiap titik pantau dari hulu ke hilir adalah bakteri E. coli, total coliform, nitrit, dan oksigen terlarut.

hampir terdapat di setiap titik pantau, kecuali di Cisadane Cihuni dan Cisadane Jembatan Gasing Serpong. Parameter pencemar total seng terdapat di titik pantau Cisadane Jembatan Gading Serpong; dan parameter biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) hanya di Cisadane Jembatan Cikokol. Parameter pencemar pH terdapat di empat titik pantau: Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane

Jembatan

Gading

Serpong,

Figure 4.24. Pollution Levels of the Cisadane River Gambar 4.24. Tingkat pencemaran Sungai Cisadane

-60 -50

Total Zinc Seng Total/Zn pH Dissolved Oksigen Oksigen Terlarut/DO BOD COD EColi

-40 -30 -20 -10


231

Cisadane Kali Baru bridge

Cisadane Bayur

Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru

Cisadane Robinson bridge

Cisadane Cikokol bridge

Cisadane Gading Serpong bridge

Cisadane Cihuni

0 Cisadane Intake PDAM

Cisadane

Jembatan Robinson, dan Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru.

4


Brantas River

Sungai Brantas

Brantas Watershed covers an area of 12,000 km 2, and flows 320 km long. This river goes round Mount Kelud as shown on figure 4.25. Brantas River starts on the slope of Mount Arjuna and Anjasmara, City of Batu, then flows to Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang, Mojokerto, and finally to Surabaya (Madura Strait or the Java Sea).

Daerah aliran sungai (DAS) Brantas membentangseluas 12.000 km 2, mengalir sepanjang 320 km. Sungai ini melingkari Gunung Kelud seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.25. Sumber air Sungai Brantas bermula di lereng Gunung Arjuna dan Anjasmara, Kota Batu, lalu mengalir ke Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang, Mojokerto, dan akhirnya ke Surabaya (Selat Madura atau Laut Jawa).

Population along Kali Brantas area comprises 13.70 million people (1994) or 43.2 percent of the population in East Java, with average population density of 989 people per km 2. This means 1.5 times higher than average density of East Java. There are around 1,000 industries along the riverbanks, which consist of paper, sugar, beverages, textile, food, ranches, meat, milk, cooking oil, soap, steel and metal coating, and chemical industry (source: East Java Environmental Agency Report).

Penduduk yang tinggal di wilayah Kali Brantas mencapai 13,70 juta (1994) atau 43,2 persen dari populasi Jawa Timur dengan kepadatan rata-rata 989 orang per km 2. Ini berarti 1,5 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kepadatan rata-rata Jawa Timur. Di sepanjang alirannya terdapat sekitar 1.000 industri, terdiri dari industri kertas, gula, minuman, tekstil, makanan, peternakan, daging, susu, minyak goreng, sabun, baja dan pelapisan logam serta industri kimia (sumber Laporan BLH Jatim).

Like other major rivers, the quality of the areas along Brantas River is also worsening. The high level of pollution from industrial and domestic waste and crowded settlements along Brantas watershed have caused the future of this East Java main river to be

Mirip sungai-sungai utama yang lain, kualitas daerah aliran

sungai

Brantas

juga

semakin

memburuk.

Tingginya pencemaran limbah industri, rumah tangga, dan permukiman padat di sepanjang aliran Brantas, membuat sungai utama di Jawa Timur ini semakin

Figure 4.25 Map of Brantas River Basin Gambar 4.25. Peta DAS Brantas

Source: East Java Environmental Agency Sumber: Badan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur

232


threatened.

terancam masa depannya.

Although it plays an important role for people’s lives, the pollution level in this river has exceeded the quality standard, which adversely affects people’s lives and the biota. The pollutants come from a variety of sources: domestic, farming, recreational parks, markets, hospitals, and industry.

Sungai Brantas mengalir sepanjang 320 km dari Sumber Brantas, lereng Gunung Arjuna dan Anjasmara, Kota Batu, Malang, lalu mengalir ke Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang, Mojokerto, dan Surabaya (Selat Madura atau Laut Jawa). Jumlah penduduk yang berdiam di wilayah aliran Sungai Brantas mencapai 14 juta jiwa atau 40 persen dari total populasi Jawa

Monitoring using the Storet method was conducted at 25 sampling points to investigate the status of Brantas River. Water which is contaminated by garbage contains high levels of iron, sulfate, and tohigh concentrations of BOD and COD that do not comply with surface water quality standards.

Timur. Meski berperan besar bagi kehidupan masyarakat, namun tingkat pencemaran sungai ini telah melewati ambang

batas,

yang

berpengaruh

negatif

bagi

kehidupan masyarakat dan biota. Pencemar berasal dari beragam sektor: domestik, pertanian, taman

Operational policy in natural water resources management in Brantas Watershed includes: 1)Conservation, 2)Utilization of water resources, 3)Controlling destructive force of water, 4)Water resources information system, and 5)Public participation

rekreasi, pasar, hotel, rumah sakit, dan industri.

Conservation of Water Resources

Kebijakan operasional dalam pengelolaan sumber daya

Pemantauan dengan metode Storet dilakukan di 25 titik sampling untuk melihat status Brantas. Air yang tercemari sampah akan mengandung besi, sulfat, dan bahan organik yang tinggi ditambah kondisi BOD dan COD yang melebihi standar air permukaan.

air WS Brantas meliputi bidang :

The concept of operational policy on conservational aspects of water resources in Brantas WS is directed, among others, towards: - Greening - Law enforcement on conservation violators,

1) Konservasi, 2) Pendayagunaan sumber daya air, 3) Pengendalian daya rusak air, 4) Sistem informasi sumber daya air, dan 5) Peran serta masyarakat.

Figure 4.26 Water Quality Along the Brantas River Basin in 2012 Compared to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001. Compliant Memenuhi

0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90

Polluted Cemar Sedang

Porong River Kali Porong

Surabaya River Kali Surabaya

Jemb Bambe

WWG Kali Tengah

Hulu Kali Tengah

Bend Gunungsari

Jemb Sepanjang

Tamb Bambe

Tamb Cangkir

Jemb Legundi

Jemb Perning

Jemb Canggu

Temb Tlocor

Jemb Porong

Jemb By Pass

Jemb Padangan

Jemb Ploso

Jemb Kertasono

Jemb Meritjan

Jemb Ngujang

Brantas River Kali Brantas

Sebelum Intake PDAM Jemb Karangpilang

Quality Status Status Mutu Compliant Memenuhi Lightly Polluted standard Batas Cemar Ringan Heavily Polluted standard Batas Cemar Berat

Jemb Kademangan

Jemb Kali Pare

Jemb Sengguruh

Jemb Gadang

Jemb Dinoyo

Heavily Polluted Cemar Berat

Jemb Pendem

Scor

Gambar 4.26. Status Mutu DAS Brantas Tahun 2012 dibandingkan dengan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001.

Tengah River Kali Tengah

Source: East Java Environmental Agency Sumber: Badan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur

233

4


Konservasi Sumber Daya Air

- Involving the community in conservation, coordinating between institutions that concern about natural resources and natural resources management, and improving public participation in conservation efforts, - Monitoring water quality on regular basis, developing a waste disposal permit system, increasing existing industrial waste treatment capacity and developing community wastewater treatment facilities.

Konsep kebijakan operasional pada aspek konservasi sumber daya air di WS Brantas diarahkan antara lain : - Melakukan penghijauan - Memberikan sangsi bagi pelanggar konservasi, - Mengikutsertakan

masyarakat

dalam

konservasi,

menjalin koordinasi antar lembaga/instansi pengelola SDA dalam pengelolaan SDA serta meningkatkan peran serta masyarakat dalam usaha konservasi, - Memantau kualitas air secara rutin, mengembangkan

For these purposes, measures are taken regarding: 1. Protection and preservation of water resources using vegetative and civil engineering methods by social, economic, and cultural approaches, as well as GNKPA (National Movement on Water Preservation Partnership). 2. Quality management and control of water pollution are intended to maintain and restore water quality as well as restore water quality as well as prevent pollution to water sources.

sistem perizinan pembuangan limbah, meningkatkan kapasitas pengelolaan limbah industri yang ada dan mengembangkan instalasi pengelolaan limbah cair secara komunal, Untuk itu, ditempuh upaya: 1. Perlindungan dan pelestarian sumber daya air, dengan metode vegetatif dan sipil teknis melalui pendekatan sosial, ekonomi dan budaya, serta GNKPA dan GNRHL. 2. Pengelolaan kualitas dan pengendalian pencemaran air, untuk mempertahankan, memulihkan kualitas air serta

Utilization of Water Resources

mencegah terjadinya pencemaran sumber air.

The concept of operational policy on the aspect of water resources utilization in Brantas WS is directed towards: - Monitoring and evaluating extraction of water, disseminating information on efficient water use, developing technology for water efficiency, and law enforcement on those who use water illegally, - Formulating laws on ground water at operational level, providing guidance for or law enforcement on society members who use ground water without permission, - Fixing, improving, and maintaining existing irrigation network, conducting O&P activities on regular basis according to preset standards, and developing rice cultivation using SRI (System of Rice Intensification) method.

Pendayagunaan Sumber Daya Air Konsep kebijakan operasional pada aspek pendayagunaan sumber daya air di WS Brantas diarahkan untuk: - Memantau dan mengevaluasi pengambilan air, sosialiasi pemakaian air secara efisien dan mengembangkan teknologi untuk efisiensi air, serta memberi sanksi bagi yang mengambil air secara liar, - Menyusun peraturan perundangan air tanah di tingkat operasional, memberi pembinaan atau sanksi bagi masyarakat yang mengambil air tanah tanpa izin, - Memperbaiki, meningkatkan dan memelihara jaringan irigasi yang ada, melakukan kegiatan O&P waduk secara rutin dan berkala sesuai standar yang ditetapkan, serta mengembangkan budidaya padi dengan metode SRI (System of Rice Intensification)

Handling Destructive Force of Water

Penanggulangan Daya Rusak Air

a. Protection of river banks, b. Normalization of rivers, c. Maintenance of retarding basin.

a. Perlindungan tebing sungai, b. Normalisasi sungai, c. Pemeliharaan retarding basin. Pemulihan Daya Rusak Air

Restoring Destructive Force of Water

a. Rehabilitasi

a. Rehabilitation of reservoir and other water structures,

lainnya,

234

bangunan

waduk

dan

bangunan

air


b. Rehabilitation of river bank construction and dams, c. Dredging reservoirs, d. Normalization of rivers, Public Participation Information System

&

Water

b. Rehabilitasi konstruksi tebing sungai dan tanggultanggul, c. Pengerukan waduk, d. Normalisasi sungai.

Resources

Peran Serta Masyarakat & Sistem Informasi Sumber Daya Air

Development and management of water resources require institutional restructuring by rearranging authority and responsibility distribution among the stakeholders. TKPSDA WS Brantas, National Water Resources Board and Provincial/Regency Water Resources Board, besides controlling the potential sources of conflicts regarding water, are also intended to establish coordination mechanisms, both between governmental institutions and between governmental institutions and community institutions.

Pengembangan

dan

pengelolaan

sumber

daya

air

memerlukan penataan kelembagaan melalui pengaturan kembali kewenangan dan tanggung jawab setiap pemangku kepentingan. TKPSDA WS Brantas, Institusi Dewan Sumber Daya Air Nasional dan Dewan Sumber Daya Air Provinsi/ Kabupaten, selain sebagai instrumen kelembagaan untuk mengendalikan berbagai potensi konflik air, juga untuk memantapkan mekanisme koordinasi, baik antar-institusi pemerintah, maupun antara institusi pemerintah dengan institusi masyarakat. Aspek peran serta masyarakat dan sistem informasi sumber

Public participation and water resources information system in Brantas WS are directed towards: - Carrying out information dissemination of integrated information system gradually to the stakeholders and creating a database and utility system for information services and consistency of providing accountable information, - Establishing Water Resources Agencies at provincial and regency/city level gradually, - Improving public participation in river management as well as providing funds for the planning and execution of constructions, controlling, O&P (Source: Ministry of Public Works, 2010).

daya air di WS Brantas diarahkan untuk: - Melaksanakan

sosialisasi

sistem

informasi

yang

terintegrasi kepada pemangku kepentingan secara bertahap dan menciptakan sistem basis data dan utilitas untuk pelayanan informasi serta konsistensi penyediaan informasi yang akuntabel, - Membentuk Dewan Sumber Daya Air pada jenjang propinsi dan kabupaten/kota secara bertahap, - Meningkatkan

dukungan

masyarakat

dalam

pengelolaan wilayah sungai dan penyediaan biaya pada perencanaan, pelaksanaan konstruksi, pengawasan, O&P (Sumber Departemen Pekerjaan Umum,2010). Photo by courtesy Foto: Istimewa

235

4


LAKE CONSERVATION

GERAKAN PENYELAMATAN DANAU

Movement to Save Lakes (Germadan) is a follow-up action to Bali Agreement and Indonesia National Lake Conference II (KNDI II) in Semarang in 2011. This movement is carried out though program integration and synergy between sectors in nine ministries.

Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau (Germadan) merupakan tindak lanjut Kesepakatan Bali dan Konferensi Nasional Danau Indonesia II (KNDI II) di Semarang, 2011. Gerakan ini dilakukan melalui upaya integrasi dan sinergi program antarsektor pada sembilan kementerian. Pengelolaan danau prioritas sesuai dengan Kesepakatan

Management of priority lakes according to Bali Agreement is done by: 1.Spatial planning of lake regions 2.Saving the ecosystem in the body of water 3.Saving land ecosystems on lake banks 4.Saving watershed and water catchment areas of lakes 5.Utilization of lake water resources 6.Developing lake monitoring, evaluation, and information system 7.Developing capacity, institutions and coordination 8.Improving public participation

Bali, dilakukan dengan: 1. Penataan ruang kawasan danau 2. Penyelamatan ekosistem perairan badan air 3. Penyelamatan ekosistem lahan sempadan danau 4. Penyelamatan DAS dan DTA danau 5. Pemanfaatan sumber daya air danau 6. Pengembangan sistem monitoring, evaluasi dan informasi danau 7. Pengembangan kapasitas, kelembagaan dan koordinasi 8. Peningkatan peran masyarakat Terdapat 15 danau dengan prioritas penyelamatan: Danau Toba (Sumatera Utara), Danau Manijau dan

There are 15 lakes in the priority list: Lake Toba (North Sumatra), Lake Manijnau, and Lake Singkarak (West Sumatra), Lake Kerinci (Jambi), Rawa Danau (Banten), Lake Rawapening (Central Java), Lake Batur (Bali), Lake Tempe and Lake Limboto (Gorontalo), Lake Sentarum (West Kalimantan), Lake Cascade Mahakam (Semayang, Melintang, Jempang, East Kalimantan), and Lake Sentani (Papua).

Danau Singkarak (Sumatera Barat), Danau Kelinci (Jambi), Rawa Danau (Banten), Danau Rawapening (Jawa Tengah), Danau Batur (Bali), Danau Tempe dan Danau Limboto (Gorontalo), Danau Sentarum (Kalimantan

barat),

Danau

Cascade

Mahakam

(Semayang, Melintang, Jempang, Kalimantan Timur), dan Danau Sentani (Papua). Selain 15 danau itu, dilakukan pula penyelamatan Danau Ayamaru di Kabupaten May Brat, Provinsi Papua

Besides these 15 lakes, efforts are also made to save Lake Ayamaru in May Brat Regency, Papua Sumatra Province. This lake has certain unique charateristics that haven’t even been recorded in literatures on lake typology. Lake Ayamaru is located in a karst region with abundant water resources under the rocks and very high biological diversity.

Barat. Danau ini memiliki ciri khas yang bahkan belum

Lake Limboto

Danau Limboto

Lake Limboto is located in Gorontalo Regency and the City of Gorontalo, Gorontalo Province. Efforts to save its water catchment area by building sediment traps with the community members at

Danau Limboto terletak di Kabupaten Gorontalo dan

tercatat dalam literatur tipologi danau. Danau Ayamaru berada di kawasan karst yang berlimpah sumber daya air di bawah batuan dan bersimbah keanekaragaman hayati.

kota Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo. Upaya penyelamatan daerah tangkapan airnya dengan pembuatan trap sedimen

236

bersama masyarakat di delapan titik Desa


eight spots in Molamahu Village, Pulubala District. Community members were involved because people around the lake were already familiar with the technology for bamboo utilization. The stockpile is in Hutadaa and Buhu Village, Telaga Jaya District.

Molamahu, Kecamatan Pulubala. Upaya menggandeng

According to Bali Agreement on Sustainable Lake Management, the Ministry of Public Works carried out several physical activities in 2012 to save this lake, including sediment dredging, green belt expansion, and constructing a ring road around the lake.

Sesuai

masyarakat ini karena masyarakat sekitar danau telah memahami teknologi pemanfaatan bambu. Sedangkan stock pile di Desa Hutadaa dan Desa Buhu, Kecamatan Telaga Jaya. komitmen

Pengelolaan

Kesepakatan

Danau

Bali

Berkelanjutan,

tentang

Kementerian

Pekerjaan Umum, pada 2012 melakukan kegiatan fisik dalam menyelamatkan danau ini, meliputi pengerukan sedimen; pengembangan sabuk hijau (green belt); dan pembangunan jalan lingkar danau.

Lake Singkarak

Danau Singkarak

Batang Ombilin is the upstream of this lake, located in two regencies, Solok dan Tanah Datar, West Sumatra Province. The water flows through a tunnel penetrating Bukit Barisan to Batang Anai and is used to drive Singkarak hydropower electricity generators that have 170 MW of capacity near Lubuk Alung, Padang Pariaman.

Danau ini hulu Batang Ombilin yang terletak di dua

Singkarak is the largest lake in West Sumatra, and the second largest in Sumatra after Lake Toba. It covers an area of 107.8 square kilometers, reaching maximum length of 21 kilometers and width of 7 kilometers. This lake is situated 262 meters above sea level. Its maximum depth reaches 268 meters, while the water volume is 16.1 km³ and the water catchment area is approximately 129,000 hectares. Lake Singkarak has an average inflow of 37.99 m 3 per second, and average outflow of 42.02 m 3 per second.

Singkarak merupakan danau terluas di Sumatera

The lake ecosystem and its banks serve as a source of germplasm, where flora and fauna life cycles take place, water source for the community, and storage for rainwater. Lake ecosystem also maintains micro climate, transportation, source of electricity, reacreational facility, and tourism object, as well as irrigation for farmlands.

Fungsi ekosistem danau dan ekosistem sempadannya

Experts have discovered 19 species of fish in this lake. One of them, an endemic kind of fish, is ikan bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis). Three species are found to have high population density: ikan bilih/biko, asang/nilem (Osteochilus brachmoides) and rinuak. Other fish species are: turiak/turiq (Cyclocheilichthys de zwani), lelan/nillem (Osteochilis vittatus), sasau/ barau (Hampala mocrolepidota) and gariang/tor (Tor tambroides).

Para ahli menemukan 19 spesies ikan di danau ini.

kabupaten, Solok dan Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatera Barat.

Airnya

melewati

terowongan

menembus

Bukit Barisan ke Batang Anai, untuk menggerakkan generator

pembangkit

listrik

tenaga

air

(PLTA)

Singkarak berkekuatan 170 MW, di dekat Lubuk Alung, Padang Pariaman.

Barat, dan terluas kedua di Sumatera setelah Danau Toba. Luasnya mencapai 107,8 kilometer persegi, dengan panjang maksimum 21 kilometer dan lebar 7 kilometer. Danau ini berada pada 362 m di atas permukaan laut. Kedalaman maksimum mencapai 268 meter, sementara volume air sebesar 16.1 km³ dan luas daerah tangkapan air sekira 129.000 hektar. Inflow Danau Singkarak rata-rata 37,99 m 3 per detik, sedangkan untuk outflow: 42,02 m 3 per detik.

sebagai sumber plasma nutfah, tempat berlangsungnya siklus hidup flora-fauna, sumber air masyarakat, dan tempat penyimpanan air dari hujan. Ekosistem danau juga memelihara iklim mikro, sebagai sarana transportasi, sumber energi listrik, sarana rekreasi dan objek pariwisata, serta pengairan pertanian.

Salah satunya, jenis ikan endemik, yaitu, ikan bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis).Tiga spesies memiliki populasi kepadatan tinggi: ikan bilih/biko, asang/ nilem (Osteochilus brachmoides) dan rinuak. Spesies ikan

lainnya:

zwani),

turiak/turiq

lelan/nillem

(Cyclocheilichthys

(Osteochilis vittatus),

de

sasau/

barau (Hampala mocrolepidota) dan gariang/tor (Tor tambroides).

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4


There is also a species of fish called kapiek (Puntius shwanefeldi) and balinka/belingkah (Puntius belinka), baung (Macrones planiceps), kalang (clarias batrachus), jabuih/buntal (Tetradon mappa), kalai/ gurami (Osphronemus gurami lac) and puyu/betok (Anabas testudeneus). Other fish species include ikan sapek/sepat (Trichogaster trichopterus), tilan (Mastacembelus unicolor), jumpo/gabus (Chana striatus), kiuang (Chana pleurothalmus) and mujair (Tilapia pleurothalmus).

Ada juga spesies ikan kapiek (Puntius shwanefeldi) dan balinka/belingkah (Puntius belinka), baung (Macrones planiceps), kalang (clarias batrachus), jabuih/buntal (Tetradon mappa), kalai/gurami (Osphronemus gurami lac) dan puyu/betok (Anabas testudeneus). Ikan jenis lainnya, ikan sapek/sepat (Trichogaster trichopterus), tilan (Mastacembelus unicolor), jumpo/gabus (Chana striatus), kiuang (Chana pleurothalmus) dan mujair ( Tilapia pleurothalmus). Banyaknya usaha jaring terapung mengakibatkan

The high number of floating fish nets has caused the lake to be polluted. Lake ecosystem are threatened by destruction and adversely affects the quality of lake water. In order to save it, a Movement to Save Lake Singkarak was established by formulating a Regional Action Plan concerning the salvation of Lake Singkarak. The people are willing to divert their activities using floating fish nets to other business sectors that do not harm the lake.

danau ini tercemar. Ekosistem danau terancam hancur dan merusak penyelamatannya

kualitas air danau.Untuk dikembangkan

Gerakan

Penyelamatan Danau Singkarak dengan menyusun Rencana Aksi Daerah tentang Penyelamatan Danau Singkarak. Masyarakat bersedia mengalihkan usaha perikanan jaring apung, ke sektor usaha lainnya yang tidak berdampak merusak danau. Untuk

pengelolaan

ekosistem

danau

For management of the lake ecosystem, the Nagaribased Lake Singkarak Management Agency (BPKDS) was established as stipulated in the Decree of the Governor of West Sumatra Number 660-398-2011 on August 6, 2011. The agency is expected to mobilize intersectoral and regional activities to maintain the functions and benefits of Lake Singkarak.

Badan

Pengelolaan

Kawasan

Activities that have been carried out include the implementation of Singkarak go green, by cleaning up the garbage in the body of the lake by the people and students around Lake Singkarak, tree planting by the military soldiers as a form of cooperation between the regional government, the state electricity company (PLN), and the Indonesian military (TNI).

Kegiatan yang telah dilakukan antara lain, mewujudkan

Lake Rawa Pening

Danau Rawa Pening

The Ministry of Environment initiated the Movement to Save Lake Rawa Pening with seven rescue steps:

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menginisiasi Gerakan

Danau

dibentuk Singkarak

Berbasis Nagari (BPKDS) yang ditetapkan Keputusan Gubernur

Sumatera

Barat

Nomor.

660-398-2011

pada 6 Agustus 2011. Badan ini diharapkan mampu memobilisasi kegiatan lintas-sektor dan daerah agar dapat menpertahankan fungsi dan manfaat Danau Singkarak.

Singkarak go green, dengan pembersihan sampah di badan danau oleh masyarakat dan murid di lingkungan danau Singkarak, penanaman pohon oleh TNI, yang merupakan kerjasama antara pemerintah daerah, PLN dan TNI.

Penyelamatan Danau Rawa Pening dengan

tujuh

langkah penyelamatan:

1. Generating biogas with organic waste and water hyacinth as the raw material in water catchment areas

1.Pembuatan biogas berbahan baku limbah organik di DTA dan eceng gondok

This activity is often done by the people of Sepakung, District of Banyubiru. It is located upstream of the river that flows to Rawapening. There are cow farmer groups with promising development, owning an

Kegiatan

ini

dilakukan

masyarakat

Sepakung,

Kecamatan Banyubiru. Lokasi ini daerah hulu sungai yang mengalir ke Rawapening. Masyarakatnya punya kelompok peternak sapi yang cukup berkembang,

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average of five cows in every home. It is expected that a biogas model made from raw materials using cow dung.

rata-rata 5 ekor setiap rumah. Diharapkan dapat

2. Making organic fertilizer from raw materials using water hyacinth

2.Pembuatan pupuk organik berbahan baku eceng

dibangun satu model biogas yang berbahan baku kotoran sapi.

gondok Dilakukan kelompok masyarakat di Dusun Semurup,

This effort has been made by people in the villages of Semurup, Asinan, Bawen District; Rowoboni Village, Banyubiru District; and Bejalen Village, Ambarawa District. T hese ocations were selected because they dealt directly with hyacinth growth and the people usually hunt for fish in the lake. Hyacinth has big biomass potential and can be utilized as compost. This event was organized with the government of Semarang Regency and the community.

Desa Asinan, Kecamatan Bawen; Desa Rowoboni, Kecamatan Banyubiru; dan Desa Bejalen, Kecamatan Ambarawa. langsung

Lokasi ini dipilih karena menghadapi pertumbuhan

eceng

gondok

dan

masyarakat umumnya mencari ikan di danau. Potensi biomassa eceng gondok yang besar, berpotensi untuk dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan sebagai kompos. Kegiatan ini bersama pemerintah Kabupaten Semarang dan masyarakat.

3. Development of hyacinth drying facilities 3.Pembuatan sarana pengeringan eceng gondok

Utilization of hyacinth as a raw material for handicraft has been done for a long time by the people around Rawa Pening. Hyacinth stems are sold in many forms.

Pemanfaatan eceng gondok sebagai bahan baku kerajinan sudah lama dilakukan masyarakat di sekitar Rawa Pening. Batang eceng gondok dijual dalam

4. Controlling water hyacinth through harvesting and and composting using the stockpile method

berbagai bentuk. 4.Pengendalian eceng gondok melalui pemanenan, pengomposan dengan metode stock pile

A pilot project has been established, involving integration of science and technology applications, community empowerment that is supported by coordination between government institutions, universities, and the society. This activity includes community empowerment in controlling hyacinth growth through harversting and composting using the stockpile method. The location is next to the place where organic fertilizers are made in Asinan Village, Bawen District; Bejalen District, Ambarawa District; and Rowoboni Village, Banyubiru District.

Telah dibangun percontohan integrasi antara aplikasi sain dan teknologi, pemberdayaan masyarakat yang ditunjang koordinasi antar-institusi pemerintah, perguruan ini

tinggi,

meliputi

dan

masyarakat.

pemberdayaan

Kegiatan

masyarakat

dalam

pengendalian pertumbuhan eceng gondok melalui pemanenan, pengomposan dengan metode stock pile. Lokasinya berdampingan dengan pembuatan pupuk organik di Desa Asinan, Kecamatan Bawen; Desa Bejalen, Kecamatan Ambarawa; dan Desa

5. Controlling water hyacinth through constructions of community septic tanks and WWTP

Rowoboni, Kecamatan Banyubiru. 5.Pengendalian eceng gondok melalui pembuatan tanki septik dan IPAL komunal

The water of Rawa Pening is currently contaminated by waste from people’s activities, farming, livestock, and fish cultivation. The worst pollution is caused by waste from livestock, which is rich with N and P nutrients. Consequently, make hyacinth thrive. One of the ways to control hyacinth is by reducing nutrients entering Rawa Pening by community waste treatment. Thus, toilets and community septic tanks are built on land belonging to the locals, supported by official statements from the community. The location is in Banyubiru District, which includes Kebondowo

Saat ini, perairan Rawa Pening terkontaminasi limbah dari hasil aktivitas penduduk, pertanian, peternakan dan budidaya ikan. Yang terbesar adalah limbah peternakan, yang kaya nutrient N dan P. Akibatnya, menyuburkan

eceng

gondok.

Salah

satu

cara

pengendalian eceng gondok adalah mengurangi nutrien yang masuk ke Rawa Pening dengan mengolah limbah penduduk. Untuk itu,dibangun WC dan tanki septik komunal di tanah milik penduduk,

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4


Village and Tegaron Village.

yang didukung dengan pernyataan resmi masyarakat. Lokasinya di Kecamatan Banyubiru, meliputi Desa

6. Making cattle feed from water hyacinth

Kebondowo dan Tegaron. 6. Pembuatan pakan ternak dari eceng gondok

Water hyacinth management is a super-priority program as included in the document on Movement to Save Lakes (Germadan) Rawa Pening. To increase the people’s knowledge and improve their skills, demonstration plots for making organic fertilizer using hyacinth as the raw material have been built.

Penanganan eceng gondok menjadi program superprioritasyang dituangkan di dalam dokumen Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau (Germadan) Rawa Pening. Untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan masyarakat

dibuat

demplot

pembuatan

pupuk

organik berbahan baku eceng gondok.

7. Study on lake nutrient remediation 7. Kajian remidiasi nutrient danau

The study on nutrient remediation in Lake Rawa Pening using the HARP (High Rate Algae Pond) method was conducted to reduce the effects of eutrophication. Eutrophication will lead to the increasing numbers of algae and other water plants which reduce aquatic diversity, is dangerous for fish and other organisms, and reduces aesthetics value.

Kajian remidiasi nutrient Danau Rawa Pening dengan metode HARP (High Rate Algae Pond) dilakukan untuk mengurangi dampak eutrofikasi. Eutrofikasi terjadi lantaran meningkatnya alga dan tumbuhan perairan, yang mengurangi keanekaragaman akuatik, berbahaya bagi ikan dan organisme lainnya, serta menurunkan nilai estetika

Ayamaru Lake

Danau Ayamaru

This lake is the source of living for the local people, located in Maybrat Regency, 216 kilometers west of the City of Sorong, West Papua. Not only a source water, this lake is also a source of food, income, and transportation for the people in the area.

Danau ini menjadi sumber penghidupan masyarakat setempat, yang terletak di Kabupaten Maybrat, 216 kilometer arah barat Kota Sorong, Papua Barat.Tak hanya sebagai sumber air, danau ini menjadi sumber pangan, ekonomi, dan transportasi masyarakat.

However, the condition of the lake is getting worse every day. The water keeps receding and the ecosystem of the lake is threatened by damage. The water of Lake Ayamaru has receded by up to 50 meters, some parts of the lake are even dry. Parts of the area have become swamps, where grass and other wild plants grow.

Namun, kondisi danau kian hari kian memprihatinkan. Airnya terus menyusut dan ekosistem danau terancam rusak. Air Danau Ayamaru menyurut hingga 50 meter, bahkan sebagian sudah mengering. Sebagian arealnya menjadi rawa, ditumbuhi rerumputan dan tumbuhan liar. Mengeringnya danau akibat penebangan hutan dan pengeboran minyak dan gas di lereng Gunung Ayamaru.

The lake has become dry because of deforestation and oil and gas drilling on the slope of Mount Ayamaru. Furthermore, it is also caused by growth of alien species and impacts of global warming. The foreign grass probably comes from Australia, carried by pelicans.

Selain itu, juga karena tumbuhnya rumput asing dan dampak pemanasan global. Rumput asing itu mungkin dari Australia yang terbawa burung-burung pelikan. Ada tiga danau di Ayamaru sebagai satu kesatuan: Yahu (bagian atas), Yate (bawah), dan Ikri (penampung air dari sungai). Secara tradisional danau ini menjadi

There are three lakes in Ayamaru acting as a unity: Yahu (upper part), Yate (lower part), and Ikri (reservoir of water from the river). Traditionally, the lake had been a means of transportation for

sarana lalu lintas penduduk—sebelum ada lalu lintas darat. Masyarakat Distrik Ayamaru, Distrik Aitinyo, dan Distrik Aifak memanfaatkan danau sebagai jalur menuju Teminabuan, kemudian ke Sorong.

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the locals—before land transportation system was built. People in Ayamaru District, Aitinyo District, and Aifak District use the lake to get to Teminabuan before heading for Sorong.

Danau Ayamaru memiliki berbagai jenis ikan, seperti ikan mas, betik, satar, salamander, udang merah, udang kuning, udang biru, gabus, dan iklan lele. Masyarakat setempat meyakini arwah nenek moyang memberi

Lake Ayamaru contains various kinds of fish, such as carps, betik, satar, salamander, red shrimps, yellow shrimps, blue shrimps, snakeheads, and catfish. The people believe that the spirit of their ancestors provide source of living in Lake Ayamaru with abundance of fish. This lake is considered a heritage from the ancestors of Maybrat ethnic group—with 12 clans, such as Solossa, Jitmau, Kambuaya, Lemauk, and Howae.

sumber penghidupan di Danau Ayamaru dengan berlimpahnya ikan.

Danau ini dipandang warisan

nenek moyang bagi suku besar Maybrat—dengan 12 marga, seperti marga Solossa, Jitmau, Kambuaya, Lemauk, dan Howae. Pada 2012, KLH melakukan “Pemulihan dan Pelestarian Ekosistem Danau Ayamaru” sebagai upaya penyelamatan. Tujuannya, membangun pola pengelolaan ekosistem Danau

In 2012, the Ministry of Environment conducted “Restoration and Preservation of Lake Ayamaru Ecosystem” as a rescue attempt. It was intended to establish a pattern of Lake Ayamaru ecosystem management which is environmentally-friendly and sustainable, between the community and regional government, with respect to its role in controlling pollution and environmental damage.

Ayamaru

yang

ramah

lingkungan

dan

berkelanjutan, antara masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah,

sesuai

kondisinya

dalam

pengendalian

pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan demplot-demplot pengendalian kerusakan lingkungan ekosistem danau dan pengendalian pencemaran air danau. Sebagai percontohan, dibangun tempat pembuangan sampah di Distrik Ayamaru; papan informasi sebagai media

This activity was carried out with demonstration plots for controlling environmental damage in the lake ecosystem and controlling pollution to the lake water. As a pilot project, waste disposal facilities were built in Ayamaru District; an information board was also built as a publication medium for the people to perserve Lake Ayamaru; plant green stands with productive values for the people and ecosystem of Lake Ayamaru.

publikasi untuk masyarakat agar melestariakan danau

VARIOUS ACTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED

RAGAM AKSI DAN HIKMAH PEMBELAJARAN

A Model of Mining Management

Sebuah Teladan Pengelolaan Tambang

Environmental degradation due to mining has often become a public issue. The people feel the impacts, and NGOs deliver criticisms to remind us of the responsibility for post mining land rehabilitation

Degradasi

Ayamar; menanam tegakan hijau yang bernilai produktif untuk masyarakat dan ekosistem Danau Ayamaru.

lingkungan

dari

penambangan

sering

menjadi isu lingkungan di ranah publik. Masyarakat merasakan dampaknya dan LSM menyampaikan kritikan, mengingatkan tanggung jawab rehabilitasi lingkungan bekas pertambangan.

To rehabilitate a post-mining site, best practices of mine management have been developed. South Kalimantan Province has developed a pilot project

Untuk

rehabilitasi

lingkungan

bekas

tambang,

dikembangan praktik terbaik pengelolaan tambang.

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4


Figure 4.27 Two Adult Females with Three Juveniles (left); Two Adult Male Proboscis Monkeys (right) in a Reclamation Area Gambar 4.27. Dua betina dewasa dan tiga anak (kiri); dua bekantan jantan dewasa (kanan) di areal reklamasi

called Biodiversity Park as a model for rehabilitation of post-mining sites. The location of the Biodiversity Park in South Kalimantan is a site that used to be a mine owned by PT Aneka Tambang in Bangkal, Cempaka District, City of Banjarbaru. The site covers an area of 31 hectares, The Government of the City of Banjarbaru has approved approximately 15 hectares.

Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan telah mengembangkan proyek percontohan Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati sebagai model rehabilitasi lahan bekas tambang. Lokasi Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati Kalimantan Selatan merupakan lahan bekas penambangan PT. Aneka Tambang di Bangkal, Kecamatan Cempaka, Kota Banjarbaru. Lokasi ini membentang seluas 31 hektare, Pemerintah Kota Banjarbaru telah menyetujui sekira 15 hektare.

The concept of the Biodiversity Park is to create a rehabilitation area as a place where local biological natural resources are reserved outside of forest areas. The Biodiversity Park serves as in-situ and ex-situ conservation, especially for plants whose pollination or seed dispersal relies on wild animals. Therefore, this park was built with vegetation structure and composition that help preserve animals that pollinate and disperse seeds.

Konsep

Taman

menjadikan

Keanekaragaman

kawasan

rehabilitasi

Hayati menjadi

adalah areal

pencadangan sumber daya alam hayati lokal di luar kawasan

hutan.

Taman

Keanekaragaman

Hayati

berfungsi konservasi in-situ danex-situ, khususnya bagi tumbuhan yang penyerbukan atau pemencaran bijinya dibantu satwa liar. Dengan begitu, Taman ini dibuat dengan struktur dan komposisi vegetasi yang mendukung kelestarian satwa penyerbuk dan pemencar

In addition, through PROPER, the company applies the principle of sustainable development in production and service processes by implementing the environmental management system, which includes 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), energy efficiency, conservation, business ethics, and responsibility through community development programs.

biji.

By cooperating with local universities, this company strives to protect the population of proboscis monkeys, sharp-nosed monkeys that are endemic in Kalimantan. Until today, in the reclamation area have been discovered two subgroups of proboscis monkeys, totalling 25 individuals. Proboscis monkeys

Bekerja sama dengan perguruan tinggi setempat,

Selain itu,melalui PROPER, perusahaan menerapkan prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam proses produksi

dan

jasa,

dengan

menerapkan

sistem

manajemen lingkungan, 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), efisiensi energi, konservasi, etika bisnis dan bertanggung jawab melalui program pengembangan masyarakat.

perusahaan ini melakukan upaya perlindungan populasi bekantan, monyet mancung endemik Kalimantan. Saat ini di areal reklamasi telah ditemukan dua subkelompok bekantan, sejumlah 25 individu. Bekantan tidak hanya memakai areal reklamasi (hutan sengon) sebagai sumber

242


use the reclamation area (sengon forest) not only as a source of food, but also as their exploration area.

pangan, tetapi juga sebagai daerah jelajahnya. Perusahaan

The company also works together with Banjarbaru Forestry Research Board (BPK) to make a model of reclamation forest in the post-mining area to restore the functions of the forest. One of the activities is to collect certain species of Kalimantan forest plants, 16,000 seedlings so far, including ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur, bayur, tarantang, penawar semangkok/keminting rantau, nyatoh, gaharu, and pasak bumi. Ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur and biwan already belong to the category of rare plants.

juga

menggandeng

Balai

Penelitian

Kehutanan (BPK) Banjar baru membuat model hutan reklamasi di lahan bekas tambang untuk melanjutkan fungsi hutan. Salah satu kegiatannya, pengumpulan jenis tanaman hutan Kalimantan, yang telah terkumpul 16.000 bibit, antara lain ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur, bayur, tarantang, penawar semangkok/keminting rantau, nyatoh, gaharu, pasak bumi. Ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur dan biwan sudah termasuk tumbuhan langka. Program-program serupa juga dikembangkan oleh perusahaan yang memperoleh peringkat Hijau dan Emas

Similar programs are also developed by companies with PROPER Green and Gold rating. Of 183 companies that belong to Green and Gold categories, the budget for community development programs in 2010 amounted to Rp 731 billion. In 2011, the amount increased to Rp 928 billion. Until mid-2012, the budget for community development spent by the companies that participate in PROPER was Rp 646 billion.

PROPER. Dari 183 perusahaan yang dinilai Hijau dan Emas, pada 2010, anggaran program pengembangan masyarakat mencapai Rp 731 miliar. Pada 2011, nilai itu menjadi Rp 928 miliar. Sampai medio 2012, anggaran pengembangan masyarakat perusahaan yang mengikuti PROPER, sebesar Rp 646 miliar.

Figure 4.28 Trial species testing of Forest Plants in Reclamation Areas Gambar 4.28. Uji coba penelitian uji jenis untuk tanaman hutan di areal reklamasi

Gulf of Tomini Environmental Management Action

Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Teluk Tomini

Natural resources management and environmental services at Gulf of Tomini are facing various problems that threaten ecosystem. One of them is a conflict around utilizations of fishery resources, environmental pollution, coastal habitat degradation,

Pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan jasa lingkungan di

Teluk

yang

Tomini

mengancam

menghadapi

berbagai

keberlanjutan

fungsi

masalah kawasan

ini. Diantaranya konflik pemanfaatan sumber daya perikanan, pencemaran lingkungan, degradasi habitat

243

4


and biodiversity loss.

pesisir dan kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati.

There are a number of interests involved in the Gulf of Tomini. This is understandable, considering the fact that Gulf of Tomini is situated in three provinces: Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, and Gorontalo, with 15 regencies/cities directly borderin these waters. Moreover, the watershed area that empties into the Gulf of Tomini covers 20 regencies/cities.

Bermacam kepentingan terjadi di Teluk Tomini. Hal itu bisa dimengerti, karena Teluk Tomini berada di tiga provinsi: Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Utara dan

Gorontalo,

dengan15

kabupaten/kota

yang

berhubungan langsung dengan perairan ini. Dan daerah aliran sungai (DAS) yang bermuara ke Teluk Tomini mencakup 20 kabupaten/kota. Wilayah Sulawesi Tengah berbatasan langsung dengan

Central Sulawesi region is directly bordered with the Gulf of Tomini, with a coastline approximately 1,179 km long, across the following regencies: Banggai, Tojo Una-una, Poso, and Parigi Moutong. North Sulawesi Province is directly bordered with the Gulf of Tomini, with a coastline approximately 784.94 km long, across the City of Bitung, North Minahasa, Minahasa, Southeast Minahasa, East Bolaang Mongondow, and South Mongondow. Gorontalo is bordered directly with the Gulf of Tomini, with a coastline 436.52 km long, crossing the City of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Bone Bolango, Boalemo and Pohuwato.

Teluk Tomini dengan garis pantai sepanjang sekitar

To address the various issues in the Gulf of Tomini, the Ministry of Environment worked together with the Provinces of Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, and Gorontalo, to organize Environmental Management Action in the Gulf of Tomini.

Dalam upaya mengatasi berbagai persoalan di Teluk

Involvement of all stakeholders was essential in implementing the action plan in the region. With synergy and coordination, environmental problems could be resolved effectively and efficiently. In the implementation, the roles of each stakeholder and regional government could be combined for shortterm and long-term problem solving.

Keterlibatan seluruh pemangku kepentingan sangat

1.179 km, meliputi kabupaten: Banggai, Tojo Unauna, Poso dan Parigi Moutong. Provinsi Sulawesi Utara berbatasan langsung dengan Teluk Tomini, yang panjang garis pantainya sekitar 784,94 km, melintasi Kota Bitung, Minahasa Utara, Minahasa, Minahasa Tenggara, Bolaang Mongondow Timur dan Bolaang Mongondow Selatan. Sedangkan Gorontalo yang berbatasan langsung dengan perairan Teluk Tomini dengan garis pantai sekitar 436,52 km terdiri Kota Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Bone Bolango, Boalemo dan Pohuwato.

Tomini,Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup bekerja sama dengan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Utara dan Gorontalo menggelar Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Teluk Tomini.

diperlukan dalam implementasi rencana aksi di kawasan tersebut.

Dengan sinergi dan koordinasi,

permasalahan lingkungan dapat diatasi secara efektif dan efisien. Dalam implementasinya, peran setiap pemangku kepentingan dan pemerintah daerah dapat dipadukan untuk pemecahan masalah jangka pendek dan panjang.

Action Plans for Integrated Coastal and Marine Management in the Gulf of Tomini have been completed. The Gulf of Tomini is expected to be a model for integrated management patterns involving three provinces and related ministries in the central government. Solutions at the coastal and marine areas were applied by government authority approach according to applicable laws and regulations. Resources management is expected to help develop the bay area and promote the prosperity in the Gulf of Tomini region.

Rencana Aksi Pengelolaan Pesisir dan Laut Terpadu Teluk Tomini telah selesai disusun. Teluk Tomini diharapkan menjadi model pola pengelolaan terintegrasi antartiga provinsi dan kementerian terkait di pusat. Solusi di kawasan pesisir dan laut ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kewenangan pemerintah sesuai peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Pengelolaan sumber daya diharapkan dapat mengembangkan wilayah teluk dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan di kawasan Teluk Tomini.

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Bali Strait Environmental Management Actions

Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Selat Bali

In order to control the damage to coastal and marine areas, the Ministry of Environment organized an Environmental Management Actions at Bali Strait. The Ministry of Environment worked together with regional governments of Bali and East Java Provinces.

Dalam

upaya

pengendalian

kerusakan

wilayah

pesisir dan laut, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menyelenggarakan Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Selat Bali. KLH bekerja sama dengan pemerintah daerah Provinsi Bali dan Provinsi Jawa Timur. Wilayah Selat Bali mengandung potensi sumber daya

The area around Bali Strait contains highly potential natural resources and environmental services. Bali Strait is the center of economic growth for regions based on coastal and marine resources such as fishery, industry, and tourism, both in Bali Province and East Java.

alam dan jasa lingkungan yang sangat kaya. Selat Bali menjadi menjadi pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi kawasan berbasis sumber daya pesisir dan laut seperti perikanan, industri dan pariwisata, baik diProvinsi Bali maupun Provinsi Jawa Timur. Sayangnya, Selat Bali dan muara sungai di perairan

Unfortunately, Bali Strait and the estuaries in East Bali coast was hit by Red Tide in 1994, 1998, 2003, and 2007. Being an ecological entity, the coastal and marine regions of the Bali Strait have conservation values because its high biodiversity. The conservation values of Bali Strait exist in a triangle of conservation region: West Bali National Park – Baluran National Park – Alas Purwo National Park.

pantai Bali Timur, mengalami red tide pada 1994, 1998, 2003, dan 2007. Sebagai satu kesatuan ekologis, wilayah pesisir dan laut Selat Bali memiliki nilai konservasi karena mengandung keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi. Nilai konservasi Selat Bali ada dalam segitiga kawasan konservasi: Taman Nasional Bali Barat – Taman Nasional Baluran – Taman Nasional Alas Purwo. Masalah di Selat Bali mencakup konflik pemanfaatan

The problems at Bali Strait involves conflicts around the utilization of fishery resources, environmental pollution both from activities in the sea and on land, degradation of coastal habitats, and decline of biological diversity. Considering the connection between the coast and the sea, Bali Strait’s strategic value in development, economic ties between the two provinces, and the complexity of inter-regional issues, integrated management of Bali Strait is highly necessary.

sumberdaya perikanan, pencemaran lingkungan baik

Village-Level Regulations to Protect Coral Reefs

Peraturan Tingkat Kampung Melindungi Terumbu Karang

The triangle of the world’s coral reefs stretches from Malaysia in North Kalimantan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Timor Leste in the south, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in the east. In the waters 6.5 million km 2 in area live 600 species of coral reefs or 75 percent of the world’s coral reef species. At the heart of the world’s coral reef triangle lie the clusters of Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, often referred to as the paradise of coral reefs.

Segitiga terumbu karang dunia membentang dari

dari aktivitas di laut maupun di daratan, degradasi habitat pesisir, dan kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati. Memperhatikan koneksi antar-wilayah pesisir dan laut, nilai strategis Selat Bali dalam pembangunan, keterkaitan kompleksitas

ekonomi masalah

di

kedua

yang

provinsi,

serta

lintas-wilayah,

maka

diperlukan pengelolaan Selat Bali secara terpadu.

Malaysia di Kalimantan utara, Filipina, Indonesia, Timor Leste di selatan, Papua Nugini dan Kepulauan Solomon di timur. Di perairan seluas 6,5 juta kilometer persegi ini hidup 600 spesies karang atau 75 persen spesies karang dunia. Dan di jantung segitiga terumbu karang dunia inilah terhampar gugusan Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Papua Barat, yang dijuluki surga terumbu karang.

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4


Raja Ampat Islands are included into Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program— COREMAP) Phase II, 2004 - 2011. This Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries program quickly won a place in the heart of the Raja Ampat population.

Kepulauan

Raja

Ampat

masuk

dalam

Program

Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang (Coral Reef

Rehabilitation

and

Management

Program—

COREMAP) Tahap II, 2004 - 2011. Program Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan ini dengan cepat mendapat tempat di hati masyarakat Raja Ampat.

The people living in coastal islands in Raja Ampat still place a high importance on custom traditions, called sasi. There is sasi at coconut plantations, a prohibition to pick coconuts or take the leaves during certain periods. Sasi violators will be subject to indigenous law. There is also sasi for the sea, which is a prohibition to catch fish or other marine products during certain periods to provide the fish and oysters to breed.

Masyarakat pesisir pulau-pulau di Raja Ampat masih menghargai pranata adat, yaitu sasi. Ada sasi kebun kelapa, larangan memetik buah kelapa atau mengambil daunnya selama periode tertentu. Pelanggar sasi akan dikenai sanksi adat. Ada juga sasi laut, larangan mengambil ikan atau hasil laut lainnya pada masa tertentu buat memberi kesempatan ikan dan kerangkerangan berkembang biak.

Yenbekwan Village, Mansuar Island, and District of Meosmansar, Raja Ampat, are some of the examples of marine preservation measures. The coastal community in this area used to be tempted to catch fish using destructive means, but then they made regulations to protect the coral reefs and their ecosystem.

Kampung

Yenbekwan,

Pulau

Mansuar,

Distrik

Meosmansar, Raja Ampat, dapat dijadikan contoh upaya pelestarian laut. Di sini, masyarakat pesisirnya sempat tergoda menangkap ikan secara destruktif, lantas membuat peraturan untuk melindungi terumbu karang dan ekosistemnya.

246


Damaged coral reefs Terumbu karang yang telah rusak Foto: Pahlano Daud

The sea around these villages are blessed with an abundance of fish species with high economic value, such as napoleon, grouper, tuna, bubara, and mackerel. Other marine products include lobsters, lolas, sea cucumbers, and various kinds of oysters. Before 1990, the waters around Yenbekwan was safe from environmentally destructive fishing activities.

Laut sekitar kampung ini berlimpah jenis ikan yang bernilai ekonomi, seperti napoleon, kerapu, cakalang, bubara, dan tenggiri. Hasil laut lainnya berupa lobster, lola, teripang dan aneka kerang-kerangan. Sebelum 1990, perairan sekitar Yenbekwan aman penangkapan ikan yang merusak lingkungan. Lantas, datang nelayan-nelayan dari luar daerah yang

Then came fishermen from outside the area, who introduced explosives and poison to catch fish. The use of bombs and cyanide was also practiced by Yenbekwan people.

memperkenalkan bahan peledak dan racun untuk menangkap ikan. Penggunaan bom dan sianida pun dipraktikkan penduduk Yehbekwan. Ikan mudah tertangkap, tetapi terumbu karang

Fish were easily caught, but the coral reefs by damage. When COREMAP II was introduced in 2006, fishermen in Yenbekwan were enlightened about the importance of coral reefs for the preservation of fishery resources. They gradually started to abandon explosives and cyanide.

rusak. Ketika COREMAP II masuk pada 2006, nelayan kampung Yenbekwan mendapat pengetahuan tentang makna terumbu karang bagi kelestarian sumber daya perikanan. Perlahan, mereka mulai

meninggalkan

bahan peledak dan sianida. Masyarakat kampung pesisir Pulau Mansuar ini,

The people of this coastal village on Mansuar Island formulated a Plan of Coral Reef Management in Yenbekwan Village in 2007. Shortly afterwards,

pada 2007 menyusun Rencana Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang Kampung Yenbekwan. Tak lama kemudian, kampung ini

247

menetapkan Peraturan Kampung 01/

4


the village enacted the Village Regulation 01/ DPL/PK-YNBKWN/2008 on Community Based Regional Management of Marine Protection (DPL).

DPL/PK-YNBKWN/2008 tentang Pengelolaan Daerah Perlindungan Laut (DPL) Berbasis Masyarakat. Peraturan Kampung Yenbekwan ditandatangani kepala

Yenbekwan Village Regulation was signed by the village chief on Desember 4, 2008, along with 21 other Village Regulations that were already registered into the Raja Ampat Regency Regional News. After the Marine Protection Region was stipulated in 2008, Coral Reef Resources Management Institution (LPSTK) was established. Regional Management for Marine Protection at Yenbekwan Village covering an area of 290 hectares was also subjected to sasi or prohibition by the Church.

kampung pada 4 Desember 2008, yang bersama 21

Peraturan Kampung lainnya sudah terdaftar

dalam Berita Daerah Kabupaten Raja Ampat. Setelah Daerah Perlindungan Laut

ditetapkan pada 2008,

dibentuk Lembaga Pengelola Sumberdaya Terumbu Karang (LPSTK). Pengelolaan Daerah Perlindungan Laut Kampung Yenbekwan seluas 290 hektare juga diberlakukan sasi atau larangan dari Gereja. Peraturan Kampung Yenbekwan melarang kegiatan: - Pengeboman ikan,

Yenbekwan Village Regulation prohibit activities that include: - Fish bombing, - Fish anesthetization, - Rock and sand mining, - Beach reclamation, - Establishment of permanent tourism facilities, - Use of nets, trawls, and the like, - Fishing any kind of fish, - Catching fish using arrows and spears, - Picking oysters or other marine biota, dead or alive, - Solid waste disposal, - Disposal of domestic, industrial, or ship waste, - Throwing boat anchors onto the coral reefs - Performing marine cultivation, - Walking on the coral reefs, - Crossing with any kind of marine transportation (unless approved by DPL administrators or the village chief; or an emergency due to high waves; or other events beyond human power).

- Pembiusan ikan, - Penambangan karang dan pasir, - Reklamasi pantai, - Pembangunan fasilitas pariwisata parmanen, - Penebaran jala,pukat atau sejenisnya, - Memancing segala jenis ikan, - Menangkap ikan dengan panah dan tombak, - Pengambilan kerang-kerangan atau biota laut lainnya dalam keadaan hidup ataupun mati, - Membuang sampah, - Membuang limbah rumah tangga, industri ataupun limbah kapal, - Melego jangkar perahu di atas terumbu karang, - Melakukan budidaya laut, - Berjalan di atas terumbu karang, - Melintasi dengan segala jenis angkutan laut (kecuali disetujui pengelola DPL atau kepala kampung; atau keadaan terpaksa akibat gelombang; atau keadaan lain di luar kemampuan manusia). Kegiatan yang diperbolehkan oleh Peraturan Kampung hanya meliputi:

Activities permitted by these Village Regulations only include: - Scientific research, - Educational activities, - Limited tourism/diving activities, - Monitoring or controlling activities by administrator groups.

- Penelitian ilmiah, - Kegiatan pendidikan, - Kegiatan pariwisata/penyelaman terbatas., - Kegiatan monitoring atau pengawasan oleh kelompok pengelola. Kelompok Pengelola menentukan sanksi denda uang bagi siapa pun yang melanggar, sesuai dengan kerugian

The Administrator Groups determine financial fines to any violator, according to the loss caused by the violation. All yields and equipment used in the violation will be confiscated. Violators are also obliged to do social work for the benefits of the village community. Forms of social work that must be undertaken by the violator is determined by the village chief.

akibat pelanggaran. Semua hasil dan peralatan yang digunakan dalam pelanggaran disita. Pelanggar juga diwajibkan melakukan kerja sosial untuk kepentingan masyarakat kampung. Bentuk kerja sosial yang dijalani pelanggar ditentukan kepala kampung. Pelanggar akan diminta menyampaikan permohonan

248


The violator will be asked to apologize to all of the people in the village. The violator is also made to promise not to repeat his/her action by means of a written statement that he/she signs and reads before the people. If he/she commits another violation, besides the fine and confiscation of catches and equipment, the violator will be turned in to the police for legal process.

maaf kepada seluruh warga kampung. Dia juga berjanji tidak mengulangi perbuatannya dengan surat pernyataan yang dia tandatangani, lalu dibaca sendiri di depan warga. Bila masih juga melanggar, selain denda dan penyitaan hasil tangkapan dan alat, pelaku akan diserahkan kepada polisi untuk diproses sesuai hukum. Sejak Peraturan Kampung diberlakukan, kampung pesisir ini jauh dari cerita perikanan destruktif, terumbu

Ever since the Village Regulation was enacted, this coastal village has been safe from all kinds of destructive fishing activities, the coral reefs have been safe, and the environment has been preserved. The capacity of the regulation and the village human resources have responded well against the threat to the fishery resources ecosystem. Things that need to be anticipated: massive development of marine tourism that may put pressure on the efforts by the people of Raja Ampat to preserve their marine ecosystem.(Source: Adrianto, Lucky, Editor, Local Construction for Fishery Resources Management, IPB Press, 2011

karang aman, lingkungan hidup pun terlindungi.

Efforts to Preserve the Javan and Sumatran Rhinoceros

Usaha Pelestarian Badak Jawa Dan Badak Sumatera

Rhinoceroses are rare animals endangered to extinction and included in IUCN Red List. The population of these two species of rhinos are only 200, 150 of them are in Indonesia (Figure 4.29). Indonesia has two kinds of rhinos: one-horned rhino, or javan rhino, (Rhinocerus sondaicus) can only be seen in Ujung Kulon, and two-horned, or Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumtrensis) in Sumatra.

Badak merupakan binatang langka yang terancam

Monitoring results have shown that the population of these two kinds of rhinos in their natural habitat keep changing every year. There were 21-29 javan rhinos in Ujung Kulon National Park in 1967; this number increased in 1981 to become 54-60 rhinos; then in 2008, 42-54 rhinos were recorded (Figure 4.30). Only 35 rhinos were recorded in 2011, but in 2012 51 more were recorded with a ratio of 29 males and 22 females (2011 and 2012 data were included in the diagram).

Dari monitoring, populasi kedua jenis badak ini di

Kapasitas

peraturan

dan

sumber

daya

manusia

kampung ini telah merespon dengan baik ancaman terhadap ekosistem sumber daya perikanan. Yang perlu diantisipasi: perkembangan wisata bahari yang semakin ramai, yang bisa menekan upaya masyarakat Raja Ampat melestarikan

ekosistem

lautnya.(Sumber:Adrianto,

Lucky, Editor, Konstruksi Lokal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Perikanan, IPB Press, 2011

punah dan masuk Daftar Merah IUCN. Populasi kedua jenis badak ini tersisa sekitar 200 individu, 150 ekor di antaranya ada di Indonesia (Gambar 4.29). Indonesia memiliki dua jenis: badak bercula satu, badak jawa (Rhinocerus sondaicus)hanya di Ujung Kulon dan badak bercula dua,badak sumatera (Dicerorhinus sumtrensis) di Sumatera.

habitat aslinya dari tahun ke tahun terus berubah. Badak jawa di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon pada 1967 tercatat 21-29 ekor; kemudian naik pada 1981, menjadi 54-60 ekor; kemudian pada 2008, menjadi 42-54 ekor (Gambar 4.30). Pada 2011 terekam hanya 35 ekor, namun pada 2012 terekam lagi 51 ekor dengan rasio 29 ekor jantan dan 22 ekor betina (data 2011 dan 2012 dimasukan dalam Grafik). Sementara itu, badak sumatera tersisa di beberapa

On the other hand, sumatran rhinos are found in several national parks: Leuser, South Bukit Barisan, and Way Kambas. In 2011, the population was

taman nasional: Leuser, Bukit Barisan Selatan dan Way Kambas. Populasinya pada 2011 diperkirakan sebanyak 107 ekor.

249

4


Source: Indonesian Rhino Foundation (YABI). Sumber: Yayasan Badak Indonesia (YABI).

Figure 4.29 Sumatran rhinos Andatu and Ratu caught on Camera. Andatu is the offspring of Andalas (male) and Ratu (female) Gambar 4.29. Badak Sumatera yang berhasil terekam kamera, Andatu dan Ratu. Andatu adalah anak badak hasil perkawinan Andalas (jantan) dan Ratu (betina).

Figure 4.30 Historic Range of the Sumatran Rhinoceros Gambar 4.30. Populasi badak Sumatera di awal penyebarannya

Source: Indonesian Institute of Science Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

250


Usaha konservasi badak terus berkembang, selain

estimated to be 107 rhinos.

pemerintah, lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan swasta juga terus terlibat. Direktorat Jenderal PHKA, Desember

Attempts to conserve the rhinos keep developing as the government non-governmental organizations, and private organizations have always been involved. In December 2011, Directorate General of PHKA issued Regulation No P.7/IV-SET/2011 on how to enter a sanctuary reserve area, nature conservation area, and hunting parks.

2011

menerbitkan

Peraturan

No

P.7/IV-SET/2011

tentang tata cara masuk kawasan suaka alam, kawasan pelestarian alam dan taman buru. Yayasan Badak Indonesia (YABI), WWF, dan WCS menggalang dana dari dalam dan luar negeri untuk usaha konservasi badak dan pendidikan lingkungan membangun kesadaran masyarakat luas. Salah satu

Indonesian Rhinoceros Foundation (YABI), WWF, and WCS have been raising funds from domestic and foreign sources in their attempt to conserve the rhinos and provide environmental education to develop public awareness. One private companies that produce refreshing drinks also set aside their CSR funds for one-horned rhinos in Ujung Kulon. The world’s concern on rhinoceroses through IUCN has stipulated June 5, 2013 as the international year of the rhinoceros.

pihak swasta produsen minuman penyegar juga mengalokasikan dana CSR bagi badak bercula satu di Ujung Kulon. Perhatian dunia terhadap badak melalui IUCN menetapkan 5 Juni 2013 sebagai tahun badak Internasional.

Figure 4.31 Current Population of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in Indonesia (in Leuser, Bukit Barisan Selatan and Way Kambas National Parks) Gambar 4.31. Populasi badak Sumatera yang masih tersisa di Indonesia (di TN. Leuser, TN. Bukit Barisan Selatan dan TN Way Kambas)

Malaysia - Sabah : 25

Belum Gunung Imas

Gunung Leuser

Tabin Danum

Taman Negara

Peninsula Malaysia : 75

Sumatra : 200

Way Kambas Bukit Barisan Selatan

Source: Indonesian Institute of Science Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

The most important populations, none of which number more than 100, are in Sumatra - Bukit Barisan Selatan, Way Kambas & Gunung Leuser NP. Other Viable populations are in Peninsula Malaysia - Taman Negara, and Sabah - Tabin

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4


Figure 4.32 Estimated Population of the Javan Rhinoceros 1967 – 2012 Gambar 4.32. Estimasi populasi badak Jawa tahun 1967 – 2012

Population Jumlah Populasi

70

Tahun 2011 = 35 Tahun 2012 = 51

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

1967

1971

1974

1977

1981

1984 1993 Year Tahun

1997

2002

2005

2008

Sources: Indonesian Institute of Sciences Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

Preservation of Bamboo Species

Pelestarian Spesies Bambu

Efforts for biodiversity preservation also receive attention from businesses. In the middle of a pineapple plantation covering an area of 32 thousand hectares in Central Lampung, PT Great Giant Pineapple (GGP) has developed a plantation for bamboo conservation.

Upaya

pelestarian

keanekaragaman

hayati

juga

mendapat perhatian dunia usaha. Di tengah perkebunan nenas seluas 32 ribu hektar di Lampung Tengah, PT Great Giant Pineapple (GGP) mengembangkan kebun konservasi bambu. Upaya

This project has been developed since 1987. First, bamboos are planted on marginal land and riverbanks to prevent erosion, suppress river sedimentation, and store water. Then, on a special land covering an area of 10 hectares, Setiawan Achmad, Executive Director of PT GGP develops a plantation with a collection of bamboo species.

ini mulai dikembangkan sejak 1987. Mula-

mula bambu ditanam di lahan marjinal dan bantaran sungai, untuk mencegah erosi, menekan sedimentasi sungai, dan menyimpan air. Kemudian, di atas lahan khusus seluas 10 hektar, Setiawan Achmad, Direktur Pelaksana PT GGP mengembangkan kebun koleksi spesies bambu. Dari

Starting from only a few species, his collection keeps growing with more varieties of bamboo species from many regions in and outside Indonesia. The area of bamboo plantation keeps expanding, as well. In 2012, the bamboo collection has reached more than 200 species.

hanya

beberapa

spesies,

koleksinya

terus

bertambah dengan aneka spesies bambu dari berbagai daerah dan luar Indonesia. Luas kebun koleksi bambu juga terus bertambah. Pada 2012 koleksi bambu sudah mencapai lebih 200 spesies. Dari menanam bambu untuk melindungi lingkungan, menjadi upaya melindungi spesies-spesies bambu dari

Planting bamboos to protect the environment has turned into an effort to protect bamboo species

kelangkaan dan kepunahan. Koleksi di pusat agribisnis nenas ini ternyata melampaui jumlah spesies bambu

252


from becoming scarce or extinct. The collection at this pineapple agribusiness center, in fact, exceed the number of bamboo species at Bogor Botanical Garden, which has only 20 species, and Purwadadi Botanical Garden, which has 30.

Kebun Raya Bogor, yang hanya 20 jenis, dan Kebun Raya Purwadadi, sebanyak 30 jenis. Upaya konservasi bambu tanpa banyak publikasi di tengah deretan jutaan nenas ini ternyata mendapat perhatian

Bamboo conservation efforts, without much publication, among millions of pineapples, have attracted the attention of Kehati Foundation. In 2004, Setiawan Achmad received the “Kehati Award“ for the category of “Peduli Lestari Kehati”, presented by Emil Salim, former Minister of Environment and founder of Kehati Foundation.

Yayasan

Kehati.

Pada

2004,

Setiawan

Achmad mendapat anugerah “Kehati Award“ untuk kategori “Peduli Lestari Kehati”, yang diserahkan Emil Salim, mantan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan pendiri Yayasan Kehati. Kini, menjadi pemandangan lumrah di areal perkebunan nenas GGP, rumpun-rumpun aneka jenis bambu tumbuh menjulang di bantaran sungai dan lereng

It is now a common sight that, in GGP’s pineapple plantation area, clusters of various kinds of bamboos grow tall along the riverbanks and hill slopes. Bamboo collection belonging to this processed fruit company is now an object of bamboo researches from many countries.

bukit. Koleksi bambu dari perusahan buah olahan ini, kini sudah menjadi tujuan para peneliti bambu dari berbagai negeri. Bambu merupakan tumbuhan subkeluarga rumput yang

sangat

dikenal

masyarakat

Indonesia.

Dia

memiliki batang yang kuat tapi lentur, lurus, mudah

Bamboo is a plant from a subfamily of grass which is well known by Indonesian people. It has a strong but flexible, straight, easy to split, easy to shape, and light trunk. Due to these characteristics, bamboo is very useful to man as it has been utilized since our ancestors still lived in caves, hunted animals, and concocted herbs.

dibelah, mudah dibentuk, serta ringan. Karena sifatsifatnya ini, bambu sangat berguna bagi manusia, yang dimanfaatkan sejak nenek moyang masih menghuni gua alam, berburu dan meramu. Bambu yang tumbuh liar di alam maupun hasil budidaya sudah berabad-abad digunakan manusia, mulai untuk rumah, jembatan, pagar, wadah penampung air, pisau,

Bamboos, either those growing in the wild or cultivated, have been used by man for centuries for building houses, bridges, fences, water containers, knives, spears, arrows, and handicraft. Many traditional musical instruments are made from bamboo, such as angklung, flute, and sasando. The young plants are cooked as a vegetable, and the leaves are often used for food wrapping.

tombak, panah, hingga kerajinan. Banyak alat musik tradisional dibuat dari bambu misalnya angklung, suling, dan sasando. Rebungnya dijadikan sayur, daunnya untuk pembungkus makanan. Dari 1.250 spesies bambu di Bumi, 125 di antaranya tumbuhan asli Indonesia. Karena inilah perusahaan agribisnis nenas ini masih terus mengembangkan koleksi spesies bambunya. PT GGP yang mengembangkan

Of 1,250 bamboo species on Earth, 125 of them are native Indonesian plants. This is the reason the pineapple agribusiness company are still developing their collection of bamboo species. PT GGP, which developed green economy management, is now initiating blue economy, proposed by Gunter Pauli, founder of Zero Emmissions Initiatives.

manajemen ekonomi hijau, kini memulai perintisan blueeconomy, ekonomi biru, yang dicetuskan Gunter Pauli, pendiri Zero Emmissions Initiatives. Ekonomi biru memanfaatkan modal alam, dengan teknologi yang berorientasi pada pelestarian alam, mendesain ulang produksi dan konsumsi melalui berbagai inovasi. WWF Indonesia memantau rintisan

Blue economy relies on nature for its capital, using technology oriented towards natural preservation,

ekonomi biru di PT GGP ini. Sebagai perusahaan yang menerapkan prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan,

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4


redesigns production and consumption through numerous innovations. WWF Indonesia are monitoring the blue economy initiative by PT GGP. As a company that runs on the principle of sustainable development, it has a special division for sustainable development headed by a director.

perusahaan ini memiliki divisi khusus pembangunan

Giant Land Conversion Project

Proyek Raksasa Konservasi Lahan

Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) is one of the largest land conversion projects ever planned by the government other than the unsuccessful 1-million-hectare peatland paddy field in Kalimantan. With the acceleration of population growth reaching 2 percent per year, food necessity and security are serious issues faced by this country. This is due to the fact that paddy field extensification every year is only around 20 – 40 thousand hectares. This means, the growth of paddy field area cannot keep up with the demand.

Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE)

To fulifil the demand, the government planned to make Merauke a region for food and energy estate or MIFEE Food Estate, which is an integrated development of food production that includes farming, plantation, and even livestock in one vast area.

Lantaran

berkelanjutan yang dikepalai seorang direktur.

salah satu proyek konservasi lahan terbesar yang pernah direncanakan pemerintah, selain proyek lahan sawah gambut 1 juta hektar di Kalimantan yang gagal. Dengan laju pertambahan penduduk yang mencapai 2 persen per tahun, kebutuhan dan ketahanan pangan menjadi persoalan serius bagi bangsa ini. Karena, percetakan sawah setiap tahun hanya berkisar 20 – 40 ribu hektar. Artinya, pertumbuhan luas sawah belum bisa mengejar kebutuhan beras bagi penduduk Indonesia. itulah,

dicanangkan

rencana

raksasa

menjadikan Merauke sebagai kawasan lumbung pangan dan energi atau MIFEE Food Estate (FE) merupakan pengembangan

produksi

pangan

terintegrasi

mencakup pertanian, perkebunan, bahkan peternakan di suatu lahan yang sangat luas (an integrated farming, plantation and livestock zone)

Merauke was chosen because the area of 47,075 square kilometers held promising agribusiness potentials. No less than a 2.5 million hectares of land is ready for crop farming. In the vast area, paddy fields can be established over a wet land covering an area of 1.94 million hectares. This land is situated in a conversion production forest (HPK) of approximately 1.43 million hectares and other utilization areas (APL) of around 202,869 hectares. During the early stages, the amount of land projected to be utilized for crops is 50 thousand hectares.

Merauke dipilih karena wilayah 47.075 kilometer persegi ini memiliki potensi besar agrobisnis. Tak kurang ada lahan seluas 2,5 juta hektar yang siap dijadikan pertanian pangan. Dan dari luas itu, yang bisa dijadikan sawah berupa lahan basah seluas 1,94 juta hektar. Lahan ini berada di hutan produksi konversi (HPK), sekitar 1,43 juta hektar dan areal penggunaan lainnya (APL) sekitar 202.869 hektar. Pada tahap awal, dari lahan itu, yang diproyeksikan untuk tanaman pangan seluas 50 ribu hektar.

In MIFEE concept, Merauke becomes a corporate arable land that also embraces local farmers. One million hectares of land is utilized in five clusters. Each cluster is 200 thousand hectares in size, comprising 40 subclusters. In addition, the Ministry of Forestry also allocates 585 thousand hectares for developing crop production, particularly paddy field. The land will be rented out to private parties in the form of cultivation rights.

Dalam konsep MIFEE, Merauke menjadi lahan garapan korporasi yang juga menaungi petani lokal. Lahan satu juta hektar dimanfaatkan dalam lima kluster. Tiap kluster seluas 200 ribu hektar terdiri dari 40 subkluster. Selain itu, Kementerian Kehutanan juga mengalokasikan 585 ribu hektar untuk pengembangan produksi tanaman pangan, khususnya padi. Status lahan tersebut nanti disewakan kepada swasta dalam bentuk hak guna usaha.

254


The scale of this project is so large, both in terms of land area and its investment value. It is estimated that the development of a large-scale food producing region in Merauke requires investments of Rp 50 trillion to Rp 60 trillion. At the moment there are already 36 domestic investors ready to come,and there are also 28 foreign investors.

Skala proyek ini begitu besar baik luas lahan maupun nilai

investasinya.

Diperkirakan

pengembangan

kawasan pangan dalam skala luas di Merauke perlu investasi sekitar Rp 50 triliun hingga Rp 60 triliun. Saat ini sudah ada 36 investor dalam negeri yang siap masuk, terutama dari dalam negeri dan 28 investor asing. Hanya

saja,

proyek

konversi

lahan

ini

patut

The problem is, this land conversion project must be aware of adverse effects on massive ecological changes, including damage to the ecosystem, possibility of flood and, drought due to lack of water catchment areas, and biodiversity loss.

memperhatikan potensi negatif perubahan ekologi

Disposal of Hazardous Waste

Pembuangan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun

A 2011 Ministry of Environment assessment on a small-scale metal-smelting center in the village of Pesarean, Adiwerna District, Tegal, Central Java illustrates the need for proper management of hazardous and toxic (B3) waste in accordance with existing regulations.

Kajian Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup pada 2011

The metal-smelting center uses B3 waste such as zinc slag, used car batteries, lead, disposed cell phones and scrap metal contaminated with other B3 waste as raw material and produces zinc, brass and aluminum ingots. A 2007 EIA document showed that 300 craftsmen working at the center were offering galvanizing and electroplating services as well as producing earth-electrodes and other equipment. Today about 150 workers remain.

Sentra kegiatan peleburan logam ini bahan bakunya

besar-besaran, seperti rusaknya ekosistem, potensi banjir

dan

kekeringan

akibat

hilangnya

daerah

tangkapan air, dan menurunnya keanekaragaman hayati.

terhadap sentra peleburan logam usaha kecil menengah (UKM) di Desa Pesarean, Kecamatan Adiwerna, Tegal, Jawa Tengah memberikan gambaran limbah bahan berbahaya beracun (limbah B3) wajib dikelola dengan baik sesuai peraturan yang berlaku.

memakai limbah B3: slag timah putih, accu bekas, timah hitam, limbah handpohe serta limbah scrap logam yang terkontaminasi limbah B3 lainnya. Produk yang dihasilkan berupa ingot timah, kuningan, dan alumunium. Berdasarkan data dari dokumen Amdal 2007, tercatat 300 orang terlibat dalam peleburan logam pengrajin galvanis, elektroplating, pembuatan arde listrik dan sebagainya. Saat ini, yang aktif ada sekitar 150 orang.

The center is located within 25 m to 75 m from public and social facilities. Its production processes use very simple technologies and neglect pollution control (air and water) entirely. Any B3 waste generated has been dumped and disposed off carelessly for many years.

Lokasi tersebut memiliki radius antara 25 m – 75 m dari fasilitas umum dan sosial. Dalam proses produksinya, UKM memakai teknologi yang sangat sederhana, tanpa dilengkapi fasilitas pengendalian pencemaran (udara dan air). Limbah B3 yang dihasilkan ditimbun dan dibuang ke lingkungan begitu saja selama bertahun-tahun.

In view of this condition, the Ministry of Environment together with the Tegal Regency Environmental Agency, universities and NGOs launched a study to assess the impact of the dumped B3 waste on ground water. A concurrent study focused on the health of people living in proximity to the metal-smelting center.

Melihat kondisi itu, KLH bersama BLH Kabupaten Tegal, perguruan tinggi dan lembaga swadaya masyarakat, melakukan kajian dampak limbah B3 yang ditimbun terhadap air tanah. Kajian juga dilakukan bagi kesehatan masyarakat dari peleburan logam itu.

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4


Results of the study on ground water - Ground water in Pesarean and its surrounding area showed levels of Zn, Cu and Pb that were above the quality standard for drinking water set by the government. - The volume of B3 waste that was dumped and became a source of ground water contamination amounted to 16,200 cubic meters.

Hasil kajian air tanah (hidrogeologi)

Results of study on public health • Lead (Pb) blood level testing gave the following results - 9.8 percent of respondents had dangerously high lead blood levels (>30 µg/dL) - 22 percent of respondents had lead blood levels that required medical attention (>10 µg/dL - <30 µg/dL). - 49.5 percent of respondents had lead blood levels of <1 µg/dL. This meant that 31.8 percent of respondents were in need of further treatment. • Respondents also showed symptoms and signs of physical abnormalities that corresponded with lead (Pb) poisoning. 82.5 percent suffered from indigestion, 56.5 percent experienced neuromuscular disorders, 26.8 percent had anemic conjunctiva, 25 percent complained about reproductive disorders, and 5 percent were anemic.

Hasil kajian kesehatan

The studies provided information about the inadequate management of B3 waste by the metalsmelting center. They showed that the public in general is more concerned about making a living than about maintaining a healthy environment. Based on these studies, the Ministry of Environment in cooperation with the Regency of Tegal will conduct rehabilitation and relocation efforts to prevent further pollution.

Kajian memberikan informasi tentang burukanya

• Kondisi air tanah di Pesarean dan sekitarnya menunjukkan adanya parameter logam Zn, Cu dan Pb yang melebihi baku mutu air minum yang ditetapkan pemerintah. • Volume limbah B3 yang ditimbun dan menjadi sumber pencemaran air tanah mencapai 16.200 meter kubik.

• Hasil pemeriksaan kadar Timbal (Pb) menunjukkan terdapat peningkatkan kadar Timbal (Pb) : • Terhadap 9,8 persen responden, kadar Timbal (Pb) darah yang berbahaya (>30 µg/dL). • Terhadap 22

persen responden memiliki kadar

Timbal (Pb) yang memerlukan perhatian medis (>10 µg/dL - <30 µg/dL). • Hasil pemeriksaan kadar Timbal (Pb) darah <1 µg/ dL terdapat pada 198 (49,5 persen) responden. Hal ini menunjukkan total responden yang harus mendapat

perhatian

penanganan

lebih

lanjut

sebanyak 31,8 persen. • Terdapat gejala dan tanda kelainan fisis yang sesuai dengan keracunan Timbal (Pb) pada responden yang diteliti, yaitu: gangguan pencernaan 82,5 persen; gangguan neuromuskuler 56,5 persen; conjungtiva anemis 26,8 persen; gangguan reproduksi 25 persen; dan pucat 5 persen.

pengelolaan limbah B3 yang dilakukan UKM. Hal ini memberikan potret: masyarakat belum begitu peduli untuk mendapatkan lingkungan yang sehat lantaran upaya pemenuhan ekonomi tanpa diimpangi dengan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang baik. Berdasarkan kajian ini, KLH bersama dengan pemerintah kabupaten Tegal akan melakukan upaya pemulihan dan relokasi kegiatan,

sehingga

dapat

pencemaran yang lebih luas.

256

mengurangi

dampak


Drums filled with Hazardous substances Tong-tong tempat penyimpanan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun Photo Foto: Documentation of Ministry of Environment Dok. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

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4

5

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITY

KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN DAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAANNYA

5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity

The previous chapters have presented environmental status, management capacity, and efforts in favor of the environment. Although various measures have been and are being carried out by the government and the stakeholders, Indonesia’s environmental status still needs improvement.

Bab-bab sebelumnya telah menyajikan

Behind this status, environmental quality is closely related to its management capacity. This chapter will discuss the relationship between the two aspects in depth and will also highlight potential pressures in the future that need to be anticipated to prevent further degradation. The last part of the chapter contains explanations on the management capacity required to overcome the challenges ahead.

Di balik status yang belum menggembirakan, ada

status

lingkungan

hidup,

kapasitas

pengelolaan, dan upaya yang berpihak kepada lingkungan hidup. Walaupun berbagai upaya sudah dilakukan dan sedang dilakukan pemerintah bersama para

pemangku

kepentingan,

secara

umum status lingkungan hidup Indonesia masih memprihatinkan.

keyakinan kualitas lingkungan hidup berkaitan erat dengan kapasitas pengelolaannya. Karena itu, bab ini akan menyajikan keterkaitan kedua aspek tersebut. Bab ini juga akan melihat potensi tekanan di masa depan yang perlu diantisipasi, agar lingkungan hidup tidak bertambah buruk. Bagian terakhir bab ini berisi paparan pengembangan kapasitas pengelolaan yang diperlukan, untuk mengatasi tantangan ke depan.

CURRENT CONDITIONS

KONDISI SAAT INI

The decline of environmental quality is a public concern. The government and other related parties have been working continuously to respond to those challenges. Their efforts include two aspects: restoring deteriorating environment while preserving the rest for the next generations to inherit. Although some of the efforts have had positive results, the management capacity seems to be inadequate to address the issue of environmental degradation.

Berbagai catatan menurunnya kualitas lingkungan hidup masih sering didengar oleh publik. Merespon tantangan tersebut, pemerintah bersama para pihak terkait, terus berupaya keras. Upaya tersebut terbagi dua, yaitu: memulihkan lingkungan yang menurun, serta

menjaga

lingkungan

yang

tersisa

sebagai

warisan masa depan. Walaupun berbagai upaya telah menghasilkan hal-hal positif, kapasitas pengelolaan tampaknya belum memadai untuk mengatasi degradasi lingkungan.

In 2009-2011, the Ministry of Environment evaluated the environmental condition in all provinces based on the quality of air, water, and land cover (Table 5.1). The results indicated environments on Java had relatively low quality, with low environmental quality indexes (IKLH). On the other hand, there were only 4 provinces that had environments with relatively good quality, namely Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali and Southeast Sulawesi.

Pada 2009 – 2011 Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup mengevaluasi kondisi lingkungan di semua provinsi berdasarkan kualitas udara, kualitas air dan tutupan hutan (Tabel 5.1). Hasilnya memperlihatkan lingkungan yang buruk, dengan indeks kualitas lingkungan hidup (IKLH) yang rendah di provinsi-provinsi di Pulau Jawa. Sementara itu, hanya empat provinsi yang memiliki IKLH yang relatif baik, yaitu Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali dan Sulawesi Tengah.

The government’s capacity level in environmental management should be measured by various aspects and components with time series data and information sequences. However, relative descriptions can be

Tingkat

kapasitas

pemerintah

dalam

mengelola

lingkungan hidup harus diukur dari berbagai aspek dan komponen dengan rangkaian data dan informasi

260

Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5

provided using existing data while still referring to generally applicable rules. Existing data are then recapitulated at provincial government’s capacity level in environmental management. This capacity is represented by five components: institutional form, budget, regional regulations, human resources, and infrastructure. • The ideal institutional form for environmental management is agency as it is independent and has operational and coordinative functions. • Budget is the ratio of environmental function budget and a province’s total regional revenue and expenditure (APBD). • Regional regulations are viewed from the comprehensiveness of regulations that address environmental issues. In cases when there is more than one regulation on environmental issues water, for example - only one prevails. • Human resources are represented by the holder of the certificate of competence in environmental impact analysis (EIA) formulation and the Regional Environmental Inspector. • Infrastructure is represented by the number of accredited and integrated laboratories, regional state of environment reports -– in terms of both the number of reports and their evaluation scores - and the operation system of landfills. Regarding landfills, the ideal system would be sanitary landfills. This is based on the assumption that: around 50 percent of the controlled landfill system has been transformed into sanitary landfills, while the open dumping system shows no progress or stands at 0 percent.

yang cukup panjang. Untuk memberi gambaran relatif dapat memakai data yang ada, dengan tetap merujuk pada peraturan yang berlaku pada umumnya. Dari data yang ada, direkapitulasi tingkat kapasitas pemerintah provinsi dalam mengelola lingkungan hidup. Kapasitas diwakili lima komponen: bentuk lembaga, anggaran, peraturan daerah, sumber daya manusia dan saranaprasarana. • Bentuk lembaga ideal untuk pengelola lingkungan hidup adalah badan, karena mandiri, punya fungsi operasional dan koordinasi. • Anggaran merupakan rasio perbandingan anggaran fungsi lingkungan hidup dan APDB total provinsi. • Peraturan daerah dilihat dari sisi kelengkapan peraturan yang mengatur isu lingkungan hidup. Bila ada lebih dari satu peraturan mengatur isu lingkungan hidup—misalnya air, hanya dihitung satu. • Sumberdaya manusia diwakili pemegang sertifikasi kompetensi

penyusunan

AMDAL

dan

Pejabat

Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah. • Sarana-prasarana

diwakili

jumlah

laboratorium

terakreditasi dan teregistrasi, status lingkungan hidup daerah—baik jumlah yang telah disusun maupun kualitasnya, serta sistem pengoperasian tempat pemrosesan akhir (TPA) sampah. Dalam hal TPA, idealnya sistem sanitary landfill. Asumsinya: sistem controlled landfill sudah sekitar 50 persen diupayakan menjadi sanitary landfill, sedangkan open dumping dilihat belum ada upaya atau sama dengan 0 persen.

Untuk menggambarkan tingkat kapasitas provinsi

A relative approach is used to describe the level of provincial capacity. Average numbers are calculated from the distribution of numbers in each component. Based on the average, 5 classification ranges are made: above and below the average, and far above and far below the average. Then, weighting is made as follows: 1 for far below the average; 2 for below the average; 3 for the average; 4 for above the average; and 5 for far above the average. Each component within the range is then weighted and accumulated so that every province receive points.

dilakukan pendekatan relatif. Dari sebaran jumlah angka setiap komponen dihitung reratanya. Dari angka rerata itu, dibuat 5 rentang klasifikasi: rerata, di atas dan di bawah rerata, serta jauh di atas dan di bawah rata-rata. Kemudian dilakukan pembobotan sebagai berikut: 1 untuk jauh di bawah rerata; 2 untuk di bawah rerata; 3 untuk rerata; 4 untuk di atas rata-rata; dan 5, jauh di atas rata-rata. Setiap komponen yang masuk dalam rentang, kemudian diberi bobot dan diakumulasikan, sehingga setiap provinsi memiliki poin. Kapasitas pengelolaan dinilai dari 5 aspek, yaitu:

Management capacity is represented by 5 aspects: institutions, budget, regional regulations, human resources, and infrastructure; each aspect is weighted 20%. The human resources aspect is divided into 3 parts: certification, Regional Environmental Education Center, and its education and training.

lembaga, anggaran, peraturan daerah, sumber daya manusia dan sarana prasarana; dimana masing-masing aspek memiliki bobot 20%. Aspek sumber daya manusia dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu sertifikasi, Pusat Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah serta diklatnya. Bagian sarana dan prasarana juga terdiri dari 3 bagian,

261


Infrastructure also comprises 3 parts: laboratories, Regional State of Environment Reports, and landfills. Each part of the two aspects has different weight. Details of the weighting can be viewed on Figure 5.2

yaitu laboratorium, laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah dan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir. Setiap bagian dari kedua aspek tersebut mempunyai bobot yang berbeda. Detail pembobotan selengkapnya dapat dilihat pada gambar 5.2.

Table 5.1 Environmental Quality Index in Indonesia 2009-2011 Tabel 5.1

Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2009-2011

Environmental Quality Index Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Province Provinsi

Air Pollution Index Indeks Pencemaran Udara

Forest Cover Index Indeks Tutupan Hutan

Water Pollution Index Indeks Pencemaran Air

Average Environmental Quality Index Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup rata-rata

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

98,04

92,65

94,35

95,01

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

98,21

95,20

71,21

88,21

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

98,29

91,21

83,73

91,08

Lampung

Lampung

93,82

65,47

87,87

82,39

Bali

Bali

97,60

100,00

72,86

90,00

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

98,02

83,66

75,30

85,66

West Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Barat

98,84

75,71

73,59

82,71

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

95,26

38,38

88,85

74,17

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

96,85

92,85

55,82

81,83

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

97,07

60,34

65,18

74,19

98,17

75,26

58,17

77,20

Maluku & North Maluku Maluku Utara North Sumatra

Sumatera Utara

98,60

58,56

64,70

73,95

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

97,23

88,15

16,23

67,20

DI. Yogyakarta

DI. Yogyakarta

97,86

38,18

58,28

64,77

Papua & West Papua

Papua Barat

99,13

81,27

23,37

67,79

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

97,56

81,26

19,54

66,12

Aceh

Aceh

98,61

95,32

22,59

72,17

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

98,53

13,72

69,81

60,69

Jambi

Jambi

98,15

60,42

44,20

67,59

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

97,70

42,88

19,49

53,35

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

97,60

73,78

21,76

64,38

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

98,46

41,62

26,69

55,59

East Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Timur

96,59

60,99

18,77

58,78

94,48

29,42

38,84

54,25

Riau & Riau Archipelago Kep. Riau East Java

Jawa Timur

97,86

50,59

14,53

54,33

Southeast Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tenggara

98,65

68,42

8,48

58,52

West Java

Jawa Barat

97,51

38,72

17,80

51,34

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

97,98

32,44

25,29

51,90

Banten

Banten

97,11

37,05

14,67

49,61

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

97,27

2,93

24,65

41,62

Indonesia

Indonesia

97,57

62,21

45,89

60,37


262

263

IKLH 2009-2011

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sul-Barat

Lampung

North Sulawesi Sul-Utara

Bengkulu

2,0

2,5

3,0

Banten

Riau

3,5

East Java Ja-Tim

Riau Archipelago Kep. Riau

Bangka Belitung East Nusa Tenggara NTT

4,0

West Java Ja-Barat

4,5

DKI Jakarta

5,0

90

Source : Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Finance , Regional State of the Environment Reports Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Keuangan, Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah

Environmental Management Capacity Kapasitas PLH

Central Kalimantan Kal-Teng

Central Java Ja-Teng

South Kalimantan Kal-Sel

South-East Sulawesi Sul-Tenggara

West Nusa Tenggara N T B West Sumatra Sum-Bar Maluku North Maluku Maluku Utara West Kalimantan Kal-Bar South Sumatra Sum-Sel Aceh Papua North Sumatra Sum-Ut West Papua Papua Barat Jambi East Kalimantan Kal-Tim DI Yogyakarta West Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan

Sulawesi Tengah

Central Sulawesi

Bali

Gorontalo

3,5

IKLH 2009-2011 vs. Environmental Management Capacity IKLH 2009-2011 VS Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

Gambar 5.2. Matriks Korelasi antara Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi

Figure 5.2 Correlation Matrix between Environmental Quality Index and Environmental Management Capacity at Provincial Level



Figure 5.1.Calculating Weighted Environmental Management Capacity Gambar 5.1. Perhitungan Pembobotan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Institutions Lembaga 20%

Keterangan gambar: Perda = Peraturan daerah SDM = Sumber Daya Manusia Sarpras = Sarana dan Prasarana Diklat PPLHD = Pendidikan dan Latihan Pejabat

Budget Anggaran 20%

Environmental Management Capacity

Regional government regulation Perda 20%

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Human resources SDM 20%

Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah PPLHD = Pejabat Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah SLHD = Status Lingkungan Hidup daerah TPA = Tempat Pembuangan Akhir

Certification Sertifikasi 40% Education and Training for Regional Environmental Inspector Diklat PPLHD 15% Regional Environmental Inspector PPLHD 45% Lab 30%

Facilities & infrastructure Sarpras 20%

Regional State of the Environment Reportal SLHD 30%

Quantity Jumlah 20% Quality Kualitas 80%

Landfill TPA 40% Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


This concept of management capacity recapitulation still needs to be improved. Nevertheless, as it is based on a relative approach and does not state good or bad and high or low, it can still be referred to for comparisons between provinces.

Konsep rekapitulasi kapasitas pengelolaan ini masih

This Capacity Recapitulation Matrix is then plotted with IKLH to obtain the relationship quadrants between environmental quality and its management capacity. The IKLH index, which has been deployed for three years, still lacks the required sensitivity and produces results that fluctuate from year to year. Because of this, the scores in the index are averaged for three years in order to represent actual conditions more closely.

Matriks

It is important to note that IKLH refers to medium quality standard. For instance, water quality refers to class II quality standard based on Government Regulation Number 82/2001. This means it is not the best water quality and there is still a better one, which is class I (raw water for drinking water) and drinking water quality.

Hal yang perlu dicatat, IKLH mengacu pada baku mutu

perlu disempurnakan. Karena konsep ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan relatif, tidak menyatakan baik atau buruk, tinggi atau rendah, maka tetap dapat diacu untuk pembandingan antar provinsi. Rekapitulasi

disandingkan kuadran

dengan

hubungan

Kapasitas IKLH antara

ini

untuk kualitas

kemudian

mendapatkan lingkungan

dan kapasitas pengelolaannya. Indeks IKLH, yang telah dilakukan selama tiga tahun, masih memiliki kelemahan karena kurang sensitif, setiap tahun nilainya berfluktuasi cukup tajam. Untuk mendapatkan kondisi yang mendekati kenyataan diambil rerata selama tiga tahun tersebut.

medium. Misalnya, kualitas air mengacu baku mutu klas II dari Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82/2001. Artinya, acuan kualitas air itu bukan yang terbaik, masih ada kualitas di atasnya, yaitu kelas I (air baku air minum) dan kualitas air minum. Atau, kualitas udara yang mengacu baku mutu udara PP

Air quality refers to the air quality standard

Nomor 41/1999 yang sangat longgar, walau memakai

264


according to Government Regulation Number 41/1999 which, although in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, is very lenient. There are higher standards for air quality. The same applies to forest cover, which refers to a Decree of the Minister of Forestry. Therefore, the median value for environmental quality was set at 90.

standar World Health Organization (WHO). Ini juga berarti masih ada standar yang lebih baik. Hal serupa terjadi pada tutupan hutan yang berpatokan pada Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan. Dengan begitu, diambil angka median untuk kualitas lingkungan, pada angka 90. Kualitas lingkungan di berbagai provinsi itu seiring

Environmental quality in different provinces goes along with the capacity of regional governments in environmental management, which is measured by the five components mentioned above (Table 5.2). Figure 5.1 indicates the correlation between low IKLH and low management capacity. However, there are exceptions in certain provinces. DKI Jakarta, for example, has the highest capacity, but the lowest IKLH. The same is true for West Java, which has relatively high capacity - second only to DKI Jakarta, also has low IKLH. The opposite applies to Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali, and Southwest Sulawesi, which have medium management capacities, but the highest IKLH.

dengan kapasitas pemerintah provinsi dalam mengelola lingkungan—diukur dengan lima komponen di atas (Tabel 5.2). Gambar 5.1 memberi petunjuk korelasi antara IKLH yang rendah dengan kapasitas pengelolaan juga rendah. Memang ada pengecualian di beberapa provinsi. DKI Jakarta misalnya, memiliki kapasitas tertinggi, namun IKLH-nya terendah. Begitu juga Jawa Barat yang kapasitasnya termasuk tinggi—kedua setelah DKI Jakarta, juga memiliki IKLH yang rendah. Hal sebaliknya dialami Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali dan Sulawesi

Tengah,

dengan

kapasitas

pengelolaan

sedang, namun IKLH tertinggi. Terlepas

dari

keadaan

khusus

itu,

Gambar

5.1

memperlihatkan sebuah kecenderungan: IKLH yang

Despite these special cases, Figure 5.1 suggests a trend that: relatively low IKLH correlates with low management capacity. This also suggests that: low management capacity is one of the factors that undermines the efforts to restore and preserve natural resources and the environment.

relatif rendah berkorelasi dengan kapasitas pengelolaan yang rendah pula. Hal itu memberi isyarat: rendahnya kapasitas pengelolaan menjadi salah satu faktor upaya pemulihan dan pelestarian sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup tidak optimal.

Sampah di kali Sunter, Tanjung Priok Jakarta Utara Photo Foto: Siswanto

265


Table 5.2 Environmental Manag

Tabel 5.2 Kapasitas Pengelolaa

Human Resources SDM

Province Provinsi

No

Percentage of environmental institution (Agency) Pengelola LH Kab/Kota Berbentuk Badan (%)

Budget Anggaran (%)

Environmentalrelated regulations Peraturan Daerah Terkait Lingkungan Hidup

Holder of Environmental Impact Analysis Competence Certification (SKPA) until March 2013 Pemegang Sertifikasi Kompetensi Penyusunan Amdal (SKPA) s/d maret 2013

PPLH/D Total Regional Environmental Inspector Education and Training Total Diklat PPLH/D

1

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

100,0

4,66

10

155

35

2

West Java

Jawa Barat

66,7

1,02

10

170

96

3

East Java

Jawa Timur

59,0

0,33

11

40

41

4

DIY

DIY

50,0

0,62

11

15

53

5

North Sumatera

Sumatera Utara

55,9

2,90

7

11

73

6

East Kalimantan*

Kalimantan Timur*

86,7

0,34

5

39

87

7

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

85,7

1,18

6

3

28

8

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

90,0

0,49

4

13

70

9

South Sumatera

Sumatera Selatan

75,0

0,23

9

25

18

10

West Kalimantan

Kalimantan Barat

66,7

0,41

8

21

62

11

Bangka Belitung

Bangka Belitung

87,5

0,69

5

7

15

12

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

87,5

0,49

5

5

40

13

West Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Barat

70,0

0,56

6

2

60

14

East Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Timur

90,9

0,56

6

4

76

15

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

81,8

0,36

6

5

15

16

Banten

Banten

71,4

0,32

7

19

54

17

Riau

Riau

84,6

0,24

5

28

99

18

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

91,7

0,56

4

6

45

19

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

86,7

0,49

6

19

9

20

Lampung

Lampung

60,0

0,29

8

6

22

21

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

78,6

0,45

5

35

44

22

Bali

Bali

50,0

0,65

6

11

50

23

West Sumatera

Sumatera Barat

40,0

0,68

9

8

30

24

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

58,3

0,35

5

23

115

25

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

100,0

0,63

5

2

41

26

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

54,2

1,95

4

27

52

27

Aceh

Aceh

58,3

0,26

7

5

25

28

Jambi

Jambi

41,7

0,41

8

6

29

29

West Papua

Papua Barat

54,5

0,94

6

0

37

30

Papua

Papua

33,3

0,35

8

3

45

31

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

83,3

1,18

4

0

4

32

Southeast Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tenggara

53,8

0,28

5

15

14

33

Maluku

Maluku

30,0

0,27

4

11

7

Catatan: * Sebelum dimekarkan Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012

266


gement Capacities by Province

an Lingkungan Tingkat Provinsi

Infrastructure Sarana-Prasarana

D

Regional Environmental Inspector

Accredited &/ Registered Laboratories Lab Terakreditasi &/ Teregistrasi

Regional State of Environment Report SLHD

Landfills TPA Point

Number Jumlah

Quality Kualitas

PPLH/D

Sanitary Landfill (%)

Controlled Landfill (%)

Open Dumping or unidentified tidak teridentifikasi (%)

Progress TPA (%)

7

7

10

90,95

0,0

100,0

0,0

50,0

4,66

60

7

7

68,55

0,0

26,7

73,3

13,3

3,97

34

4

6

90,46

23,5

47,1

29,4

47,1

3,56

7

2

9

83,86

33,3

16,7

50,0

41,7

3,33

15

1

8

87,99

0,0

20,0

80,0

10,0

3,21

17

3

8

70,05

0,0

25,0

75,0

12,5

3,18

3

0

5

62,22

50,0

0,0

50,0

50,0

3,17

26

1

6

78,11

0,0

42,9

57,1

21,4

3,17

10

2

9

77,06

0,0

8,3

91,7

4,2

3,15

11

2

4

50,91

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

3,14

11

1

3

49,01

57,1

0,0

42,9

57,1

3,12

23

1

3

69,99

25,0

25,0

50,0

37,5

3,12

14

1

7

50,56

37,5

25,0

37,5

50,0

3,11

6

0

4

50,1

20,0

0,0

80,0

20,0

3,07

12

0

8

64,03

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

3,04

10

2

1

70,09

0,0

40,0

60,0

20,0

3,02

15

1

9

53,6

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,99

9

1

4

74,75

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,96

15

0

3

0

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,92

7

2

11

62,69

0,0

50,0

50,0

25,0

2,90

23

2

5

0

0,0

50,0

50,0

25,0

2,89

15

0

10

88,17

27,3

0,0

72,7

27,3

2,88

14

2

9

90,88

11,1

11,1

77,8

16,7

2,88

55

4

9

53,74

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,83

6

0

3

0

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,78

11

2

9

69,1

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,78

12

0

10

82,14

7,1

7,1

85,7

10,7

2,69

15

1

7

62,56

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,69

65

0

4

49,45

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,67

2

1

10

9,67

16,7

0,0

83,3

16,7

2,63

3

0

2

0

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,46

7

1

3

45,4

0,0

0,0

100,0

0,0

2,39

3

1

4

6,24

57,1

0,0

42,9

57,1

2,33


267


POTENTIAL PRESSURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE FUTURE

POTENSI TEKANAN DAN ISU LINGKUNGAN DI MASA DEPAN

Apparently, environmental conditions at the moment are declining and various pressure factors are also increasing in the future. Some of those factors expected to rise - or stay relatively steady - in the future are population growth and poverty, land use change, transportation and energy growth, and negative perspective of the community about the environment.

Kondisi lingkungan hidup yang masih memprihatinkan saat ini berpotensi memburuk. Tidak mengejutkan, karena berbagai faktor penekan punya kecenderungan meningkat di masa depan. Beberapa faktor penekan yang berpotensi meningkat—atau relatif tetap—di masa depan, antara lain pertumbuhan penduduk dan kemiskinan; alih fungsi lahan; pertumbuhan sektor transportasi dan energi; dan rendahnya persepsi masyarakat tentang lingkungan.

Population Distribution and Growth

Sebaran dan Pertumbuhan Penduduk

Indonesia’s population is characterized by uneven distribution and relatively high growth rate. Until 2010, the Island of Java, the area of which only covers 6.77 percent of this country, is occupied by 138.09 million people or 57.4 percent of the total population. Papua, on the other hand, which covers 21.77 percent of Indonesian land, is only populated by 3.69 million people or 1.5 percent of the total population (Table 5.3).

Karakteristik kependudukan Indonesia ditandai dengan sebaran yang tidak merata dan laju pertumbuhan yang relatif tinggi. Hingga 2010, Pulau Jawa yang hanya seluas 6,77 persen wilayah negeri ini, dihuni 138,09 juta jiwa atau 57,4 persen penduduk Indonesia. Sementara itu, Papua yang luasnya 21,77 persen dari luas daratan Indonesia, hanya didiami 3,69 juta jiwa atau 1,5 persen penduduk (Tabel 5.3). Proyeksi

Projection by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Bappenas, and UNPF (2012a) reveals that, although average growth rate is expected to decline from 1.29 percent in 2000 - 2005 to 0.95 percent in 2020 - 2025 (Table 5.4), Indonesia’s population will increase from 240.673 million in 2000 to 284.315 million in 2025. In 2025, approximately 55.5 percent of the total projected population will live on the Island of Java.

Badan

Pusat

Statistik,

Bappenas,

dan

UNPF (2012a) mengabarkan, walau rata-rata laju pertumbuhan diduga turun dari 1,29 persen pada 2000 - 2005, menjadi 0,95 persen pada 2020 - 2025 (Tabel 5.4), penduduk Indonesia akan meningkat dari 240,673 juta pada 2000, menjadi 284,315 juta pada 2025. Pada 2025, sekitar 55,5 persen dari total proyeksi penduduk tersebut akan tinggal di Pulau Jawa. Meningkatnya jumlah penduduk di masa depan,

Population increase in the future, particularly during the period between 2025 and 2035, will create a “Demographic Bonus”. The large number of young population in that period may mean power of human resources for economic development. However, if not managed properly, this population increase could negatively affect economic and environmental development. Along with other factors, improperly managed population growth will increase the pressure on the environment. Uneven distribution of population growth in certain areas, especially Java, has contributed to deterioration of environmental support and resilience capacity.

terutama kurun 2025 - 2035, akan menciptakan ‘Bonus Demografi’. Tingginya penduduk usia muda pada periode itu dapat menjadi kekuatan sumberdaya manusia untuk pembangunan ekonomi. Hanya saja, jika tidak dikelola dengan baik, pertambahan penduduk ini dapat menjadi bumerang bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup. Bersama faktor-faktor lain, pertumbuhan penduduk yang tidak terkelola baik akan meningkatkan beban tekanan terhadap lingkungan. Dengan persebaran yang tidak seimbang, pertambahan penduduk di wilayah tertentu, terutama Jawa, berimbas pada menurunnya daya dukung dan daya lenting lingkungan.

268


Photo by courtesy Foto: Istimewa

269


Table 5.3 Population Growth by Province 2010-2035

Province

No

Tabel 5.3 Pertumbuhan Penduduk Menurut Provinsi 2010-2035 Provinsi 2010 2015 2020 2025

2030

2035

4.554

4.978

5.377

5.734

6.045

6.314

Sumatera Utara

13.151

13.889

14.521

15049

15.467

15.764

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

4.908

5.180

5.434

5.672

5.890

6.077

4.

Riau

Riau

5.610

6.356

7.096

7.827

8.554

9.273

5.

Jambi

Jambi

3.132

3.447

3.738

4.000

4.235

4.443

6.

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

7.547

8.081

8.548

8.941

9.259

9.505

7.

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

1.738

1.890

2.028

2.150

2.255

2.343

8.

Lampung

Lampung

7.706

8.121

8.467

8.735

8.922

9.028

9.

Bangka Belitung Island

Kepulauan Bangka Belitung

1.239

1.382

1.521

1.652

1.776

1.895

10.

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

1.802

2.123

2.421

2.695

2.970

3.270

Sumatra Island

Pulau Sumatera

51.387

55.447

59.151

62.455

65.373

67.912

11.

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

9.787

10.277

10.694

11.037

11.268

11.381

12.

West Java

Jawa Barat

43.740

47.028

50.065

52.811

55.217

57.024

13.

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

32.789

33.943

34.938

35.824

36.537

36.962

14.

D I Yogyakarta

D I Yogyakarta

3.501

3.710

3.907

4.080

4.228

4.351

15.

East Java

Jawa Timur

37.502

38.842

40.025

40.931

41.512

41.747

16.

Banten

Banten

10.770

11.955

13.087

14.125

15.049

15.856

Java Island

Pulau Jawa

138.089

145.755

152.716

158.808

163.811

167.501

17.

Bali

Bali

3.939

4.168

4.369

4.549

4.711

4.845

18.

West Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Barat

4.558

4.859

5.121

5.340

5.515

5.649

19.

East Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Timur

4.744

5.129

5.514

5.914

6.325

6.736

bali Island & Nusa Tenggara

Pulau Bali & Nusa Tenggara

13.241

14.156

15.004

15.803

16.551

17.230

20.

West Kalimantam

Kalimantan Barat

4.451

4.785

5.090

5.362

5.598

5.790

21.

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

2.240

2.520

2.796

3.062

3.315

3.554

22.

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

3.673

3.956

4.210

4.432

4.622

4.778

23.

East Kalimantan*

Kalimantan Timur*

3.599

4.093

4.575

5.043

5.506

5.966

Kalimantan Island

Pulau Kalimantan

13.963

15.354

16.671

17.899

19.041

20.088

24.

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

2.299

2.458

2.600

2.726

2.832

2.921

25.

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

2.668

2.893

3.107

3.310

3.502

3.676

26.

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

8.137

8.546

8.906

9.209

9.444

9.603

27.

Southeast Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tenggara

2.261

2.499

2.732

2.961

3.183

3.395

28.

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

1.053

1.134

1.210

1.283

1.349

1.406

29.

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

1.173

1.283

1.396

1.513

1.632

1.748

17.591

18.813

19.951

21.002

21.942

22.749

1.

Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

Aceh

2.

North Sumatra

3.

Sulawesi Island

Pulau Sulawesi

30.

Maluku

Maluku

1.553

1.688

1.817

1.943

2.065

2.182

31.

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

1.160

1.297

1.418

1.528

1.622

1.702

Maluku Island

Kepulauan Maluku

2.713

2.985

3.235

3.471

3.687

3.884

32.

West Papua

Papua Barat

820

929

1.042

1.150

1.258

1.369

33.

Papua

Papua

2.869

3.182

3.467

3.727

3.961

4.163

Papua Island

Pulau Papua

3.689

4.111

4.509

4.877

5.219

5.532

240.673

256.621

271.237

284.315

295.624

304.896

TOTAL

Source: National Development Planning Agency, Central Statistics Agencys, United Nations Population Fund (2012) Note* Before provincial proliferation Sumber: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Badan Pusat Statistik, UNPF (2012) Catatan * Sebelum pemekaran provinsi

270


Table 5.4.Population Growth Rate by Province 2010-2035

Tabel 5.4. Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk Menurut Provinsi 2010-2035 Province

No.

Provinsi

2010-2015

2015-2020

2020-2025

2025-2030

2030-2035

1.

Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

Aceh

1,80

1,55

1,29

1,06

0,87

2.

North Sumatra

Sumatera Utara

1,10

0,89

0,72

0,55

0,38

3.

West Sumatra

Sumatera Barat

1,08

0,96

0,86

0,76

0,63

4.

Riau

Riau

2,53

2,23

1,98

1,79

1,63

5.

Jambi

Jambi

1,94

1,63

1,36

1,15

0,96

6.

South Sumatra

Sumatera Selatan

1,38

1,13

0,90

0,70

0,53

7.

Bengkulu

Bengkulu

1,69

1,42

1,18

0,96

0,77

8.

Lampung

Lampung

1,05

0,84

0,63

0,42

0,24

9.

Bangka Belitung Island

Kepulauan Bangka Belitung

2,21

1,94

1,67

1,46

1,31

10.

Riau Archipelago

Kepulauan Riau

3,33

2,66

2,17

1,96

1,94

Sumatra Island

Pulau Sumatera

1,53

1,30

1,09

0,90

0,76

11.

DKI Jakarta

DKI Jakarta

0.98

0,80

0,63

0,42

0,20

12.

West Java

Jawa Barat

1,46

1,26

1,07

0,90

0,71

13.

Central Java

Jawa Tengah

0,69

0,58

0,50

0,39

0,23

14.

D I Yogyakarta

D I Yogyakarta

1,17

1,04

0,87

0,72

0,58

15.

East Java

Jawa Timur

0,70

0,60

0,45

0,28

0,11

16.

Banten

Banten

2,11

1,83

1,54

1,28

1,05

Java Island

Pulau Jawa

1,09

0,94

0,79

0,62

0,45

17.

Bali

Bali

1,14

0,95

0,81

0,70

0,56

18.

West Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Barat

1,29

1,06

0,84

0,65

0,48

19.

East Nusa Tenggara

Nusa Tenggara Timur

1,57

1,46

1,41

1,35

1,27

bali Island & Nusa Tenggara

Pulau Bali & Nusa Tenggara

1,35

1,17

1,04

0,93

0,81

20.

West Kalimantam

Kalimantan Barat

1,46

1,24

1,07

1,87

0,68

21.

Central Kalimantan

Kalimantan Tengah

2,38

2,10

1,83

1,60

1,40

22.

South Kalimantan

Kalimantan Selatan

1,50

1,25

1,03

0,84

0,67

23.

East Kalimantan*

Kalimantan Timur*

2,61

2,25

1,97

1,77

1,62

Kalimantan Island

Pulau Kalimantan

1,92

1,66

1,43

1,24

1,08

24.

North Sulawesi

Sulawesi Utara

1,35

1,13

0,95

0,77

0,62

25.

Central Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tengah

1,63

1,44

1,27

1,13

0,97

26.

South Sulawesi

Sulawesi Selatan

0,99

0,83

0,67

0,51

0,33

27.

Southeast Sulawesi

Sulawesi Tenggara

2,02

1,80

1,62

1,46

1,30

28.

Gorontalo

Gorontalo

1,49

1,31

1,18

1,01

0,83

29.

West Sulawesi

Sulawesi Barat

1,81

1,70

1,62

1,52

1,38

Sulawesi Island

Pulau Sulawesi

1,35

1,18

1,03

0,88

0,72

30.

Maluku

Maluku

1,68

1,48

1,35

1,23

1,11

31.

North Maluku

Maluku Utara

2,26

1,80

1,51

1,20

0,97

Maluku Island

Kepulauan Maluku

1,93

1,62

1,42

1,21

1,05

32.

West Papua

Papua Barat

2,53

2,32

1,99

1,81

1,71

33.

Papua

Papua

2,09

1,73

1,46

1,23

1,00

Papua Island

Pulau Papua

2,19

1,87

1,58

1,36

1,17

1,29

1,11

0,95

0,78

0,62

TOTAL

Source: National Development Planning Agency, Central Statistics Agencys, United Nations Population Fund (2012) Note* Before provincial proliferation Sumber: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Badan Pusat Statistik, UNPF (2012) Catatan * Sebelum pemekaran provinsi

271


Poverty

Kemiskinan

Photo by courtesy Foto : istimewa

Relationship between poverty and environmental degradation has long been debated. The debate comprises two sides: poverty is considered to be the cause of environmental deterioration; while on the other hand, it is not the main factor in environmental degradation. Some people even argue that degrading environment is actually the culprit of poverty. Despite the debate, in certain cases, it is undeniable that poverty is one of the factors that contribute to the decline in environmental quality. It seems that poverty and environmental damage are locked in a clausal loop with unknown origin (vicious cycle). Poverty may also trigger damage to environment, while damaged environment may also cause poverty.

Hubungan

antara

kemiskinan

dengan

degradasi

lingkungan telah lama menjadi perdebatan. Kemiskinan dianggap penyebab memburuknya lingkungan, namun di sisi lain, bukan sebagai faktor utama degradasi lingkungan. Bahkan ada pendapat, justru lingkungan yang terdegradasi yang melahirkan kemiskinan. Dalam kasus tertentu, tidak dapat diingkari kemiskinan adalah salah satu faktor penyumbang menurunnya kualitas lingkungan. Kemiskinan dan kerusakan lingkungan hidup berada dalam lingkaran sebab-akibat yang tidak jelas awal-mulanya (vicious cycle). Kemiskinan dapat memicu kerusakan lingkungan, sebaliknya lingkungan yang rusak juga bisa menyebabkan kemiskinan. Data

kemiskinan

Indonesia

menyajikan

tendensi

penurunan persentase penduduk miskin: dari 16,66

Poverty data in Indonesia present a tendency of decline in the percentage of poor people: from 16.66 percent in February 2004 to 11.66 percent in September 2012 (Figure 5.3). Despite the declining trend, there are 28.59 million people living below the adequacy/poverty line set by the government.

persen pada Februari 2004, menjadi 11,66 persen pada September 2012 (Gambar 5.3). Lepas dari tren penurunan tersebut, secara absolut 28,59 juta penduduk hidup di bawah garis kecukupan/kemiskinan yang ditetapkan pemerintah. Besarnya jumlah penduduk miskin, bersama faktor lain, berpotensi menambah

272


The large number of poor people as well as other factors may potentially increase the pressure on natural resources and environmental preservation.

tekanan terhadap kelestarian sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup. Secara umum, jumlah dan persentase warga miskin

In general, the number and percentage of poor people were fluctuating during 1996 - 2012 period. It declined during 2000 - 2005, then it went back up in 2006, and declined again in 2007 - 2012. During the 1996-1999 period, due to economic crisis, the number of poor people increased by 13.96 million people - from 34.01 million (17.47 percent) in 1996 to 47.97 million (23.43 percent) in 1999. With improved poverty standard, the number kept declining to 29.13 million people (11.96 percent) in March 2012. Compared to March 2011, the poverty rate declined by 0.89 million people (0.53 percent), from 30.02 million people (12.49 percent).

berfluktuasi selama periode 1996 - 2012. Sempat menurun selama 2000 – 2005, kemudian meningkat pada 2006, dan kembali turun pada 2007 - 2012. Pada periode 1996-1999, karena krisis ekonomi, jumlah warga miskin meningkat 13,96 juta jiwa—dari 34,01 juta (17,47 persen) pada 1996, menjadi 47,97 (23,43 persen) pada 1999. Dengan standar kemiskinan yang disempurnakan, jumlah itu terus berkurang hingga 29,13 juta jiwa (11,96 persen) pada Maret 2012. Bila dibandingkan dengan Maret 2011, angka kemiskinan berkurang 0,89 juta orang (0,53 persen), dari jumlah 30,02 juta orang (12,49 persen). Selama Maret 2011 – Maret 2012, penduduk miskin

From March 2011 - March 2012, the number of poor people in the cities declined by 399.5 thousand people - from 11.05 million people in March 2011 to 10.65 million people in March 2012. In rural areas, the number of poor people declined by 487 thousand people - from 18.97 million people in March 2011 to 18.48 million people in March 2012. Poor people in urban areas in March 2011 were 9.23 percent of the population, and declined to 8.78 percent in March 2012. Poor people in rural areas also declined in numbers, from 15.72 percent in March 2011 to 15.12 percent in March 2012.

di perkotaan berkurang 399,5 ribu orang—dari 11,05 juta orang pada Maret 2011, menjadi 10,65 juta orang pada Maret 2012. Sementara di perdesaan berkurang 487 ribu orang—dari 18,97 juta orang pada Maret 2011 menjadi 18,48 juta orang pada Maret 2012. Persentase penduduk miskin di daerah perkotaan pada Maret 2011 sebesar 9,23 persen, menurun 8,78 persen pada Maret 2012. Begitu juga penduduk miskin di perdesaan, dari 15,72 persen pada Maret 2011 menjadi 15,12 persen pada Maret 2012.

Figure 5.3 Poverty in Indonesia, 2004-2012

Gambar 5.3. Perkembangan Kemiskinan di Indonesia, 2004-2012

39,30 36,10

16,66

Feb 04

35,10

15,97

Feb 05

17,75

37,17

16,58

Mar 06 Mar 07

34,96

Percentage (PO) Persentase (PO) The Poor (million) Penduduk Miskin (Juta) 32,53

31,02

30,02

29,89

29,13

28,59

15,42

14,15

13,33

12,49

12,36

11,96

11,66

Mar 08

Mar 09

Mar 10 Mar 11 Sept 11 Mar 12 Sept 12

Source: Based on data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (NSES) Sumber: Diolah dari data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas)

273

273,60

324,90

164,70

674,40

217,80

981,10

46,20

24,60 -

1.861,50

2.916,90

255,60

3.354,60

314,80

67,70

882,90

281,50

109,60

132,70

154,60

110,70

349,40

672,30

274,70

169,90

131,50

287,80

79,60

210,00

928,30 18.086,90

124,30

156,40

105,30

367,60

92,70

237,90

24,00

106,60

366,80

2.560,00

1.946,50

306,50

1.606,00

333,50

93,20

415,40

117,40

74,20

32,30

56,50

91,50

66,80

60,20

133,60

29,60

17,80

29,10

51,10

8,70

13,30

48,10 10.507,80

Sumatera Barat

Riau

Jambi

Sumatera Selatan

Bengkulu

Lampung

Bangka Belitung

Kepulauan Riau

DKI Jakarta

Jawa Barat

Jawa Tengah

DI Yogyakarta

Jawa Timur

Banten

Bali

Nusa Tenggara Barat

Nusa Tenggara Timur

Kalimantan Barat

Kalimantan Tengah

Kalimantan Selatan

Kalimantan Timur

Sulawesi Utara

Sulawesi Tengah

Sulawesi Selatan

Sulawesi Tenggara

Gorontalo

Sulawesi Barat

Maluku

Maluku Utara

Papua Barat

Papua

West Sumatra

Riau

Jambi

South Sumatra

Bengkulu

Lampung

Bangka Belitung

Riau Archipelago

DKI Jakarta

West Java

Central Java

DI Yogyakarta

East Java

Banten

Bali

West Nusa Tenggara

East Nusa Tenggara

West Kalimantan

Central Kalimantan

South Kalimantan

East Kalimantan

North Sulawesi

Central Sulawesi

South Sulawesi

Southeast Sulawesi

Gorontalo

West Sulawesi

Maluku

North Maluku

West Papua

Papua

Source: Susenas March 2012

Indonesia

709,10

669,40

412,90

711,10

165,40

Aceh

Sumatera Utara

Village Desa

Aceh

City Kota

North Sumatra

Province Provinsi

976,40 28.594,60

223,20

88,30

338,90

160,60

187,70

304,30

805,90

409,60

177,50

246,10

189,20

141,90

355,70

1,000,30

828,30

161,00

648,30

4,960,50

562,10

4,863,40

4,421,50

366,80

131,20

70,20

1,219,00

310,50

1,042,00

270,10

481,30

397,90

1,378,40

876,60

City + Village Kota +Desa

5,81 8,60

5,36

2,92

8,39

10,03

4,80

4,62

4,44

9,02

6,36

3,82

3,56

4,21

5,49

12,21

21,65

3,81

4,41

8,90

13,10

13,11

8,71

3,70

6,77

3,73

11,88

16,89

13,29

10,53

6,68

6,45

10,28

12,47

City Kota

39,39 14,70

36,33

9,98

28,12

13,92

23,63

16,24

12,93

16,85

8,69

10,56

6,07

7,19

9,04

22,41

15,41

4,17

8,31

16,88

21,29

16,55

12,13

0,00

7,08

6,96

16,96

17,80

13,58

7,29

8,94

8,99

10,53

20,97

Village Desa

30,66 11,66

27,04

8,06

20,76

13,01

17,22

13,06

9,82

14,94

7,64

6,38

5,01

6,19

7,96

20,41

18,02

3,95

5,71

13,08

15,88

14,98

9,89

3,70

6,83

5,37

15,65

17,51

13,48

8,28

8,05

8,00

10,41

18,58


344.415 277.382

374.382

276.117

314.855

212.579

217.073

215.050

215.790

292.578

231.794

384.413

286.844

274.222

254.972

293.906

274.879

270.020

262.371

253.947

284.549

245.817

249.170

392.571

373.725

374.284

297.421

318.881

296.933

328.504

333.933

321.128

295.080

352.056

City Kota

281.022 240.441

346.157

240.447

284.629

205.383

210.101

198.902

183.959

258.393

217.355

330.329

257.282

279.008

232.303

205.083

230.054

230.389

228.794

234.556

241.975

223.622

228.577

-

316.963

390.294

251.202

267.273

238.901

248.812

295.582

273.655

249.165

310.089

Village Desa

297.502 259.520

354.626

250.184

295.904

207.072

212.476

203.333

195.627

266.718

223.883

363.887

269.714

277.407

239.162

222.507

248.758

254.221

251.161

243.783

270.110

233.769

242.104

392.571

363.450

382.412

263.088

283.252

259.668

273.267

310.603

292.052

271.738

321.893


1,28 1,38

0,65

0,08

1,61

1,83

0,64

0,19

0,48

1,94

1,14

0,73

0,47

0,92

1,11

2,59

4,40

0,42

0,77

1,29

2,29

2,06

1,40

0,56

0,81

0,39

1,54

2,72

2,04

2,37

0,97

1,13

2,04

1,44

City Kota

9,49 2,42

7,88

1,14

6,03

1,72

4,53

2,58

2,37

3,10

1,21

1,43

0,97

1,16

1,30

3,68

2,34

0,35

1,30

2,52

4,07

2,67

2,05

-

0,99

0,92

2,87

3,20

1,75

0,93

1,23

1,30

1,61

3,71

Village Desa

7,35 1,90

5,71

0,85

4,38

1,74

3,21

1,92

1,68

2,82

1,18

0,99

0,76

1,08

1,24

3,47

3,20

0,39

0,95

1,93

2,89

2,39

1,62

0,56

0,85

0,66

2,53

3,05

1,85

1,37

1,13

1,24

1,82

3,07


Table 5.5. Poverty Severity Index (P2) by Province, September 2012 Tabel 5.5. Indeks Keparahan Kemiskinan (P2) Menurut Provinsi, September 2012 Poor people (percent) Poverty Line Number of Poor People P1 ( percent persen) Jumlah Penduduk Miskin (000) Penduduk Miskin ( persen) Garis Kemiskinan (Rp)

3,13 0,61

2,37

0,20

1,81

0,38

1,22

0,66

0,62

0,87

0,27

0,30

0,23

0,27

0,31

0,93

0,54

0,05

0,36

0,57

1,09

0,63

0,54

-

0,31

0,22

0,73

0,87

0,39

0,22

0,28

0,32

0,38

1,04

Village Desa

2,44 0,49

1,71

0,14

1,31

0,40

0,84

0,49

0,42

0,82

0,30

0,25

0,17

0,27

0,33

0,91

0,83

0,07

0,28

0,44

0,75

0,57

0,42

0,15

0,19

0,14

0,62

0,80

0,43

0,44

0,25

0,31

0,50

0,83


Sumber: Susenas Maret 2012

0,48 0,36

0,15

0,00

0,46

0,47

0,12

0,02

0,09

0,68

0,33

0,22

0,10

0,25

0,39

0,81

1,23

0,08

0,24

0,30

0,58

0,50

0,35

0,15

0,17

0,06

0,30

0,66

0,50

0,92

0,20

0,30

0,63

0,27

City Kota

P2 ( percent persen)


Land Use Change

Alih Fungsi Lahan

Land use change has long been a serious problem. This particularly occurs in preservation areas converted into farmlands, plantations, mines, industries, and settlements. Obviously, land use change hasve contributed to natural resources and environmental degradation. It seems that shifts in land functionsland use change will continue into the future for the aforementioned purposes. In certain sectors, such as mining, the shifts are predicted to be more intensive.

Sejak lama alih fungsi lahan telah menjadi permasalahan serius. Secara khusus melanda kawasan perlindungan yang dirombak menjadi lahan pertanian, perkebunan, pertambangan, industri dan permukiman. Alih fungsi lahan telah mendorong degradasi sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup. Di masa depan, untuk berbagai kebutuhan di atas, alih fungsi lahan masih akan tetap berlangsung. Bahkan untuk sektor tertentu, seperti pertambangan, diperkirakan akan terjadi lebih intens. Jika melihat tren pada tahun sebelumnya, untuk

Looking at previous years’ trends, in order to meet domestic demands for food, the need for more land for paddy fields will increase. In 2008, paddy was harvested over an area of 12,327 hectares, increased to 13,443 hectares in 2012, or increased by 9.05 percent over a period of five years. If the demand for rice must be fulfilled domestically, the high demands for farmlands will have certain effects on the land use change to extend existing rice fields and create new ones. It is highly likely that land use change are targeting conservation areas.

memenuhi pangan dalam negeri, khususnya beras, proyeksi kebutuhan lahan sawah akan terus meningkat. Pada 2008 luas panen padi sebesar 12.327 hektare, meningkat menjadi 13.443 hektare pada 2012; atau naik 9,05 persen selama lima tahun. Jika kebutuhan beras harus dipenuhi dari dalam negeri, tingginya kebutuhan lahan sawah pasti berdampak pada alih fungsi lahan untuk membuat sawah baru. Sangat mungkin terjadi, alih fungsi lahan mengarah pada kawasan yang berfungsi lindung. Tingginya kebutuhan pangan mendorong pemerintah

The high demands for food have encouraged the government to develop agricultural areas that are integrated with energy development: Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) in Papua Province. MIFEE is a follow-up of the Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development (MP3EI) in the economic corridor that includes Papua-Maluku Islands as the center for developing national food, fishery, energy, and mining.

membangun kawasan pertanian yang terintegrasi dengan pengembangan energi: Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) di Provinsi Papua. MIFEE adalah tindak lanjut Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia (MP3EI) koridor ekonomi Papua-Kepulauan Maluku, sebagai pusat pengembangan pangan, perikanan, energi dan pertambangan nasional. Di dalam MIFEE akan dikembangkan produksi pangan yang mencakup aspek pertanian, perkebunan, dan

Crop production that includes farming, plantation, and livestock over a vast area (an integrated farming, plantation, and livestock zone) will be developed within MIFEE. No less than 2.5 million hectares of land is being prepared for crop farming area. 1.94 million hectares of this area is intended to be used for paddy fields. More than half of MIFEE zone (1.43 million hectares) is located in conversion production forest (HPK).

peternakan di kawasan yang luas (an integrated farming, plantation and livestock zone). Tidak kurang 2,5 juta hektare lahan disiapkan untuk kawasan pertanian pangan. Dari luas lahan itu, 1,94 juta hektare direncanakan untuk lahan sawah. Lebih dari setengah kawasan MIFEE (1,43 juta hektare) berada di lahan hutan produksi konversi (HPK). Sementara terhadap

At the same time, the increase of global demands for palm oil has also encouraged the development of oil palm plantations by land use change, particularly forestland. In 1995, oil palm plantation covering an area of 992,400 hectares expanded rapidly to

itu,

meningkatnya

minyak

pengembangan

sawit

kebun

juga sawit

permintaan telah dengan

dunia

mendorong mengalih-

fungsikan lahan, khususnya lahan kehutanan. Pada 1995 lahan kelapa sawit seluas 992.400 hektare, meningkat menjadi 5.406.900 hektare pada 2012 (BPS). Atau naik lebih lima kali lipat selama kurang dari dua

275


5,406,900 hectares in 2012 (BPS). That means it became five times larger in less than two decades. Land conversion is obviously going to continue into the foreseeable future. Later on, land conversion for mining purposes may occur as a follow-up of land use change happening today. Figure 5.4 presents the regions in Indonesia that have coal potential in Sumatera and Kalimantan.

dekade. Konversi lahan tersebut akan terus terjadi pada masa yang akan datang. Nantinya, konversi lahan dapat terjadi sebagai lanjutan alih fungsi lahan saat ini untuk pertambangan. Gambar 5.3 menampilkan wilayah Indonesia yang memiliki kandungan batubara di Sumatra dan Kalimantan.

Table 5.6 Production, Harvested Area, and Productivity of Rice Paddy in Indonesia Tabel 5.6 Produksi, Luas Panen dan Produktivitas Padi di Indonesia

2008

2009

Year Tahun 2010

• Production (000 Ton) Produksi (000 Ton)

60.326

64.399

66.469

65.757

69.045

• Harvested area (000 Ha) Luas panen (000 Ha)

12.327

12.884

13.253

13.204

13.443

48,94

49,99

50,15

49,80

51,36


57.170

61.171

63.018

62.528

65.177


11.258

11.797

12.119

12.169

12.279

50,78

51,58

52,00

51,38

53,08


3.156

3.228

3.451

3.229

3.868


1.070

1.086

1.135

1.035

1.164

• Productivity (Ku/Ha) Produktivitas (Ku/Ha)

29,51

29,71

30,42

31,21

33,32

Commodity Komoditas

No Paddy

1.

Wetland Paddy

Padi Sawah


Dryland Paddy

3.

2012*

Padi


2.

2011

Padi Ladang

Captions: 1) Temporary figures Keterangan: *Angka sementara

Sources: Central Statistics Agency Sumber: Badan Pusat Statisik

Paddy field in the urban Tanaman padi di tengah perkotaan Photo Foto: Siswanto

276

Figure 5.4 Map of Coal Resources and Reserves Distribution Status December (2011)


Gambar 5.4 Lokasi Penyebaran Sumber Daya dan Cadangan Batubara Status Desember (2011)

! Total Coal Resources (2011) = 105,187.44 Million Tons Coal Reserves (2011) = 21,131.84 Million Tons Total Sumber Daya Batubara (2011) = 105.187,44 Juta Ton Cadangan batubara (2011) = 21.131,84 Juta Ton

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2011 Sumber : Kementerian ESDM, 2011

Growth of Transportation Sector

Pertumbuhan Sektor Transportasi

The State Budget Memorandum 2013 revealed that Indonesia’s economy from 2007 to 2012 managed to grow over 6 percent every year, except in 2009 when the growth was only 4.6 percent. In addition, consistent with the target of RPJMN during 2014 2016, economic growth is estimated to accelerate at an average of more than 7 percent.

Nota Keuangan dan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja

These economic achievements and estimates provide signals that economic development will stabilize and even exceed the achievements during 2007 2012. Growth achievement is believed to trigger multiplier effects on development. Growth in the transportation sector to support people’s mobility is one example.

Pencapaian pertumbuhan ekonomi dan estimasinya

The growth in the transportation sector during 2000 - 2011 indicated that the number of motor vehicles climbed up to more than four times as many. For instance, there were around 19 million bicycles, motorcycles, buses, trucks, and passenger cars in 2000. The number increased to approximately 85.6 million in 2011. Data in motor vehicle growth between 1987-2011 are presented in Table 5.7.

Pertumbuhan sektor transportasi selama 2000 -

The increase in motor vehicles is followed by the increase in fossil fuel consumption. Over the past 20 years, oil fuel consumption has been increasing, from approximately 30 million kiloliter in 1990 to 60 million kl in 2010. Oil fuel consumption will continue to rise along with increasing number of vehicles, which will ultimately increase air pollution

Sadar atau tidak, meningkatnya kendaraan bermotor

Negara 2013 mencatat ekonomi Indonesia selama 2007 – 2012 mampu tumbuh di atas 6 persen per tahun, kecuali pada 2009 yang hanya 4,6 persen. Selain itu, sejalan dengan target RPJMN, selama 2014 - 2016 pertumbuhan ekonomi diperkirakan akan berakselerasi rata-rata di atas 7 persen.

itu, memberi tanda bahwa pembangunan ekonomi akan stabil dan bahkan melampaui prestasi pada 2007 – 2012. Pencapaian pertumbuhan diyakini akan memicu efek ganda (multiplier effects) pembangunan. Misalnya, pertumbuhan sektor transportasi untuk mendukung mobilitas masyarakat.

2011, memperlihatkan jumlah kendaraan bermotor meningkat tajam hingga lebih 4 kali lipat. Sebagai contoh, pada 2000 terdapat sekitar 19 juta kendaraan sepeda motor, bis, truk dan mobil penumpang. Jumlah itu meningkat menjadi sekitar 85,6 juta pada 2011. Data pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor antara 19872011 disajikan dalam Tabel 5.7.

diikuti dengan naiknya konsumsi bahan bakar fosil. Sepanjang 20 tahun terakhir, konsumsi bahan bakar minyak terus naik, dari sekitar 30 juta KL pada 1990 menjadi 60 juta KL pada 2010. Konsumsi BBM akan terus meningkat seiring bertambahnya kendaraan, yang berujung pada peningkatan pencemaran udara.

277


Density of motor vehicles in Thamrin, Jakarta, Every day growth New cars in Jakarta around 1,200 units and 2,800 units of motorcycles around Kepadatan kendaraan bermotor di kawasan Thamrin, Jakarta, Setiap hari pertumbuhan mobil baru di Jakarta sekitar 1.200 unit dan sepeda motor sekitar 2.800 unit Tempo/Tony Hartawan

278


Table 5.7 Growth of Motor Vehicles by Types in 1987-2011

Tabel 5.7 Perkembangan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor Menurut Jenis tahun 1987-2011

Year Tahun 1987

Passenger Car Mobil Penumpang 1.170.103

Bus Bis

Truck Truk

303.378

Motorcycle Sepeda Motor

953.694

Number Jumlah

5.554.305

7.981.480

1988

1.073.106

385.731

892.651

5.419.531

7.771.019

1989

1.182.253

434.903

952.391

5.722.291

8.291.838

1990

1.313.210

468.550

1.024.296

6.082.966

8.889.022

1991

1.494.607

504.720

1.087.940

6.494.871

9.582.138

1992

1.590.750

539.943

1.126.262

6.941.000

10.197.955

1993

1.700.454

568.490

1.160.539

7.355.114

10.784.597

1994

1.890.340

651.608

1.251.986

8.134.903

11.928.837

1995

2.107.299

688.525

1.336.177

9.076.831

13.208.832

1996

2.409.088

595.419

1.434.783

10.090.805

14.530.095

1997

2.639.523

611.402

1.548.397

11.735.797

16.535.119

1998

2.769.375

626.680

1.586.721

12.628.991

17.611.767

1999*)

2.897.803

644.667

1.628.531

13.053.148

18.224.149

2000

3.038.913

666.280

1.707.134

13.563.017

18.975.344

2001

3.189.319

680.550

1.777.293

15.275.073

20.922.235

2002

3.403.433

714.222

1.865.398

17.002.130

22.985.183

2003

3.792.510

798.079

2.047.022

19.976.376

26.613.987

2004

4.231.901

933.251

2.315.781

23.061.021

30.541.954

2005

5.076.230

1.110.255

2.875.116

28.531.831

37.623.432

2006

6.035.291

1.350.047

3.398.956

32.528.758

43.313.052

2007

6.877.229

1.736.087

4.234.236

41.955.128

54.802.680

2008

7.489.852

2.059.187

4.452.343

47.683.681

61.685.063

2009

7.910.407

2.160.973

4.452.343

52.767.093

67.336.644

2010

8.891.041

2.250.109

4.687.789

61.078.188

76.907.127

2011

9.548.866

2.254.406

4.958.738

68.839.341

85.601.351

*) excluding Timor-Timur since 1999 *) sejak 1999 tidak termasuk Timor-Timur

Source: Office of Indonesian National Police, excerpted from Central Statistics Agency Sumber: Kantor Kepolisian Republik Indonesia disadur dari Badan Pusat Statistik

Energy Demand

Permintaan Energi

Higher demand for energy will result in more pressure on the environment. Final energy demand in the future will be dominated by demands from the industrial sector (47.3 percent), followed by transportation (29.8 percent), and household (14.1 percent). The growth of each sector includes industry: 6.2 percent; transportation: 6.1 percent; household: 2.2 percent; commerce: 4.9 percent; and PKP 3.8 percent.

Dengan

Although the shares of new and renewable energy (EBT ) has been developing quite well, Indonesia’s energy supply in the future will still be dominated by coal, followed by oil and gas. Based on Basic Scenario,

cukup

makin

tingginya

permintaan

energi,

lingkungan hidup akan terus tertekan di masa depan. Kebutuhan energi final masa datang akan didominasi permintaan dari sektor industri (47,3 persen), diikuti transportasi (29,8 persen) dan rumah tangga (14,1 persen). Pertumbuhan setiap sektornya, industri: 6,2 persen; transportasi: 6,1 persen; rumah tangga: 2,2 persen; komersial: 4,9 persen; dan PKP 3,8 persen. Walaupun jumlah energi baru dan terbarukan (EBT ) berkembang,

pasokan

energi

Indonesia

mendatang masih akan didominasi batubara, diikuti minyak bumi dan gas bumi. Berdasarkan Skenario Dasar, bauran pasokan energi pada 2030 menjadi:

279


A tractor dispose pile of coal in steam power plant (power plant) 1 Indramayu, West Java Sebuah traktor merapihkan timbunan batu bara di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) 1 Indramayu, Jawa Barat TEMPO/Aditia Noviasnyah

280


the mix of energy supply in 2030 will be: coal (51 percent), oil (22.2 percent), gas (20.4 percent), and renewable (6.1 percent). According to Mitigation Scenario, the mix of energy supply in 2030 will be: coal (29.5 percent), oil (31.4 percent), gas (24.6 percent), and renewable (14.5 percent). Types of renewable energy that will be prominent are BBN biofuel (5.8 percent), hydroenergy (2.9 percent), geothermal (3.5 percent), and nonhousehold biomass (2.9 percent).

batubara 51 persen, minyak bumi 22,2 persen, gas bumi 20,4 persen, dan sisanya 6,1 persen EBT. Pada Skenario Mitigasi, bauran pasokan energi 2030 adalah: batubara 29,5 persen, gas bumi 31,4 persen, minyak bumi 24,6 persen, dan sisanya 14,5 persen EBT. Jenis EBT yang akan menonjol adalah BBN (5,8 persen), tenaga air (2,9 persen) panas bumi (3,5 persen) dan biomassa nonrumah tangga (2,9 persen). Terkait pertumbuhan sektor transportasi, Kementerian

In terms of transportation sector growth, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has noted that transportation will be the second sector that dominates the demand for energy. This is in line with the prediction of transportation growth already presented in the previous explanation. However, in terms of supply, coal will play an important role in supporting Indonesia’s energy growth in the future (2030), which is estimated to reach more than 51 percent.

ESDM mencatat transportasi akan menjadi sektor kedua yang mendominasi permintaan energi. Hal itu sejalan dengan prediksi pertumbuhan transportasi yang dikemukakan pada uraian terdahulu. Namun demikian, dari segi pasokan, batubara akan banyak mendukung pertumbuhan energi Indonesia masa depan (2030), yang diduga mencapai lebih 51 persen. Alhasil, pasokan energi dari batubara akan menuntut bertambahnya

penambangan

Seperti

diuraikan,

telah

bahan

mineral

penambangan

itu.

batubara

Consequently, energy from coal will demand more mining activities for this particular mineral. As previously mentioned, coal mining justifies land use change, which results in environmental degradation.

memungkinkan alih fungsi lahan, yang berimbas pada

Environmentally Friendly Behavior

Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan

In addition to the factors mentioned above, environmental quality may also be affected by comprehension and awareness of the community. To measure environmental awareness, the Ministry of Environment studied environmentally friendly behavior in a number of provinces in 2012. The study showed that, in general, index of environmentally friendly behavior in these provinces belonged to the category of ‘adequate’ at 0,5.7 points (see Chapter III). Apart from the national behavior of fuel utilization that belonged in the ‘inadequate’ category, other behaviors were ‘moderate’. Energy consumption behavior index was comparatively high. Due to increasingly high costs of energy, it is understandable that large parts of society are keen to save energy, such as electricity.

Di samping berbagai faktor di atas, naik-turunnya

degradasi lingkungan hidup.

kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat dipengaruhi oleh pemahaman dan kesadaran masyarakat. Kemudian bagaimana

kesadaran

masyarakat

terhadap

lingkungan hidup? Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup pada 2012 mengkaji perilaku peduli lingkungan hidup di beberapa provinsi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan, pada umumnya indeks perilaku lingkungan provinsi yang diteliti berkategori ‘cukup’ atau di angka 5,7 (lihat Bab III). Selain perilaku pemanfaatan bahan bakar nasional yang bernilai ‘belum cukup’, indeks perilaku lainnya bernilai ‘sedang’. Bahkan indeks perilaku konsumsi energi termasuk tinggi. Karena biaya untuk energi makin mahal, bisa dipahami sebagian besar masyarakat terdorong melakukan hemat energi, misalnya energi listrik.

281


ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY IN THE FUTURE Deforestation, pollution, deterioration of coasts and oceans, and biodiversity loss are the challenges Indonesia is still facing today. These challenges and problems are related to low environmental management capacity. Although various efforts have been made, many of which are unsuccessful, environmental management as a whole is still unable to improve the quality of the environment. It is even unable to deal with the symptoms of environmental deterioration. In the future, it seems that the environment is going to face similar, or perhaps even harder, pressures Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the environmental capacity in order to deal with the environmental issues that are getting harder every day. Sufficient capacity improvement is absolutely crucial to restore the environmental condition in this country, while preserve the good parts.

282


KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP MASA DEPAN

Mengecilnya

tutupan

hutan,

pencemaran, memburuknya pesisir dan laut, serta merosotnya keanekaragaman hayati masih menjadi tantangan bagi Indonesia. Tantangan dan permasalahan yang terjadi, berjalan seiring dengan masih rendahnya kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan.

Berbagai

upaya

telah

dilakukan, dan banyak di antaranya yang berhasil, pengelolaan lingkungan secara

keseluruhan

meningkatkan

belum

kualitas

mampu

lingkungan.

Bahkan, belum mampu mengatasi gejala memburuknya kualitas lingkungan. Lingkungan hidup di masa depan masih akan menghadapi berbagai tekanan yang sama, atau bahkan mungkin lebih besar. Karena itu, perlu penguatan kapasitas lingkungan untuk menghadapi persoalan lingkungan

tersebut.

Peningkatan

kapasitas yang memadai diperlukan, agar kondisi lingkungan hidup Tanah Air dapat dipulihkan kembali, disertai dengan melestarikan lingkungan hidup yang masih baik.

Sisa-sisa penebangan hutan Foto: Dok KLH

283

6

SYNERGY FOR THE FUTURE

BERSINERGI MENATAP MASA DEPAN

6

Synergy For The Future

“The state of the environment of Indonesia is still alarming for many people. However, the rate of environmental damage and pollution admittedly has decreased. Environmental damage and pollution have decreased while environmental actions have gained momentum. Large numbers of parties are participating in the prevention and rehabilitation of environmental damage”.

“Status lingkungan hidup Indonesia

SYNTHESIS

SINTESIS

Institutional capacities play a major role in environmental management in Indonesia. As previously discussed, strong institutional capacities are expected to become a leverage to improve environmental management. The state of the environment is the result of complex interactions of economic, social and technological aspects, and the interactions of these aspects are governed by institutional capacities.

Kapasitas

Generally speaking, institutional capacities have provided a variety of results regarding trends in the state of the environment. This is due to the sheer number of variables in environmental management. These variables encompass budgets, human resources, policies, programs and the scope of authority in environmental management at the local, regional and, national as well as international levels. It is not easy to identify such complex interactions and transmissions of impacts because they have overlapping effects. In the perspective of the 2012 SOER, environmental management capacity should be viewed implicitly through air quality, water quality, lands and forests, coastal and marine regions, and biodiversity.

Secara umum, kapasitas kelembagaan memberikan hasil

masih

membuat

banyak

pihak

mengelus dada. Namun harus diakui bahwa laju kerusakan dan pencemaran juga

berkurang.

Ibarat

laju

kerusakan

dan

lingkungan

adu

cepat,

pencemaran

menurun,

sementara

aksi-aksi lingkungan makin kencang. Banyak kalangan bahu-membahu turut mencegah dan memulihkan lingkungan hidup”.

kelembagaan

berperan

penting

dalam

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia. Seperti telah diuraikan di depan, kapasitas kelembagaan yang mumpuni diharapkan menjadi pengungkit bagi pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang lebih baik. Kondisi lingkungan hidup merupakan hasil interaksi kompleks berbagai

aspek:

ekonomi,

sosial

dan

teknologi.

Interaksi setiap aspek itu dipertautkan oleh kapasitas kelembagaan.

beragambagi tren status lingkungan hidup. Ini terjadi lantaran begitu banyak variabel kapasitas kelembagaan pengelolaan

lingkungan.Sekadar

mengingatkan

kembali, variabel itu mencakup anggaran, sumberdaya manusia, kebijakan, program serta rentang kewenangan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, baik tingkat lokal,

regional,

nasional

maupun

internasional.

Interaksi yang kompleks dan transmisi dampak dari berbagai variabel itu tak mudah diidentifikasi, karena satu sama lain saling mempengaruhi. Dalam perspektif SLHI 2012, kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungandilihat secara implisit melalui tren kualitasudara, air, lahan dan hutan, pesisir-lautserta keanekaragaman hayati. Dinamika status lingkungan itu tak lepas dari berbagai

The dynamics of the state of the environment are closely correlated with pressures on the environment — such as population growth and economic activities. The interaction of the two factors creates aggravated pressure on the environment, as is evident in air quality, for instance. Increased fuel consumption

tekanan

yang

pertumbuhan

membebani penduduk

lingkungan—seperti

dan

kegiatan

ekonomi.

Interaksi kedua faktor ini membuat tekanan terhadap lingkungan menjadi lumayan berat. Kualitas udara misalnya. Melejitnya konsumsi bahan bakar minyak— diiringi

286

jumlah

kendaraan

bermotor

yang

terus

Bersinergi Menatap Masa Depan

— coupled with a persistent rise in the number of motor vehicles - results in increased emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide(SO 2) , dust particles with a diameter of 10 micron and 2.5 micron or less (PM 10 dan PM 2,5), as well as hydrocarbon (HC).

menanjak, berefek padanaiknya emisi oksida nitrogen (NOx), karbon monoksida (CO), sulfur dioksida(SO 2), debu diameter 10 mikron dan 2,5 mikron ke bawah (PM 10 dan PM 2,5), dan hidrokarbon (HC). Tekanan penduduk dan ekonomi juga menambah tekananbagi kualitas air. Meski beban pencemaran

Population and economic pressures have also increased pressure on water quality. Despite declining trends in water pollution in the industrial sector— among other things due to the implementation of the corporate performance rating program (PROPER), water pollution caused by household waste remains a major challenge. Not only has water quality decreased, there is also pressure on the quantity of water. This is particularly the case on Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. The number of critical watersheds has increased from 22 to 62 from 1984 to2005, and these are frequently by floods and droughts. The quality of river water, especially on Java, currently indicates high levels of pollution. Consequently, the availability of clean water for communities has become limited. Approximately 119 million Indonesians have no access to clean water.

air

dari

sektor

industri

cenderung

turun—salah

satunya melalui penerapanprogram peringkat kinerja perusahaan (PROPER), pencemaran air dari limbah rumah tangga masih menjadi tantangan besar. Tak sekadar kualitas air yang menurun, tekanan juga menimpa kuantitas sumberdaya air. Ini khususnya menerpa Jawa, Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Hingga medio 2000-an saja, jumlah DAS kritis meningkat dari 22 menjadi 62 DAS selama 1984-2005. Tak mengherankan,banjir dan kekeringan kerap mendera wilayah DAS kritis. Kualitas air sungai, khususnya di Jawa, masih menunjukkan pencemaran yang relatif tinggi. Dampaknya, ketersediaan air bersih bagi masyarakat kian berkurang. Sekitar 119 juta masyarakat Indonesia kini tanpa akses terhadap air bersih. Beban cukup berat juga dialami komponen lahan dan hutan. Polanya cenderung sama. Pada periode 2000 –

The land and forest component also had similar patterns. In 2000 – 2011, forest cover area showed a tendency to shrink and deforestation reached 6.5 million hectares within the last 11 years. Deforestation and forest degradation are closely related to the expansion of critical lands in Indonesia. The term critical lands applies to physically degraded areas of land that are no longer function as production media or water regulator. In 2000-2011, the extent of critical lands increased by 4 million hectares with uneven distribution by province.

2011, luas tutupan hutan cenderung berkurang, dan deforestasi sebesar 6,5 juta hektar selama 11 tahun belakangan. Deforestasi dan degradasi hutan terkait erat dengan perkembangan lahan kritis di Indonesia. Lahan kritis adalah lahan yang fisiknya telah rusak, sehingga tidak dapat berfungsi baik sebagai media produksi atau pengatur tata air. Selama 2000-2011, lahan kritis bertambah 4 juta hektar, dengan kontribusi setiap provinsi yang berbeda-beda. Tak hanya matra terestrial, pesisir dan laut juga menderita tekanan yang tak kalah berat. Kendati ada

It is not just terrestrial areas that had to face serious pressures, but coastal and marine as well. Despite of improving trends, the percentage of coral reefs in excellent and good condition, for example, amounted to just 5.30 percent and 27.19 percent, respectively. Mangrove formations shrunk from around 7.7 million hectares in 2006 to approximately 5.5 million hectares by 2011. Furthermore, several fisheries management areas experienced moderate overfishing and water pollution due to oil spills that threaten marine biodiversity.

tren perbaikan, hingga 2012, kondisi terumbu karang misalnya, yang berkategori sangat baik dan baik, hanya sekitar 5,30 persendan 27,19 persen. Sementara luas hutan mangrove menyusutdari sekitar 7,7 juta hektar pada 2006, menjadi sekira 5,5 juta hektar pada 2011. Selain itu, beberapa wilayah pengelolaan perikanan (WPP)

mengalami

overfishing

atau

moderately

overfishing, dan airnya tercemar tumpahan minyak yang mengancam sumberdaya hayati laut. Tekanan yang menderamatra terestrial dan pesisirlaut,

Pressures on terrestrial and coastal-marine areas have direct impacts on the biodiversity of the two ecosystems. Despite various preventive efforts by the

tak

pelak

lagi

berdampak

langsung

pada

keanekaragaman hayati yang terpendam di kedua ekosistem itu. Walau berbagai upaya pencegahan tengah dilakukan pemerintah,beberapa flora-fauna negeri

287

6

6


1 BILLION TREES PLANTING PROGRAM - President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono accompanied by Mrs. Ani Yudhoyono on 1 billion trees planting event taking place at Jatiluhur reservoir, Purwakarta, Sunday, 28 November 2010 AKSI PENANAMAN 1 MILYAR POHON- Presiden Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono di dampingi Ny. Ani Yudhoyono saat menanam pohon dalam gerakan penanaman 1 milyar pohon di waduk Jatiluhhur, Purwakarta, minggu 28 november 2010 Photograph Foto: TEMPO/Wisnu Agung Prasetyo

government, a part of Indonesia’s flora and fauna is threatened with extinction. Similar efforts launched by communities have saved a number of flora and fauna from extinction.

ini terancam punah. Upaya yang sama juga dilakukan masyarakat,yang telah banyak menyelamatkan flora dan fauna dari kepunahan. Di sisi lain, telaah dalam pustaka ini memberi gambaran

On the other hand, studies presented in this report indicated improving trends for various components of environmental management capacity. Budget allocation for the environment tended to increase year by year on both the national and the regional level. Human resources capacities are also continuously being improved by way of formal and informal education. There have been continuous efforts to strengthen capacities in response to macro policies that support green economy in the last few years, . including various training activities on calculating green gross regional domestic product (green GRDP) and other economic instruments. In some cases, the capacity increase has generated positive results such as higher standards of regional environmental status reporting.

tren meningkatnya berbagai komponen kapasitas pengelolaan

lingkungan

hidup.

Porsi

anggaran

lingkungan hidup di tingkat nasional maupun daerah cenderung meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Demikian juga kapasitas sumberdaya manusia terus membaik— baik melalui pendidikan formal maupun nonformal. Beberapa

tahun

terakhir,

peningkatan

kapasitas

terkait kebijakan makro dalam mendukung ekonomi hijau, misalnya, terus diupayakan. Hal itu terlihat dariberbagai pelatihan tentang perhitungan PDRB hijau dan instrumen ekonomi lainnya. Dalam beberapa kasus, peningkatan kapasitas memberi hasil positif, seperti pelaporan status lingkungan hidup daerah yang makin berkualitas. Di sisi lain, kinerja pengelolaan lingkungan hidup juga

Environmental management performance is also apparent in various initiatives of the central and regional government regarding environmental improvement policies. At the national level, Indonesia

bisa dilihat dari beberapa inisiatifpemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam kebijakan yang mendukung perbaikan lingkungan hidup. Di tingkat nasional, Indonesia berperan penting dalamaneka forum: pembangunan

288


has assumed key roles in various forums, namely: sustainable development, sustainable production and consumption, protection of the ozone layer, the reduction of hazardous waste, and issues of international trade related to the environment.

berkelanjutan, produksi dan konsumsi berkelanjutan, perlindungan lapisan ozon, pengurangan limbah B3 dan perdagangan internasional yang terkait lingkungan. Indonesia juga telah beberapa kali menjadi tuan rumah pertemuan lingkungan Internasional, seperti

Indonesia has also hosted a number of international environmental meetings, such as COP14 in 2007, the Joint 9 th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention and the 23 rd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol; Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program; and 10 th Asia Pacific Rountable for Sustainable Consumption and Production (APRSCP). This participation proved Indonesia’s commitment towards environmental management on the national and global levels.

COP14 tahun 2007, Joint9th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention dan 23rd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol; Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program;dan Konferensi Asia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable Consumption and Production (APRSCP) ke-10. Partisipasi ini menunjukkan komitmen Indonesia dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup nasional dan global. Di tingkat daerah, beberapa daerah berinisiatif dalam kebijakan untuk memperbaiki lingkungan hidup. Seperti

At the regional level, several regions have taken the initiative to draw up environmental improvement policies. One such example was the Managing Forests with Community (PHBM) initiative on Java, which provided legal certainty over forest management rights. Other examples included the PERMATA (Penyelamatan Mata Air/Spring Conservation) program, lake and river conservation programs, as well as gulf and straits conservation programs, for instance in the Gulf of Tomini and the Bali Straits. These various initiatives created public awareness about the importance of environmental conservation. Furthermore, efforts in flora and fauna conservation, such as the conservation of the Javan rhinoceros, the Sumatran rhinoceros, and bamboo species, have generated public awareness about the importance of Indonesia’s biodiversity.

inisitatif pengelolaan hutan bersama masyarakat (PHBM) di Jawa yang memberikan kepastian hak atas pengelolaan hutan. Demikian juga, program lain seperti program PERMATA (Penyelamatan mata air), program penyelamatan danau dan sungai, serta program penyelamatan teluk dan selat—Teluk Tomini dan Selat Bali. Beragam inisiatif tersebut

memberi

penyadaran

kepada

masyarakat

tentang nilai penting penyelamatan lingkungan. Selain itu upaya penyelamatan flora dan fauna, seperti pelestarian badak jawa, badak sumatera dan spesies bambu yang menumbuhkan kesadaran khalayak tentang pentingnya keanekaragaman hayati negeri ini. Sementara itu, pengakuan hak adat dan nilai budaya telah banyak dilakukan dengan terbitnya peraturan daerah.

Kabupaten

menerbitkan

Lebak,

peraturan

Banten,

daerah

yang

misalnya, mengakui

masyarakat Baduy dalam mengelola sumberdaya alam

Customary rights and cultural values have been recognized in many regional regulations. The District of Lebak, Banten, for instance, has issued a regional regulation that acknowledges the role of the Baduy tribe in the management of natural resources and the environment. Another interesting development is the cooperation between the Regency of Kuningan and the City of Cirebon in West Java to preserve water resources on the slopes of Mount Ciremai.

dan lingkungan. Hal lain yang menarik adalahkerjasama Kabupaten Kuningan dan Kota Cirebon, Jawa Barat, yang bersinergi dalam konservasi sumber air di lereng Gunung Ciremai. Kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup juga semakin bisa unjuk gigi. Beberapa aspek menunjukkan hal itu, seperti anggaran, peraturan, sumberdaya manusia, baik

di

pemerintahan

maupun

para

pemangku

kepentingan. Interaksi antara kapasitas dan kualitas

Environmental management capacities are improving. This is supported by budgets, regulations and human resources, both within the government and among stakeholders. However, it remains difficult to measure the interaction of environmental capacity and quality precisely. The level of environmental quality may be measured by various indicators that

lingkungan memang masih sulit diukur dengan nilai tertentu. Derajat kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat dilihat dari beberapa indikator yang telah dipaparkan dalam laporan ini. Kendati secara ilmiah dapat berterima, namun memang masih perlu upaya keras untuk mendapatkan satu kesimpulanakurat tentang status lingkungan hidup Indonesia. Begitu jugadalam

289

6

6


Figure 6.1 Environmental Management Capacity vs. Environmental Quality Gambar 6.1. Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup

High environmental quality Kualitas LH tinggi

Low environmental capacity Kapasitas LH rendah

High environmental capacity Kapasitas LH tinggi

Low environmental quality Kualitas LH rendah Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


have been discussed in this report. Although this is scientifically acceptable, further efforts are still needed to produce an accurate conclusion about the state of the environment of Indonesia. The same applies to measuring environmental management capacities. While the search for the most accurate parameters and criteria to provide a comprehensive picture continues, it is still necessary to draw a conclusion.

mengukur tingkat kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Tentu saja, seraya tetap berikhtiar mencari ukuran dan nilai yang tepat, untuk memberi gambaran simultan,tetap diperlukan satu kesimpulan. Interaksi kapasitas pengelolaan dan kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat dilihat pada gambar 6.1. Nampaknya, status lingkungan hidup memang masih mengisyaratkan kerja keras di masa datang. Sedangkan untuk kapasitas

The interaction of environmental management capacity and environmental quality is shown in Figure 6.1. There is so much to be done to improve the state of the environment in the future. Environmental management capacity is still inadequate to enhance environmental conditions. Hopefully, the state of the environment will be better because stronger management capacities, and then start to change for the better.

pengelolaan rupanya juga masih belum memadai untuk ‘mengungkit’ kondisi lingkungan menjadi lebih baik. Harapannya, bila kapasitas pengelolaan ditingkatkan di masa depan, lingkungan hidup akan mencapai titik balik: statusnya kian membaik. Lantas kapan harapan itu mewujud. Jawabannya terletak di pundak semua pihak: komitmen bersama bagi terciptanya lingkungan hidup yang lestari.

The answer to the question about when this can be achieved depends on the joint commitment of all parties involved. The overall view of the state of the environment and management capacities presented in this report calls for all parties to ponder the current situation. This would pave the way for comprehensive and extensive studies for use in planning, research and policy-making.

Seluruh potret status lingkungan hidup dan kapasitas pengelolaannya dalam pustaka ini sejatinya mengajak semua komponen bangsa untuk merenung dan mengambil hikmahnya. Dengan begitu, aksi selanjutnya adalah kajian mendalam dan luas bagi perencanaan, penelitian dan memutuskan kebijakan.

290


EXPECTATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

HARAPAN KE DEPAN

Mount Dempo, Pagar Alam, South Sumatra Gunung Dempo, Pagar Alam, Sumatera Selatan Photograph Foto: TEMPO/ Gunawan Wicaksono

To provide an initial illustration of future challenges and measures, it it is necessary to prepare a statement of expectation in regard to environmental protection and management. Indonesia will enter the third mid-term development stage (2015-2019) amidst an increasingly dynamic political situation. Challenges awaiting in the third mid-term period of development will be increasingly complex with phased development targets in the run up to achieve the Indonesia 2025 Vision: US$ 3.8 - 4.5 trillion GDP and US$ 13,000 -16,000 per capita income.

Sebagai ilustrasi awal tantangan dan langkah ke depan, diperlukan paparan pengharapan bagi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Pada masa mendatang, Indonesia bakal menginjak pada tahap pembangunan jangka menengah ketiga (2015-2019) dengan situasi politik yang kian dinamis. Tantangan pembangunan jangka menengah ketiga akan semakin kompleks dengan target pembangunan bertahap menuju Visi Indonesia 2025: PDB ditargetkan mencapai US$ 3,8 — 4,5 triliun dan pendapatan per kapita US$ 13.000-16.000. Untuk mencapai target itu tentu saja tak mudah.

Achieving that target obviously will not be an easy task. Positive economic growth is required to be maintained at 6 – 7 percent per annum with increasingly active contribution from natural resources extraction. The issuance of the Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia’s Economic Development (MP3EI) is a step in that direction. While these policies will accelerate economic growth and improve connectivity, they will also add pressures on natural resources and the environment.

Diperlukan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tetap positif, bertahan pada 6 – 7 persen per tahun, dengan kontribusi ekstraksi sumberdaya alam yang makin giat. Arah menuju ke sana saat ini sudah dimulai dengan

kebijakan

Masterplan

Percepatan

dan

Perluasan Pembangunan(MP3EI). Selain mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi dan meningkatkan konektivitas, kebijakan MP3EI tidak dipungkiri bakal menambah beban bagi sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan. Jika dilihat dari hasil sintesis di atas, tanpa intervensi

Judging by the findings of the above synthesis, even without this intervention, environmental quality will

akselerasi cenderung

291

pembangunan menurun.

pun,

Meski

kualitas

berbagai

lingkungan upaya

juga

6

6


tend to decline. Despite a variety of efforts, reduction policies and actions cannot keep up with environmental destruction. Thus, pressure on the environment will increase due to development acceleration.

telah dilakukan, beban berat atas lingkungan rupanya belum bisa diimbangi dengan kebijakan dan aksi untuk mengurangi beban itu. Dengan demikian, tekanan terhadap lingkungan akan semakin besar dengan adanya percepatan pembangunan.

Looking at this trend, continuous and consistent interventions by the government to improve the environment will affect the states of the environment in the future. Programs and actions to improve the quality of water, air, coastal-marine areas, lands-forests and biodiversity within a green economic framework will provide incentives for the public, private sector and government to contribute in the improvement of the environment and economy.

Melihat kecenderungan itu, intervensi pemerintah yang kontinyu dan konsisten untuk memperbaiki lingkungan akan berdampak positif bagi status lingkungan hidupdi masa depan. Program dan aksi bagi perbaikan mutu air, udara, pesisir-laut, lahan-hutan, dan keanekaragaman hayati, yang dikemas dalam kerangka ekonomi hijau, akan memberi insentif bagi masyarakat, swasta dan pemerintah untuk turut memperbaiki lingkungan dan ekonomi.

Institutional capacity in environmental management will have a major role in improving interventions through environmental policies. Larger environmental budgets at the central and regional government levels will strengthen the implementation of environmental damage control and quality improvement programs, as well as improve human resources and infrastructure — such as accredited laboratories.

Kapasitas kelembagaan pengelolaan lingkungan akan berperan dalam meningkatkan intervensi kebijakan pemerintah di bidang lingkungan hidup. Peningkatan anggaran lingkungan hidup di pusat dan daerah akan memperkuat kerusakan

dan

Demikian

juga,

sumberdaya

Meanwhile, environment-related regulations issued by regional governments will provide legal protection and institutional power in the development of environmental economic instruments that include payment for environmental services, environmental subsidies, and the like. Regional governments have capacities to seize opportunities and solve environmental issues through regulations and other mechanisms.

pelaksanaan

program

peningkatan dengan

manusia

pengendalian

kualitas

peningkatan

dan

lingkungan. kapasitas

infrastuktur—seperti

laboratorium yang terakreditasi. Sementara itu, peran pemerintah daerah dengan menerbitkan

regulasi

terkait

lingkungan

hidup

akan memberikan payung hukum dan kekuatan kelembagaan ekonomi

dalam

lingkungan,

mengembangkan seperti

instrumen

pembayaran

jasa

lingkungan, subsidi lingkungan dan sejenisnya. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari kapasitas daerah dalam menangkap peluang dan memecahkan masalah lingkungan melalui kerangka regulasi dan mekanisme lainnya.

292

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Translation supported by JICA


Ministry of Environment The Republic of Indonesia Jl. D. I. Panjaitan Kav. 24 Jakarta 13410 Telp : 021 -8580081 Fax: 021 -8580081

State of the Environment Report

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