SISTEM INFORMASI SUMBERDAYA LAHAN PTT 102003 PENDAHULUAN
Sudarto Laboratorium Pedologi dan Sistem Informasi Sumberdaya Lahan Jurusan Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya
Outline 1 • Pemahaman tentang SIG • Data Geospasial
2 3 • Tipe Data Geografik 4 • Subsistem SIG 5 • Software 6 • Aplikasi SIG untuk pengelolaan SDL
What is GIS?
Sistem Informasi Sistem Untuk menyatakan kelengkapan sesuatu yang kompleks, bahwa bagian yang ada merupakan bagian keseluruhan dalam bentuk sistem Sistem Informasi Suatu jaringan perangkat keras dan lunak yang dapat menjalankan operasi-2 dimulai dari perencanaan dan pengumpulan data, penyimpanan dan analisis, termasuk penggunaan informasi dalam proses pengambilan keputusan Sistem Informasi Geografik (SIG) Suatu sistem berbasis komputer untuk memasukkan, menyimpan, mengambil, memanipulasi, menganalisis dan menampilkan data berreferensi geografis atau data geospasial sistem berbasis komputer mengacu pada hardware, software, and prosedur yang diperlukan
untuk menjalankan SIG Data Geografik merupakan data yang bervariasi diatas muka bumi memasukkan, menyimpan, mengambil, memanipulasi, menganalisis dan menampilkan data adalah “tools” yanga dimilik software GIS untuk memproses data geografik
Sistem Informasi Sumberdaya Lahan sistem informasi yang digunakan untuk memasukkan, menyimpan,
mengambil, memanipulasi, menganalisis dan menampilkan data berreferensi geografis atau data geospasial, untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan untuk perencanaan dan pengelolaan penggunaan lahan, sumber daya alam, lingkungan, transportasi, perkotaan fasilitas, dan catatan administratif lainnya.
What is GIS? GIS = Geographic Information System Links databases and maps Manages information about places Helps answer questions such as: Where is it? What else is nearby? Where is the highest concentration of ‘X’? Where can I find things with characteristic ‘Y’? Where is the closest ‘Z’ to my location?
Required Function of GIS
Simple Definition of GIS Computer system for capturing storing querying analyzing and displaying geospatial
(geographically referenced) data.
Aplikasi SIG
GIS in Education Over 7,000 universities worldwide teach GIS GIS used in multiple disciplines: Agriculture Archaeology Architecture/Lanscape Arch. Business Computer Science Environmental Science Engineering Geography Geology Meteorology Journalism Law Enforcement Military Science Management Natural Resource Oceanography Public Health History Sociology Urban/Regional Planning
Agriculture Farm management Pest/Disease tracking Crop monitoring Yield prediction Soil analysis
Natural Resource Management Forestry Ecology Mining Petroleum Water Resources
Planning and Economic Development Land Use/Zoning Emergency Preparedness Population Forecast Market Analysis Property Tax Assessment Transportation
GIS: A Framework for Understanding and Managing Our Earth Geographic Knowledge Creating Measuring Organizing Analyzing Modeling
Holistic Comprehensive Systematic Analytic
Applying Planning Managing Acting
Visual
GIS enhances education because it is: Multi-disciplinary A real-world technology using real data Involves authentic tasks / assessments Promotes holistic / systematic approach Engages multiple ways of learning Encourages community connections Used at scales from local to global
Geography matters Today’s challenges require geographic approach Climate Change Urban Growth Sustainable Agriculture Water Quality and Availability International and National Security Energy Epidemiology/Disease Tracking Natural Hazards: Seismicity, Weather Events
GIS as infrastructure Mobile GIS PC, PDA Phone Desktop GIS ArcInfo ArcEditor ArcView ArcReader
Network
Virtual Globes ArcGIS Explorer Google Earth Virtual Earth
Server GIS ArcGIS Server Portal Toolkit
Geodatabases
Files
DBMS
XML
We Live in Two Worlds Natural World
Constructed World
Self-Regulating
Managed
. . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict
Context and Content Seeing the Whole
Patterns Linkages Trends
Managing Places
Watersheds Communities Neighborhoods Districts
Data Geospasial Geospatial (Spatial) data are data describe both locations and characteristics of spatial features.
Can be classified into: 1. Graphic data (or called geometric data) and has three elements ; point (or called node), line (or called arc) and area (or called polygon) in either vector or raster form which represent a geometry of topology, size, shape, position and orientation. (Spatial coordinates) 2. Attributes (or called thematic data) are called sometimes thematic data or non-spatial data. Attributes refer to a defined characteristic of an entity in the real world. Attributes include nominal, ordinal, numerical, conditional and other characteristics. (Tabular data)
Grafik vs atribut
Atribut
Grafik
PENAMPILAN DATA GEOGRAFIK SPATIAL REPRESENTATION Maps Coordinate systems Projections Scale SPATIAL FEATURES Vectors: points-lines-polygons Rasters Attributes SPATIAL TOPOLOGY lines-nodes-segments
Spatial Representation Maps
USGS
Coordinate systems Projections
Dana
Dana
The “Dana” websites linked on this slide were developed by Peter H. Dana, Department of Geography, University of Texas at Austin, 1995. These materials may be used for study, research, and education in not-for-profit applications. If you link to or cite these materials, please credit the author, Peter H. Dana,The Geographer's Craft Project, Department of Geography,The University of Colorado at Boulder. These materials may not be copied to or issued from another Web server without the author's express permission. Copyright © 1999 Peter H. Dana. All commercial rights are reserved.
MAP SCALE Think of map scale the following way. If you have an 8.5’’ x 11” paper map… Larger scale: (e.g. 1:50,000 or 1” = 0.789 miles) Shows less area and more detail
1:50,000 scale map of Harrisburg
MAP SCALE Think of map scale the following way. If you have an 8.5’’ x 11” paper map… Larger scale: (e.g. 1:50,000 or 1” = 0.789 miles) Shows less area and more detail Smaller scale: (e.g. 1:500,000 or 1” = 7.89 miles) Shows more area and less detail
1:500,000 scale map of Harrisburg
MAP SCALE Think of map scale the following way. If you have an 8.5’’ x 11” paper map… Larger scale: (e.g. 1:50,000 or 1” = 0.789 miles) Shows less area and more detail Smaller scale: (e.g. 1:500,000 or 1” = 7.89 miles) Shows more area and less detail
Sistem Koordinat 2.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 1. 2. 3. 4.
Berdasarkan pada proyeksi Transverse Mercator 60 zones (setiap lebar 6° di ekuator) Arah timur palsu Y-0 pada kutub selatan atau ekuator
Proyeksi Silinder sebagai permukaan yang bisa dikembangkan
tangent cylinders
Spatial Feature /Geograhic Data Model Defines how spatial represented in a GIS: • Vector • • Raster
features
are
Two fundamental types of data Vector A series of x,y coordinates For discrete data represented as points, lines, polygons Raster Grid and cells For continuous data such as elevation, slope, surfaces A Desktop GIS should be able to handle both types
of data effectively!
Data Representation Raster
Vector
Real World
SPATIAL FEATURES Vectors (points-lines-polygons) Rasters
Attributes: Feature Point Line Polygon
Feature class Water wells State roads Counties
Attribute Depth to water Traffic volume Total population
“Layer” dalam SIG
SPATIAL TOPOLOGY: lines-nodes-segments Spatial Topology
2
1
3
A B
C E
D 5
4
SPATIAL TOPOLOGY: lines-nodes-segments
2
1
3
A B
C E
4 D 5
SPATIAL TOPOLOGY: lines-nodes-segments
1
2 Seg “A”
A
3
B
C E
4 D 5
SUBSISTEM DALAM SIG
Data input system
Database management system
Data output system
Data analysis system
Data input system: collects spatial data from existing sources, such as maps,
remote sensing data, GPS, and text data.
Database management system: organizes spatial data and allows for quick retrieval and
updates (i.e., editing).
Data analysis system: analyzes, manipulates, and models spatial data.
Data output system: displays spatial data in graphic (i.e., map) or tabular
form.
Software ArcGIS, ArcView Mapinfo Autodesk Map MGE, GeoMedia SuperGIS GRASS Others (Manifold System, IDRISI , ILWIS) ArcIMS (web GIS) MapGuide (web GIS)
SIG di Indonesia Dimulai dengan teknologi penginderaan jauh Lembaga yang mengembangkan sejak awal LAPAN (Lembaga Antariksa Penerbangan Nasional) sebagai penyedia data penginderaan jauh seperti Landsat-TM dan MSS, SPOT, Aster, Ikonos, Quickbird BAKOSURTANAL (Badan Koordinasi Survei dan Pemetaan Nasional) sebagai penyedia data dijital dan non-dijital serta mengkoordinasi kegiatan pemetaan nasional. PT yang terlibat sejak awal (1980-an): ITB. IPB, UGM
DAN UI. Saat ini hampir semua lembaga telah menggunakan, khususnya peneliti dan pemerintah daerah
KOMPONEN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFI Hardware Jaringan Printer
Digitizer
Scanner
KOMPUTER: CPU + CD-ROM Monitor Keyboard
Plotter
KOMPONEN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFI Software Input data Interface Pengguna Display & Pelaporan
Database Geografik
Transformasi
Latar Belakang Penduduk meningkat: Kebutuhan SDA meningkat Tekanan terhadap SDA yang ada’ Perlu pengelolaan SDA secara bijaksana perlu berbagai peta (tematik) agar kelestariannya tetap terjaga Kemajuan Teknologi (Informasi): Penginderaan Jauh pada era 70-80 an Sistem Informasi Geografi Otonomi Daerah Peningkatan PAD Inventarisasi SDA dan Tekanan terhadap SDA Kelestarian SDA
Arah Perkembangan SIG di Masa Datang Otonomi Daerah Daerah berlomba-lomba identifikasi potensi sumberdaya alam yang ada di wilayahnya Penyebaran spasial memerlukan SIG Setiap Pemprov, Pemkab, Pemkot, Lembaga Penelitian, Konsultan, dll. Perbankan dan Perdagangan juga seringkali
memerlukan SIG Kesempatan terbuka bagi Anda …….!!! Siapa berani …??!!!
TUGAS Koleksi istilah-istilah yang banyak dipakai dalam Sistem Informasi Geografi dan berikan definisnya, misalnya: 1. Peta 2. Kartografi 3. Sistem Koordinat 4. Sistem Proyeksi 5. Data Vektor 6. Data Raster, dll Catatan: Tugas hanya diupload pada blog masing-masing mahasiswa (Blog UB)
