Sejarah Hukum Laut Dunia Sebelum abad ke-20
Awal abad ke-20 – Perang Dunia II Pasca Perang Dunia II Menjelang UNCLOS III Pengembangan UNCLOS III
Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
1
Hugo Grotius-1 Since navigation cannot harm any one accept the
navigator himself, it is only just that no one either can or ought to be interdicted therefrom, lest nature, free in her own realm, and least hurtful to herself, be found impeding the liberty of navigation, and thus offending against the accepted precept and rule that all things are supposed to be permitted which are not found expressly forbidden. The sea is one of those things which is not an article of merchandise, and which cannot become private property. Hence it follows, to speak strictly, that no part of the sea can be considered as the territory of any people whatsoever ….A nation can take possession of a river, as it is enclosed within their boundaries; with the sea, they cannot do so. Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
2
Hugo Grotius-2 A ship sailing through the sea leaves behind it no more
legal right than it does a track It would appear that the sea also can be acquired by him who holds the lands on both sides, even though it may extend above as a bay, or above and below as a strait, provided that the part of the sea in question is not so large that, when compared with the lands on both sides, it does not seem apart from them (the law of war and peace) Everyone admits that if a great many persons hunt on the land of fish in a river, the forest is easily exhausted of wild animals and the river of fish, but such a contingency is impossible in the case of the sea The extent of the ocean is in fact so great that it suffices for any possible use on the part of all people, for drawing water, for fishing, for sailing Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
3
Wiiliam Welwod An Abridgement of All Sea-Lawes 1613; if the
uses of the sea should be limited in any way, it should be mainly in regard to fishing, since fisheries were exhaustible
Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
4
Sebelum abad 20-1 Lautan dikuasai Portugis – Spanyol Hugo Grotius melontarkan “Mare Liberum” Pembatasan penangkapan ikan dengan alasan kualitas,
harga, dan alokasi tidak di enforce Pembedaan antara perairan pantai “dalam pengawasan” negara pantai dengan laut lepas (high seas) Konsep dominion dan jurisdiction “cannon shot rule” Christian Wolff (1740) dan Vattel (1758) mengemukakan perikanan terbagi menjadi laut bebas dan laut terbatas sumberdaya habis/tidak Konsep jurisdiksi pada perairan yang langsung berbatasan untuk alasan keamanan
Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
5
Sebelum Abad 20-2 Inggris dan Perancis mengadakan perjanjian “hal eksklusif
perikanan” untuk wilayah yang berada dalam jarak 3 mil laut dari pantai masing-masing negara. Abad 19 mulai timbul permasalahan pengaturan perikanan di satu wilayah dengan berbagai jenis/teknologi alat tangkap Semakin banyak pendapat mengenai perlunya pengaturan lebih baik untuk perikanan yang berada di perairan tertutup dan pantai. Timbul pemikiran bahwa “3-mil territorial sea” tidak lagi cukup untuk melindungi perikanan pantai. “fish do not respect the three mile or cannon shot limit” “The farther the exclusive right to the littoral sea is extended, the more it may be possible to accomplish an organization for the rational exploitation of fisheries and for measures which tend to increase the number of fish” Rivier (1896) Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
6
Sebelum Abad 20-3 Perikanan semakin modern berkembangnya trawler,
pemakaian es, mesin uap, bahan jaring Transportasi (kereta api) ke wilayah pelabuhan semakin banyak Teknologi pengangkutan ikan meningkat Bertram (1865) “the harvest of the sea” our free unregulated fisheries are, in my humble opinion, a thorough mistake Perjanjian pengelolaan sumberdaya diluar batas 3 mil laut North Sea Fisheries Timbul tuntutan untuk mengumpulkan data statistik dan studi ilmiah perikanan Spencer Baird 1872 US Commissioner for Fish and Fisheries Bering Sea Fur Seal Moray Firth Dispute Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
7
Awal Abad 20 – Perang Dunia 21 Kemungkinan bahwa sumberdaya laut tidak tak terbatas Meningkatnya konflik pemanfaatan Keterkaitan antara perikanan dengan landas kontinen (continental shelf). Pertambangan bawah air Kabel komunikasi bawah air Polusi akibat penemuan mesin diesel, tanker, balas,
dll Tantangan terhadap doktrin “freedom of the seas” Berbagai konvensi perikanan. Perjanjian bilateral – multilateral Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
8
Awal Abad 20 – Perang Dunia 22 • • • • •
Halibut Treaties Alaskan Salmon Fisheries Transportasi minyak – polusi Berkembangnya doktrin-doktrin asal ikan menentukan batas pengelolaan laut Kebutuhan akan adanya dasar hukum internasional untuk mengelola perikanan secara luas
•
Liga Bangsa Bangsa Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
9
Pasca PD-2 Truman declaration on the continental shelf (28th sept
1945) International Law Commission (ILC) 1949 Claim/counterclaim process vs treaty Santiago Declaration 1952 (Chili, Ekuador, Peru) zona 200 mil jurisdiksi dan kedaulatan Kontrol negara pantai vs kontrol negara-negara pengeksploit peranan FAO, hak negara pantai sebagian diakui Deklarasi Djuanda 13 Desember 1957 klaim negara kepulauan Perpu No. 4/1960 (18 Feb 1960) Ket. MPRS No XIX/MPRS/1966 Perpu tersebut dikukuhkan sebagai UU no. 4/1960 Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
10
Menjelang UNCLOS-III1 UNCLOS-I (Geneva, Feb 24th – April 27th 1958): - Konvensi tentang laut teritorial dan zona terusan (territorial sea and the contiguos zone) - Konvensi tentang laut bebas - Konvensi tentang perikanan dan konservasi sumberdaya hayati di laut bebas - Konvensi tentang landas kontinen - Optional protocol of signature concerning the compulsory settlement of disputes - Indonesia first time launch idea on archipelagic
country Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
11
Menjelang UNCLOS-III2 UNCLOS-II (Geneva, March 17th – April 26th 1960):
- Failed to fix the extent of the territorial sea
and the matter of exclusive fishery zones - Failed to achieve agreement on straits
Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
12
Menjelang UNCLOS-III3 - United Kingdom vs Iceland Cod War - Marine pollution - Deep Seabed - Creeping jurisdiction
- Emergence of EEZ
Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
13
Development of UNCLOS-III1
First session 3-15 December 1973, New York – USA
Second session 20 June – 29 August 1974, Caracas – Venezuela
Third session 17 March – 9 May 1975, Geneva – Swiss Fourth session 15 March – 7 May 1976, New York – USA Fifth session 2 August – 17 Sept 1976, New York – USA Sixth session 23 May – 15 July 1977, New York – USA Seventh session 28 March – 19 May 1978, Geneva – Swiss
resumed seventh session 21 August – 15 Sept 1978, New York Eight session 19 March – 27 April 1979, Geneva – Swiss resumed eight session 19 July – 24 August 1979, New York – USA Ninth session 3 March – 4 April 1980, New York – USA resumed ninth session 28 July – 29 August 1980, Geneva – Swiss Tenth session 9 March – 24 April 1981, New York – USA resumed tenth session 3 – 28 August 1981, Geneva – Swiss Eleventh session 8 March – 10 April 1982, New York – USA resumed eleventh session 22 – 24 September 1982, New York - USA Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
14
Development of UNCLOS-III2 10 December 1982 the Convention was opened to signature.
117 States and two other entities became signatories 60th ratification on November 16, 1993 (26th Indonesia, 3 Feb 1986) Finally came into force on November 16, 1994 21 years after the first meeting of UNCLOS III and one year after ratification by the sixtieth state. The first sixty ratifications were almost all developing states. A major feature of the convention included the definition of maritime zones- the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf, the high sea, the international sea-bed area and archipelagic waters. The convention also made provision for the passage of ships, protection of the marine environment, freedom of scientific research, and exploitation of resources. Kapita Selekta Kebijakan Perikanan Tangkap - Dr. Darmawan, MAMA
15
