Regional Manpower Planning and Training Project
GI/PT)
Implementing Agency
Bureau of Manpower, National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), Jakarta, INDONESIA
Funding Source
Professional Human Resource Development Project, World Bank Loan 3134-IND
Pilot Provinces
North Sumatra, West Sumatra West Java, Central Java, East Java North Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara Timur
Main Project Outputs
Provincial Human Resource Development Profiles Provincial Manpower Development Strategies Provincial/Regional Labour Market Studies
Project Duration
Approximately three years (July 1992 - March 1995)
Project Director
Drs. Maman Setiawan Head Bureau of Manpower, BAPPENAS
Project Manager
Mr. Lucky Firnandy Bureau of Manpower, BAPPENAS
Consulting Firm
PT. Intercapitol-Mutual Consultants Kebayoran Baru Mall Block b No. 23 Jalan Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12120, INDONESIA Tel. 720 6253,721 0231 Fax.720 6276
Project I-eader
Dr. Shafiq Dhanani Human Resource Economist
Project Administration
Mr. Syaherman
Research Assistants
Mr. Adam Malik
Rasjid
Ms. Erni Novalisa Support Staff
Ms. Anita Sari Ms. Alina
REGIONAL MANPOIryER PLAI\IIING Ah[D TRAIhIING PROJECT (RMPT) Bureau of Manpower, National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) (world Bank Professional Human Resources Development Loan 3134-IND) Project Office: JI. Taman Suropati 2,Iakarta 10310INDONESIA Tel.: 62 Ql) 390 1279. Fax.: 62 (Zt) 390 t21l
Techniqrl 0nterim) Report No. 30
REGIONAL MANPOWER ISSUES: INTERIM SUGGESTIONS FOR MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT by Shafiq Dhanani
July 1994
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CONTENT
I.INTRODUCTION..2 2. PROVINCIAII EMPIJOIUENT PROiIECTfONS . . . .
. . . . . r '
3
Tentative National Ernployment Projections for REPELITA VI . 4 2.2 Labour Force Participation: Past Trends and Prospects . . . 9 2.3REPELITAVIRegiona1Enp1o}rmentProjections 2.4 Employment Projections by status, 1993-98 (Census/Sakernas)33 2.5 Note on Mixing of Census & Sakernas Data for Projections 55 2. L
3.
REGIONAIJ POIJICI IggUEg AlfD OPTIONS
. . . . . .
.
.
57
L REPELITA VI - Regional HRD Outline r.58 3.2 Summary of Most Crucial Issues in Regional Employment 7L 3.3 Summary of Regional Employment and HRD Issues . . 74 3.4 Agricultural and Industrial Development Outside Java 85 3.5 Programmes for Enployrnent & Productivity Expansion ..94 (EngIish/ Indonesian) 3.6 A Note on Technology and Employment . . . 111 3.7 Regional Ernployment and Manpower Development: . L20 Tentative Table of Content and Outline 4. STATISTICAI., A}INEX . 135 . . .136 4.L Population, Labour Force and Ernployment 4.2GDPandInvestment.......... . L72 4.3 Education .181. 4.4 HealthandPoverty .... . L97 .... 4.5Manufacturingsector . o . 204 . o.... 4.6 Wages . 2L3 . . 3.
o
1.
INTRODUCTION
This Report entitled "Regional Manpower Issues: An Interim Report of Suggestions for Manpower Development in MPELITA VI" conLains notes and data organized in three parts: employment projections, regional policy issues and options, and statistical annex.
Part II deals with labour force supply and employment demand projections at the national
and regional level. Labour force supply projections undertaken by the Central Bureau of Statistics, amounting to an aggregate growth rate of 3% p.a. until year 2000, are considered to
be unrealistically high. They have been calculated using linear regression lines for age and province-specific labour force participation rates (LFPR) from labour force surveys for the 19761990 period. CBS has however not adjusted this series to account for well-known breaks in this
series. For instance a new questionnaire format introduced in 1986 recorded a large number of
previously un-recorded female family workers in rural areas, resulting in a 4% increase in their
LFPR between 1982 and 1986. Since the growth of the working age population aged 10 and above is declining and forecast to increase by about25% p.a. in 1993-1998, alternative labour
force supply projections have been used here which are more in line with this supply.
Employment projections at the provincial level make use of provincial and sector-specific
historical output-empioyment elasticities. These have been adjusted when these diverge too excessively from national sectoral elasticities, especially in smaller sectors.
Part
III
contains a series
of short notes produced to assist the Bureau of Manpower,
BAPPENAS, in its formulation of the Manpower chapter of the sixth five-year plan REPELITA
VI, particularly
when dealing with the regional aspects of human resource development. A
number of notes focus on agricultunl and industrial development, the role of technology and
productivity development, while the last note presents an outline
of an overall Regional
Manpower Development Strategy report.
The Statistical Annex of Part
IV is in
support
of the overall strategy report just
mentioned, and covers the following areas: population, labour force and employment prospects;
regional economic growth and investment; education; health and poverty; medium and large scale manufacturing sector; and trends in wages at the national, regional and sectoral levels.
2-
2. PROVINCIAL EMPLOYMBNT PROJECTIONS
Sectlon 2. I shafiq Dhanani Team Leader Regional Manpower Planning and Training Project
RMPT/BAPPENAS project
OFFTCE MEMORANDUM
Reference:
RMPT/GEN
To: Mr. A.A.
Machrany
Head, Bureau of Manpov/er,
c.c. Mr.
Date: 19 April 1993
Maman
BAPPENAS
Setiawan, Bureau of Manpower,
BAPPENAS
Re: Tentative Enplolnnent Projections for RBpELITA VI
Following on last friday's meetinqr, please find enclosed preliminary projections for Repelita VI, based principally on labour supply determined ernployment during the coming few years. f will incorporate ideas on growth rates from the new GBHN shortly. Best regards, ,4
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TABLE:
B
lr?T -9!l!19{l!.o,s2 t:-0-:? ll^B:gs!!g-L--lqNo! al{:cuftiro o' o2-o3 0s-04i s4 s_s s!:s6_s_6_-_s7_eZ:9s 3-6-g-6-:92--92:9J-_93:991-!9:o gg:9gi ss-o 00-01 01 'o2 o2-o3 sc-:4j 9_4,--9s-stI Bs-eo rs-go eo-e1 so-e1 s1 eJ-;; s2-s3_,9?::ll -sz bz-9g ='-',,i-;O:i;irtdi.t:ttf GD.p s,l. (v.) N-Asri. -6verali Emproyt r'r-asri.-9qt-e,r.-gel:E*q!l-n:AO'rcpf Emproyl 0-!tt;--la;ojj AssumPtions l:-"-""J:t;;i'op=ft'ltil -N-nt".coqf1zt; -r;pr'ii g r (7d (%) g.r (%) Elast ovelall Agric Elast. -Emprovl Agric. Elast. g.i 1y"i agric. q.i I e tuit. 6veia'lt Oveia'ii aqri". t7"1 I etah. I lKeV eo--9gq--a11 i4L z.9I i o.sz 6.50_-c.oo_o.52 6.50_ i4L -J.oo_-olg---q.sq - -olg---q.sq--3.99-42+-lEmpl. Change (% p.a.) _1.23 _1.4s -211 -2.171' -2'17 -2.o5 -2.tt 1.13 I -1.15 -1.16 -1.171 -1.94 -1.99 -2.O5 -1.4a -1.23 -1.24 -1.24| -1.13 -1.14 -1.ts I Agriculture
t'--l____^_
t____
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Tfsl_
GDP Non-Agriculture
I
Employment Agriculture
I
I Employment Non-Agric.
Productivity (oo0 Rp/yr) I rotat I
I Agricullure
I Non-Agriculture
I Agri. as % of Non-Agri.
Productivity Growlh (%) I Tolal I
I Agriculture
I I
Non
-Agriculture
Ditference
IGOP Shares (%) I Agriculture
I l!s!-Asrgll!!9
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Key Assumplions
L__ lEmpl.
I Non-Aoriculture j
i Agriculture Non-Agriculture I iAddit. Employment (m)
j
Growth Rales (% p.a.) GDP Non-Agriculture Employment Agriculture EmploVment Non-Aqric.
I
\
1
1
I
I
7s.s4 80.s8 81.s4 a2.14 BzTl)_8tso--8s.85 84.38 B-4.q9-,9!.39L-q9eq - 86.45 -q6'9q--92 41-
04-0505-06 06-07 07*08 08-09j 09-10 10-11 2011 -1 12-1s 13-14 N-ngri.po_r gj:g{_ :mployl Elast. Overall Agric. s.r (%)l
0.43 7.00
- t,o/ 40.09 59.91 YO. /
.M
59.1
3.50
1.88
N-Agri. GDP
0.40 7.00
-2.02 -2.OBl -2.03 1.27 1.26 I 1.19 39.32 38.54 37.76 60.68 61.46 62.24
36.98 1 63.02 I
34.25
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I
-2.271
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el
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1.18 1.17
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-
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1
i
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31
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1.s 2.oi .-: 1.8 1.9 .r 1.9 r.v .Y .9 z-gt Lg !ir.9 -lj: 2.ol 1.8 l.U I.b ].V l1.9 1.9 I I1.9 !9 +.: 0.0 -0_o3 *o3 _03 _o _0,4.9 -.02 -o.2 -o.o -0.0 -ol -0.1 -0.1 , -ol -0.1 -o.2 -o1i -0,2 -o.2 -o.zl -orl -r.: -o3 1.9 l.s 2.0 2.1 i 2.o 2.o 2.1 2.1 221 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 ll 3s.4s 36.69 37.es ss.et i qo.oe 42.11 43.s8 4s.1 1 46.6s I 4s.32 so.o1 st .76 s3.s7 ss.4s |
|
.1
j I I
I
;;:;:'
277.s6 298.66 9a-0,95 933€1 l37oJ4 q97.47 426.77 4sa.17 491 .82is27.88 s6G.53 607.e3 esz.go ogg.esl ?i"/.1 ?.r
7.48
l z 33 7.32 7 .31 7.30 7 .2si1 2.91 I 2.68 2.67 2.67 2.66 2.661 rli 3118 3274 3439 36121 3799 3s96 4204 4422 aeszl +sot sl63 s44o 5731 6038j 897 930 964 1000i 1038 1079 lizz 1167 121G1 126z 13at 1379 1440 tsosl
.46 7 .45 .43 7.411' Z.4O 7.3e z.3Z 7.J6 3.19 3.19 3:7 3.17i 2.93 2.s2 2.s? 2.91 7
7
r.ao
-o.o2 -o.o7 -0.13 -0.18 -0.24i-0.34 -0.40 -0.46 -0.52 -0.591-0.69 -0.76 -0.83 -0.90 _O.98 ooo
$J/
C
4556 4745 4941 5144 5367 s6oo 5842 6095 oeSZ; eOaO 6946 7260 7588
19.69 19.s9 19.51 1e.44i 19.35 19.27 19.21 19.16 3-UJ
4.15 U,OJ
100.00
Agriculture
1
1
zv00 Non -Agricuiture
I
r1"-l
Produclivity (ooo RpTyr) Agriculture
|
roi.ii rii.ii E,.ti 130,;a iis.ialile-zZ iiisa iee.ii lntoa iro6sizoq.nlziia zs6.aa zsqss z;;a\ 8.13 8.10 8.O71 8.58 8.4s 7.86 7.2g 7.261 7.23 7.2o 7.17 7.ls z:zl 8.18 8.15 o'oz o.13 o.oa -o'oc -o'tt r.os t.5i i-rrl i,i; r.5r 1-3o 1.2a t-ztl 4.09 3.79 3.78I 3.s4 3.s2 3.s1 3.so 3.481 3.75 3.73 3.72 3.71 3.70I tll 1608 1672 1736 18021 1873 1s47 2A23 2103 2185 I 2301 2422 2550 2685 2826'' e37 625 627 638 Oqe I 6s9 670 682 693 70s I 72s 754 78o 807 4201' 2sg9 z6e3 z7z4 zaazl zgag 3075 3184 3296 34121 3558 3709 3867 4031 ro ;i;; ;.;1 ;t.Aa zo.osl zo.+a 20.31 20'17 2003 ot 24.1s 23.38 22.s; ;Ztl ;;, 3.s3 3.83 S.as I 3.93 3.93 3.93 3.93 3.93 | 5.28 5.28 5.28 5.28 5.28 61 o.zs .67 ,6S I 1.66 1.67 1.68 L69 l.Zt I 3.s6 3.42 3 48 3'54 34'221 4'23 3.6s 3.37 3.36 i 3.s7 3.s5 3.54 3.53 3.521 4.28 4 26 4 25 0.69 0.61 3.34 1.7o r .ee | .91 1.BB 1.86 1.84 1.81 I 0.91 0.84 0.77 100'00 l-0!0q l!q.09 U9.oq l-o-o,9ql,rcgo0 1q9.00 ry=sli 1qoQ,q Loo,0Q Lqq,o.q l-o!.09 l0o-ool1-0-0.0q -niil1a7o lqQ0o 16.ls 'isr2 ts:i tasii-i+oz ts.ss 13.04 12.s6 12.0s] 20.46 1s"42 ta.qa fl.86
lcDp
Non-Agriculture
.6 43.0 44.6 46j
22.oo 22.36 22.66 23.34 zo3ol zo.ra 25.so 26.27 27.os 27.s7jl zl.a4 zs.Bs 30.89 31.98 33 1ol ?,Zq t.qq.qa LoZ,?l tL9.141129.49 132.9q !41$5 1s-l-,e*9 13,_2-9?lyPj'! L9q'5J 2Q9,99 ??2'9I240651
I Non-Aoficulture
Total (Fp.T)
41
qt5_3
Agriculture
(RFs.Trittion) Agricullure
81.1 s3.r ql4 q{l Pr u-0 qag 9L9 *:1 7s.l 37 b s8.o a8.a 3e.0 39.s I 39.6 3s.6 3s.6 3e.6 3s.6 47.71 4s.5 51.4 s3.3 55.2 s7.31 i
Employirent Shares (%
I Agriculture Non-Agriculture I lTotal Employment (m)
77-?l
1..9 1'e ?9 201 1e rel le zs z9 ?t- 0s 1-c Lq 0.1 0.0 0'0 -0 0 -o'o o.4 0.5 o.s I 0.s 0.s ;s o.g 41 i 1.s 1.4 1sl -lrl |.4 15 1.5 1.6 161 1'8 18 19 2'o 2'oI
Change (% p.a.)
I Agriculture
L?t L53
3s.7s 36. t sos 5i 11 35.g2 37.3 38.7 4o.zl
I Agriculture
lGrowlh Rates (% p.a.)
156 1561
.75 49 4s311, 44.43 43.s4 42.65 41 4s.s4 4s.sl 4a.ool 47.46 46.s2 46.38 4s.84 48.60 Aa.ool 49.9s 4s.21 4s.60 4e.s5 9? l 44.43 11-!2 199: so.05 5o.7s 51.40 sz.ool sz.s+ 53.08 s3.62 54.16 54.691 55.57 s6.46 57.35 58.25 59.1s1
Non-Agriculture I lTotal Employment (m)
I Non*Agricullure I Total (Rp.I)
-l -leo--glq--a]]
--3.99-41]---
1'57 1.s9 158 1.57 o.ssl l.O3 1.01 1.00 0.99 r.181 1.04 l.o3 1.48 1.19 r.ral 1 160 1s9
lEmptoyftent Shares (%j I Agriculture
lAgriculture
I
21i- -
I_
I Non-Aqriculture
Non-Agriculture i jAddit. Employment (m) I Agriculture I Non-Agriculture IGDP (Rps.Trillion)
D-e9ril't!s
M9s! gfy-cjat4glv!y]p-!ion;Er1p!oylI-e'.1F!q9l!city YY-'9' :=Yli'l'.:1"":"' lll:"'l -lePEt-trAv ilylyrl,Yi
11.69 88.31
19.121
1s.06 19.02 18.s9 18.s8
I
7930r 1S.98i
03 5.03 5 03 5.03 5.19 5.19 5.19 5.19 5.19, 5.36 s.36 5,36 5.35 5.36, 3.s8 3.63 3.69 3.731, 3.86 3.92 3.98 4.05 4.12 | 4.22 4.29 4.36 4.44 4.53 4.14 4.14 4.13 4.12: 4.34 4.33 4.33 4.32 4.31 1 4.53 4.53 4.52 4.51 4.51 o.57 0.s0 0.44 0.37r 0.49 0.42 0.35 0.27 0.191 O.s2 0.24 0.16 o.o7 _0.02 lro3! 100.00 10000 100-00r1q0..!e 100.00 1!9.09 100.00 1go.qqlrcQ.00 loQgQ 190.00 1oo.o0 1o0.ooi 1 1.31 10.94 10.58 r 0.24 9.90 9.58 927 8^96 I 67 I S39 - &1 1 7.85 7.s9 7.34, 88.69 89.06 89,42 89.76 90.10 90,42 90.73 91.04 91 .33 I 91.61 91,89 92.15 92.41 92.661 5
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2.2 Labour Force Participation: Past Trends & Prospects
Table:
Labour Force Projections Using BPS (Feb 93) Labour Force Participation Rates
Age Group
1
TNCREASE (%)
990
Labour Force Participation Rates (%)
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ LFPR 1O+ LFPR 15+
't2.47 44.44 77.72 96.26 98.34 96.7s 83.52 55.43 70.36 81.95
9.86 34.49 50.85 55.16 60.48 55.18 51 .19 23.89 43.61 49.75
11.21
39.48 63.70 75.21
79.77 75.64 66.96 38.63
56.87 6s.58
9.81 34.86 61.70 65.35
11.67 41.44
75.70 97.46 98.75 97.57 83.26 54.44
10.75 38.20
68.ss
59.46 53.50 26.A4 50.64 56.41
72.75 81.84
22,533.4
21 ,797.8
44,331.2
10-14 15-19 20-24 2s-34 35-44 45-54 55-64
'11,192.4
10,522.9 9,405.6 8,662.5
21,715.2 18,863.8 16,597.3 28,782.1 19,427.9 13,954.4 9,387.'t 6,770.8 135,498.6 113,783.4
65+ Pop 1O+ Pop 15+ Total
68.90 81.06 83.24 78.73 67.83 39.08 61.61 68.99
65+ LF 1O+ LF 15+
Source:
-2.02 10.85 5.21 .20 0.19 5.85 0.41 8.07 3.47 o.82 4.28 3.09 -0.26 2.31 0.87 -0.99 2.15 0.45 2.39 7.03 4.75 -0.10 6.66 3.41 1
1
p.a.(%\
21,246.8
43,?23.2
10,751.5 1'1,329.9 10,969.6 16,902.2 13,500.1 9,231.5 5,898.4 4,398.8 82,982.0 72,230.5
10,424.5 11,000.1 10,353.9 17,643,8 14,25'1.2 9,023.1 6,352.5 5,184.3 84,233.4 73,808.9
21,176.0 22,330.O 21,323.5 34,546.0 27,751 .3 18,254.6 12,250.9 9,583.1 167,215.4 146,039.4
-0.40 -0.09
89,670.1 9O,159.7 179,829.8 104,958.4 105,480.2 210,438.6
1.59 1.58
Labour Force
10-14 1 5-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 5s-64
990-2000 -0.80 -0.05 -0.45 -3.00 0.37 -1.28
21,976.4
9,458.2 7,934.9 14,040.8 14,741 .3 9,900.6 9,527.3 6,86g.g 7,085.6 4,577.6 4,809.5 3,163.5 3,607.3 67,136.7 68,361.9 55,944.3 57,839.1
M+F
1
Population (000)
0-9
F
M+F
M+F
M
(OOO)
1 ,395.7 1 ,037.5 2,433.2 1 ,254.7 ,02..6 2,277.3 4,203.2 3,244.0 7,447.2 4,695.1 3,834.6 8,529.7 6,166.9 4,404.9 10,571.8 8,304.0 6,388.4 . 14,692.3 13,515.7 8,131 .3 21 ,&7.0 16,472.9 1 1 ,530.2 28,003.1 9,736.3 5,762.1 15,498.4 13,331,3 9,769.2 23,100.5 6,645.6 3,909.8 10,555.4 9,QA7.2 5,365.1 14,372.3 3,823.2 2,462.0 6,285.2 4,911.0 3,398.6 8,309.6 1,753.5 861.8 2,615.3 2,394.7 1,350.0 3,744.7 1
47,240.1 29,813.4 77,053.5 60,370.9 42,658.8 103,029.7 45,844.4 28,775.9 74,620.3 59,116.2 41,636.1 100,752.3
-0.25 -O.26 -0.25
1.82 3.29 1.87 3.15 3.00 2.57 9.35 2j4 2.59
-0.25
1.58 1.80 '1.81 4.11 2.45 2.82 3.69 2.11 2.47
1.70
2.s4 1.84 3.63 2.72 2.74 3.53 2.13 2.53
1.58
p.a.(%)
-1 .06 -O.14 -0.66 1.1 1 3.02 2.00 3.19 3.09 2.54 3.17 2.48 2,58
1.69 3.79 3.55 5.42 3.21 3.28 4,59 3.65 3.76
1.37 3,35 2.61
4.07 3.13 2.83 3.65
2.95 3.05
Population from "Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia Per Propinsi 1990-2000" (BPS, Mar. 1993) Labour Force Particip. Rates from "Proyeksi Angkatan Kerja lndon. 1990-2000" (BPS, Feb. 1993)
Project File c:\re g\wk\e mp\tpak2.wk3 4 September 1993 RM PT
1n
J-t,/
Table
:
1
lndon.
Labour Force Participation Ratos by Ragion
23
10
56749
Aceh Sumut Sumbar
Riau
Jambi Sumsel Bengk. Lamp'g Jakarta
11
12
13
Jabar Jateng Yogya Jatim
A. MALE Urban
1 1986 59.46 52.74 52.72 55.21 61 .27 57.63 55.04 60.21 s9.68 61 .51 59.41 61.27 50.76 62-01 60.17 51.27 52.76 56.72 62.20 60.43 61 .92 61 .s8 56.96 61 .08 60.57 62.70 55.75 61.8e 2 1987 3 1988 4 1989 58.47 50.27 55.85 51.34 60.93 56.88 58.36 59.65 54.58 58.84 57.29 59.88 56.18 62.06 8l:3? t8:8E t6:B? tlf? 8?:81 88tg E8:EB 8381 89:S 83:i6 81:fl9 88:8? 8?:83 88:68 E IEE? 7 1992 62.25 57.65 60.23 58.38 62.52 61 .86 59.56 66.30 62.10 61.31 61,93 63.94 62.72 65.33 Rural 1 1986 74.se 71 .38 71.s2 67.08 72.36 71.21 68.74 70.t0 76.16 70.58 72.04 77.22 77.75 77,92 2 1987 74.33 70.20 73.51 67.20 71 .34 76.96 72s0 73.02 74.20 66.09 71.11 76.13 77.21 76.52 3 1988 41989 73.23 71.06 71.71 66.33 72.26 68.12 69.05 70.14 73.15 69.70 75.85 78.16 76.99 72.36 77.19 78.71 79.00 5 '1990 75.11 72.44 69.92 68.43 72.58 73.94 72.73 76.18 74.37 6 1991 75.33 71.O2 71 .11 69.45 74.43 71.72 72.59 73.85 75.36 72.40 77.15 78.69 78.99 72.a4 76,56 79.88 78.1s 71992 75.33 73.72 71.28 68.20 75,22 74.66 74.59 74.68 70.52 Urban+Rural 1 1986 70.4a 69.35 6s.90 65.27 68.98 68.80 64.69 68.95 73.78 62.31 68.53 73.16 70.35 74.22 2 1987 70.31 68.12 66.75 65.53 68.53 73.94 69.64 71 .61 71 .51 61 .60 68.00 72.39 71 .13 72.96 3 1988 4 1989 68.85 68.76 66.46 63.85 68.36 66.04 65.63 68.92 70.31 58.84 65.92 71 .20 71.81 73.22 5 1990 70.92 70.62 65.62 66.02 69.18 71 .44 68.22 74.59 72.75 62.47 68.89 73.07 70.s5 74.77 6 1991 71 .20 68.62 66.84 66.15 70.96 69.21 68.98 7J.39 73.16 63.18 68.99 73.42 70.70 75.05 7 1992 70.97 70.81 66.99 65.97 70.77 71.41 69.98 72.74 74.75 61.31 68.73 72.90 71 .36 74.45 B. FEMALE Urban
1 1986 29.50 15.60 26.68 25.87 18.99 24.89 21 .28 26.25 26.82 20.41 25.46 42.30 37.15 35.84 2 1987 30.70 17.13 24.42 25.66 17.86 22.57 22.56 27.14 21 .90 23.47 26.50 42.91 39.47 36.40 3 1988 4 1989 30.68 22.15 24.39 28.87 22.31 22.25 24.13 33.95 25.46 23.10 27.58 40.86 46.55 37.91 s 1990 32.67 20.60 30.70 30.44 16.07 18.05 28.78 33.94 nis 26.17 26.9r 44.60 47.70 39.06 6 1991 33.23 18.60 27.48 30.18 20.92 23.36 28.94 34.28 25.16 28.01 27.95 44.96 49.74 40.80 7 1992 33.8't 19.39 29.17 3?.77 21 .81 22.18 30.69 37.1 5 31 .67 27.e6 28.60 44.60 49.88 41 .27 Rural 1 1986 49.94 44.58 57.64 42.59 40.43 50.83 50.72 57.86 48.43 19.09 39.57 56.56 68.93 53.75 50.45 47.18 62.12 47.03 39.17 51.81 54.55 62.12 50.46 14.17 39.75 54.e6 64.22 51 .93 2 1987 3 1988 4 1989 51 .O3 46.95 60.08 43.94 44.16 42.61 53.25 62.57 52.21 39.63 57.74 68.40 54.36 51990 49.06 49.26 57.13 45.87 38.93 45.44 52.22 61 .32 48.21 37.70 54.98 69.84 51 .18 6'r991 4a-26 42.78 56.64 47.08 38.66 43.02 51 .77 61.60 48.27 36.37 54.75 68.45 50.76 71992 49.12 43.98 63.97 48.68 42.24 4s.50 57.30 58.71 49.09 38.80 53.99 68.95 48.60 Urban+Rural 11986 44.45 41.72 48.26 40.08 33.97 46.32 41.94 54.42 45.13 20.29 35.71 52.82 60.50 49.56 2 1987 44.83 44.02 50.03 43.74 32.47 45.86 44.79 58.15 46.07 22.55 35.77 5t.46 57.13 48.05 3 1988 4 t989 44.98 44.23 48.27 41 .61 36.89 38.92 43.76 59.29 47.94 23,10 35.93 52.78 61 .97 50.00 5 1990 44.04 46.09 48.18 43.38 30.81 40.18 44.33 58.13 45.36 26.17 34.30 51 .78 59.53 47,92 6 1991 43.36 38.62 45.69 43.51 32.80 38.40 44.67 55.56 45.21 28.01 33.32 51 .96 59.71 47.90 7 1992 43-97 39.56 50.52 45.06 35.41 40.05 49.03 53.50 46.72 27.86 34,92 51 .23 59.59 46.40 C. MALE + FEMALE Urban
1 2 3 4 5
1986 1947
A
1988 1989 1990 10Al
7
1992
34.81 34.63 45.16 38.09 44.45 36.18 46.85 38.91 47.74 37.44 47 -A2 38.33 44.35
39.60
45-21
38.51 41 .68
39.89 43.99 43.53 44.55
39.n
40.94 39.85 39.66 41.73
40.33 40.03 42.02 41.79
39.58
42.43 43.09 44.92 42.72
41
.63
37.95
.29
41 .70 41 .58
40.74 41
43.70 42.95 45.13 40.02
43.53
40.17
39.98 40.88 46.83 40.05 39.12 43.64 48.64 40.46 42.04 44.57 48.72 4t.50 42.75 45.10 51.76 46.47
.39 42.42 51 .40 43.82 48.61 43.27 52.46 47.29 48.50 41 .52 €.34 52.40 48.07 48.69 41.44 42.54 50.14 51 .13 49.44 41
42.64
44.34 45.42 44.47
44.23
45.60 45.27
Rural
11986 2 1987 3 1988 4 1989 5 1990 6 1991 7 1992
62.06 62.22 62.83 62.04
11986 2 1987 3 1988 41989 5 1990 6 1991 7 1992
57.28 57.39 57.65
57.71 58.69 60.29 58.94 61.94 60.77 61 .67 56.80 62.12 58.67
Urban*Rural
56.81
57.33 57.14 57.33
64.55 67.72 66.44 65.81
63.50 63.78 67.57
55.33 56.86 56.10 58,29 57.84 58.2 56.44 57.23 58.30 56.88 53,49 56.15 55.00 58.65
54.12
56.7? 55.50 54.23 56.63 57.73 57.96
56.41
55,53 56.66 57.98 56.15 56.44 58.60
(1 C<
(1 i?
54.25 53.00
50.71
51
.90
54.20 54.40 54.99
52.03 52.50 50.33 5'l .95
53.16
62.24 66.01
63.90 67.56 66.85 66.33 68.73 67,85 66.95
57.70 5s.22 60.09 57.03 53.62 54,86 52.67 54.57 56.19 56.23 53.99 s6.82 55.64 59,s5
61,62 64.91 64.03 64.08 66.35 63.63 63,37
61.12
59.67
tr
ar ln
60.12 57.60 59.81
62.50
64.72 63.il 56.79 60.65
62.52 62.64
63.02
44.83 41.33 42.99
62.97
E< na
6'r.53 62.09
54.37 55.95
63.21
59.62 59.14 59.40
4't,70 42.51
59.39 59.28
41
59.42 61.04
55.60 55.39 56.42 54.88
41
51.97 51 .79
.68 52.35 .44 51 .11
44.34 45.42 44.47
51 .62 51 .19
51.91
53.63 53.86 54.13 55.52 54.07 56.10
50.70 52.57 52.70
66.68 73.16 65.48 70.51
65.60 63.82
67
66.1 6
.17
71
.06
66.63 73.11
65.54
6s.99 74.19 64.69 65.80 73.40 64.61 65.13 74.17 63.06 62.73 65.25 .78 63.90 62.74 il.29 61.81 66.69 62.25 64,86 62.51 65.03 61
61.63 60.04 61 ,72
.37 60.94 61
61 .18
6t.91 65.25 60.01
File c:\reg\wk\emp\rg-llpr (7 September 1993, FMPT Project
1l
Tablo
:
4
Indon.
Bali
Labour Forco Participalion Rates by Region (Continuod) tq NTB
16
17
18
20
t9
21
22
23
Kalsel
Kaltim
Sulut Sulteng Sulsel Sultgg. Maluk. lrian J.
64.45
61 .03
61
.82 56.34 57.61 18:81 81fi8 E?:88 58.30 63.52 59.48
60.66
59.88 54.96
NTT Timtim Kalbar Kalteng
A. MALE
Urban
1 1986 59.46 2 1987 60.17 3 |988 4 1989 58.47 E 18E? 8t:3? 7 1992 62.25 Rural 1 1986 74.59 2 1987 74.33 3 1988 41989 73-23 5 1990 75.11 6 1991 75.33 7 1992 75.33 Urban+Rural 1'1986 70.48 2 1987 70.31 3 1988 4 1989 68.85 51990 70.92 '6 1991 71.20 7 1992 70.97
60.93 59.87
54.03 54.30
55.78 53.61
50.96 50.69
59.04 54.24 53.19 8A:?8 t?:88 tt.l? 65.73 60.02 60.31
59.47 66.19
51
6s.83 69.73
75.47 75.29
76.69 78.17
77.8a 73.56 76.78 80.17 79.36 74.97
76.47 76.76
76.58
7s.63
76.79 75.44 76.98 76.43
72.32 75.27 75.47 76.42
72.15 77,83 79.35 73.50
75.32
77.26 75.25 77.17
72.73 72.22
72.29 73.19
75.04 73.56 72.29 77.00 79.36 7A.22
73.9 t
75.45 70.58
72.94 73.98 74.40 73.11
71 .06
74.32 73.09 74.30 74.24
69,53
77.so 77.72 76.1s
73.37 71.91
73.85
74.91 79.39 79.43 77.70
74.91 67.70 79.39 71 .19 78.30 72.04 77.O4 72.45
.25 52.24
53.91
48.11 53.73
66.41
57.19
53.36 49.42
55.68
59.O7 60.64 63.36 52.42 58.19 54.95 52.45 60.50
70.54 74.22 72.19 75.54
70.57
75.33 72.15 72.A5 73.69 77.49 73.25 74.9s 76.40 73.42 73.86 75.32 77.63 79.99 76.56 74.76
70.48 74.15 75.52
74.73
74j6
74.94
Ergl 8?:il E?:EB t8:84 EE:98 t6:td 8A:1i 64.93 61 .94 62.80 56.66 56.97 53.43 65.81 76.11
75 93
69.58
69.14
71.21 68.93 70.45 7 1 .48 72.21 70.68 72.38 72.45
75.11
76.32 71.52
74.04 66.47 72.19 68.2A
73.96 84.62
70.36 65. 18 74.49 70.50 75.52 70.03 76.03 70.51
75.82 78.17
68.80 71.97 67.27 71.27 64.70 70.51 73.31 70.57 70.31 65.81
72.13
73.77
73.20
69.70 71.22 67.79 71.06 73.38 70.41 70,98 72.89 70.51 73.07 72.62 68.80
67.78
75.48
78.14
68.52 62.76 64.83 72.44 67.59 7?j6 72.74 65.83 74.99 72iA 66.62 72.87
B. FEMALE
Urban
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1986 29.50 46.21 35.85 32.26 19.25 28.40 25.86 27.91 32.57 22.74 14.72 23.20 25.03 29.09 1987 30.70 43.68 36.30 29.9S 19.44 39.76 28.8 r 32j1 38.65 27.41 25.04 30.22 24,53 25.54 1988 1989 30.68 43.47 32.02 30.81 18.27 34.56 25.86 28.57 36.38 31 .27 2't.49 26.17 21 .02 22.57 1990 32.67 49.53 38.58 33.01 23.1 5 37.10 25.50 27.O7 30.46 25.99 23.65 27.06 25.03 24.75 1991 33-23 49.39 39.08 36.20 36.48 22.9',t 35.66 27.80 29.68 30.01 30.13 2s.52 26.86 24.92 29.86 1992 33.81 50.42 38.59 34.37 29.90 26.41 32.29 29.92 28.29 30.22 31.58 24.85 26.71 29.92 31.88 Rural 1 1986 49.94 64.95 56.78 67.29 51.03 s9.57 s3.37 62.22 41 .71 37.62 42.46 26.69 53,55 38.02 63.27 2 1987 50.45 68.28 61.35 75.72 54.25 59.29 55.39 58.58 55.29 46.08 42.45 32.34 44.03 24.60 76.82 3 1988 4 1989 51.O3 70.'13 s7.67 63.89 54.70 54.35 53.38 63,33 45.98 41 .42 49.23 29.94 52.40 37.30 50.07 5 1990 49.06 66.69 52.66 65.16 56.39 58.91 s4.76 57.16 46.12 40.71 43.51 32.49 50.85 32.15 60.51 6 1991 4A.26 6s.96 52.22 64.03 55.08 53.08 53.16 56.83 43. t 4 37.44 40.94 30.96 53.67 35.75 59.37 7 1992 49.12 67.99 54.67 61.81 54.91 63.15 49.69 s8.s3 47.7s 33.20 4t.61 31.87 49.39 42.49 55.21 Urban+Rural 1 1986 44.45 61 .45 52.87 64.30 51 .03 51 .19 49.58 53.88 3s.66 36.62 40.58 25.13 50.50 36.12 55.29 ? 1987 44.83 63.26 56.25 71 .59 54.25 50.38 52.82 51.81 45.03 44.55 40.92 30.92 42.63 24.59 65.70 3 1988 4 1989 44.98 64.51 s2.53 60.67 5470 4s.96 50.34 54.40 38.07 40.40 47 .32 28.27 49.75 34.65 43.43 5 1990 44.04 63.01 49.73' 62.04 56.39 50.56 51 .72 49.54 37.50 38.57 4t.69 30.73 48.33 30.98 s2.OO 6 1991 43.36 61 .38 49.90 60.80 s3.63 46.25 49.67 48.58 36.15 35.59 38.99 29.04 48.75 33.40 51 ]2 7 1992 43.97 62.86 51.79 58.40 52.96 55.01 46.08 50.21 37.46 32.46 39.61 30.02 4s.04 39.59 4s.oe C. MALE
Urban
1 1986 2 1987 3 1988 4 1989 5 1990 61991 7 1992
53.47 51.49 45.16 55.31 44.35 45.21
44.45 46.85 47.74
51
.15
55.38 57,50 47.82 57.96
45.00 45.27 44,46 43.24 48.79 48.37 49.44
42.29 40.88 42.33 41 .87 43.85
66.57
72.40 77.85 75.69 70.01 70.04 70.20 68.87
47.02
47.55
1 t
35.82 42.92 41 .49 39.60
40.18 38.55 42.50 38.53 41 .99 39.01 41 .20 46.08 38.81 43.68 46.54 40j2 41.79
39.18 49.12 38.71 45,68 36.s7 43.79 35.25 39.92 38.70 44.75 38.11 49.42 41.59 49.50
65.36 63.68 67.29 64.56 69.96 61 .91
70.37 59.90 54.01 66.08 66.26 59.'r I 69.1 6 63.73 56.60 69.1s 61.65 56.78 65.43 62.59 s7.19 66.4s 59.33 5s.97 68.00 64.89 55.39
s8.26 47,54 63.59 59.25 51.37 57.91 59.47 51 .49 60.93 6't.42 48.97 60.94 59.71 51.83 62.55 58.45 52.07 64.33 58.60 51.53 62.23
52-49 68.88 46.01 80.77 49.97 70.52 51.77 s9.28 51.37 68.5r 53.14 69.37 56.50 65.5s
61.93 61.61 60.55 64.02 58.94 62.00 57.20 59.85
64.54 60.90 62.31 62.54
53.53 52.54 57.86 57.46 54.25 55.08 54.30 55.01 59.95 55.26 54.93 60.19 54.14 53.37 61 .19 55.55 53.08
56.26 45.20 60.71 57.33 49.28 56.33 57.53 48.90 58.85 59.56 46.88 58.70 57.95 49.24 60.28 56.24 48.66 60.49 56.32 48.52 58.20
50.59 64.18 44.90 72.22 47,86 63.90 49.16 54,57 49.30 62.64 49.88 64.14 53.08 61 .27
37,52 35.35 41
51,28
.16
44.26 42.67
43.72 53.45 48.15 45.50 48.93 49.03 47.89
Bural
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
62.06 62.?2
62.83 62.04 61.94 61.67 62.12
Urban+Rural
1 1986 2 1987 3 1988 4 1989 5 1990 61991 7 1992
70.11 71.71
69.61
74.22 66.73 73.35 66.38 72.02 64.47 71.75 63.34 72.02 65.54
66.99 62.47 67.63 64.59 57.65 70,24 61 .92 56.81 68.70 6t,60 57.33 68.43 61 .1 4 57.14 67.80 60.60 57.33 67.92 62.54 57.28
s7.39
62.73 67.43 6e.95 65.31 68.11 67.45 66.71
69.57 62.73 74.20 67.43 72.30 68.95 67.17 65.31 . 67.33 68.t1 67.31 66.20 66.10 65,46
FEMALE
44.92 45.25 46.34 43.77 47.31 50.47 39.83 42.59 49.04 41 .02 45.12 48.01 42.41 46.31 46.12 44,40 49.04 45,05 44,52 46.72 45.94
38. r 36.9
51 .86
+
68.30 67.34
6t.15 59.30 63.95
64.81
66.16 65.02 62.66 66.39 66.47
63.45 63.10 59.06
3-
38.02 35.62 40.02 40.85
L2
Labour Force Participation Rates INDONESIA 80
70
I=-l
+
o60 \v
'\(
I
H S+o 30
a____-----+:
1986 r-
Male
1987
(U/R)
Female
Urban
1988
i989 (U/R)
|
Female
O
Female Rural
1990 r-
1991,
1992
Male*Female (U/R)
Source: Sakernas Data BAPPENASIRMPT Project September 1993
413
Labour Force Participation Rates NORTH SUMATRA 80
-L
o60 cn so
s40
*--== 1985 r
Male
_ t987
(U/R)
-r- Female Urban
19&3
1989 (U/R)
O
Female
e
Female Rural
1990
1991
.r- Male+Female
r9S2
(U,1R)
Source: Sakernas Data
BAPPENASIRMPT Project September
1993
-5 1.1
Labour Force Participation Rates WEST JAVA
l____.-_r + o60 t
Sso S+o
nA 1986
1987
1988
1989
I
Male (U/R)
a Female (U/R)
q-
Female Urban
O
Female Rural
Source: Sakernas Data BAPPENAS/RMPT Project September 1993
6-
1990
1991
^- Male*Female (UR)
Labour Force Participation Rates CENTRAL JAVA
+
o65 r{ .9
oo
rT(
-t
Nso
1985
1987
1988
1989
Male (U/R)
I
Female (U/R)
cl- Female Urban
e
Female Rural
-
1990 r-
1991
t992
Male+Female (U/R)
Source: Sakernas Data
BAPPENAS/RMPT Project September 1993
7l6
Labour Force ParticiPation Rates EAST JAVA
80
r-..-.------.---.-r
+ ,'.
60
.v_____
.=>------.---*io--\=
"----_--.t___-_-€,
^"
5U
l}=-----_--.
--o
xQ
b\
o
o
D__-----E 1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
.Male(U/R).Female(U/R)r-Male*Female(UiR) .+- Female
Urban
O
Female Rural
Source: Sakernas Data BAPPENASiRMPT Project September 1993
.B
I7
Labour Force ParticiPation Rates WEST KALIMANTAN 80
*t, 70
J.
60
t1
5s0 !i
4il
xQ
s\
20
10
tl---=--r-J
1e86
1987
(U/R) .+- Female Urban -
Male
1988
1989 (U/R)
O
Female
e
Female Rural
1990 r-
1991
1992
Male+Female (U/R)
Source: Sakernas Data BAPPENAS/RMPT Project September 1993
-9 t_3
Labour Force Participation Rates SOUTH SULAWESI 80
]---+
_-r
60
5so 3oo xQ
a\
30
20
10
ztt
---,-u 3'
1986 1987 -a- Male (U/R) -+- Female Urban
1989 O Female (U,4R) 1988
t990
r99r
1992
^- Male+Female (U/R)
e> Female Rural
Source: Sakernas Data BAPPENAS/RMPT Project September 1993
-10l9
Labour Force Participation Rates EAST NUSA TENGGARA 90
+
70
660
5)u \Q
o\ 40
*.-_=.*--_=-, 30
1986
1987
(U/R)
-
Male
.:-
Female
Urban
1988
1989
O Female (U/R) O
1990 ^
r99t
1992
Male+Female (UiR)
Female Rural
Source: Sakernas Data BAPPENAS/RMPT Project September 1993
2A
Secri.on 2"3
REGIONAL MANPOWBR PLAIINING AND TRAINING PROJBCT (RMPT Bureau of Manpower, National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) (World Bank Professional Human Resources Development Loan 3134-IND) Project Office: Jl. Taman Suropati 2, Iakarrz 103 t0 INDONESIA Tel.: 62 (21) 390 1279. Fax.: 62 (21) 390 t28l
RMPT/REG Mr. Albert de Groot LTA-97 Project, Bidang Regional BAPPENAS
2 August
1-993
Jakarta
c.c. Mr. A. A. Machrany, Head, Manpower Bureau, BAPPENAS Dear Albert, Re: REPELITA VI Regional Enplolment Projections As per our discussions of yesterday on the above subject, I enclose the following tables: 1. REP VI Projected Employment Additions by Sector (9 sector) from the Manpower Bureau; 2. REP VI Projected Employment by individual year by sector and annual compound growth rates from the Manpower Bureau; 3. REP Vf Projected Employment by province from the Manpower Bureaur.
4.
Employment
by sector and province, 1980, 1985 and 1-990
(a11
5.
Employment growth rates l-980-90 and 1985-90 by sector province (census data) ;
and
6.
Percentage Distribution of Employment by sector and province for 1990 (census data).
census data);
As you can see fron the above, the Manpower Bureau makes use of census data rather than the Sakernas data for its projection work. For the sake of consistenCy, the sectoral and provincial ernplolrunent totals of table 2 and 3 should ideally match your own employment forecasts by region and sector. I look forward to discussing the above with you in the near future. Yours sincerely, R
-4:_
<4\i P-
--R_-*
*_->
shafiq----Dhanani Project Team Leader 21"
REGIONAL MANPOWER PLANNING AND TRAINING PROJECT (RMPT) Bureau of Manpower, National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) (World Bank Professional Human Resources Development Loan 3134-II{D) Project Office: Jl. Taman Suropati 2, Iakarta 10310 INDONESIA Tel.'. 62 (21) 39O 12'19. Fax.; 62 (Zt) 390 l28l
29 September
RMPT/REG
1993
Dr. John Herbert DSP
J1. Teuku Cik Ditiro, Jakarta L0310
29 A.
Dear John
Prelininary Provincial Emplolment Projections for
REPETITA
vI
As per our telephone conversation of this morning, please find enclosed a series of (untidy) tables on the above subject.
I an presently re-estinating historical output-employment elasticities for the L9B0-90 period using adjusted sectoral employment figures for each of the 27 provinces, to make them more comparable to the later 1985 Supas and 1990 census figures. I wiII let you have these next week, however f do not expect the provincial employnent growth estimates and my estimated growth rate of employment in Indonesia of some 2.32 p.a. will changre much from those given here. Please note that the BAPPENAS Bureau of Manpower still uses a much higher fiqrure of 2.9? p.a., essentially based on the BPS estimate of labour force annual growth of a s j-mj-lar magnitude, and assuming an unchanged unemployment rate corresponding to that of l-990. Best regards, Yours sincerely,
-+"Hr-."i=:: Proier:f Team Leader
Iable I Projected Employment Growth by province REPELTTA Vf (000) 1
Sumatra 1 Aceh
993
1
15_54?
17995
,413 4,1 03 1,574
1,607 4,600 1,745 1,935 1,105 3,216 693 3,1 63
1
2 Sumut 3 Sumbar 4 Riau 5 Jambi 6 Sumsel 7 Bengk B Lampung
1,461
939 2,721 598 2,733
Java 9 Jakarta 1 0 Jabar 11 Jateng 12 Yogya 13 Jatim
Bali+ NT 14 Bali 15 NTB 16 NTT 17 Timtim
18 Kalbar 19 Kalteng 20 Kalsel 21 Kaltim
Increase Workers
2A4
o/o
p.?. 2.9
194 496
2.6 2.3
171
2.1
375 166 495 95 431
4.7 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.0
4!l !
2.9
{8,45!
512q1
3,112 13,782 13,107 1,524 14,925
3,577 15,748 14,339 1,627 15,969
4,904
5.539
1,456 1,578 340
1,605 1,748 1,802 383
218 224 44
2.7 2.7 2.4
!Lg]
4,972
I,CC/ 659
0&t
3.0
1,779
222 109
3.1
2.9 3.6
1,531
Kalimantan
998
1
FF-
1,216
768 1,404
465 1,966 1,232 103 1,044
2.8 2.7
_615
2.s
149
1.8 1.3 1.4
n
2.7
855
1,021
188 166
Sulawesi
4.818
22 Sulut 23 Sulteng 24 Sulsel 25 Sultengar
5,479
660
1,028 769 2,420
2_9
1,161
133 86 343
2.5 2.1
9B
3.1
Mal. + l.Ja 26 Maluku 27 lrian Jaya Indonesia
601
854 2,763 700
1 ,513_
1,770
256
3_2
718 795
840 929
122 134
3.2 3.2
77,516
86,994
9,469
2.3
File GRS-GDP.wk3 (RMpT project t4 September tggs)
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Sec
Shafiq Dhanani Team Leader Regional Manpower Planning and Training Project
rion
2 ..fr
RMPT/BAPPENAS Proiecr
OFFICE MEMORANDI.IN,I Reference: RMPT/REG
To: Mr. A.A.
Date: 18 October 1993
Machrany
Head, Bureau of Manpower,
BAPPENAS
Re: Enployment projections by Status and Province, 1993
1998
Alternative one 1-. with respect to our telephone conversation this morning, r have sent by fax initial projections using Census trends in employment status for the period 19BO 1990 (4 pages). Because the employment status is quite variable in census data, the trends may not be too relj-able without prior adjustment of the data. 2. The Ievel of two categories in particular is also quite different between census and labour force data for L99O: Employers: 1.5 vs. 0.8 Fanily Workersi 26.5 vs. 19.9 This means that we cannot be sure which data to rely on for projecting employment status in Repelita VI. Alternati_ve Two 3. As per your request, I attach alternative projections using census base year figures for employment, and Sakernas shares in employment status. Because of the very d.ifferent status profiles mentioned above, these projections are indicative only, and shoul-d be used in conjunction with prior necessary adjustrnents (6 pages including this cover sheet).
With best regards
9s r:= \
Shafiq Dhanani
33
Projections Using Census Data
34
Table: Trends in Employment Status, 1961 - 1990 (Census Data) 1
961
1971
Emploved Self-Employed Employer Employee Family Worker Not Stated
1
975
1
100.0 36.7 3.8 33.7 25.9
980
100.0 51.6 1.8 28.1
17.8 0.6
Trends in Employment Status,
I97I
-
1
985
100.0 45.0 1.2 30.1 23.7
rr
>t
e30 F
r'l
xQ
s\ 20
1971
1980
r9'15
-;- Self-Employed
l
*
=
Employee
RMPT Project (File cs-statu.wk3, 7 October 1993)
Employer Family Worker
1985
990
100.0 43.6 1.5 34.9 19.8 o.2
90 (Census Data)
F
r
1
Table: Trends in Employment Status, 1961 1
E.A.P.
961
Unemployed
54.0 2.9
Emploved
51.1
Self
1
1
199O (Census Data)
975
1
-Employed
980
1
985
1
50.2
s2.9
0.8
1.1
54.7 1.7
50.2
49.4 25.5 0.9 13.9
51.8 23.3 0.6 15.6 12.3
53.0 23.1 0.8 18.5 10.5
1.9 16.9 13.0
B.B
0.3 46.0 10.0 30.s 5.5
990
51.2 1.0
'18.4
Employer Employee Family Worker Not Stated
Not in L.F. At School House Keeping Other Not Stated
971
-
48.7 13.9 24.5 9.2
0.1
49.8 18.0
21.3 1n q
47.O
45.3
21.7 17.3 8.0
18.8 7.4
19.1
1.1
+40
xQ
Q\
1n
--.-.^------.-*-..--.__.-*----.....-
l
'oI
=
,
=
I
I
1961
r 071
-.- Self-Employed r s Family Worker _;
t975
Employer
1980 ^-
l9B5
1990
Employee
Employed
RMPT Project (File cs-statu.wk3, 7 October 1993)
th
Status Trcnds: Urban
+ l{ur:rl/lvl:rlc + l;ctnrtlc (% l'opulation 10+) E
tat'--F
1985
19E0
-.e
Self-Employed Employecs
+ ,.-
Sclf-EmploYcd + Family Workcrs
I
Employers
Status Trcnds: UrbarVMalc (% Population
10*)
1980
Self-Employcd
-.s
Employccs
. e
I
Sclf-EmPloYcd +
EmPloYcrs
Family Workers
Status Trsnds: UrbarVFcmalc (% Population
t0*)
1980
. a
Self-Employed Employees
. e
Self-EmPloYed
*
r
Employers
Family Workers
1d
Status Trcnds: Rural/Malc (Vo P
1980
19E5
-.- Sclf-Employctl e Employees
r *r-
Sclt-Employcd -r
1930
(% Population 10+)
1985
Selt-Employcrl Employe
Employcrs
Family Workcrs
Status Trcnds: Rural/Female
-aa
^-
es
o ;.
Sclf*Employed +
r
Employcrs
Family Workers J9
b
+
u,l
AI
pr
iS q
+ p
hlvt
'2^/ ,=!
a-q
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+ 0d 6W
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+
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+
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I
6\
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to t1
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a
rt
^1
f?
40
rl@ : Trends in Ernployment slatus, 'l 9Bo - 199o, census Data (% Total Emptoyment)
19BO 1985
1990
1980 1985
1990
INDONESIA
25.5 23-A
19.3
26.1
21 -2
24.2
1.7
1.2
1.5
24.2
SUMATRA
27.3.2!.3 25.2 23.9 24.4 20.4 34.1 25.1 33.1 34.0 32.4 32.9 22j 23.0 25.2 1e.4 31.O 26.0
1a-7
22.7
28.O
1.9
1 .-l
1.5
24.8
Jt.6 zz.J zv .o
2.4
1.V
t.J
na no
2.O
15.7 2A.2
23.7
2.3
na
2o-1 22.! 17.5 17 ,8 25.1 29.4 19.7 23.4
2.7
za,v
4t
'1.6
21 .7
23.7
29.5
21 .3
22.4
28.1
34.1 31 .7
1.9
14.9 14.2
18.6
25.6
.8 20.3 9.6 11.7
'19.8
17.2 18.3 19.7
31.O 34.9 29.3 30.9 24.4 30.8 33.4 40.1 s 1 .0
19.2
23.7
19.9
1.3
7.5
22.3 /.d
1.8
14.9
t.Y
20.6
24.9
22s
z.z z,J
z.z
1g.z
z3.I
24.5
1.4
0.8
14.4 2O.2
zJ-
24.1
U.J
U.O
zz.2
1.4
0.9
.'r
0.6
PROVINCES
i. Dista. Aceh l. Sumatera Utara l. Surnatera Barat L Riau i. Jambi i. Sumatra Selatan /. Bengkulu l. Lampung
JAVA Jakarta l. Jawa Barat 1. Jawa Tengah
23.9 18.7 27.6 20.9 l. Dista. Yogyakarta 18.0 l. Jawa Timur 25.3 ). DKI
BAL| +
NT
L Bali i. Nusa Tenggara
j. Nusa Tenggara '. Timor Timur
28.3 26.0 B 31.0 T 28.0
KALIMANTAN 25.0 Barat 23.8 Teng. 21 .1 Selat€ 27.5 Timur 27.0
Kalimantan '. Kalimantan ). ). Kalimantan . Kalimantan
23.0 24.7 24.5 21 .8 16.0 23.0
30.9
13.9 17.9 21 .s 17.9
,t.t.Y JI.J JU.<
23.8
2s.Q
27.2
+ lFlJ/ 24.5 22.1 Maluku 29.6 ZB.Z .lrian Jaya 18.9 16.1 ISLAI 27.5 22.9
23.9 23.O 28.4 25.1
CS_ST-PR.
23.2
17.5
MALUKU
Outer Java
l
22.4 16.5 ZO.7 27.l ZZ.Z
.
Java
24.1 21 .1
31 .3
sulAwEst 35.9 32.3 Utara 32.7 Zg.2 Tengah 3.l.3 25.s Selatan 38.3 gB.O Tenggar 36.7 ZZ.A
EASTERN
223
23.2 17.9 25.6 2O.z 30.3 21.0 15.9 t3.l 19.3 16.9
Sulawesi ;. Sulawesi . Sulawssi ;. Sulawesi t.
19.7 15.2
QAA
26.4 .to..c
z!+.o
20.8
et q
21.1
23.4
20.5 .0 24.3 21
.o
26.5 23.4 14
1990
1.1
JU. Y
o.z
zv
1980 1985
26.4
.Z
.4 25.8 31
23.6 Z3.J 29.7 27.4
1.7
.r
1.5 1.O o.7
23.3 26.7 25.3 29.9 28.4 27.8
1.2
zJ.J
ZI .4
0.8
1q
1.O
o.8
t.J
1.1
0.6 1.0
U.Y
1.5
1.4
21.7 26.5 22.0 23.9 23.2 27.1 20.1 27.O 26.5 28.3
1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9
1.'l 1.4 1.0 1.2
| / .o
35.7 40€ 62.6 72.2 36.9 43.0 33.3 36.4 .tJ.u s7.4
1.2 1.3 1.8
17.3
17.5 25.O 25.7 34.2 21 .3 26.8 7.8 16.3 1.5 18.9
21.7 32.1 ? 18.2 24.6 , 19.6 23j t 26.8 44.2 4 {\r.u
20.2 26.a 16.9 21 .5 16.4 24.4
24.7 33.3 ? 28.2 40.7 3 31 .7 34.1 2
1.9 1.5 4.2
18.7
14.7
.Y
33.O
0.8 0.4
34.0
25.2 31.3
19.3 29.4 19.6 31.5 18.8 28.1 13.1 27.2 13.8 21.7 16.4 25.9 22.2 31.'l 23.5 37.4 24.1 32.9
32.1
u.b
I.J
21 .7
23.7
16.6 20.o l 3.6 4.6 12.2 15.4 20.4 23.1 26.9 32s t 17.6 22.5
U.Y
0.4
17
?5.6
17.A
33.4
U.J
u.o
34.9
30.1
1
1.4 1.8 1.7 1.'l 0.9 1.4
0.5
).2
1980 1985 1990 1980 1985
f .1 1q
67.4 31.1 31 .2
24.5
23.3 21.6 I .6
40
.o
'1
17.9 12.7 15.0 1V,< Qne
1.5 1.5 2.4 .2 1.5
18.4 24.2 14.4 17.9 13.8
'18.s
33.4
25,5 41.1
..:
zv,o
4Y
,c
17.1 23.3
z 2
19.4 24.124.3 28.0 15.8 21.1 9.6 24.4 14.2 19.0
1 .2 25.4 2 16.4 24.0 2 205 34.5 2 '14 .4 21 .1 19.7 36.6 2
1B.B 23.8 "17.1 26j
z6.z
27,1
22.5
28.2
18.6
31.1
25.7.
18.9
t.0
1A 'l
14.4
J t.o
<1.U
25.4 ZJ,Z
o.9 0.6 .1 0.8 0.7 0.3
1.9
JU. /
27.5
27.3
Z3.O
2.9
tJ.t
20.4
21.7
2!.1. 32.7 2', 20.o 26.3 2 28.7 39.0 3
18.O
31.3
26.3
26.6
1.O
0.6
1.4
17.6
17.8
24.8
22.2 32.2
19.2 19.5
23.7 30-4
19.9 23.4
22-3 27.3
1.8 1.6
1.3
1.4 1.5
33.4
35.7 20.7
40.9
16.6 20.O 1t 20.1 29"9 2e
f .J
v.t
'1
't.O
1
19.O
'1
25.3
1
47
2t
Table
:
Projected Employment by Status by Province, 1993 (Censt Total
Sumatra 1 Aceh 2 Sumut 3 Sumbar 4 Riau 5 Jambi 6 Sumsel 7 Bengk 8 Lampung
Java
2,274 4,204 243 433 442 821 262 463 291 348 147 296 408 763 91 189 390 890
206 26 29 33 43 13 39 4 19
383 1,253 392
7.926 10.217
558 21,068
7.so3
254 3,068 3,186 336 3,373
2,362
77 1,600 2,586 425 2,815
414
2,4A2 2,238
196 2,676
Bali+ NT 14 Bali 15 NTB 16 NTT 17 Timtim
Kalimantan
22 23 24 25
Kalbar Kalteng Kalsel Kaltim
Sulut Sulteng Sulsel Sultengar
1.210
596
1,076
298 389 423 100
229
441 174 320
115
141
1.001 215 't22 570 94
1.278
242 144 98
Mal. + l.Jav
Outer Java
641 257 248 90 46 143 109
26 Maluku 27 lrian Jaya
Indonesia
e54 2,766 608 2,779
341 1,605 447 503 225 648 140 572
9 Jakarta 0 Jabar 11 Jateng 1 2 Yogya 13 Jatim
Sulawesi
274 886 180 909
4,577
1
18 19 20 21
301
58 15,802 10 1,437 20 4,171 3 1,600 (o) 1,486
4.482
247 195 663 174
393 166
226
12,681 18,378
51 154 127 14 212
6,856 5,194 578 6,079
(2) 23 5 (1)
{4E) 47.228 3,163 6 (67) (8) 2 22
14,013 13,324 1,550 1 5,1 78
13 4,988 6 1,480 (1) 1,557 7 1,606 1 345
66 1.464 18 586 34 457 330 I 591
1,594
98 26 41 18 13
1,224
0
4.358
563
(1) (0) 0 5
1,583
66 14 21 21 10
1,359 410 195 349 405
315 429 747 102
151
319 190
671
1,235 869
1.199
37
4.897
132
198
6 4 23 4
1,045 781
681
250 248 503
456
Z
1,540
187
269
7 (1)
731 809
1,033 30,093 16,552
76
78,813
39 7 32
1
,316 312 191
403 219 184
4,755 8,161 475 9,024
9,049
2,460 611
120 31,585
ST-REP6-WK3 +z
Table
:
Projected Employment by Status by Province, 1998 (Cens Total
Sumatra 1 Aceh 2 Sumut 3 Sumbar
1_ggg 238 287 191
4 Riau 5 Jambi 6 Sumsel 7 Bengk 8 Lampung
290 112 413 83
276
7,664
Java
2,244 2,307
Jabar 11 Jateng 12 Yogya 13 Jatim
209
479 790 515 442 359 860 203 1,069
27 14 38 59
11.201
418
9 Jakarta '10
4.716
184
2,511
306 3,433 3,487 325 3,650
448 1,282 242 279 200 447 (3s) 434 41 122
Bali+ NT 14 Bali 15 NTB 16 NTT 17 Timtim
Kalimantan
514
1.177
18 19 20 21
Kalbar Kalteng Kalsel Kaltim
76 118 227 92
480 194 358 145
Sulawesi 22 23 24 25
Sulut Sulteng Sulsel Sultengar
875 1,469 201 284 92 203 522 774 61 208 240 436 145 176 96 260
Mal.
+ l.Jav
26 Maluku 27 lrian Jaya
Indonesia Outer Java
11
,631 24,282
3,967
9,081
6,015
5,841 433 2,060 559 699 294 820 199 777
486 1,624 515 430 378 1,184 228 1,175
503 25,921
q,373
14
44 3 10
52 82 120 15
233
84 18
47
I I
2,875 77 9,010 ,830 6,219 2,855 705 468 7,112 3,143 1
1
.937 753 582 467 135
68 19,738 1,677 4,796 1,920 1,916 1,152 3,353 723
14
2s 3 {4) (6) 33 6 (4)
3,301
fi 9q) 53,4q1
2
0 12
3,730 16,424 14,951 1,698 16,661
14 8 (4) 8 2
5-,780 1,674 1,824 1,882 400 5,1 84 1,855
(175) (36)
2.016 374 552 999 92
135 33 64 22 16
1,840
1.516
?
563
706
271
156
452 553
404 250
(3) (2) (1)
68 15 27 14 12
1,741
1,551 320 316 648 267
7
802 1,463 1,064
241 336
48 5,712 7 1,210 4 891 31 2,882 5 729 q 1,847 11 877 (2) e70
1,056 37,767 20,448
(58) 90,726
384 248
892 176
57 527 8 297 49 231 554 11,846
577
1'1,674
t
40
37,262
A1
Table
:
Projected lncrease in Emptoyment by Status by Province, 1993 - 1998 (Census Data) Total
Sumatra 1 Aceh
2 Sumut 3 Sumbar 4 Riau 5 Jambi 6 Sumsel 7 Bengk 8 Lampung
Java 9 Jakarta 1 0 Jabar 11 Jateng
.
13 Jatim
Bali+ NT 14 Bali 15 NTB 16 NTT 17 Timtim Kalimantan 18 Kalbar '19 Kalteng 20 Kalsel 21 Kaltim
(5)
103 367
I
2,936 240 626 220 430
4 5 (0) (3) (4) 10 2 (4)
(262)
985
870
fi_EO 6,236
52 364
2 (72)
(0)
301
(7) {I
567 2,411 1,627 148 1 ,483
(71) (2)
(3s) 4
(1) (10)
5s 205
123 129 104 298 49 266
(12)
(10)
(166)
278
21
513 2,155 1,024 128 1,033
fi s3)
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18
474
422
(15) (4e)
(1e) 58
{I
167
13
125
(125)
11
I
59 122 252
(5)
22
3
{q3l
101 39 20 38 4
(67)
I
(1)
(23)
Sulut Sulteng Sulsel Sultengar
(15) (30) (48) (34)
Mal. + l.Jav
1.438
(7) (114)
(155)
028)
26 Maluku 27 lrian Jaya
3 1.359 192 (15) 455 111 5 16 196 069 172 5
46 (31) 52 94 62 97 14 179
Sulawesi
190 36 8
112 34
TA
44
0
10 33
(2)
lndonesia (1,050) Outer
513
4 (158) 69
l2Yogya
22 23 24 25
(385)
1,904
Java (788)
920
137
231
522
(4)
(108)
269 43 328
(28) (2) (10)
1
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826
44
(1 1)
480
292
153 76 103 149
143
? 384 072 657 (7) 211 344 18 124 178 17 47
352
37 7 23 4 3
197 587 115
5 85 60
70 68 145 69
122 54 68
1 194 (3) 268 1 277 155 273
(1) (1) 2
131
228 195
11 1 0 I 1
814 166 109 421
118
? 3 (2)
23 7,674
3,496
(133)
78 2,822
2,626
2A
307 146 161
11
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47
)te : Trends in Employment Status, 1986 -1992
(Sakernas Data) 6 Total
986 1 987 1 988 1 989 1 990 1
1
991
1992 'l986 1 987 1 988 1 989 1 990 1
991
1992 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1
4908s83 13903369 14298078 14362835 14931076 15437307 15744624 1
5324370 1 6350996 16422238 17182914 1
1
793751
4401 65
17580524
442236 s05334
868981 8
498781 592667 641817
1
754383s 18277794
1
65901 3
1
9957594
126951
19177124 19781672 21076453 22373691 23022905
21014165 22111497 2'1597900 2131 1 706 20425559 20814036
8s9 3828 792 1167 970
25.7 26.5 26.4 26.9
29.2 29.8 30.5 29.4
27.8
28.1
0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
30.0
26.5 26.2
33.1
23.2
1
1
68338' 7O4O2t
72s181 734241 758501
76423' 7851 8i
Percentage
20.1 20.1
23.3 23.s
0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9
24.6
24.1
1.1
21.8 19.7 19.7 19.6 19.7 20.2
22.4 23.2 22.6 23.4 23.6 23.4
* Self-Employed . --*- E*ployee " Sk-statu
26.7
29.3 29.3
Self-Employed Family Worker
I-
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Employer
MPT Project (15 October 1993) File
4c]
Table:
Empfoyment Status by Province, 1990 Sakernas Data (% Total Employmer Employment Status
PROVINCE
TOTAL
5
2 20.1
23.3
0.8
29.3
26.5
100.0
SUMATRA 1 Dista. Aceh 2 Sumatera Utara 3 Sumatera Barat 4 Riau 5 Jambi 6 Sumatra Selatar 7 Bengkulu 8 Lampung
18.8 20.6
26.5
o.8
19.9
27.1
18.2 22.8 25.2
23.8 26.8 21.7 27.4 28.8 34.0 28.5
1.6 o.7 0.6
18.1
34.1 35.6 32.9 27.3 27.2 30.9 36.3
15.2 14.7
40.5
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
JAVA 9 DKI Jakarta 10 Jawa Barat 11 JawaTengah 12 Dista. Yogyakart 13 Jawa Timur
20.2
INDONESIA
23.1
16.2 14.0 15.6
1.1
0.8 0.5 0.7 0.7
21.5 6.3
0.9 2.2
20.2 23.7 26.2 22.9
0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8
17.5 24.2 17.9 11.9 11.6
26-5
KALIMANTAN 18lGlimantan Bara 19 lGlimantan Tenl 20 t(alimantan Sela 21 lGlimantan Timr
22.2 22.3
15.1
24.3 22.5 24.8 18.2
3s.8 65.2 40.2 30.7
36.1
21.7 4.2
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
31.6
16.4 27.0 30.8 24.0
0.6
19.3
36.0
22.6 28.7 28.0 27.4
0.6 0.8 0.6 0.3
28.5 19.5 10.8 16.8
24.0 33.2 48.8 43.9
21.0
25.5
0.7
18.9
33.9
15.5 19.3 27.6 22.8
28.3 29.5 25.3 17.7
0.7 1.0 0.4 0.7
14.5 14.8 17.8 32.',l
41.0 35.4 28.9 26.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
SUI.AWESI 22 Sulawesi Utara 23 SulawesiTengal 24 Sulawesi Selatal 25 Sulawesi Tengg
24.4 24.2
o.7
19.1
31.6
100.0
0.8 0.5 0.9 0.4
2'8
26.9 15.6
24.1 25.2 23.6 22.8 28.4
15.0
27.0 35.5 30.3 40.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
MALUKU + IHJ 26 Maluku 27 lrian Jaya
20.3
27.8
0.8
19.6
31.5
23.6 17.0
24.4 31.1
0.6 1.0
19.5 19.8
31.9 31.1
100.0 100.0 100.0
East. lslands
18.1
26.8
0.7
19.4
35.0
100.0
Java Outer Java
20.2 19.8
21.5
0.9 0.7
35.8 19.5
21.7
3&8
100.0 100.0
BALI
+ NT
14 Bali 15 Nusa Tenggara 16 Nusa Tenggara 17 Timor Timur
17.8
14.3 20.7
23.1
26.1
28.1
17.3 19.1
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
49
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Table
:
Projected Employment by Status by Province, 1993 (Sakernas Data)
Sumatra 1 Aceh
2 Sumut 3 Sumbar 4 Riau 5 Jambi 6 Sumsel 7 Bengk 8 Lampung
449
85 434
124
3,134
390 994 429
23
3n
16 7 15 4 20
217 1,015 360 368 174 500 92
258 798 207 791
31
I
701
222
2,833 3,164 405 3,469
125 100 9
867 358 278 191 40
1,325
32
335 446 449 95
10 12
Kalimantan
914
29
Kalbar Kalteng Kalsel Kaltim
245 129 198
1,111 448 198 312 154
1,191 253
1,193 264
36
Jakarta Jabar Jateng Yogya Jatim
14 Bali 15 NTB 16 NTT 17 Timtim
Sulawesi 22 Sulut 23 Sulteng 24 Sulsel 25 Sultengar
Mal.
+ l.Jav
26 Maluku 27 lrian Jaya
lndonesia Outer Java
3,125 2,369 3,135
341
662
185 561
95
174
181
310 173 137
430
6,267
71
127
I 1
11
7 5 6
9 4 22 2
178
12 4
252
8
15,820 18,306 8,237
5,371 15.802
407
511 1,437 1,371 4,172 437 1,600 404 1,485 295 955 1,006 2,767 220 608
1,126 2,778
432 17.016 10,158 47,228
198
Bali+ NT
18 19 20 21
374 220
4.188
9.552 10,069
Java 9 10 11 12 13
2,985 296 761 365
2,062 5,631 4,092 436
4,795
132 2,298 3,601 478 3,649
3,164 14,013 13,326 1,550 15,175
955 1.807 4.986 422 356 1,480 303 517 1,556 173 783 1,604 345 58 152 828 1,476 4,359 230 649 1,593 670 99 238 1,236 358 219 870 279 232 936 1,552 4,899 238 282 1,045 781 135 277 471 745 2,461 611 92 248 302 484 1,539 142 233 730 160 251 808
667 23,172 20,849 78,813
235
6,156 10,691 31,585 5l_
Table
:
Projected Employment by Status by province, 199S, (Sakernas Data) Total
Sumatra 1 Aceh
2 Sumut 3 Sumbar 4 Biau 5 Jambi 6 Sumsel 7 Bengk 8 Lampung
Java 9 Jakarta 10 Jabar 11 Jateng 12 Yogya 13 Jatim
Bali+ NT 14 Bali 15 NTB 16 NTT 17 Timtim
Kalimantan 18 Kalbar 19 Kalteng 20 Kalsel 21 Kaltim
3.546
4.964
148
3,714
345 875 415 483 266 545
455 1 ,143 488 415
26 35
254 1,169 409 475 214 606
101
516
Outer Java
24
484
492 19.366
139
477 5,264
1,001 405 326 223 46
1,53f
37
379 523 526 110
11
1.O89 288
1.319
243 3,441
155
404 243
525 236 370 188
I
14 11 1
35
597 1,577 498 521 356 1,219 261 1,339
110
3,321 3,551 444 3,907
3,663 2,659
293 206 775 114
Indonesia
18 5
2,432 6,600 4,593
1.388
26 Maluku 27 lrian Jaya
I
83 147 113
Sulawesi
+ l.Jav
968 246 939
10.833 11,356 827 234
22 Sulut 23 Sulteng 24 Sulsel 25 Sultengar
Mal.
311
10 21
6,366 18,739
1
1,101 477 355 202 67
1,152 3,355 723 3,299
I .419 53,466 155
3,731
2,694
16,426 14,956 1,697 16,656
4,441 523 4,005
2,101 402
5,777
606 918 176
1,674 1,923 1,990 400
990
1.753
5,186
119 260 342
760 284 424 285
1,856
13 270 8 6 8
1,676 4,797 1,820 1,914
801
1,464 1,065
42
1,9_91
10 4 25 3
276
211 658 207
515 213 302
15 363 581 1.846 5 171 280 876 10 192 301 969
18,229 21,A73
769 26,625 24,031 90,726
372 207 165
7,395
1,381 305
9,716
154
552 110
1,811 327 316 872 296
5,714 1;211 891
2,992 730
277 7,259 12,612 37,260 52
Table
:
Sumatra 1 Aceh
2 Sumut 3 Sumbar 4 Riau 5 Jambi 6 Sumsel 7 Bengk 8 Lampung
Java
Projected Increase in Emproyment by status by pr 1993 - 1998 (Sakernas Data)
560 49 114
s0
108 46 95 16 81
776 65 149 59 93 53 170 39 148
1,291 1,297
9 Jakarta 10 Jabar 11 Jateng 12 Yogya 13 Jatim
126 538 290 21 306
Baf i+NT 14 Bali 15 NTB
134 47 48 33 615
212
175 42 25 63 44
208
197 40
197
16 Nrr 17 Timtim Kaf
imantan
18 Kalbar 19 Kalteng 20 Kalsel 21 Kaltim
Sulawesi 22 Sulut 23 Sulteng 24 Sulsel 25 Sultengar
Mal. + l.Jav 26 Maluku 27 lrianJaya
36 488 387 39 339
44 77 77
77 38 58 34
23 580 436 5 152 149 5 106 236 3 106 117
995 85 206 60 117 61 214 42 211
2.935
60 2,349 1,261 13 370 24 22 970 396 12 500 440 1 42 46 12 469 356
6,239
476
5 146 1 55 2 52 2 30 092455 0 162 2 40 1 19 141 1 63
E
155
13845 01939 4 81 01848
294 47 89 134
240 625 220 429 197 588 115 521
567
2,413 1,629 148 1,491
791 194 267 276
276 827 112 272 46 131 6622,8 52 195 259
815
113 18
42 26 96 34
62
86
?
60
97
307
36 50
1
28 32
47 50
146
2
25
35 27
Indonesia
2,409
2,767
Outer Java
1,129
1,479
128
166 110 421 118
161
102 3,453 3,192 11,913 43 1,104 1,921
5,675 53
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54
Section 2.5 RMPT/BAPPENAS Project
Shafiq Dhanani Team l.eader Regional Manpower Planning and Training Project
OFFICE MEMORANDIJM Date: 26 October 1993
Reference: RMPT/REG To:
Dr. Sayuti Hasibuan Deputi Bidang Ekonomi, BAPPENAS
c.c.
Mr. A.A. Machrany, Head, Bureau of Manpower, BAPPENAS Mr. Maman Setiawan, Bureau of Manpower, BAPPENAS Subject: Mixing of Census and Sakernas Data for Employment Projections
1.
There are fundamental differences between the Census and the Labour Force Surveys (Sakernas) in the patterns and trends in labour force and in employment characteristics. Table 1 below indicates that the Sakernas labour force was some 3%-4% higher than its census equivalent, while the unemployment rate was 30% higher in the census data- In terms of sectoral employment shares, agriculture's share of employment was 6Vo highet in the Sakernas than in the census. Similarly, in terms of employment status categories, the share of family workers was 8% higher in the Sakernas than in the census, while the share of employeis was almost 100% higher in the census than in the Sakernas data.
Table 1: Selected Labour Force and Employment Characteristics' 1990 SAKERNAS CENSUS
DIFFERENCE
+
2.5
54.1 3.2
-
2.6 0.7
Agric. Empl. (% Employed) Manuf. Empl. (% Employed)
56.0
49.9
+
10.1
lr.4
-
6.1 1.3
Family Workers (% Employed) Employers (% Employed)
28.r 0.8
t9.9
+
8.2 0.7
Labour Force (7o Pop 10+) Unemployment (Vo L.F.)
57.3
2.
1.5
-
An important observation is that the differences indicated above are not independent of one anbther, and that there is a strong relationship between the level of the labour force activity, the share of agricultural employment and the share of family workers. Because the latter are more extensively enumerated in the Sakernas surveys, their numbers and share in total employment is higher; the additional family workers increase the measure of the economically active population, whereas the same persons are most probably classified as house-keepers in the census data, and therefore outside the labour force.
1-
AF
Section 3. I Shafiq Dhanani Team Leader Regional Manpower Planning and Training Project
RMPT/BAPPENAS Project
OFF'ICE MEMORANDUM Reference:
RMPT/GEN
To: Mr.
A.
A.
Date: 11 May 1993
Maclrrany
Head, Bureau of Manpower,
tsAPPENAS
c.c. Mr.
Maman Setiawan Bureau of Manpower,
Mr. John Fitzgerald, Re:
REPELIII'A
BAPPENAS
RMPT
project Manager, p.T.
fMc
VI - RegionaL lluman Resource Developnent Outline
Please find enclosed a proposed outlined on the above subject. As per Dr. Hasibuanrs reguest, I have expanded this outline to include a brief discussi-on of prospects for GDP and Enployrnent growth in REPELITA VI in Region t- (Sunatra), Region 2 (Java-eafi) and Region 3 (other islands). This can be seen in section A.5. The Bahasa Indonesian version of this 1-2-page paper will be forwarded to you in the next two or three days.
Best reqards,
s-a::-+4= Shafiq Dhanani
5o
11 May l-993
REPEIJfTA
A.
BAPPENAS/RMPT PROJECT
VI: ISSUES IN
REGIONAIJ HU!{.AN RESOURCE DEVELoPUENT (PROPO8ED OUTLTNE)
CURRENT REGIONAIJ I-IN{POI{ER SITUATION Al{D
IssuEs .
o
1. Population and Labour Force 2. Income and Investnent Patterns and Trends 3. Human Resources 4. Characteristics of Poor Households 5. Prospects for Balanced Regional Growth B. REGIONAL SUUAN RESOURCE DEVELOPITENT STRATEGIES 1. Denand Side Strategy . . l-.1 Macroeconomic Strategy L.2 Agricultural Strategy L.3 Transmigration Strategy 2. Supply Side Strategy (Human Resource Development) 2.L Literacy 2.2 Basic Educat,ion
1 L 2 3
4 7 aaaa
9 9
9
10 t_1
11 t_1
L2
59
A.
CURRENT SITUATION AND TSSUES
1. Population and Labour trorce 1.1 Population and Working Aqe Population . In the next few years the growth rate of the Indoneslan population will slow down frorn around L.6Z at present to L.4Z by the end of the decade. This decrease will be particularly felt in Java where the population will expand by just LZ by the year 2000. However the annual population growth rate will remain much higher in Sumatra (2.42) and other islands (L.62). This will result in an overall change in the distribution of population from the present 61? to 592 in Java-Bali. Since the share of the population of other islands will remain essentially the same, this ZZ relative increase will be concentrated in Sunatra. Table 1: Total and llorking Age Population, 1990 1990 Indonesia % Share
Sumatra
Java-Bali Other Islands hdonesia
?
Share Sumatra
Java-Bali Other Islands
L79
,218 2L 6t 18 100
113r557
21 62 t7 100
2oo0
2000
1990-95
,7 4L
1. 6{
L.43
23 59 18 100
2.63 L.25
2
L. 81
L.62
PopuLation 15* r854 L42r34L
2.40
2.L7
23 60 L7
3.48 2.02 2 .45
3.2r
L995
L94,436 22 50 1_8
l_00
2O8
L27
22 61 L7 100
1_9 9
5-2000
.37 l-. oL
I.7
3
2.35
l_00
Source: Bappenas/Lernbaga Denografi, University of Indonesia (L992)
Due to the dernographic structure of the population, the working age population aged L5 and above will continue to expand at a faster rate than that of the whole population, by about o.7Z-0.88 p.a. in aII three regions. This means that the
Iabour force will also expand by at least the same amount, in the absence of changes in the age-specific and gender labour force participation rates.
even
t 50
L.2 Labour Force . The overall labour force participation rate has gradually increased. in the past due to a gradually higher participatioi of women in the labour force. This is expected to continue in the course of REPELITA Vf. Therefore increases in the labour force will be not only due to the increase in the working age population. aged L5 and above, but also due to the hi9n6r participation of women in the labour force. . According to Bps, the labour force will grow at 2.5ga p.a. in Indonesia, well above the rate of population increase of l-.432 in the second half of the L990s. Due to the structure of the population and in-nigration, Iabour force will increase at a faster rate in Sunatra and other islands than in Java during REPELITA Vf 1. (3.42-3,5? vs. 2.042). . At present 63? of the labour force is rocated in Java. As in the case of the regional distribution of the population, this share will decrease by 2eo to 6tz of the totil -by the end of Repelita VI. Since the share of other islands will rernain about the same, this 2? increase outside Java will be located. in Sumatra. Table 2: Labour Force Grorth during REPELITA Vf Region
Census
End
of
Rep V
1993
1_99 0
End
(OOO!s)
of Rep VI Growth l_999
199
Rate 3-1999
Indonesia
74r42L
8Lr267
92 r302
2.58
Java-Ba1i
19 63
2A
20 61
3 .42 2. O4
?
Share Sumatra
Other Islands
62 18 t-00
1_8
t-00
Source:
l_9
3.50
100
(Lee2
2. fncome and Iuvestrnent patterns and Trends 2.1 Per Capita Income . Per capita GDP (excluding oil and gas) was higher in Java-Ba1i than average (+lLz), about average in sumatri (-3?), but much lower in other islands excluding Kalirnantan Tinor (-232), see table 3. . The growth of GDP was uneven across the main regions. GDp girew at around 7z in sumatra, 6? in Java-Ba1i, and onry 5? in oiher islands. rf these trends continue, per capita (non-oil) GDp in sunatra will catch up with Java-Bali, but that of other islands will lag further behind the rest of rndonesia. aL
61
Table 3i Patterns and Trends in Regional Incone and Investment, 1983-90
Investment Patterns 1983-90 of 6PP*/Capita GDP Inv/GDP Inv. Invest. Investl g.r. Share CaPita g.r . Pop. GDP 1990 (ooo) z z (ooo) z mI. bl.
1-990 Share
Indonesia
L79
115
513
6.3
26.2
7.8
20 62
29 55
97 1 l_1
7.2 6.2 5.7
20.3 30.8 2L. L
3.3
Java-Ba1i
I
Share Surnatra
Other Islands
1-8
Indonesia 100 Other Islands
Exc. Kal.Tin
L7
L23
_16 100
108 1-00
22 65 L3 100
11
77
9
9.8 6.7
l-06
50
t_06
74 t_00
oil and gas Investment includes changes in stock 2.2 Investment . Relative to the national growth rate of 7.88 p.a., investment grew by 3? only in Sumatra compared with 10? in Java and 7? in other islands. The relatively rapid GDP growth in Sunatra can thus be attributed to rnore efficient use of existing capital and capacity in Sumatra (table 3). . Investment as share of GDP was rnuch higher in Java than in Sumatra or other islands (30? vs. 20>"-222), and as a result absorbed almost two thirds of all national investment resources, while other islands excluding Kalirnantan Timor only received 9Z of total investment. This has created a large irnbalance in per capita investment in other islands which was only 742 of the national average (on1y 50? if one excludes Kalimantan Timor).
3. Eunan ReEources 3. L Literacy . Iltiteracy rates in Indonesia are some 5? higher for females than males, and about :-IZ higher in rural areas. Thus rural female illiteracy rate is a good indicator of hurnan resource developnent. This was 26% for all Indonesj-a, but almost twice that rate at 452 in other islands. Even the Java-Bali rate was relatively high at 34?, nuch higher than expected. Sumatra has the lowest rate at ]-62. 362
Table 4: Selected lluman Resource Developnent Indicators,
Rural Femal-e Z Illiterate
Indonesia 26 Sumatra L6 Java-Bali* 34 Kal. -Sulawesi 24 Other Islands** 45
Female Mean
Years of Schooling
Femal-e Enrolrnent
Ratio
13-15
16-LB
1990
Junior School AvailabiJ-ity (per 1OO, OO0)
{.6
62
3?
14
5.
70 57 66 67
46
4L
L9 L2 20
38
1-6
t_
4.3 4.7 3.9
31_
Note:
* Excluding Jakarta (illiteracy rate 2L?) 'k* Excluding Maluku (illiteracy rate 11?)
2 Education Attainment Female nean years of schooling, which depend on overall literacy rates, lr/ere also highest in Sumatra (5.1) and lowest in other islands (3.9). Java-Bali performed less well than Kalimantan and Sulawesi (4.3 vs. 4.7) . . However the younger generation is catching up as shown by relatively high enrolment ratios in secondary school. rn fact these are higher in other islands than in Java-Bali. . Two reasons may explain the low enrolrnent ratios in Java, and especially in West Java: (i) lack of school facilitj-es relatj-ve to other areas (L2 per 100, 000 heads vs. i-6-ZO in other regions); (ii) ernployment opportunities in manufacturing and services for younger people. 4. Characteristics of Poor Eouseholds 4. 1 Polrertv _Line Estimatgs . While the percentage of poor people in Java-Bali and Sumatra is close to the fndonesian average at L5eo 1 it is higher in other islands at L8? of the combined urban and rural populations. The lowest poverty is found in rural Java-Bali (L2Z), while the highest poverty levels are located in rural outer islands and urban Java-Bali (198), see table 5. . The available data suggests that the most disadvantaged provinces rtere Kalirnantan Barat (282), Nusa Tenggara Timur and Barat (232-242), and Kalimantan Selatan (2tZ). It is possible that poverty levels in Tinor Tirnur and Irian Jaya are just as low, but there is no data yet to show this since poverty line estirnates are not available for nine Indonesian provinces. 3.
.
463
Table 5: Percentage of Population Below Poverty L,ine
ffi--
ie.6
L4.3
15.
Sumatra
l-s.4 L8.5 L6.7
14.3 L2.5 18.6
14.5 L4.6
2r.3
23.2 24.L 27 .6
Java-BaIi other Islands
Most Disadvantaqed Provinces * NTB NTT
.
i
32.2 l-8.0 22.4
24.8 28.9
L8.
1
1
Kalinantan Barat 2)".2 2I.9 r.9.2 Kalimantan Sel. hKerniskinan dan Penerataan Pendapatan di Source: Indonesia L976-9ott, BPS, February L992. Note: * Data not available for nine provinces, vizTimor Timur, Kalimantan Tengah, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Maluku, Irian Jaya, Jarnbi and Bengkulu, due to srnall sanple size.
4.2 Education . Poorer households have larger farnilies and more children, so the incidence of poverty is higher for people and children than for households. About one quarter of Indonesian households are headed by illiterate persons, but this percentaqe is almost 402 for poorer households. The corresponding figures for urban areas are even more revealing: l-o? vs. 342 ' i. e. the share of illiterate household heads is three tirnes higher in poorer conpared to aII urban housebolds. This indicates that the ability to read and write is strongly related to a householdrs economic status (table 6). The expansion of prirnary educatj-on progranmes is relatively recent, and childien of school age before the late 1970s did not have an opportunity to obtain elementary educatj-on. This is reflected in their literacy rates, and hence, their economic status. Programmes of non-formal education to combat illiteracy will be an irnportant component of a human resource developnent strategy.
The educational attainnent of the head of the household is closely associated with the income status of households. Alnost aIl poorer households in Indonesj-a are headed by persons with no more than prirnary education. In fact three quarters of poor household heads have less than prirnary school education. The difference is particularly striking in urban
564
areas where less than 3OZ of alL urban areas have less than primary education while 662 of poorer urban households have this characteristic.
lable 6z Profile of Poor and Non-Poor Households, Lgaz A11 Households Po_orer Households Urban Rural A11 Urban Rural A11 Househo]'d Size Persons Average nb. of
(aged 0-9)
children
4.9 l-.
1
4.5
Literacy of Household llead (Zl Illiterate l_0.8 28 .4 Education of Head of llousehold (r) No Schooling
Not Completed
L9 .4 29 .9
SD
27.O
SLTP SLTA
i_6.
Above
AlI
Note:
3
2L.7 SLTA
5.2 0
1.00.
Source:
.
1"0. 5 SD
4.6
t.2
L.2
26.4 36.6
53.
0
26.3 5.6
4.5
0. 5 100. 0
23
.8
22 .3
32.2 54.5 .5 8.3 8.9 1.8 100.0 26
5.8 1_.8
5.4
t.7
5.5 L.7
34.3
39.
L
38.9
3r..7 34 .4 66, 1,
34.8 4L .2
34 .6 40.8 .75.4
25.5 5.7
2.6
100.
o
76.O 20 .8
2]-.1_
0. t_ 100. 0
100.0
2.4 0.8
2.6 0.9 0.
l_.
Susenas L987 (in Wor1d Ba Pover y Assessment and S racegy Report, Report 8034-fND, May i_990) People in the lowest i-ncome decile are considered poor; others are considered non-poor.
This indicates that the government strategy to raise prirnary schoo] enrolment has been appropriate, and a sirnilar commitment now to irnproving the quality of prirnary education seems indicated.
4.2 Health and Nutrition . Large variations in infant nortality levels exist between provinces, ranging from a low of 29 in yogyakarta to a hiqh of t46 in West Nusa Tenggara. This is strongly correlated with regional differences in per capita expenditure. The rnajor cause of infant nortality is preventable and immunizable diseases. Another major cause is diarrhea. . Malnutrition affects school attendance and performance among children, and }abour productivity among adults. The prevalence of malnutrition varies significantly between provinces, and is also correlated to the incidence of poverty in different provinces, particularly in urban areas. 655
5. Prospects for Balanced Regional Growth in GDP and Enplolment 5.1 Investnent and GDP Growth Section A.2 above indicated that investnent resources were . unevenly distributed across Indonesia. Eastern Indonesian provinces in particular benefitted from far lower leve1s of per capita investment than the rest of the couittry: 72-92 in Irian Jaya and Timor Timur, 3OZ in Nusa Tenggara Barat and Tinur and Sulawesi tengah, 40? in Maluku, and 50? in Sulawesi Utara, Selatan and fenggara relative to the national average. .
.
.
capital investments in Eastern fndonesian provinces mean that their GDP growth rates cannot keep pace with the rest of Indones j-a. In f act if present trends in investrnent patterns continue, their per capita GDP will fall from 872 to 78e" of the national average by the end of REPELITA VI (see second column of table 7). Two alternatives are illustrated in table 6, keeping the overall investment effort constant as in column 2 (at the historical rate 26eo of GDP during 1983-1990). A first alternative is to increase investment in Eastern Indonesia from 5Z p.a. to 10? p.a. in REPELITA VI, and reduce that of Java-Bali by an equivalent amount. Per capita GDP would increase from about 4Z to 52 in this region, thus narrowing the regional gap from 78eo to 9LZ of the national average by the end of the plan period (se colurnn 3' table 7). A second, more deternined effort to achieve regional balance is to allocate investment resources across the country eguitably on a per capita basis. the investment share in GDP would increase frorn 2tZ Eo 3o? in Eastern Indonesia, whj-le it wouLd decl-ine by just one percent in Sumatra and Java-Bali. An accelerated growth in per capita GDP of sone 7Z p.a. would reduce the regional gap from 782 to 872 of the national average by the end of REPELITA VI (see column 4, table 7). Lower
5.2 Emglovment Growth . If present trends continue, employment will continue to grow at 3.0? p.a. in the course of REPELITA VI. However alternatives one and two will respectively produce higher employment growth of 3.6% and 4.32 P.a. in other islands, assuming constant historical elasticities in the three regions concerned.
.
Enployment in other islands accounts for less than a fifth of the total at present. While this share will not change much in alternative one because of its low base, alternative two will increase it from 182 to 19? of the total by the end of the plan period.
66
B.
SUGGESTTONS FOR REGIONAL HUIIAN RESOURCE DEVELOPI{ENT STRATEGY
Overall Regional Developrnent Objective Achieve better balance between regions in terrns of: . Ernployment and incone-generating opportunities i . Developrnent of human resources to produce a vigorous, healthy and ski-lIed l-abour force across aLL 27 provi.nces of Indonesia. 1. Demand 6ide: l-.
Balanced Emplolment Opportunities
and
fncome-Generating
1 Macroeconornic Policies
.
Increase level of investment in poorer provinces in labourintensive production, supporting infrastructure and soci-al sectors, whj-}e increasing efficiency of public investment.
.
Redress i-nvestment imbalance between Eastern fndonesia and Java/Sumatra; target infrastructural facilities which will create forward linkages and ernployment. Per capita investment is only 3Oe"-40? of average in NTB, NTT and Maluku, and.7Z-9e" of average in Timor Tinur and frian Jaya. Even in parts of Java it is lower than the national average (58e" and 6'1eo in Central and East Java).
.
In order to maintain fiscal balance while increasing investment, expand drastically dornestic resource mobilization. In particular raise both revenues and spending at the loca1 Ievel, so that funds raised at provincial and kabupaten levels are spent at kabupaten level, and funds raised at kabupaten and village 1eve1s are spent in villages. If local revenues are not spent loca1ly, the sources will soon dry as at
present.
.
The sources of growth will continue to be manufacturing production both for export and for the domestic market, and non-rice agricultural production, supported by private investment and complementary public investnent in infrastructure.
.
Higher growth in industry and agriculture will provide employnent opportunities and higher income to those currently earning low wages in service sectors. Changing the attitudes of local glovernment officials will be irnportant in rernoving regulations and restrictj-ons which inhibit the growth of informal transport and trade services. -8 b/
L.2
Aqricultural Development Strateqy The rapid growth of agriculture in the past was instrumental in raising rural incornes and alleviating poverty. There is also evidence to show a relationship between agricultural GDP/worker and agricultural wage levels by province. However about 508 of poorer households remain in agriculture, and 308 of agricultural households are poor (1987 Susenas). Agricultural gro$rth outside Java will require improved rural infrastructure and less marketing regulations and restrictions. Due to diverse agro-clirnatic potentiaLs of different regions, need to reorient and ernphasize location-specific agricultural research, and to adopt farning systems rather than cornrnodity approach for mixed cropping systems in Sumatra and Eastern indonesia.
Agriculture is stil1 the dominant sector in nany provinces, yet overall funding for agricultural research, which is key to increasing farmer productivity through technoloqy and adoption of profitable technological packages, has fal-len in real terms by 7OZ between L982 and l-989. This needs drastic reversal. To limit risk and appeal to poor farmers, need to develop agricultural technology step by step starting with low-cost, low-risk agricultural packages which will minirnj-ze credit requirements.
Extension service is fragnented; need expanded and unified service to serve farmers who plant food crops and raise l-ivestock and tree crops, and to reach remote areas. There is no shortage of formal credit in rural areas, but poor people and small farmers rarely benefit from this due to lack of collateral and complicated process. Initiate communitybased innovative credit schemes. In the rneantime avoid putting restrictions on informal credit schemes which are flexible and simple, and which poor people use not of choice but out of necessity. Develop groundwater resources from individual wells (1 ha) to community we1ls (1oo ha). covernrnent should not get invol-ved
in running the schernes, but to provide assistance in exploration, technology and j-egal framework. The present productivity of estate crops is very low by international standards, but this can be quickly remedied through the application and dissenination of known technology and inproved planting materials. Give priority to development 968
. . L.
.
.
-
of srnall holder estate crops (80? of rubber and coconut trees outsj-de Java) rather than to large estate schemes: this will benefit l-L nillion farmers! Fishery households in Java, south sulawesi and sumatra are often in over-fished areas: find alternative income-generating activities for these. Livestock farmers should be assisted on the basis of their integrated farning systerns. Poor landless households should be assisted to raise poultry. 3 Transmiqration
proqrarnmes
Physical asset in the forrn of land is the most important way of assisting the rural poor. The identification and transfei of land suitable for agriculture to landless and near landless shourd however be accompanied by access to marketsu appropriate technology, provision of water resources (groundwater if no irrigation) and accessible credit. Selection of land must pay special attention to sustainability of agricultural production. some l-.3 milrion families transmigrated in the past, about half assisted and half un-assisted. In order to reduce costs and attract more un-assisted settlers, redirect efforts to develop land and provide general_ support services. Devolve authority to loca1 governments rather than centralized Ministry of Transrnigration.
2. supplv side:
Iluman Resource Development
2.1 Adult Literacv rlliteracy rates are twice as high in poor than in other households; the ability to read and write bears a strongr relationship with household income. . Non-formal education (NFE) programmes of DIKMAS (Department of Education) such as ,paket At for literacy up to'primary level and rrPaket Brr f or junior school drop-outs need to be drastically expanded (additional finance) and redirected to provinces where illiteracy rates are high: NTT, Kalinantan Barat, Tinor Tinur, rrian Jaya. These have not been weLl covered in the past. . rmprove DTKMAS's capacity to run literacy programmes. -t_069
2.2 Basic Education
susenas data show that poorer households have }ower educational attainment than others, especially in urban areasi 752 of poorer households have less than prirnary education. This is both a cause and consequence of inadequate incomes. Higher rates of returns in prirnary and junior education is further indication that resource should be redirected frorn higher ed.ucation to basic education; currently higher education costs 8 tines more per student than primary education.
to inadequate public financing of education, there is a quaJ.ity and the strong relationship between education availability of SBPP fees and other rrvoluntary'r contributions, which favours more affluent communities. There is therefore no equality of access to quality education at the prinary level. Since inability to pay is rnajor reason for dropping out even at primary level where there is no official fee, there is a strong need to permanently increase the routine financing of primary education to allow access to poorer households who Due
cannot pay
SBPP
fees.
At the same tirne increase the perceived advantage of schooling in poorer provinces and regions by irnproving the quality of education through higher teacher salaries especially in remote areas, and complementary nissing inputs. Notes:
Electricity Distribution in villages (demand strategy) Distribution of Govt. Resources: capital/non-capital forrnation (prospects?)
J.
I
70
Section 3.2 Shafiq Dhanani Team l*ader Regional Manpower Planning and Training project
RMPT/BAPPENAS Project
OFFICE MEMORANDI.IM Reference: RMPT/TRG
To:
Date: 6 June 1993
Mr. A.A. Machrany Head, Bureau of Manpower, BAPPENAS
c.c. Mr. Maman Setiawan, Bureau of Manpower, BAPPENAS subject: summary of Most crucial ksues in Regional Employment (a) Concentration in Manufacturing Capacitv in-Iava
.
The share of manufacturing employment was 14% in Java, a figure twice as high Sumatra (6%)
.
nd
as
other islands (8%).
Java accounted for about 85% af all employment in medium (20-99 workers) and large
manufacturing firms (100 workers and above)
in
1989. This percentage has remained
virtually unchanged since the early 1960s. Since Sumatra accounted for another l0%, this means that the rest
of Indonesia accounted for less than 5To of total modern sector
manufacturing employment. Even the latter was concentrated in East Kalimantan, South Sulawesi and Bali. This indicates that most manufacturing employmentopportunities were
located in Java, and within Java, these were concentrated in Jakarta and West Java.
Development Strategy: promote investment in manufacturing outside Java, especially in agro-industries, because of the availability of agricultural raw materials, and because of strong backward (agriculture, transport) and forward linkages (transport, services, trade).
(b) Differences in Investment
.
The investment-GDP ratio, at 3LVo, wars much higher in Java than in Sumatra or in other islands (20To-22Vo). This share was particularly low in Lampung
(l%),Irian
Jaya (2%),
Timor Timur (8Vo), Aceh (9%) and West Sumatra (9%).As a result of the very high rates observed in Jakarta (47 7o) and West lava (34To), Java absorbed almost two thirds
'7
1
of all national investment resources, while other islands excluding Kalimantan Timor only obtained 9Vo of total investment.
This has created a large imbalance in the availability of per capita investment between main regions and between provinces. Per capita investment outside Java-Bali and Sumatra was only 74Vo of the national average, and only 50% it one excludes Kalimantan Timor.
It was less than IIVo of the national average in Irian Jaya and Timor Timur, 25%-30%
in West Sumatra, NTB, NTT, and Central Sulawesi,
and 5070-607o
of the national
average in the other Sulawesi provinces, Central Java, Yogyakarta and Jambi.
Development Strategy: redirect public and private investments from Java to Outer Java such that per capita investment becomes equal in all provinces. Besides complementary investment by Government in infrastructure, market information, research and technology
transfer, measures such as preferential access to credit for investing in Outer Java should be considered.
(c) Differences in Agicultural Productivity and Agricultural Employment
.
There are wide differences in agricultural productivity between provinces, ranging from
2470
of the average in East Timor to 289% of the average in
East Kalimantan.
Differences between Java and Outer Java are less clear because there are wide variations between the Javanese provinces, and between provinces in Outer Java.
There is a inverse relationship in general between agricultural productivity and the share
of agriculture in total employment. The higher the agricultural productivity of
a
province,
the lower the share of agriculture in total employment. In Java only 42% employment
is
engaged
in
agriculture, while this percentage
is
of totaJ
63Vo outside Java
according to the 1990 population census.
1)
A higher agricultural productivity is also associated with higher agricultural wages
and
higher per capita GDP. Therefore the higher the per capitz GDP the lower the share of
agriculture in total employment.
.. Development Strategy: Increase agricultural prodrtctivity
in
Outer Java through (i)
agricultural research in order to increase the quality and quantity
of food and estate
crops; (ii) improved marketing; and (iii) improved physical infrastructure to facilitate transport and trade between regions.
(d) Educational Attainment
.
Illiteracy rates are the highest in Eastern Indonesian provinces (except Maluku). These were 26% in Eastern Indonesia compared with 17% in Java, and as high as 35To for
rural females compared with 29To in Java in
1990.
There are similarly large differences in educational attainment between Java and Eastern
provinces, with mean years of schooling averaging 5.1 in Java compared with 4.4 in Eastern Indonesia.
Although primary school enrolment rates have increased in most provinces by an average
of
7Vo
for males
and 9%
for females in the 1980-1990 period, these are still relatively
low in West Kalimantan, Irian Jaya, NTB and NTT at around 80%-8570 compared with the national average
of
over 90V0.
Development Strategy: devote larger resources in improving the quality and quantity of adult literacy programmes, and of primary and secondary schools in Eastern Indonesia.
IJ
Sectlon 3.3
Draft for Discussion BAPPENAS/RMPT
PROJECT
10 June 1993
REPELITA VI SUMMARY OF REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT & HRD ISSUES
This note presents a summary of key issues in regional employment and human resource development policy which may be taken into consideration during the formulation of REPELITA
VI. They are grouped under the following
headings:
1. Population, Labour Force and Employment
(a) (b) (c)
Population and Labour Force Employment Patterns and Prospects
Migration
2. Regional Differences in Fronomic Development
(a) O) (c) (d) (e) (0
Poverty Incidence per Capita GDP Economic and Employment Structure
Industrial Capacity Investment
Agricultural Productivity
3. Regional Differences in Human Resource Developmerrt
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Literacy Rates Educational Attainment Human Resource Characteristics of the Poor
Nutritional and Health
Status
1
1A
1. Population, Labour Force and Employment (a) Population and labour Force
.
Although the annual population growth rate will be much higher in Sumarra (2.0%) and other islands (2.lTo) than in Java-Bali (l.lTo) between 1995 and 2000, Java-Bali, with only 7% of the land area, compared with 60%
.
in
will still account for
59%
of the total population in
2000
1995.
Due to the demographic structure of the population, the working age population aged 15 and above
will continue to expand at a faster rate than that of the whole population. This
means that the labour force
will also expand by at least the same amount, even in the
absence of changes in the age-specific and gender labour force participation rates. The
working age population is expected to increase by 2.4Vo for the country as a whole. This rate
will be higher outside Java-Bali
(3.lVo-3.2Vo) than in Java-Bali (1.9To), bur will
result in only a modest decline in concentration of the working age population from
62Vo
to 6lVo in Java-Bali in the 1995-2000 period.
The labour force will grow at 2.58Vo p.a. in Indonesia, well above the rate of population increase
of
1.51 Vo
in
the second half of the 1990s. Due to the structure
of the population
and in-migration, the labour force will increase at a faster rate in Sumatra and other islands than in Java during REPELITA VI (3.4%-3.5% vs.2.04%).In 1995, 62To
of the
labour force will be located in Java-Bali. As in the case of the regional distribution of the working age population, this share will decrease by only I
Vo
to 61Vo of the total by
the end of Repelita VI.
In the absence of vigorous programmes for the relocation of people from crowded Java to other islands, the existing unequal distribution of population across the Indonesian islands will continue to persist. A concerted policy effort for promoting income earning opportunities in Outer Java-Bali, not just in agriculture through assisted and un-assisted
transmigration programmes, but
in
manufacturing, construction and infrastructural
2/3
development, trade and tourism will be necessary to accelerate the movement of people
to Outer Islands.
(b) Employment Growth Patterns and Prospects
.
Between 1985 and 1990 employment grew by 2.8% p.a. in the country. Resource-rich
provinces such as Riau, East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan experienced drastic increases
of 6%-8%. But they were cert;ainly not the only ones, as Bengkulu, Jambi,
NTB, Irian Jaya, DKI Jakarta and West Java also witnessed annual growth rates of
4Vo-
6%. At the other extreme, crowded provinces such as Yogyakarta, East Java, Central Java and South Sulawesi saw about I.5To employment growth only. This indicates that
labour readily moves to
fill
employment opportunities across the archipelago, and labour
mobility thus contributes to the efficient allocation of resources.
Assuming a relatively stable unemployment rate of about 3To, an additional 11 million people are expected to join the labour market in the course of REPELITA VI. Of these
just over halt (52%) will be in Java, about a fifth in Sumatra (19%) and the remaining 29% in other islands.
Assuming an overall annual GDP growth rate
of
6.5
% duing REPELITA VI,
the
historical employment elasticity of 0.41 for the whole country during 1985-1990,
if
applicable in the future, will produce an overall employment growth rate of 2.77o p.a. compared with a projected labour force growth of 2.6%.
As for the main regions, the historical employment elasticities of 0.54, 0.32 and 0.56 respectively
for
Sumatra, Java-Bali and other islands,
if
associated
with
the
corresponding historical GDP growth rates of 6.5/o, 6.8% and 6.lVo p.a., will result in
a rough balance between labour demand and labour force supply of 3.5 %, 2.2% and
3.4% for the three regions. The implication of these projections is that, in order to maintain unemployment rates at their present levels, the Government should maintain employment-oriented strategies pursued
in the past, and continue to regularly review
376
policies and regulations which unduly encourage the substitution of labour for capital in
agriculture, manufacturing and other main productive sectors of the economy.
2. Regional Differences in Economic Development (a) Differences in Poverty Incidence
.
While the percentage of poor people in Java-Bali and Sumatra is close to the Indonesian average at l5Vo,
it is higher in other
islands at lSVo
of the combined urban and rural
populations. The lowest incidence of poverty is found in rural Java-Bali (LZVo), while the highest poverty levels are located in rural outer islands and urban Java-Bali (I9Vo).
.
The available data suggests that the highest incidence of poverty occurs in Kalimantan
Barat (28To), Nusa Tenggara Timur and Barat (23%-24%), and Kalimantan Selatan
(21%).It is possible that poverty levels in Timor Timur
and Irian Jaya are
just as high,
but there is no data as yet to indicate this since, due to sample size in the National Socio-
Fronomic Survey Susenas, poverty line estimates are not available for nine Indonesian provinces. The sample size of this national survey was expanded in 1992, and
will
soon
provide poverty estimates for all provinces.
Those provinces with the highest poverty incidence tend generally to also display a high
poverty incidence in both the urban and rural populations. These provinces may need specially focussed poverty alleviation programmes.
(b) Differences in Per Capita Income
.
Per capita GDP (excluding oil and gas) was higher in Java-Bali than average
(*lIVo),
about average in Sumatra (-3%), but much lower in other islands excluding Kalimantan
Timor (-23To) than the average. Provincial differences are even more pronounced than between the main regions above. In 1990, per capita (non-oil) GDP was only about 40Vo-
45% of the national average in Timor timur, NTT and NTB. It was around 75%
of the
average in the Sulawesi provinces, in Central Java, and in Bengkutu and L,ampung. At
477
the other extreme, those
of Jakarta, Kalimantan Timur and Sumatra Selatan
were
respectively 32a%, 247% and 124% of the national average.
.
In
1983-1990, non-oil GDP grew at a slower average annual rate
of 7.1% rn other
islands (excluding Kalimantan Timur), compared with 7.3%, 7.5% respectively Java-Bali, Sumatra and all Indonesia.
ud
7.4/o for
If these trends continue; per capita
(non-oil) GDP in Sumatra will catch up with Java-Bali, while that of other islands will lag further behind the rest of Indonesia.
.
As a result of these differential growth rates, the degree of regional inequality
has
increased over the 1983-1990 period, with the coefficient of variation (standard deviation
over mean) of non-oil per capita CDP increasing from 56% to 59%. Contributing to this were the slower growth and the low per capita income of Eastern Indonesian provinces, as well as the rapid growth of West Java, East and West Kalimantan, North Sumatra and
Lampung. The prospects for realizing higher growth rates in the lagging provinces should be fully investigated and appropriate strategies formulated.
(c) Differences in Economic and Employment Structure
.
The Indonesian economy's reliance on agriculture is currently about 25% of non-oil GDP. However this hides large differences between regions and provinces.
In
1990,
agriculture's share in non-oil GDP amounted to about 40% in Sumatra and Sulawesi (except Riau and Sumatra Selatan), and about 50% in Nusa Tenggara Barat and Timur.
Even in Java-Bali, this was as high as 34To
in Central Java and Bali. Agriculture's
contribution has however declined in most provinces by about 4% on average, to be compensated
by manufacturing mainly, whose overall share increased by 6%.
structural changes have been quite uneven, with only about a third
These
of the provinces
experiencing a significantly rise in the share of the manufacturing sector. These were
North Sumatra and Jambi in Sumatra, West and East Java in Java, West, East and South Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi and Maluku.
5
7B
.
There are significant differences in the level of industrialization between provinces, with manufacturing accounting for a relatively high 20Vo-25Vo share in Jakarta, West Java, East Java, Sumatra Selatan and Kalimantan Timur, to less than 3.5 %
NTT,
Southeast Sulawesi,
in Timor Timur,
NTB, Irian Jaya and Bengkulu. The importance of total
industrial GDP (manufacturing, construction, utilities and mining) follows the same pattern as that of the manufacturing sector, as other industrial sectors accounted for about 8Vo-10% of total GDp.
.
Except for Jambi and South Sumatra, all provinces experienced a decline in agriculture's share in total employment. This decreased by about 3% in Sumatra,
5% inJava-Bali, and
5Vo-7% in other islands, compared with a national average of SVo during 1985-1990. The share
of manufacturing employment was 13% in Java, a figure twice as high
as
in most
other provinces except East and South Kalimantan. Both lakartz and West Java stand out
even more with respectively 20% and 16% of their employment in manufacturing, and a 4To shift over this period compared with just a one 1% shift only in other provinces.
This indicates that most manufacturing employment opportunities were located in Java, and within Java, these were concentrated in Jakarta and west Java.
(d) Concentration in Manufacturing CaEcity
.
Java accounted for about 85To of all employment in medium Q0-99 workers) and large
manufacturing firms (100 workers and above)
in
1989. This percentage has remained
virtually unchanged since the early 1960s. West Java, East Java, Central Java and Jak;rfia respectively accounted for 26To ,257o ,20Vo and
15 %
of
the country's employment. Since
Sumatra accounted for another 10% (mainly in North Sumatra, 6%, and South Sumatra, ZVo), this means that the rest of Indonesia accounted for less than 5%
of totzl modern
sector manufacturing employment. Even the latter was concentrated in East Kalimantan, South Sulawesi and Bali.
Although most provinces have experienced employment growth in the medium and large scale manufacturing sector in the last twenty years, the concentration of such industries 6
'79
in a few large centres has virtually remained unchanged. The scope for and strategy for manufacturing development in the Outer Islands should be investigated in relation to their
long term development and the country's overall manufacturing development strategy.
(e) Differer.ees in Investment
.
The share of investment in GDP, at 3L%, was much higher in Java than in Sumatra or
in other islands (20Vo-22%). This share was particularly low in Lampung (IVo),Inan Iaya (2%), Timor Timur (8%), Aceh (9%) and West Sumatra (9%). As a result of the very high rates observed in Jakarta (47%) and West Java (34%),Iava absorbed almost two thirds of all national investment resources, while other islands excluding Kalimantan
Timor only obtained 9% of total investment.
.
This has created a large imbalance in the availability of per capita investment between main regions and between provinces. Per capita investment outside Java-Bali and Sumatra was only 74% of the national average, and only 50Vo
if
one excludes Kalimantan Timor.
It was less than l0% of the national average in Irian Jaya and Timor Timur, 25Vo-30% in West Sumatra, NTB, N:n, and Central Sulawesi, and 5070-60/o of the national average
in the other Sulawesi provinces, Central Java, Yogyakarta and Jambi. The
patterns and trends in private sector investment must be thoroughly investigated in order
to design incentive policies for a more
adequate regional balance
of private
sector
activities, and in order to direct public sector investment to compensate for the lack of investment in the disadvantaged provinces.
.
Relative to the national growth rate of 8To p.a., total investment grew by 3To only in Sumatra compared with 10% in Java (except Central Java) and 7Vo in other islands in the 1983-1990 period. The rapid 7.5% GDP growth in Sumatra, relative to its investment
growth, may be attributed to a more efficient use of existing capital and capacity. Elsewhere the recent high rates of growth in investment in Irian Jaya, Timor Timur,
NTI
and Central Sulawesi reflect predominantly a very small base before 1983.
780
There are a number of government policies and regulations affecting the locational choice
of investors, ranging from preferential treatment for the location of specific industries in certain provinces, to the development of industrial growth centres and complexes, and
to licensing of importers usually close to the capital. The government would need to undertake periodic reviews of economic policies for their impact on industrial location and regional
development.
:
3. Regional Differences in Human Resource Development (a) Literacy
.
Illitetacy rates in Indonesia are some
5Vo higher
for females than males, and
abou
t IITo
higher in rural areas. Thus rural female illiteracy rate is a therefore a good indicator of educational development. In 1990, this was 26To for the population aged 10 and above
in Indonesia, but
35Vo
in other islands. There are wide differences between provinces,
although these have narrowed in the last 10 years (the coefficient of variation decreased
from 20% to 17% in 1985-90). Sumatra had the lowest rate at 16%, while Kalimantan and Sulawesi were about average, except for West Kalimantan (34%) and South Sulawesi
(30%). The most serious rural female illiteracy rates occurred in East Timor (66%),Irian Jaya (487o) and NTB (41%). Surprisingly, even though Java-Bali was about average as
a region, East Java and Bali illiteracy
rates were relatively high
at 35To
and 37%
respectively.
Non-formal education (I'{FE) programmes of DIKMAS (Department of Education) such as "Paket
A" for literacy up to primary level and "Paket B" for junior school drop-outs
need to be drastically expanded and redirected to provinces where illiteracy rates are
high: NTT, Kalimantan Barat, Timor Timur, Irian Jaya. These have not been well covered in the past.
8d-[
Educational Attainment
.
Mean years of schooling have increased in all provinces, from an average of 3.6 in 1980 to 5.
1
in 1990. As a result of disparities in adult literacy
rates
primarily, wide differences
in mean years of schooling continue to persist between males and females (4.2 vs. 3.0), and between urban and rural areas (5.4 vs. 3.0). Thus rural females have the lowest
(2.5), while urban males have the highest educational attrainment
(6.2).
1
Similar large differences exist between provinces, ranging from 2.5 in West Kalimantan
, to 2.6-2.7 in NTB
and Irian laya, 4.4 in West Sumatra and Maluku, and 6.0 in DKI
Jalerta for the whole population in these provinces. The inter-provincial differences have decreased nevertheless, as the coefficient
of variation declined from 23Vo to 19% for
rural females, and from 19% to 17% for all adults in the 1980-90 period.
The younger generation in the disadvantaged provinces is catching up as shown by the relatively high enrollment ratios in primary and secondary schools (91%-92% and 62%67% rcspectively, and for females and males). Moreover provincial differences in these ratios are narrower than for mean years of schooling: the coefficient of variation were
only 6Vo and l lVo for primary school compared with about 205 for mean years of schooling, and were lower in 1990 than in 1980, especially for females. In fact secondary school enrollment ratios are higher in other islands than in Java-Bali at present.
Although primary school enrolment rates have increased in most provinces by an average
of 7% for males
and 9%
for females in the 1980-1990 period, and by even higher rates
ranging from l0% to20% in West Kalimantan, Irian Jaya, NTB and NTT, these are the
still the provinces with the lowest enrollment ratios of 80%-85%. Continued efforts in these provinces
in particular are required to meet the Government target of universal
primary education, and of rapid expansion of junior secondary education.
Similarly, secondary junior and high school enrollment ratios have gone up in all provinces, respectively by 2% and 5To for males and 6% to I3Vo for females on average
9B2
between 1980 and 1990. Secondary school enrolment ratios are however unusually low
in Java, excepting Jakarta and Yogyakarta, and especially in West Java (58%-64Vo and
ressrtively). This may due mainly to the lack of junior school facilities relative to other areas (9 and L2 per 100,000 heads in West Java and Java vs. 16-20 in 50Vo-55Vo
other regions).
It
may also be due to the available employment opportunities
manufacturing and service sectors for younger people.
A
thorough analysis
in the of these
differentials is required to identify the causes behind them, and the options available to remedy the situation.
(c) Human Resource Characteristics of poor Households
.
Poorer households have larger families and more children, so the incidence of poverty
is higher for people and children than for households discussed at the beginning of this section.
.
About one quarter of Indonesian households are headed by illiterate persons, but this percentage is almost 40% for poorer households. The corresponding figures for urban areas are even more revealing:
l0% vs. 34T0, i.e. the
share
of illiterate household
heads
is three times higher in poorer compared to all urban households. This indicates that the
ability to read and write is strongly related to a household's economic status.
.
The expansion of primary education programmes is relatively recent, and children of school age before the late 1970s did not have an opportunity to obtain elementary education. This is reflected in their literacy rates, and hence, their economic status. Programmes of non-formal education to combat illiteracy will be an imporrant component
of a human resource development strategy.
The educational attainment of the head of the household is closely associated with the income status of households. Almost all poorer households in Indonesia are headed by persons with no more than primary education. In fact three quarters of poor household heads have less than primary school education. The difference is particularly striking in
10 83
urban areas where less than 30% of all urban areas have less than primary education
while 66% of poorer urban households have this characteristic.
.
This indicates that the government strategy to raise primary school enrolment has been appropriate,
ild
a similar
commitment now
to increase adult literacy rates and to
improve the quality of primary education seems indicated.
(d) Health and Nutritional Status
.
Life expectancy at birth, particularly of females, is often regarded as the most discerning overall indicator of the health and nutritional status of the population. Between 1980 and 1985 this increased from 54
to 63 years for
Indonesia as
a whole. Furthermore
differences between provinces also narrowed, as the coefficient of variation declined from
8% to 6%. Nevertheless there are four critical provinces where female life expectancy at birth, although higher than in the past, is quite low: NTB (53), NTT (55), East Timur (56) and Central Sulawesi (57).
According to the long term development plan of the Department of Health, an infant mortality level (IMR) of 45 has to be achieved by the year 2000. Although this has fallen by 53% from an average of 109 in 1976 to 71 in 1986, there are large variations between
provinces, ranging from a high
of
145
in NTB to a low of
4A-42
in Jakarta and
Yogyakarta. Some provinces have been relatively more successful in reducing their IMR. As a result, provincial differences have increased over the past ten years (the coefficient
of variation
has grown from 21%
to27% in the 1976-1986 period). Central Sulawesi,
South Kalimantan, West Java and East Timor may also be regarded as target provinces since theirIMR levels are around 90, some 27Vo higher than the Indonesian average.
IMR is strongly correlated with regional differences in per capita expenditure. The major cause
of infant mortality is preventable and immunizable diseases. Another major
cause
is diarrhea.
11 o.l
Malnutrition affects school attendance and performance among children, and labour productivity among adults. The prevalence of malnutrition varies significantly between provinces, and is also correlated with the incidence of poverty in different provinces, particularly in urban areas. Thus, in addition to the formulation of specific health and
nutritional policies, a concerted effort in reducing poverty in the most disadvantaged provinces will also be necessary to raise their nutritional and health to leveli prevailing
in other provinces.
L2 85
Sectigo 3.4 Shafrq Dhanani Team l,eader Regional Manpower Planning and Training Project
RMPT/BAPPENAS Proiect
OFI|ICE MEMORANDI.]M Reference:
To:
RMPT/REG
Date: 5 July 1993
Dr. Sayuti Hasibuan Deputi Bidang Fikonomi, BAPPENAS
c.c.
Mr. A.A. Machrany, Head, Bureau of Manpower, BAPPENAS Mr. Maman Setiawan, Bureau of Manpower, BAPPENAS Subject: Agricultural and Industrial Development Outside Java
In accordance with your request to summarize the points mentioned by you during our meeting of 30 June, please find below a first write-up on the above subject under the following headings:
1. Objective
2. Agricultural Development
(a) O) (c)
Pricing and Marketing Measures Investment Measures Policies
Institutional Measures
3. Industrial Development
(a) O) (c)
Pricing and Marketing Measures Investment Measures Policies
Institutional Measures
-lB6
l.
Objective
Development policy must keep in mind two major considerations:
Promote equitable development among the various provinces
in
Indonesia, and
particularly between Java and Outer Java.
Promote economic development which maximizes productive employment generation and
which raises the income of the population.
In order to design a suitable development strategy, the agricultural sector and agricultural resource-based industries can be major sources of growth and balanced development in Outer
Java. Future agricultural development and higher farm incomes
will crucial
depend on the
availability of low-cost and low-risk technological packages and an attractive price environment
for non-rice crops, especially in
secondary food crops and
in tree crops. Pricing policy,
marketing reform and institutional support in research and extension services are therefore likely
to play more decisive roles than physical investment measures. Given an attractive economic
environment, smallholders
will
themselves undertake substantial investments
in
land
improvement and tree crops.
In agro-industries on the other hand, public and private sector investment respectively in physical infrastructure and processing facilities, and institutional measures are likely to play more dominant roles than pricing and marketing policies. Agro-industrial development especially
in Outer Java have multiple objectives, including diversification of the provincial economies, creation
of non-farm employment, improvement of farm income by providing a market for
agricultural produce, balanced industrial growth and more even income distribution among regions in Indonesia. Some of the measures to assist in the accomplishment of these objectives are summarized below, first in agriculture, and then in agro-industries.
-2B'7
2. AGRICULTURAL DEYELOPMENT (a) Pricing and Marketing Measures
Marketing
1.
To maximize productive agricultural employment and farmer income, let farmers decide
which crops to produce and who to sell to by removing restrictive marketing arangements and improving market transparency such as:
. . .
movement restrictions and local trade barriers for revenue collection purposes;
monopoly buying agencies (horticultural crops, cloves, etc.)
control over planted areas to allow farmers more freedom
in crop and income
diversification (rice, horticultural crops, sugarcane),replace these land controls with price incentives.
2.
Develop and disseminating marketing intelligence and promote marketing studies especially for cash crops and tree crops.
3.
To improve farm-gate producer prices, increase the number of approved expor[ers, especially in Outer Java, to minimize rent-seeking monopsonists.
4.
Reduce the domination
of industrial groups who
exercise monopsony power over
agricultural producers (eg. timber)
t Price Incentives
5.
The scope of price incentives in the further domestic production of soybeans, surgarcane and milk should be assessed.
-3oo
(b)
Investment Measures
I.
Groundwater: Promote the installation of groundwater wells in rainfall short areas in Eastern Indonesia: Government can undertakegroundwater surveys and promote tubewell
technology, thereby assisting the private sector
in
investing
in the installation
and
operation of the facilities. ,)
Fisheries and marine products: promote processing in Eastern Indonesia where resources
are far more abundant than in Java/Sumatra by establishing the required physical infrastructure, e.g. ports and shipping facilities, electricity and water, and roads in high
potential port locations. Private investors can then invest
in cold
storage and fish
processing facilities.
3.
Livestock: encourage private investments in livestock product processing
in Eastern
Indonesian locations which have a comparative advantage in extensive livestock rearing
by building the required physical infrastructure such as ports, electricity/water and roads.
Private investors can then invest in slaughterhouses, leather tanneries, meat processing and packaging plant, and shipping services.
Dairy cooperatives have made great progress in the recent past in milk production and marketing; domestic production now accounts for half of the total demand. Investment
in dairy herds require further promotion to increase this share and provide employment in a sector known to be very labour-intensive. (c)
Institutional Measurqs
1.
Agricultural Research: in addition to the reform of agricultural marketing, a most Government measure is to redirect and expand agricultural research for rainfed areas and
for secondary crops and tree crops. The objective of this effort would be to (i) raise the yields of crops planted in rainfed Java and Outer Java through better seeds and weed
-4B9
control, and to lower farm risks by better crop protection against diseases and pests, in
order to increase farm incomes and support crop diversification. Research is
also
required in soil erosion control. Due to the diversity of agro-climatic conditions, this would require a relocation or opening of a large number of adequately funded research stations, which
at present concentrated in irrigated Java and Sumatra, all
across
Indonesia.
2.
Extension Services: a number of recent World Bank and Asian Development Bank studies have indicated that the extension services outside irrigated rice areas is quite inefficient and poorly organized. As a result, their impact on the majority of smallholders has been
minimal to date, and what little effort has been forthcoming has been directed at large and nucleus estates (NES). A major effort is required to entirely overhaul the extension services to serve the small farmers in acquiring low-cost low-risk technological packages.
The extension services should also respond to farmer needs, and relate these to the research services.
3.
Agricultural Cooperatives: monopsony buying iurangements by KUD's should
be
replaced by a freer and fairer system for farmers, who should be allowed to sell to however they choose. This will improve the efficiency and image of KUD's, which will then be seen as agents of progress and development. KUD's often offer lower prices than
private traders.
4.
Agricultural Subsidies: some types of subsidies have unintended effects on agricultural incomes.
For
instance low-cost
fuel, low interest (or non-repayment) loans
to
cooperatives and large farmers encourage early tractorization and depress rural wages and incomes of the landless labourers.
5.
Land Titles: more secure and titles and certificates will encourage farmers to improve their lands and invest in long-maturing tree crops.
-5 90
3. AGRO.INDUSTRIAL DEYELOPMENT (a)
1.
kicing
and Marketing Measures
Capital Subsidies: these have not prevented large manufacturers in investing in labourintensive plants in the past. Capital subsidies such as accelerated depreciation and duty
free imports of machinery may however encourage capital intensity in the future, and should be gradually replaced by a more factor-neutral investment environment where the
price of capital is not unduly low relative to the price of labour. (b)
Investment Measures
1.
Industrial Estates and Parks: there are
at
present many sdysrages
in
locating
manufacturing facilities in Java, e.g., availability of power and water, roads, ports and inexpensive labour. Government can recreate some of these advantages in Outer Java by establishing industrial estates near major ports, and upgrading the latter to allow efficient movements of imports and exports. Due to the smaller domestic markets of Outer Java
provinces, easy access to export and Javanese markets is crucial.
2.
Export Processing Zones can also be established in some of the industrial estares to attract investors, particularly in provinces where they can have high backward linkages and demonstration effect on domestic manufacturers using agricultural resources such as
wood, vegetable
oil,
sugarcane, tobacco, rubber, coffee, tea, spices, livestock and
fisheries.
3.
Credit Incentives can be given to private investors interested in locating themselves in Outer Java, particularly to make use of local agricultural resources in provinces which have a long term comparative advantage in the production of these resources. The costs
of cheaper and easier loans to potential investors should not however be imposed on the banking system and Government must provide explicit subsidies to the banking system.
-6o1
Preferential loans have been granted in the past to some investors in Java, which in some cases have produced over-capacity sectors such as textiles. Such a waste of capital should
be avoided by focussing investment in resource-based industries in provinces with an established and long term comparative advantage.
4.
Secondary Machinery regulations should be further relaxed to save on capital and to encourage greater labour intensity in the production process.
(c)
Institutional Measures
1.
Decentralization investors
& Strengthening of Provincial Administration can offer potential
in Outer Java some of the advantages that Java, particularly West Java and
Jakarta, offers to investors in terms of access to decision-makers to obtain approval of investment permits, industrial and export licenses, export rebates, duty free import
permits, environmental, health and labour clearance certificates. Decentralization of all such permits
to provincial
administrations would greatly increase their chances of
encouraging resource-based private sector industrial investment.
2.
Strengthening
of
Provincial Technical Capacity should be given
a high
priority,
particularly in the setting up of laboratory testing facilities, environmental study centres at provincial universities, to facilitate the decentralization process and to achieve the local
monitoring of quality, environmental, and health and safety standards. A major benefit
of decentralization is to minimize approval delays and uncertainty.
3.
Decentralization of Customs and Ports Procedures is an equally urgent requirement to
provide a more efficient service to potential investors in Outer Java.
4.
Public Information Services and Publications are inadequate at present in many provinces. Regional publications on Government investment laws and regulations which
particularly affect certain provinces should be easily available to potential investors.
7YZ
5.
Streamlining
of
Investment Iaws is required both at national and provincial laws,
particularly in cases where new regulations either contradict of confuse older regulations. The creation of a permanent
Irgal
Group in Jakarta and each provincial capital is needed
to undertake this process of streamlining, and to monitor continuously new developments.
6.
Greater Emphasis on Removal of Disincentivgs such as the legal framework, vague tax
laws, insecure land regulations, outmoded financial regulations and the regulatory environment
in general is required,
and less emphasis on tax incentives which are
considered less important by foreign and domestic investors.
7.
Locational Incentives to potential investors should be designed and proposed by each
provincial authority to Jakar|a for approval and implementation. At present few such incentives are operating effectively, although BKPM imposes certain negative restrictions
on the location of certain industries in Java.
-8-
Sectlon 3.5 Shafiq Dhanani Team lrader Regional Manpower Planning and Training Project
RMPT/BAPPENAS Proiecr
OFFICE MEMORANDUM Reference: RMPT/REG
To: Mr. A. A.
1993
Machrany,
Head, Bureau of Manpower,
c.c. Mr.
Date:25 August
Manan Setiawan, Bureau
BAPPENAS
of Manpower,
BAPPENAS
vI - Prograrilmes for nnplolment Expansion/productivity Following the English draft of programmes and activities for Section 4.1 entitled "Pernbinaan eengembingan Kesempatan Kerja dan Productivitas", please find a Bahasa fndonesia version of the same Re:
REP
note.
Regards,
Shafiq
94
Shafiq Dhanani (RMPT project)
25 August 1993
IV. PROGRAMMES
I. A. EMPLOYMENT EXPANSION
(l) General
and Sectoral programmes
Most macro-economic measures in the areas of investment, fiscal, monetary and technology policy, designed primarily to accelerate the process of general economic
development, have either a direct or indiiect impact on the prospects for employrnent absorption during the course of economic development. Since an employment-orientea devetopm.nt rtrit.gy would seek to maximize employment creation, while at the same time ensuring thit productivity (value-added per worker) does not stagnate or decline in any economic sector, it is importani to continuously monitor employment absorption and labour productivity trends in the ectnomy in general, in key economic sectors, and in different parts of the couniry.
Efforts initiated in REPELITA V to increase the capacity of BAppENAS and sectoral ministries in the important tasks of monitoring employment and iabour productivity trends will be continued, expanded and strengthened during REPELITA VI. The devllopment of an efficient employment and productivity monitoring system in BAPPENAS and key sectoral ministries will provide the factual basis for the continuous assessment of the impact of different macroeconomic and sectoral policies on employment creation, leading to poli.y advice on measures required for corrective action.
In this connection, efforts at strengthening the technical capacity of BAppENAS and key sectoral ministries for generating employment and manpower devel,cpment policy advice at national, sectoral and regional level for consideration by senior policy makers, also initiated during REPELITA V, will be continued and expanded. 'ih.r" efforts will be supported by the institutionalization a-nd strengthening of sectoral employment policy units set up during REPELITA v. The formulation and implementation of policies at the macro ancl sectoral levels will create incentives necessary for increased employment absorption, and to solve the employment problem through the normal process of eionomic growth. It is Government,s responsibility to undertake action with respect to policy formulation and implementation. Past efforts at monitoring developments in employment, productivity and wages have frustrated by the existence of inconsistent .rnptoy*ent data by economic sector and employment status, leading to widely different interpretation of structural changes in the economy. Part of the reason for this unsatisfactory state of affairs is the frequent changes in definition and coverage of the major household data collection programmes, r.sulting in thI nonbeen_
95
comparability of data no.t just within particular data collection programmes such as the quarterly labour force surveys, the socio-economic surveys, the five-yeai population surveys and the decennial population census, but between these various programmes.
A number of steps will be necessary for the Central Bureau of Statistics to take to redress the situation, and produce reliable and tinrely employment data in the future: (i) review employment data by sector, status urban-rural location, iex and region in the past fifteen years, and produce consistent time series separately for labour forar su*ay and, popJlation census/survey data; (ii) produce a user guide io the comparability issuei between various employment data collection programme; (iii) streamline employmeni and wage data collection to avoid duplication and inconsistency particularly between th-e labour force surveys and the socio-economic surveys; (iv) since the inadequacy of household-based surveys to produce detailed and reliable occupational data for manpower and education planning is now well recognized, initiate a enterprise-based survey of occupational employmeni in the manufacturing industries to be underlaken periodically, say every rhree or four years, and taking into account the experience gained in these types of surveys by the Ministry oi M"npo*er; and (v) speed up the publication of sectoral employment ancl wage data of the libour forie surveys to provide an "early warning" system to policy makers. Iriformal Sector Development Due to the high growth of the labour force in REPELITA VI, and due to the relatively slow growth of employment in the modern manufacturing and service sectors, informal sector employment will continue to grow and absorb employment, even in the absence of government policies and programmes. In line with one of tne tenets of the developmeni trilogy of development with equity, concrete programmes will be implemented in REPELITA VI to provide equitable productive employment and higher income earning opportunities to workers engaged in the informal sector.
A past weakness at the promotion of informal sector activities has been the absence of clear guidelines and specific implementation programmes, and the absence of well defined agencies in charge of implementing, monitoring and evaluating informal sector assistance, such as credit programmes for small firms. The newly expanded Ministry of Cooperatives and Small Firms will answer most of these deficiencier, und sirould now take charge of coordinating and evaluating all assistance to the informal sector. A very important initial activity oi this coordinating agency is to undertake a wide-ranging assessment of the impact of past ln developing and disseminating appropriate technology on informal s.itor employment "ffo.t,and income.
A large part of the growth in informal sector employment is in the trade and services sectors' since they require little capital and little or no tictrnical training. There are however businesses in food processing, handicraft, other cottage and small-scaie manufacturing and construction materials, and repair services that can expand by accumulating capital and increasing employment. Provided they have the technology to produ.r goods and services at
-2 96
prices that can comPete wit the formal sector, they can survive and continue to generate decent incomes and employment. An impo.rtant first stlp is therefore to select and promote those activities with a growth potential, and raise ttre proouciiviry of lnroiril rector workers in rhose activities-
An important measure to promote
the informal sector activities with growth potential is the availability of credit- Innovative approaches, such as those requiring no collateral but making use of peer group pressure, should be promoted to delivercredit
io tnele firms in manufacturing and constrttction industries. However, extencling credit where the activities are facing market constraints (street vendors, becak drivers) will not raise incomes.
For the informal sector to produce quality goods at competitive prices, their production technology should be upgraded particutarly in it''i manufacturing, tronrport and construction sectors' The National Agency for the Asseisment and Applicationof Technology (BppT), and all the research centres such as the Metal Industry Development centre and the Leather Research Institute, which in the past have focused their attention on the modern sector and on highly capital-intensive technology, should redirect part of their resources towards the production of appropriate technology to raise total factor productivity of informal sector operators. The development of appropriate technology should focus on a iimiteo number oi products, and take approach: improve quality, and identify source of cost saving and revenue l--t_1*-odity lncrease.
As for training and extension programme design, individual off-the-job training is not suitable for people who cannot afford to stop working even for a few days. Government agencies in charge of developing small btrsinesses sirould ad6pt a training extension approach similar to that of the agricultural "green revolution": profitable technology, u.. of existing skills, group training at the place of work. Entrepreneurship training will focus on experienced and technically competent older individual who have already mastered the skills required in their i;;lning of gr^ouut., or school leavers is a waste of time, because they have no work experience, no skills, and no desire to become self-employed.
;;k.
Informal sector activities deserve support because (i) they generate employment ancl incomes for low-incone groups with low educaiion backgrounds who h"u" no other opportunities to earn a living; (ii) they are efficient in utilization of rJurc. capital, and in allocating
labour in response to opportunities; (iii) they improve equity by producing goods for low-incoi, groupr; (iv) they indirectly promote development of the rbrmai sector; 1v) ttrey reduce waste materials and in fact clean the urban areas by recycling plastic, metal cans, paper and other products. Government officials are however generally opposed to informal sector activities
because (i) informal sector employment is small oiabsent in oevetoped countries; (ii) street vendors and
transport workers o_b:I!9! roads and public places, and produce unclean areas. Special efforts will be made in REPELITA VI to change the attitudes of Government Officials ro let them
3o1
understand the role of informal sector activities in economic development. As a result, the informal sector wiil greatry benefit from ress harassment and less unofficial fees. A deeoer understanding of the rore of informar sector in generar economic development will also facilirate allocation of more deveropment resources to the informar sector in specific sectors, for instance. only 4vo of development budget for small scale industries, and 96% for large scale industries in previous REPELITA's. Thls shourd be changed considering the importance of employment in informal sector.
on the other hand some of their concerns, particularly regarding obstruction and hygiene, should also be addressed by reducing over-crowding. First, since most informal activities follow opportunities by locating themselves in proxinrity-of fbrmal sector enterprises, the scope tbr reducing informal sector in large cities should stariwith decentralization and alternative locations for industrial, finance and trade investment in the formal sector. second, a concerted effort should be made by city authorities to integrate the location of informal sector activities such as food vendors in city master plans, and to provide market facilities at reasonable cost.
A second broad type of action to be taken i REPELITA vI is the formulation and implementation of target-group oriented special programmes for employment generation, such as educated youth skills development, labour-intensivi construction project with labour provided by the rural poor, development of the participation of women in economic activity, and expansio.n of employment opporttrnities for overseas work. These programmes appear in the next section dealing with manpower utirization and distribution. (2) Regional Programmes
Although still in their infancy, the national (BAPPENAS) and sectoral employment policy units have already proved their usefulness in assessing employment and productivity trends at the national level, and in the generation of policy advile for productive employment creation at the macro as well as the sectoral level. Considering the importance of productive employment creation and of raising labour productivity for theimplemintation of an employment-oriented development strategy at the rigional levll, the expansion of this national employment and productivity monitoring system t,o pilot provinces is now considered timely. This would consist of a central employment policy unit in BAPPEDAS, and a set of sectoral the provincial offices of the sectoral ministries ",";i;y;;;;fi;i; in these piiot provinces. provision will be made for the institutionalization of such units, and the training or tnei, staff in employment and productivity analysis.
In addition tothe continuous employment, wage and productivity monitoring at the macro and sectoral levels, these units should undertake the following activities: til e*a*j;d;; employment potentials of certain important sectors; (ii) examination of the employment potentials
ffi;
498
of promising manufactured exports, particularly in agro-industries; and (iv) identification of items of domestic rnass consumption and their employrient generation potential; (iv) analysis of employment aspects of various special programmeifor employment creation, e.g., INpRES schemes, Padat Karya, etc.; (v) arr"rrr"niof employment orientation of macro and sectoral policies and programmes. B. MANAGING PRODUCTIVITY DEVELOPMENT
(l)
General and Sectoral programmes
Productivity has been clearly identified as one of the most important component.s of the Indonesia government's overall strategy of employment creation and economic growth. comparisons of projected labour absorptibn rates with economic growth rates indicate the need for overall increases in labour productivity of about 3.3vo p.a., and industrial sector productivity increases of over 5% p-a. Productivity must be increased not only in larger enterprises but also in the small and cottage enterprises which will continue to account for the major part of manufacturing employment at the end of REpELITA vI (56%). Prodtrctivity growth is the result of the interaction of technological, managerial, political, economic and psychological variables at many levels of the ."onJry, overall economic and industrial policies provide a macro framework of incentives and constraints which has implications for sectoral emphasis, technology choice, export strategies and so on; manpower plans and systems for managerial and tectrnicat manpower developient determine the quality and strpply of skilled personnel; cultural and legislative factors, including wage poticies, have an impact on labour-management relations, *u,r"ug.,nent style and motivation, all of which are critical to productivity. Therefore the effort to maiage productivity at national level will require a multi-dimensional approach which can coordinate the Lfforts of iwide range of people at many Ievels of the economy.
At the macro level, productivity should become an integral part of the economic planning process' This will require the capacity to carry out national and seCtoral studies on topics related to productivity, productive employment and structural adjustment issues, as inputs into the planning process. In order to monitor and measure productivity performance at national,
sectoral, regional and enterprise levels, the development productivity indicators will be required
of in
adequate data base for
Instititutional Framework The institutional framework for enhancement of productivity in Indonesia consists of a wide range of governmental and non-governmental organizationi. a National productivity Council, under the chairmanship of the Ministry of Manfower, exists for tripartite discussions on productivity-related issues. The Council should be upgraded to enable to provide stronger leadership and coordination between all concerned government and private sector representatives. 5
99
At the operational level, an National Productivity Centre (NPC) has been establishecl in the Ministry of Manpower to implement the productivity guidelines prescribed by the council. NPC' work to date has concentrated mainly on ttre promo-tional aspects of labour productivity. Steps will be taken to remove the constrainis imposed by a limited tudget for the Npc to allow the formulation and implementation of strongei progtirr.s to provide practical consulting advice at the enterprise level. NPC's focuJ wiit ui also be broadened to consider other productivity aspects besides labour productivity.
.
Mass campaigns have been found to be an effective way to raise the level of productivity consciousness among the general public. Resources will be allocated to private sector employers organizations such as KADIN and APINDO to run senrinars and workshops on productivity for their members. The technical and financial capacity of both organizations, which are severely constrained by limited resources and availability'of in-house expertise at present, will be strengthened' The objective of these seminars will be to promote a wider awareness of participative management techniques (quality control circles, total quality management, etc.) as tools for enhanced productivity. Initial effoits should focus on key industrial sectors producing relatively sophisticated products for both the home market and overseas. These productivity seminars and mass campaigns are seen as essential prerequisites to programmes aimed at providing practical productivityconsultancy advice at the enterprise and sectoral levels. These programmes in turn will provide the critical link between policies and plans, and action on the shop floor which is whlre productivity, in the form of value added, becomes a reality. KADIN/APINDO will be encouraged to'set up in-house productivity coltsttltancy trnit.s which can providc prodrrctivity consultarrcy to nrenrbcr.,, nn viable
".nnonricallv
Dasls.
An integrated productivity promotion campaign will be developed around the theme of ofjoint *uiugm.nt-labour partnership, enhancement of employee welfare in line with enterprisi progress, equitable disiribution of the fruits of productivity, team work, quality controi circlis fqccl and other participative approaches to productivity enhancement. The campaign should be irnptemented in tandim with other, more specific training and development activities at the level of the Tripartite and Bipartite Boards.
-
the Pancasila Industrial Relations principle
Bipartite Boards have been established under the Pancasila industrial relations philosophy in more than two thousand enterprises as mechanism for labour-management communications. So far, the Boards have been primarily concerned with labour relations issues, but their potential as vehicles for a constructive dialogue and cooperation on productivity is apparent. In fact the Pancasila principles which put stress on joint partnership between management and labour and promotion of employee welfare in line with company progress, lends itsilf extremely well to a participative and equiable approach to productiuiti .nt incement and can be used as a basic theme in a will structured productivity campaign. ttr. number of Bipartite Boards will be increased subsrantially during REPELIiA vI-plan period.
6r00
The feasibility of establish sectoral productivity councils will be assessed to provide sectoral focus and relevance. For these to function etfectivery, it is essential that a strong extension-consultancy apparatus be established within these councils, To provide focus and cost effectiveness basic extension-consultancy skills be developed initially in the following fields which are likely to have high impact on productivity with minimum capital investment: (i) basic productivity audit; (ii) preventive maintlnance; (iii) energy conservation and waste reduction; (iv) equipment and manpower utilization; (v)' quality control; (vi) basic accounting and -improved: . management information systems; (vii) enhan..o proouctivity'trito;gn working conditions and safety and fiealth; (viii) market research and product -development; and (ix) supewisory training with emphasis on employee motivation und' ,.rource utilization. Since the main target group for these services is liklly to be medium, small and cottage enterprises, the level should be basic and suitable for implementation by reratively inexperienced consultants. Besidcs the development of in-house consultancy expertise and consultancy referral services within industry associations, employers, organizations, entrepreneur association, and other bodies with close links to industry, the extension--consultancy capability within government agencies (i'e' Marpower, Indttstry and Trade) will be strengthened. This channel will be suitable for small and micro enterprises which are-unable ,o fuy for consuttancy
:]JIH]:iv
In addition' programmes will be designed and irnplemented to upgrade consultancy skills in NGos, PVos and other organizationi involved in community development and selfemployment at the grass root level. Finally the feasibility of implementing distance learning approaches will be assessed, using weekly n.*spapers slots, radio spots and TV to teach basic ways to increase productivity could be based on'the Improve your Business (IyB) training package developed by the ILo. This approach combines low cost per recipient with wide reach for cottage and small enter,prises in such sectors as trade, retailing, and repair and :tt |;fflJe.
The above components will be supported by a campaign to enhance the awareness, acceptability and utilization of consultancy services which should be implemented as specially targeted component of the overall productivity promotion campaign. To thl extent possible target companies should be chosen based on their pttential for providing demonstrational incentives to other enterprises. (2) Regional Programmes Institi tutional Framework
The institutional framework for enhancement of productivity at the provincial level consists primarily of a Provincial Productivity council, under the chairmanship of the Ministry Manpower, for tripartite discussions bn productivity-related issues. The provincial Productivity Councils will be strengthened and upgraded to enable to them to provide stronger leadership and coordination between ull conc.,.ned g-overnment and private sector representatives.
of
7I01
In view of the important role of employer organizations and SpSI in the future of the productivity movement, assistance be provided io theiegional offices of KADIN and AplNDo to develop in-house expertise in the pioductivity field to-enable the organizations to implement seminars and workshop for membeis. In addiiion the expertise of the labour unions will be
strengthened in general productivity concepts, the role of tr;de unions, participative management approaches and techniques and productiviiy-linked wage agreements, to enable the organization to plan and implement organization-wicle training progirrirs for members at the provincial and enterprise levels.
The national offices of employer organizations (KADIN/APINDO) and industrv associations will be encouraged to plin and conduct seminars on productivity for members in key sectors at the provincial level.
8102
Shafig Dhanani, proyek
RMPT
(27 Agustus 1993)
PROGREM.PROGRAM
:-.
PERLUASAN IJAPANGAN KERJA DAN PENINGKATAN PRoDuKTIvITAs
A.
PERLUASAN LAPANGAN KERJA
Lapangran
Kerja dan sistem penantauan produktivitas
Kebanyakan tindakan
daram ekonomi rnakro seperti kebijaksanaan investasi, fiskar, moneter dan teknologi, pada dasarnya disusun untuk rnempercepat proses pembangunan secara umum yang mempunyai dampak baik langsung maupunerononi tidak r-angsung t.erhadap penyerapan tenaqa ker j a serarna pembangunan exononi .- sii"l"gi pernbangun?n yang berorientasi pada i.i"""gu kerjaan-piau berusaha untuk memaksinalkan penciptaan tapingan. kerja,.-airnana bersamaan menjamin bahwa proautlivitas -(nirai ta.uin persaat yang pekerja) tidak .mengarami. stagnu"i atau kemunduran daram sernua ekonorni' Dan pentingnya pemantauan secara terus menerus sektor kecenderung'an penyerapan lapangan kerja d3, produktivitasterhadap tenaga kerja di dalam perekonomian, sektor ek6norni yang penting, dan pada wilayah yang berbeda.
telah dilakukan dalam Repelita V adalah untuk . Usaha yang meningkatkan kapasitas BAPPENAS dan Departemen yang terkait -t"""gl daram pemantauan kecenderungan lapangan kerja dan pr"a,riti"it", kerja yang akan terus airaniritxa-n, aipliit,.r din dinantapkan
selarna ut', Pengembangan sistem -pemantauan produktivitas dan lapangan kerja yang efisien oleh gapprNas olp.il"*"r, penting yang terkait adal-ah berusaha- menygdiakan {.. inforrn'asi lengkap dan rinci dal-am penila-ian. yang berkeraijutin terhadap danpak ekonomi makro kebiiakianaan sekloral d-alar pi""ipi..., keragarnan .dan rapangan kerja' Yutg diwujudkan paaa bentuk xe-uijaksanain seiagai tindakan evaluasi' Dalam hal ini, usaha-usaha untrix mempertahankan kemampuan teknis BAPPENAS gun Departemen penting -kerja yang t,erkait didaram kebijakasanaan- pernbangunin dan penciptaan rapangan .tenaqa kerja ditujukan_ p_adl penbuat kebiju'k"an..ndi tingkat Nasional, sektoral -dan nlgional, ya;q- j"q" telahsenibr dilakukan selama REPELTTA v, akan terus airanjutran- dari dipe;ru;;-. usaha-usaha tersebut akan didukung oreh kelernbagain dan x"rnantipan kebijaksanaan_1-ap_angan xeija sektoral yang jrgu t.iin diraksanakan REPELTTA
selama REPELfTA V.
usaha-usaha pada waktu lalu didalan pemantauan pengernbangan lapangan kerja, produktivitas dan upah ter-halang ol-h'data tenaga kerja. yang tidak konsisten menurut sektor ekonomi dan status pekerjaan yang berakibat lu.as _t_erhadap keragaman interpretasi perubahan strukturar ekonorni. Alasan taqi r6aaiin yang tidak memuaskan ini adalah seringnya pe,rubahan definisi dan cakupan
t03
program pengunpuran data rumah tangga yang rnengakibatkan ketidaksamaan 01!u yang tidak hanya - -terdipai. pada program . khusus pengumpulan data seperti survei angkatan kerjJ p"r kuarfal, survei sosial-ekononi-, survei penduduk iirna tahuian dan sensus penduduk setiap sepuruh tahun, tapi juga antara keanekaragaman program-program tersebut.
Beberapa langkah penting bagi Biro Pusat statistik untuk menperbaiki keadaan yang 1dul. dan menghasilkan data tenaga .kerja Yltq tepat waktu dan dapat.dipercaya bada masa yang akai dataig adalah dengan jal-an: (i) heninjiu oaia t^enaga kerji sektor, desa-kota, jenis kelarnin dan wilayah untut< is tahin tn"-n,rr,rt kebelakang, dan menghasilkan rangkaian waktu yanb konsisten secara terpisali baik data survei 1tau. sensus pendud.uli dan survei tenaqa kerja; (ii) menberikan petunjuk penggunaan untuk penyeraganan antara -berbagai macan program pengurnpuran data tenagra kerja; (iii) pengumpulan data. upah dan tenaga xeija 'untukmempersingiat mlnghindari _ penqgandaan dan tidak konsistennya intara Jurvei tenaga k6rja dan survei sosial-ekonomi.; ( iv) kurang memadainya s-urvei yang berdasarkan rurnah tangga untuk menghisirkan dati pekerjaan iru"6 rinci dan dipercaya untuk perencanaan pendidikan da'n tenaga kerja yang sekarang sudah dikenal cukup b;ik, dirnana semula survei pekerjaan te.naga
kerja berdasafkan perusahaan industri manufaktur dilaksanakan secara berkala, 3 atau 4ditahun, d.an mengikut sertakan pengalarnan di dalam jenis survei yang dilakukan oleh Departenen Tenaga Kerja; dan (v) *L*p"r""pat pultikasi tenaga. kerja mengenai data upah aan teniga xLrja sektoral survei untuk nenyediakan suatu sistern - rperingatan awalfi bag,i penbuat kebij aksanaan. Pengembangan
Sektor Informal
Berkaital dengan tingrginya pertumbuhan angkatan kerja dalam vr dan.rendahnya pertunbuhan lapangan kerja padi sektor jasa dan industri pengolinan modern, lapanlan kerja Jektor informalakan terus turnbuh dan b.anyak menyerap fenaga kerja, meskipun adanya program d.an kebijJksanaan penerinta--h. s"j.i.n denian tidak satu butir Trirogi pembangunan yailu pemerataan, program nyatasal-ah yang dilaksanakan pada REPELT-TA Vr adalah rnenyediafan iap.njun X-erji produktif yang rnerata dan kesernpatan baqi pekerji di sektor informal untuk memperoleh penghasiian yang memiaai. REPELTTA
Kelemahan pada masa lalu adalah tidak adanya dukungan terhadap kegiatan sektor informar yaitu, dengan tiaat .u.""; pedoman yang j eras dan program pelaksinaan khusirs tidak aaa'nya- badan yang , membantu dalam pelaksanaan serta tidak adanya plrnantauan dan pengawasan sektor informal, seperti program kredit Uagi perusahaan keciL- Dengan adanya perluisan beplrtenen Koperasi nenjaai Departenen Koperasi dan Pembinaan PLngusaha xecif akan dipat nenjawab kekurangan-kekurangan tersebut din ikut anbil bagian daian pengkoordinasian dan pengawasan bantuan bagi sektor inforrnal.
104
Pertumbuhan tenaga kerja sektor informal yang tinqgi terdapat di-sekt-or perdagangan aan ahunu mereka nernbutuhkan sedj-kit .j-asa, 'aiaiii* modal- dan tidak aiau seai-xit latihan i"r.t,i.". Meskipun hanya terdapat usaha dan, kegiatan seperti p""g"iun"" makanan, kerajinan' ilg_":tfi.p".lgorahair dan bahan bangunan yang berskara kecil serta jasa pernlit-an sektor ini masin .xi" aapat diperruas dengan penambahan modar dan.tenaga kerja. Dengan jaldn memberikan mereka teknologi yang dapat m.eighasiiL.t u"iand-Ju' jasa pada tingkat harga-yang da-pat t"trui"t'-*-"g"" sektor ?orrnal, sehingga -m"ngti.=irk;;-i.p-Jrig., mereka dapat bertahan dan terus kerja dan pendapatan y_ang layak. Langkah p&t.rn. yang penting adarah menyeleksi dan mendukung xegiatin alnga?r ieitumuuhan -pexeria yang dan rnenaikkan -produlrivitas kdsiatan *"xioi ff::ffi:il,
Tindakan penting untuk meningkatkan kegiatan sektor informal yang potensial- adal-ah dengan p6nyeaiaan kredit dan fasilitas kernudahan daram memperoreh peIay..u.,. pendekatan yang inovatif, seperti tidak diharuskan jaminan yang memberatkan serta -adinyaiiroustri pernberian janinan kredj-t kepadi u"i=x"r" vu"q kecil di industri pengolahan dan ba-ngunan, ukun dapat membantu sektor tersebut untuk tumbuh. sedan{xan r*.h. untuk memperluas jarninan pemberian kredit pada sektor inforrnal, dimana d"i;; kegiatannya nenghadapi banyak hambatan pemasaran (seperti penjaja jalanan, tukang becak) tidak akan aapJt meningkatkan pendJpat'an. untuk sektor informal yang menghasilkan barang-baranq yang berkualitas dengan trarga yang- bersiing, produksinya seharusnya ditingkatkanf xnisu-=nya ind;;iri .tehnologi p"ngo1'uh.., rranspor dan sektor bangunan. Badan eengkajian dan. penerapan Tehnorogi (BPPT) dan semua pusa!, penelitlanp"rii-'pengembangan industri- logam dan institut penelitiansepe_r.ti xitit, v""g paaa masa r_alu memusatkan perhatiannya padl sektor modern dandehnologi yang menyerap banyak modal seharusnya diarihkan. pada beterapa sumber daya produksi dengin tehnorogi ving tepat bagian untuk meningkatkan total faktor produktivitas di sektor informal. Pengembanqan tehnologi yang seharusnya dipusatkan perhatiannya pagg sejurnrah produk tepat t6rtentu, nempergunakan pendekatan komoditas: rneningkatkan kualitas, dengai dan mengidentifikasi sumber yang menghenat biaya dan neningkatkan p"naifiiun.
seperti penyusunan program kursus dan pelatihan, pelatihan "off.didaram. the job" irntuk p.i="6r.ngan adarah tidak sesuai untuk pekerja yanqt tidak dapat menghentir.n p"x..laannya daram beberapa hari. wakil pe.rnerintah (_Departernen) yang pengembang:an bisnis berskala kecil seharusnya berurusan dengan memakai penAefaian yang sama seperti ftrevolusi hijau" di sektor- pertaniin: tehnologi yang menguntulgk3n, mempergunakan ketrampiran yang ada, peratihin per kelonpok di ternpat kerja.
105
Pelatihan kewiraswast-aan sebaiknya difokuskan pada individu senior yang telah. berpengalanan dan meirpunyai k"rn.rpu'un teknis dan yanq sudah mahir dalam ketrampitan- kerj"n|.. pelatihan kewiraswastaan untuk lulusan baru lianyalah ax-an'nembuang-buang waktu, karena rnereka tidak memiriki.penlalaman ketranpilan dan tidak punya keinginan untuk nenliai pekerj"lcerii, rniiai"i. Kegiatan sektor informal berhak rnenperoleh dukungan karena L). mereka dapat menciptakan lapangan xerja aan untuk ^ kelonpok yang- .beipenghasitin rendah dengan pendtapatan ratar belakang pendidikan rendah ying tidak memperoleh banyak kesernpatan kehidupannya i 2) rnerera efisien daran penggunaan xipi.tir untuk t;;; langka, dan alokasi tenaga kerja; 3) ,n"r"i. ir6"i"gkutkan kead,ilan dengan memproduksi .barang-uafanq untuk kelornpok berpenghasilan rendah; 4) secara tidak llngsung mereka rnenduk'ung fernnangunan di sektor forrnal; 5) rnereka nengurangi bahan-batran yin! terbuang dan secara nyata |eflp-aJcan upayl kebersihan ringku-ngai aengi; pengorahan kenbari rirnbah pristik, kareng bekas-, keitas,kota produk dan lainnya.
Aparat pemerintah biasanya kurang mendukung kegiatan sektor inforrnar karena:.1) rapangan.ferja seklor intormlt di negara maju biasanya kecir atau nairrai tidak-ad;r- ;1 penjaja biasanya menghalangi jalan dan tempat-tempat umum, danjaranan nengakibatkan daerah-daerah kotor. usaha- khusus- yang akan dikenbangkan di REPELTTA vr adalah merubah sikap aparJt p-emerintah aengan memberi pengertian akan peranan sektor infoimal a-atam pembangunan ekonomi. sebagai akibatnya sektor informaL akan nemperollh baniak keuntungan dengan berkurangnya gangguan dan pungutan tidat resrni.-dari p.gu#ii penerintah. Pada sisi rain terdapat beberapa yang penting pada sektor informar khususnya nengenai_.gunggi.nhal aan x6sinatani usaha yang seharusnya ditakukan adalah aitujirican untuk mengurangi xepaaatan Dengan jalan, pertama, kegiatan sektor inforrnal ikan {urnnuh seiring dengan peluang rnenurut lokasi dimana sektor formal turnbuh, cakupan upaya untuk rnengurangi sektor infornal di kota besar seharus-nya dimulai- dengan desenlralisasi dan penggantian lokasi arternatif investasi keuangan aan peiaagangan di sektor formal. !"gi industri, Kedua, usaha bersarna-sama dapat dituat bren pemerintah daerah setempat untuk. nengintegrasika-n lokasi kegiatan io. informal seperti penjaja rnakanan didalan rencana induk="tfl"xot."., dan memberikan fasilitas pasar dengan tingkat .biaya yan;-wajar. 2. Program aegional
rraPangan
kerja
kerja dan sisten pemantauan produktivitas tenaga
Meskipun masih dalam masa pertumbuhanrsatuan kebijaksanaan lapangan kerja sektoral dan nisional (BAppENAs) tel_ah dapat 106
menunjukan manfaatnya dalam
nenilai kecenderungan kesempatan kerja dan produktiYit-u" pada tingkat nasional, dan dararn memberikan petunjuk kebijaksanaan untuk menciptakan- kesenpatin yang produktif paga tingkat makro dan tingkat serctbiii. kerja Berkaitan dengan penting_nya penciptaan tapangln kerja produktif dan peningkatan produktif. itas tenaga xerja alaalam-p6iuxJanaan pembangunan yang berorientaJi kelenaga kerjaan pada strategi tingkat regional, .perlua'san lapangan kerj. n.*ional dai sistirn pemantauan produktifitas p{opinsi percontohan harus tepal. Har ini akan berisikan unit 9i kebijaksanaair rapangan rerja.pusat yu.,q1-"#;;"1 ;i setiap kebijaksana.in Bappeda dan -seranqliaiin kerijaksanaan lapangan T.t]a sektoral yalv didapati di setiap.rnft x""t"r Departemen terkait di t1ng|
B. PEMBINAAN PENGEUBANGAN PRODUXTTVTTAS (1) Program-program Unum dan Sektoral Produktivitas secara jelas diidentifikasikan sebagai salah satu. komponen penting strategi pernerintah f ndonesia dal_am penciptaan lapanga:n kerja dan pLrtuiruunan ekonomi. perbandingan antara proyeksi tingkat penyerapan tenaga kerja dengan tingkat pertunbuhan ekonomi menun j ukkan t<ebuturran p-eningfcatan tenaga kerja sekitaT.3.3e" per tahun, dan peningtcatan produkt ivitas iroduktivitas sektor industri diatas .5? per tahun. produktivitas ditingkatkan tidak hanya di- perus.nu*lp"rusahaan besar tapi harus juga di kerajinan rakyat dan industri keciL y?ng akan terus berlanjut terutama pada- tenaga kerja di inaustii p"ngorah"n pada akhir REPELTTA Vr (s6Z). Pertumbuhan produktivitas merupakan hasil dari interaksi variaber tekno.logi, rnanagerial, politik, ekonomi oan fsixor"gi p.di setiap tingkat perekonornian: seluruh Kebijaksanaari Ekonomi dan industri rnenyediakan kerangka makro baik p-.trrung tnaupun kendala yang berdampak te-rhad-ap. penekanan sektoral-, pemiiinan teknologi, strategi ekspor dan lain-Iain; rencana dan Listem tenaga kerja untuk pengemba-ngan tenaga ker ja baik teknis tn.nfnn managerial rnenentukan ku.aritas dan penawaran personil yang tlampir; iuxt"i hukum dan budaya, termasuk kebijakianaan upah rnempu-nyai danpak terhadap hubungan tenaga kerjl-nanajenenr gaya dan dukungan ryanajemen, kesenuanya akin berktitan d6ngan proaurtivitas. Karena itu usaha untuk melaksanakan produktivitas pada tingkat nasional mernerlukan pendekatan multidirnensi yang daiat *"nji"ordinasikan usaha masyarakat l-uas pada setiap tingrcit perekonornian. Pada tingkat rnakro, produktivitas harus menjadi bagian j-ntegral dari proses perencanaan ekonomi. n"1 i;i memerrukan _ kernampuan untuk melaksanakan studi baik nasionai sektoral terhadap topik yang berkaitan dengan produktivitas, r""p"" diinana masarah
r07
keseinbangan struktural dan lapangan kerja produktif akan rnenjadi bahan masukan di_ dalan. proses perencanaan. Dalam rangka dan.mengukur produktivi€as padJ tingkat nasional, sekloralm"^.it-u maupun regional serta perusahaan,. pengernbangan data yang rnemadai senaiii
dasar indikator produktivitls langat diperruxin.
-
untuk rnempertinggi produktivjtas _ Kerangka ,.kelernbagaan rndonesia terdiri atas organisasi penLrintairl a-n non-pemerintah.di
Lembaga Produktivitas llaiional y?"g berada dibawah 'o"p-il"r"" Tenlg-a . Ker j a, adalah Tripartit yang menangani - masarah produktivitas. Lembaga tersebut rrJrus ditingi(atkan untuk menyediakan keperninpinan dan koordinasi yang -rnantap antara pemerintah dengan perwakilan sektor swasta.
Pada tingkat operasional, Pusat Produktivitas Nasional didirikan oleh Departemen Kerja u".i"qi" untuk melaksanakan pedoman proaultivitas Tenaga yang- ditentukan oleh Lembaga tersebut diatas. Tugas NPC sekarang terut-ama berkonsentrasi pada masalah kernajuan produktivitas tenagi kerja. Langkah tersebut dj-ambil untuk menghilingkan kendala-kenlala ying diJebabkan oleh terbatasnya dana. bagi NPc untuk rnembuat fornuLasi dan peraksanaan program yang lebih mantap dalam memberikan saran konsultisi praktis pada tingkat perusahaan. Fokus Npc juga dipertuas terhadai aspek produktivitas yang lain, disamping pro-aurtivitas tenagra t<erja.P"lyebar luasan informasi dan penyuluhan dengan menggunakan berbagai nedia dirasakan sebagai- suatu cara -efektif dalam meningkatkan gerakan kesadaran produktivitas masyarakat umum. sumber-sumber daya yang dialokasikan di organisari- t"n.g. kerja sektor swasta seperti KADrN dan APTNDo dirnaksudkai untriX menyelenggarakan serninar dan workshop rnengenai prod.uktivitas p.t. anggotanya. Kemampuan teknis dan keuangan organi-sasi tersebut, merupakan kendala utama, maka denganked.ua sumber ajya yang terbatas dan kurangnya kernarnpuan teknis, kea-h1ian in-house harus lebih diperkuat dan ditingkitkan. Sasaran seminar dan workshop adalah untuk memberikan kesadaran yang luas mengenai teknik nana jemen partisipatif (quality cont-roI circles, tltar quality rnanagement dan lain-lain) sebagai arat untuk m"mp"itinggi produktivitas. usaha awal seharusnya berfokus pada sektor industri yang rnenghasilkan barang-barang yang canggih lji.:< untuk pasar dalan negeri maupun luar negeri. Produktivitas serninar d,an gerakan kesadaran produktivitas nasyarakat dilihat. sebagai prasyarat yang penting terh^adap progranprogram yang diarahkan bagi penyedilan saran [onsuttasi produktivitas yang praktis di- tingkai perusahaan dan sektoral. sebaliknya program-program tersebut dapaC nenberikan hubungan yang penting antara kebijaksanaan dan rencJna, serta tind.akan mendasar produktivitas, dalam bentuk nilai tanbah yang menjadi kenyataan. KADrN/APrNDO didorong untuk menyusun satuan konlultasi produktivitas in-house yang dapai rnemeberikan konsultasi produktivitas bagi para anggotlnya iebagai dasar-v"ng dapat terus (PPN/NPC) yang
I08
berjalan secara ekonomis. Kampanye promosi produktivitas dikernbangkan _ terpadu berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip Hubungran fndustri: pancasila mengenai hubungan kerjasamJ nana j"*"r-i".,ug. meningkatkan kesejahteraan . karyawan seiring aengan kerja, kemajuan perusahaan, distribusi hasir pioduktivitas vunq i"itnuung,-"klilu"u*u, control circres- (acc1 dan - p.id"k.tan partisipatif quarity untuk meningkatkan produktivitas. Kanpanye tersebut harus dilaksanakan bersama deng3n yang lain dan keg-iut...t .pengernbangan dan peratihan rebih spesifik pada tingkat r,enb-aga rripari,ite ain gipartite. Lembaga Bipartite dibentuk berdasarkan filosofi hubungan industri Pancasila seba.gai mekanisme konunikasi tenaga kerjamanajemen di lebih darf 20oo perusahaan. sejauh ini, Lembaga tersebut menaruh perhatian pada hubungan tenaga kerja, dan potensi rembaga tersebut sebagairnasarah motor bagi ai"rbg iu"n rnembangun dan kerjasama. di dararn produfttivitas nanpak ny.f.l xenyataannya prinsip-prinsip Pancasiri yang menekankan pada -hubungan kerjasama antara rnanajemen dan_ tenaqi xeria serta p"iti"gxit"""i."="jahteraan karyawan yang sejalan dlngan - kemajuan perusahaan, memberikan kernungkinan yang baik terhahap penaJratan- parti"ipitir dan adit untuk meningkatkan produktivitis b3". dapat digunakai seoagai pokok dasar di dalam kampanye produktivitai yang terprogram. Jumrah kerenbagaan Bipartite akan ditarnbah selama REPELTTA vr. pembentukan dewan produktivitas sektoral akan . Kelayakan dinilai dari penyediaan fokus sekt6ral dan relevansi.nya. untuk berfungsi secara efektif, penting sekali untuk nemuentux aparat konsultan yang mantap daram dewan iersebut. untuk menkonsentrasikan fokus dan keefektifan !i"y3 ketrampilan dasar konsultan, dari awal harus dikenbangkan pada niaang ueritcut i;1-- y;;;'-ol"il1u,"yui dampak yang cukup besar terhadap proauxtivitas dengan iivesta'si'modaI -t;;; -;i;;; ninim: (i) 9.".".1. pLrneriksaan produkliviias; tiil peneliharaan; (iii) konservasi^ dan mengurangi pemborosan; (iv) penggunaan tenaga I.rja "n"tgi dJn peraratin; (v) kualitas pengawasan; (vi) sistim informasi. manajemen dan dasar'akuntansi; peningkatan produktivitas melalui perbaikan ronaisi kerja, -(vii) keseramatan dan kesehatan; (viii) peneritiin pasar aan pengembangan produk; (ix) pengawasan pelatihan dengan penekanan pada rnotivasi karyawan dan penggunaan sumber daya. ftelompok utama bagi =u=..i.t perayanan irl untuk perusahaan beiskara sebang, keraji;.; ;"[t;; dan yang berskala kecil-, dimana tingkata" t.rs"nut-r"i"p.kan dasar dan cocok untuk pelaksanaan yang -ail.xutcan oleh konsultan yang
kurang berpeng,alarnan
Pi=amping pengernbangan keahlian konsultasi in-house dan jasa -konsurtasi dalam asosiasi industri, majikan, organisisi, .ro=i.=i pengusaha dan badan lainnya yang dekat hunungannyl aengan'inaui;;i; kemarnpuan konsurtan pemerintah^ (yaii.u o.pi.i3r,ugu Kerja, Ta\. rndustri dan _ perdagangan) harus oinantapkan. Ha1 sesuai khususnya untuk perusahaan yang berskala t<eci.I dan *iXroini yang tidak
l0s
mampu
untuk membayar jasa konsultasi.
Disamping itu, program-program harus disusun dan dilaksanakan untuk meningkatkal ketrampilan konsultasi NGo, pVo dan organisasi lainnya yang terlibat dalaln pengembangan usaha masyarakat dan usaha nandiri pada tingkat nasyarakat l-apisan rnenengrah dan Akhirnya, pelaksanaan dengin rnenggunalan cara betijar jarakbawah. jaun dapat dilakukan denga'n rnenggunaxan koran mingguan, radio dan =iar"n TV untuk rnengajarkan har-hal yang pokok- untuk meningkatkan produktivitas yang didasarkan pada patcet pelatihan trfmprove your
(rYB) t' yang dilakukan oreh rl,o. pendekatan ini mengkornbinasikan biaya yang rendah per penerima dengan jangtauan yang luas dan yang sesuai bagi perusahaan kerajinan raicyaf aai yang
Business
berskala kecil
seperti di sektor perdagangdn, usaha.."i.r,l
perbaikan dan jasa lainnya.
Komponen-komponen diatas harus didukung oleh sebuah kampanye untuk rneningkatkan kesadaran, akseptibilitas dan penggunaan- jaia konsultasi yang dilakukan sebagai komponen sasaran khusus dari keseluruhan kampanye pronosi produktivitls. Dengan kemungkinan yangl ada, perusahaan sasaran harus dipilih berdasarkan paaa pot-ensi mereka daram pemberian insentif yang dapat diperlihatka-n pada perusahaan yang lain.
110
Section 3.6
A NOTE ON TECHNOI,OGY AND I.
EUPIJOYUENT
INTRODUCTION
utilization of science and technology for the .The optionaljust real-ization of a and equitable social welfare is ia6ritified as the first priority in the guidelines of state policy for REpELITA Vf. Development in science and technology is also stated in the GBHN for PJPT II as an inportant factor in enhancing productivity and efficiency, and in boosting ernployment opportunities these b| enhancing the welfare of the popuJ-ation. on the other hand tha development of science and technology should be supported by human through education and training resource developmeni. The employment problem in Indonesia is essentially one of 1ow . incomes. The earnings of large numbers of workers remai-n quite low, and.rnany may be said to share the linited opportunities f6r gainfui activities. If there are fewer fully-fleagea jobs coming ,lp than there are new entrants to the labour force - as is prouauly the case at present work sharing would increase and productivity gains night not be sufficient to maintain average incomes at theil already low leve1. creating more,jobs per unit of output than in the past is therefore a strategic issue at least in the short run, ana it is in this context that the technology factor assumes critical importance. Making the economy as i- whole more labour-intensive without permitting productivity (va1ue added per worker) to stagnate or decrine, wourd seem to be feasibre, but it requires a close look at policies which directly or indirectly influence the choice and acquisition, as well as the creation and the application of technologies. A more labour-intensive path to development is largely the outcome of fostering widespread abilities to choose acquire-, create and, last but not least, to apply technologies which are both efficient and effective in absorbing labour. At a more operational level, it means the ability to search for tec|norogical alternatives, to identify technology sources, to n"groi,i"t" reasonable conditions, to actually transfer technology as and when necessary from abroad, oE within rndonesia, for example, among islands or frorn one sector of the economy to another. rhe abifitf to develop technologies covers the adaptation of inappropriat6 designs from aboard, upgrading traditional technologies, -Js wLlI as inventing new ones. It also includes the capacity tt produce tools and machines and other capital goods reguired to ireatL appropriate technological arternatives. Finally, the crucial capacity to apply technologies which are technically and economically vialiel requires a capacity to ensure their diffusion, adopti6n, proper use, maintenance and repaj.r. l_
lll
II. CIIALLENGES AND ISSUES National Technologfy policy Technology encompasses, in addition to mechanical or biochernical process and knowledge, management capabitities, marketing
t,echniques, pet'tinent infrastructure and supporting services. Technology is not only used in agricultural or industrial production but also in trade and services. From a national point of view the appropriateness of t,echnologies depends on their contribution to solving urgent development problems such as enployment creation and increasing the generally very low j-ncomes of the population. In the past technology has often been exclusively identified with advanced eguipnent and rnodern machines which are considered a short-cut to efficiency and quality in large-scaIe industrial production. Those who choose technology need not always do so in a perfectly rational manner. Neither need government policies which have been adopted to influence technological choice be consistent, completer or in keeping with stated objectives. Inadequate unreasonable resistance to change or - at the other end - and eager surrender to whatever is most sophisticated, are factors which are likely to contribute to a less than optirnal allocation of resources.
Policies and the related instruments to strengthen endogenous capacities to choose, acquire, create and apply relatively laborintensive technologies with a view to promoting economic Arowth in such a manner that productive employments maximized, are not nerely a matter of social justice; they would also seem to provide a relatively safe road to ever larger markets at horne. In fact, a minor increase in the purchasing power of low-income families of which there are so many in Indonesia, should be expected to show up in the form of a major increase in donestic denand in particular for goods and services which are produced in a relatively labori-ntensive manner.
Both technology and employment have been treated as critical issues in Indonesia, but the relationship between the two areas of Government intervention has often been ignored. There have been occasional references to the merits of labor-intensive techniques in solving employtnent problens, but systematic policy guidance, and
monitoring and analysis of pertinent data and projects, are lacking. In this respect, it is useful to make a distinction between explicit and ilnplicit technorogy policiesr' the former are policies which are expressly adopted to affect endogenous technological capacity, whereas the latter do so unintentionally that is, as a by-product of serving other purposes. 2-
II2
Explicit technology policies The REPELTTA v chapter on science, Technology and Research is particularly oriented towards research. It suggests in some detail what should be studied and by whom, but forward linkages of R & D to the productive sectors remain obscure. It appears that science and technology are primarily considered as inputs into a long-term process which would results in fndonesiars rrtake of during REPELITA vr. There i-s emphasis, e.g. on training scientists and researchers in such fields as nuclear physics, remote sensing and aeronautics, and on setting up string of sophisticated laboratories such as under the PUSPfTEK programme. Although there are also references to basic human needs and appropriate technologies, there are no specific suggestion on promoting the selection and application of technologies which would contribute substantially to creating job and j.ncome opportunities. The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), one of leading actors in shaping the country technology mix, is particularry but not exclusively concerned with implernenting a rrstrategy of transformationil by prornoting industries in the following areas: aviation, shipping, land transport, telecommunications, energy, engineeringr, agricultural- machines and defense. BPPTTs focus would appear to be somewhat lirnited to supporting the acquisition and application of advanced technoLogies. There would seem to be some inbalance between efforts airned at preparing rndonesia for the future on the one hand, and aimed at coping with current problems on the other. fmplicit technglocry policies Inplicit technology policies are policies which have not been designed to influence technology decisions but which do so nonetheless in an indirect nanner. In fact, irnplicit policies are almost certainly more important in shaping the national technology mix than explicit policies. They include (i) policies which influence the choice of products, that is, the conposition of output and hence the structure of the econonyi (ii) policies which influence the cornposition of technology decision-makers; (iii) policies which influence the quality of decision-makers; (iv) policies which influence access to production inputs; (v) policies which influences relative prices of production inputs. The latter are among the most irnportant but certainly not, the only implicit technology policies. Prices may be distorted so that they do not reflect relative scareities, as the by-product of a combination of policies including those wlth bearing on access to inputs. Thus, if capital is relatively cheap as a result of fiscal, monetary, industrial and trade policies, it is perfectly rational for modern-sector entrepreneurs to import and instalt capitalintensive technologies; it is equally sensible for the small peasant facing exorbitant interest rates to go on rerying on techniques which are too labor-intensive to nake a Iiving. -3
113
Widespread inefficiencies which are the result of such policies rnay be seen in the form of under utilized capacity of capilal stock on the one hand and underemployment on the other. There is of course a price to inefficiency usually paid by down-stream producers in the form of higher input costs, by the consumer in the form of higher prices r et by government in the form of subsidies and foregone tax revenues
rndonesiars technorogy poricies and policy instrunents, suggest that their cornbined elfect amounts [o a Ltronqr bias i; favour of large-scaIe, capital-intensive technologies. This is particularly evident in manufacturing but there are also policies
which unduly endanger rabour absorption or retention in agricurture. rn the case of manufacturing, there appears to be a definite imbalance in support for smaLl as compared to medium and large industries. others factors include investment incentives which in effect subsidies capital inports, preconceived notions about the inapproprj,ateness of more labour-intensive alternatives even for auxiliary processes, and a Iack of solid project appraisar (including social cost-benefit type of analyses undertaken by government) early enough in decision-making. rn the case of agriculture, institutional factors and subsidized credit as well as seasonal labour shortages (which could in principle be overcome, certaj-nly on Java) are mentioned as determinants of tractorisation. A number of technology-related issues specific to selected sectors will be discussed in the next section on this report. Among the macro-economic policies which influence factor prices and hence choice of technorogy, those in the fiscal and monetary sphere may be mentioned. Indonesiafs new tax system does longer accord special incentives such as tax holidays to lot ?ny investors. foreign Depreciation allowances, however, anount to a subsidy for fixed assets and raising thern may be expected to favour a choice of capital-intensive technology. As for skiIIs developnent, although scientists and engineers are indispensable, it should not be concluded that one needs as many of then as possible for the whole range of disciprines. Traditional scj-ence and technology indicators sueh as x engineers per 1000 PoFulation are not, very helpfu}, and say nothing about the specialization of these engine-rs, tneir location, thei-r quality, and the relevance of their knowledge and skills for solving urgent developnent problems such as row incorne in agriculture. Sectoral Tecbnology policies Biases in technology choice nay be indicated in terms of their conseguencesr notably inefficiencies in the allocation of resources within the economy as a whole r ot in the public sectorr or in lost
opportunities for enploytnent creation and income generation. In order to take specific rernedial action however, it is important to identify biases and bottlenecks and assess their effect at the sectoral and sub-sectoral leve1. 4r14
Manufacturinq
Indonesiats manufacturing sector remains characterized by dualisn. Enterprises with fewer than 20 workers 90 per cent of which in fact have fewer than five workers - account for about 80 per cent of employrnent in the sector but their share in sectoral value added is only 20 percent. Valbe added per worker in these smalL enterprises averaged around Rps.l-.2 million per year in i.990 as compared to Rps. 9.5 nillion in medium and large-scale firrns (current prices). Such low productivity figures for small enterprises including household and cottage industries, indicate considerable underemployment and very low averaqe incornes for more than 5.5 nillion people who show up in the statistic as enployed in srnallscale manufacturing. Industrial census data reveal that almost all of these are household nembers who work on average just over l-Oo days per years. It is sometirnes argued that in order to compete in international markets one must produce the sort of qualily which can only be achi-eved by using capital-intensive methods. Although this may be true in some cases, it is certainly wrong in otheri. This correlation between quality and the use of capital-intensive techniques is by no neans perfect and there are good examples of quality being associated with labor-intensive methods (e.g., batik). Moreover, export markets are far from homogenous and market research should go a long way to uncover new outlets for fndonesia products rnanufactures today. Quality is no doubt irnportant but the price of a product is the real key to unlocking new markets. Aqriculture The relationship between technology and ernployment in agriculture is extremely complex, in particular if changes over time are considered. Such changes have been rapid and irnportant in recent years rnuch will depend on the direction and nanagement of changes which are yet to income. rt is to be expected that the share of agricurtural employnent in total ernployment will continue to decline, but it is at the same time unavoidable that for some years to come the sector must absorb additional labour, particularly outside Java. In a scenario which reflects the REPELITA VI objectives that agricultural output, absorb L.29 nillion extra workers or 16 per cent of the incrernental ]abor force during the five-years plan period; employnent in agricultural would thus account for 44 per cent of total employment in L988/9. Agriculturalrs capacity to absorb additional labor is not unlinited, and rnay have reached its linit in Java. The sector is however by no means homogeneous. Problem and opportunities vary for each location and specific product. Technorogical change has been the key factor in raising agricultural output. one should distinguish technologies however, 5-
lr5
in terms of their effect on employnent. Better seeds and irrigation in conbination with fertilizer and pesticide contribute to higher yields and a increase in cropping intensityr' they may indeed require additional inputs of 1abor. But changres in harvesting methods and tool- and the j-ntroduction of factors, threshers and dryers for which there nay be good reasons substitute capital for labor without effect on yields. There are strong indications that the net employment effect of the different rrnewrr technologies has been unfavourable to labor absorption in agriculture. Construction and rural infrastructure REPELITA Vf lists a number of specific policies for the expansion of enployrnent, notably an increase in expenditure on Iabor-intensive public works. Special programmes have indeed contributed substantially to raising rural incomes for a number of
years
noLr.
ff well conceived and properly implemented. programmes aimed at developing rural infrastructure should be expected to make a mayor contribution to the growth of agricultural output and employment. Moreover, they are bound to facilitate rrdown gtreamrl actj-vities such as rural trade and industry. In fact, their indirect effects could well be rnore significant than their direct effects. No doubt in recognition of this catalytic role, contribution and rural infrastructure absorb a significant share of public expenditure which means that they are a rnajor source of employment irrespective of choice of technology. There is an aura of weLfare it appears, around special public works progranmes in as far as people believe that a premium is placed on job creation at the expense of efficiency. such a premise demonstrated that labor-based road construction is viable both from a technical and economic standpoint as long as sufficient attention is paid to organization and supervision. If such methods can compete with relatively capital-intensive technol-ogies in terms of cost, road quality and construction tiure, they should be preferred in an employment-oriented developnent strategy, not only end it would be advisable to devote special attention to project appraisal, monitoring and evaluation and to envisage ways and means of adapting current structures to new approaches. III. OBiTECTTVES AND POI,ICIES National Technol.ogy Policy Technology is a key factor in rneeting development objectives, in particular those relating to econoroic Arowth and the creation of enploYment. Development is a process of widespread modernization, of applying science and technology for the sake of sel-f-sustained growth. However, it in the interest of country where labour is plentiful and cheap to avoid ventures which are undulv capitalintensive. rt is at the micro-lever of the enterprise, raige or 6
t.I6
smaIl, firm or farrn, that people decide what, how and how much to produce. But such decisions are largely influenced by circumstances, many of which may be shaped by Government. Moreover, Government participates itself directly or indirectly in the production of goods and services and is thus regularly in a posi-tion where it rnust choose between alternative technologies. fn addition to BPPT's focus in the acquisition and application of advanced technologies, BPPT's role should be expanded to serve as an equally active and powerful agent to promote the gradual improvement of traditional technologies which are widely used in agriculture, snall-sca1e industry, transport and trade. Explicit science and technology policies should follow from the socio-economic objectives and priorities and not be confined to the margin of development strategy. Such policies should go further than ensuring the establishment or strengthening of a whole range of R&D centres or the training of scientists and engineers. For each urgent development problem they shoul-d specify how science and technology may contribute to finding satisfactory solutions and pinpoint the policy instruments legislation, institutionalsupport, resource allocation, etc. to be used for their implementation.
Indonesia's implicit technology policies should strive to reduce the present strong bias in favour of large-scale, capitalintensive technologies. Anong the nacro-economic policies which influence factor prices and hence choice of technology, particular attention should be paid to fiscal and monetary policies which should not unduly subsidize the choice of capital-intensive
technology.
Because knowledge and skills are an integral part of each and every technology, relevant education and vocational training as well as extension and other forms of disserninating practical inforrnation have a major bearing on strengthening endogenous technological capacity. It is critically important to ensure the generation and spread of the knowledge and ski1ls which are required to meet development objectives. A key issue in relation to absorbing ever more people into rewarding ernployment lies at the bottom of the pyramid of skills" with prirnary education virtually universal, attention should turn to curricula and the quality of teaching such that those who leave school to enter the labour market possess enough relevant knowledge and practical skill to earn a decent income. Beyond schools, extension and mass education progranmes should be conceived, funded and staffed so as to be truly effective in raising ernployment and productivity.
7
Lr7
g€ctoral Technology polici€s Manufacturinq
rn the case of manufacturing, a more baranced support for small as compared to rnedium and llrge industries is reqirlrea. If the manufacturing secLor is to meet employrnent targetsf it would. seem indispensabre , to scrutinise and aajust a wi-a" rangfe of government policies which influence choice of product and choice of technology. A special effort may be required in support of the crucial role played by small industries in absorbing-labour. Such support should simultaneously aim at expanding the production of exportable and at raising productivity and incorne in industries where these are lowest. The general and sectoral policies all-uded to here go a long way in this direction, but specitic instruments, such as development funds for the promotion of rural industrialization technologies and market relearch, are necessary for the implementation of such policies. Aqriculture for absorbing more labour in growing rice are . Prospects limited especialry in Java. Further output increaJes may be realized through a further introduction and better management of rrgrreen revolutionrt packages and measures airned at reducing postharvest losses. The key technology-employment issue in ricl is to avoid unwarranted and all to ra ia mechanization as this would resul-t in najor labour redundancies. Mechanization should not be considered to increase yields but mainly as a means to reduce the share of labour in value added. It is of critj-cal importance to verify the reasons for mechanization in the light of developmental priorities. In the case of regional or seasonal labour shortages for examPle, corrective neasures may be feasible such as promotinq labour rnobility or revising the linetable of irrigation watei availability to allow rnoie time for Land prepiration and
harvesting.
prices righttt is another imperativer. subsidized ,.rrGetting credit for exanple, and governrnent support in Lne form of training, repair and naintenance faciliti€s, tuel subsidies, etc. would effectively lower the break-even point for tractors and thereby increase demand for thern. other rneasures may be airned at curtailin! the negative employment effects of land sa1es. l?odcrops other than rice would seem to be particularly suited diversification with a view to raboui absorpti6n. The enplolment coefficients for rnaize, vegetables and fruit, rootcrops and nuts, are higher than for any other product which means that for given increase in output retatively rn-ore jobs are created. (at current levels of income) than in other sub sectors. fn addition, important indirect enployment nay result frorn forward linkages. problen is that output perfornance has not been inpressive, and The not necessarily for lack of demand. Value added per woiker is very low-
_ for
8-
It8
roughly half of what it is in rice - which suggests that already too many people are involved in growing such crops or in any event, that doing so should be unattraclive to someone *itfr other 6ptions. The technologj-cal challenge is therefore two-foldl namely to j-ncrease yields per hectare already under crop without reduling current labour inputs, and to increase output by developing n"w land so that a maximum of additional labour is absorbed at nigner than present levels of income. ft should be useful to identify for each of the foodcrops other than rice technological bottleiecks which rnight render such an approach ineffectivi and to consider r,tays and means of removing such bottlenecks. Recent studies of the prospects for rubber, oil paln and
coconuts confirm that the potential for further employment generation in tree crops as enormous, certainly if down scream processing is also considered. There is suitable land "nough available on the outer island and enough demand in international
rnarkets.
Construction and rural infrastructure Considerable employment can be created in the construction of roads and irrigation works. such employrnent is typically of a limited duration; once the road is finished, workers tina to revert to.their previous occupation. It often appears however, that road maintenance in particular for the ttspecGl programme roadsrr, is unsatisfactory. fn as much as all roads need malntenance this is bound to reflect unfairly on the quality of labour-intensive roads as compared to those constructed with big machines and rnaintained by the Public Works Department. More seriously, Lack of naintenance is bound to undo the financial efforts rnade at infrastructure developrnent. Labour-based maintenance methods and as necessary the creation of additional (part-time) ernployment in road maintenance should. be expected to have a high rate of return both fron the economic and the soiial point of view. Part of INpRES and padat Karya funds should profitably be earmarked for the purpose.
9-
n9
Sqction 3.7,
REGIONAL EI'IPLOYI|ENT AND ITANPOI|ER DEVELOPUENT:
TREND8, ISsUBS eND
PROSPECTS
TENTATIVE TABIJE OF CONTENT
1. Populatiorr and Migration 1-. L Population Growth and Distribution 1-.2 Urbanization l-. 3 Migration 2. Structural changes in Labour Force, Emplolment and UnempLolment 2.L Trends in Labour Force an Employment 2.2 Unemployment and Underernployment 2.3 sectorar Employment changes and Employrnent Elasticities 2.4 Employment Status and Informal Employment 2.5 Occupational Employment Characteristics 3. Human Resource Developnent Trends and patterns 3. L Literacy Rates 3.2 Educational Attainment 3.3 Mean Years of Schooling 3.4 Factors Affecting nducitional Attainnent 3.5 Secondary Technical Education 3.6 Post-Secondary Education 3.7 Basic Health and Nutrition 4. Regional Differences in Econonic Developnent & Enplolment Opportunities
4.1- cDP and Per Capita GDp Trends
4.2 Poverty Distribution 4.3 Differences in Economic Structure 4. 4 Agricultural Developrnent 4.5 fndustrial Concentration 4 .6 Dif f erences in Investrnent 4.7 Physical Infrastructure 5. Majo.r Enploynent lEsues 5.1 Ernploynent Absorption Capacity (agric., 5. 1 Unemplolrnent and Underernploynent 5.2 Educated Unenployment 5.3 Income Trends 5. Future Prospects 6.L Population and Labour Force 6.2 Economic Developnent
rnanuf
.)
1
120
6.3 Employment Creation 6.4 Educated Unemployment 6.5 Skil1s fmbalances 7. Conclusions and policy options 7.L Summary of Findings 7.2 Policy options for Employment Generation 7.3 Policy Options for Skilled Manpower Development 7.4 Policy Options for fmproving fncomes and fncome Distribution 8TATISTTCAL ANNEX
2L2L
OUTLfNE
1.
POPULATTON, URBANIZATION AND I'TGRATTON
1.1 Populat,ion croxrth and Distribution Indonesia's population growth rate declined from 2.22 p.a. in the first half of the L980s to L.eZ p.a. in the second half of the decade, a result widely credited to the successful implementation of the f arnily planning programme. Although rnortality rates decreased from to in L98O-9A, birth rates declined even more rapidly from to to produce a decrease in the overall growth rate of the population. The decrease in overall mortality rates was itself chiefly the result of the decline in the infant nortality rate (IMR) from 109 to 7L per l,0OO births between the 1980 and 1-990 population census years. Meanwhile, birth rates dropped due to the decline in the total fertility rate (TFR) from 4.68 to 3.33 in the sane period (Population Projection by Province 1990 2OOO, CBS March 1993). Ilife expect., birth rates?] ':
Indonesia presents quite a diverse population distribution structure. Java accounts for just 72 of the land area, but of a substantial 60? of the population. In contrast, Sumatra, Kalimantan and frian Jaya account for about a quarter each of the countryrs total area, but are inhabited by only 2OZt 52 and 1? respectively of the total population. Javars population density at gl_3 per square km is about L0 times, while that of the eastern islands is about a fifth of the national average (table 1.1). The provincial densities vary from a hiqh of I2,5Oo and 979 in Jakarta and Yogyakarta, to a low of 4-9 per krn in lrian Jaya and East and Central Kalirnantan. Large nortality and fertility differences between provinces (table .., BPS march 1993) have caused correspondingly wide variati.ons in the growth rates of the population, ranging from a
3r22
low of L.7-L.9 in Java and Sulawesi, to a hiqh of 2.7-3.L in Sumatra, Kalirnantan and the eastern islands between L98O and 1990. L.2 Urbanization Java is the most urbanized island in Indoneisia with 36?.of its population living in urban areas, while eastern isl-ands were the rnost rural with only half this proportion of their population in towns. On average the urban population accounted for just over 30? of the total in L99O (tab1e 2). However the pace of urbanization has been relatively rapid throughout fndonesia, with the urban population increasing by over 5Z-62 p.a. in all- regions and in both hal-ves of the L98Os. In contrast, the growth in the Indonesian rural population decreased from L.zz p.a. in the first half of the t-98os to o.sz p.a. j-n the second ha1f. This was due to a drastic decline in Java mainly, which disprayed a very row growth of o.4z p.a. in the first half of the 1980s, and even a negative growth of -o.i-eo in 1980-85. Although this is partly due to the redefinition of rural-urban boundaries, the very low growth in the Javanese rural population can be contrasted with a 2z-2.5? p.a. growth rate in 1980-85, which nevertheress declined to about rZ in other islands, except in Kal-irnantan (tabIe 1) . Starting from a high urban base, the proportion of people livingr in urban areas has increased twice as rapidly in Java compared wj-th other isrands, by 1L? compared with 5-6? in the 198090 period. However even in outer Java, the increase in the share of the urban population has doubled frorn 22 to 42 between the first and second half of the 1980s (table 2). 1.3 l.tigration
4r23
2.
SERUCTURAT CH}}IGES
IN
T,ABOUR
8ORCE, ETTPLOYUENT AND UNEI{PLOY!{ENT
2.1 Trends in Labour Force and Enplolment The popul-ation census data, taken at face value, depiet a very rapid rate of 3.62 p.a. in the growth of the fndonesian labour force in the 1980s, and ranging from 3.Leo in Java to 5.7e" i,n Ma1uku and Irian Jaya (table 3). It is now widely acknowledged that the 1980 population census underestirnated the existing labour force by under-enumeratinq female fanily v/orkers, especially in rural areas. This is indicated by the fact that the overall labour force participation rate of L980 at 50.2 is noticeably Iower than those of preceding and subsequent censuses (5f.32, 53.02 and 54.72 respectively in 197L, 1985 and l-990). ff this is accepted, the calculated labour force growth rates of the first half of the l-980s of 4.LZ overall and ranging from 3.62 in Java to 7.22 p.a. in Maluku and frian Jaya, roughly twice the rate of the growth in the working age population in these provinces, appear even less credible than for the whole decade.
Va1id comparisons between the first and second half of the 1980s can only be undertaken after adjusting the l-980 census results for this under-enumeration. In the absence of additional information, correcting the published 1980 figures would of necessity reflect the view of the analyst undertaking the adjustment, and may therefore appear somewhat arbitrary. The starting point in the present case is the observation that the 1980 sex and age-specific ernplolnnent rates (as percentage of the agespecific population) are almost identical to those of LITL on the one hand, but noticeably lower than those of 1985 and L99O on the other. Since the definition used in 1980 for working was different than in L97L (working at least one hour in the previous week instead of two days in the previous week), total employnent in 1-9g0 was adjusted upwards by applying the averaqe sex and age-specific 5r24
employnent, rates for
]-glL and 1990 to the corresponding
1980
population categories. employed in Next, since about 8o9o of fanily workers !,ere of the additional agriculture, the second step was to allocate most location'.'. to tl: enployment, separately by sex and urban-rural agricu}turalsectorofeachprovinceaccordingtoitsshareaf fanilywor}<ersinagriculture.Thethirdstepwastoatlocatethe again separately by renaining zoz of additional ernployrnent, once in proportion to sex and rura]-urban location, to other sectors The final step their share of fanily workers in non-agriculture' unemployment' was to add the published age and sex-specific enploynent separately by urban-rural location, to the corresponding of the total estimates in the previous step to produce estinates force' economically active population or the labour procedure was to increase The finar outcome of this adjustrnent 50 3% tO 52 ' ' ' in the overall labour force participation rate frorn '
lgso,andreducethelabourforcegrowthfrom4.l-to3.3zp.ain This rate varied the 1980-85 period' tlfpr by regions?l low of 2'82 significantly fron region to region, from a relatively inJavato5.5zp.a.inEasternrndonesia,withotherislands occupyingintermediatepositionbetweenthesetwoextremes.outer Javars growth rate was 4'LZ p'a' on average' survey and the A comparison between the 1985 inter-censal Iatest]-ggopopulationcensusconfirmsthatthelabourforce continuedtogrowrapidlyeveninthesecondhalfofthelg80s,dt nearly3zp.a.,amuchfasterratethanthatofeitherthetotal aged 10 and population (1-.8?) or of the working age population above(2.62).SincetheageandSex-Specificlabourforce participationrateshardlychangedinthisperiod(figures]-.ato 1.d),thefastergrowthrateofthelabourforceinrelationtc .thatofthewor}
changesinthea!'estructureofthepopulation:thisproduc 6-
higher overall labour force participation rate of 54.72 in a t99o labour force which had a higher proportion of people of peak working age relative to the 1-985 labour force with an overall LFPR of 53.08. The decline in the growth rate of the national labour force from 3.32 to 3.oZ p.a. was mirrored in a1I major regions, thus maintaining inter-islands differentials. fhus Javars. Iabour force grrew at 2.6? while that of Outer Java grew at an annual rate of 3.62.
Even after adjusting for the under-enurneration of the predominantly female family workers in 1980, the fenale labour force appears to have grown substantially faster that the rnale one in the first half of the L980s, 4.oZ compared with 2.92, particularly in the rural areas in aII regions including Java (table 4). The gender differentials were much less significant in the second half of the decade. As expected the urban labour force increased at more than three times the rate in rural areas for both genders and throughout the decade, 7.22 vs. I.92. The rural labour force growth was particularly low in Java and for females in the second half of the 1980s (0.52 only vs. 3.LZ in Outer Java). This would appear to be related to the growth in ernployment opportunities to be discussed next. Enployment grew by nearly 32 p.a. in Indonesia in the 1980s, however the rate of ernployment generation slowed down somewhat from 3.22 to a still substantial 2.8? p.a. between the first and second halves of the decade. Since overall unemplolnnent rates were relatively low at 22 and 3Z of the Iabour force in 1985 and 1-990 (and only ..eo and ..eo of the working age population aged l-0 and above), the najor reason for the observed differential rates in the Iabour force growth between the major fndonesian regions noted above was the differential rates in enployrnent rates ranging from
2.52 in Java to 4.42 in Eastern Indonesia in the 1980s. Furtherrnore, as also discussed above, these growth rates, particularly in the second half, were due prirnarily to the changing -7 r26
age structure of the working age popuration since age and sexspecific employrnent rates hrere nearly identical in 19g5 and 1990 in both rural and urban areas (figure 2).
sinilarly the labour force differences observed above between urban and rural areas, males and females and'growth rates between the first and second halves of the L980s are reproduced in the case of employment rates. Thus for instance, employment grew the slowest in rural fernales in Java at 0.28 p.a. during 1985-90, compared with 0.8U for rura] males in Java and 7.3? for urban females in the same period. For the whole decade however, the employment qrowth rates of males and females in Rural Java was equally low at L.oz-L.2?, conpared with 3Z-42 in Rural Outer Java. Finally employrnent in urban areas increased at 62-72 for both genders throughout the decade' compared with a much lower rate of less than 22 i-n rural areas (tabIe 5). 2.2 Unenplolment and Underenplolment Unemplovment
Emplolrment in the second half of the 1980s grew at a slower rate of 2.BZ cornpared with a labour force growth of just under 32 for the
country as a whore. This pattern is repeated in all the nain regions, resulting in increases in the overall unemployment rate throughout rndonesia by an average of Lz (ranging from o.7z in sumatra to z.LZ in surawesi) from 2.LZ to 3.22 as a percentage of the labour force. People under the age of 2s, who form only one quarter of the
labour force, nevertheless account for three quarters of total unenploYment. of these, the 20-24 age group alone accounts for about 4OZ of total unenployrnent. Because a large proportion of this and younger groups has attained senior secondary school level, and, an egually large proportion has never worked before, the problern of 8-
127
unemployment in fndonesia can rightly be described as that of educated, first-time youth unemployment (table ... ) .
Since the najority of the unemployed are relatively young and have never worked before, it is instructive to further assess the extent to which the increase in the observed unempioyment rates. in the
last ten years can in fact be attributed to the changing age structure of the labour force rather than to changing employment opportunities. Figures 2.a to 2.d, referring respectively to males in urban and rural areas, and fenales in urban and rural areas, show that the age-specific unenployment rates, ds a percentage of the total population in the relevant age categories, have not changed significantly between 1985 and 1990. This is turn indicates that the observed increase in the overall unernployment rate is prinarily caused by the changing age structure of the labour force rather than economic circumstances and employment, opportunities. Figures 3.a. to 3.d, displaying little changed age-specific employment rates for the same categories as figure 2, confirm the proposition that half of the unemployed people in the younger age groups do manage to find some form of employment or self-emplolrment by the tine they have reached t}:,.e 25-29 age group, and alrnost all are enployed beyond the age of 30. The above observation in no way belittles the unemployment problen which, regardless of the fact that it is due predominantly to age structure rather than to changing emplolment demand, is quit,e real and serious, and requires urgent employment creation
strategies and policies to contain it. fn the L98Os, the number of unemployed persons grew by 10? p.a. on averagte, and by nearly 2OZ p.a. in Sulawesi and Maluku-Irian Jaya in 1985-90. Women in ruraL areas fared particularly badly, and even in Java their nurnbers increased by 222 p.a. compared with an average of 2OZ for all Indonesia.
-9 t28
As a percentage of the labour force, unemployment rates have remained three tirnes as high in urban compared with rural areas (62 vs. 2Z) ' and unemploynent affects women more than rnen (4? vs. 3Z), and certain regions more than others (32-42 in Java and Sul-awesi compared with 2.72 in Surnatra). Thus, in the most unfavourable
circumstances, unemployment rates are as hifh as r5Z for living in urban areas in sulawesi and Maluku-rrian Jaya.
women
Underemplovment
In 1990 a fifth of all workers worked less than 25 hours per week, and just over a third worked less than 35 hours per week. These proportions were however twice as high for females than for males and rural than in urban areas, indicating that part-time employment is twice as prevalent in rural areas and in the female work force. Thus females constituted over half of the part-tiners though their proportion in ernployrnent is only a third. Sirnilarly rural parttirners constituted over 85? of the total though their share in total ernployment is rnuch lower at 722 (table 3.1) . results confirm that agriculture accounted for some 70? of all part-tirne workers, and over 852 of all male rural part-time ernployment (tab1e 3.2). Here also female workers forrned half of the agricultural part-timers. Interestingly, workers below the age of 30 were twice as likely to work shorter hours than on average, and by as rnuch as five tirnes in the case of urban males working less than 25 hours per week (table 3.3). The 1-990 census
The average number of hours worked in agriculture at 35 per week is significantly lower than the average of per week in nonagriculture. Moreover young workers are more likely to work short hours than adults. As employrnent in agriculture has declined, and as very young people rernain longer in fuII-tirne education, the
proportion of the work force working shorter hours has naturally declined (table .. ) . [connent]. t-0
129
To what extent can the proportion of part-tirne work be considered an ernployrnent problem? That part-tirne work is concentrated in female workers, young workers and in the agricultural sector raises the question of whether it is an underemployment problem at all, If the latter is defined as working shorter hours and looking for work or additibnal work, then only Lo8 of those worki-ng part-tine at present can be rightly classified as underemployed according to the 1990 census (table 3.4). This proportion was in fact the same as for aII workers, whether working short hours or very long hours, as many as 45-59 hours per week. Of those working less than 25 hours per week, the rnajority of respondents stated that there was no need to work more (362-542) | and a large proportion stated house-keeping as their main reason (3lZ-372) | followed by school attendance (72-162). The above findings would tend to indicate that, dt the prevailing wage rates, the vast majority or 9OZ of part-tine workers did not in fact wish to work longer hours because many of them were either engaged in agriculture requiring shorter hours of work most of the tine (especially those working O hours per week while waiting for rain or irrigation water), or women engaged in house-keeping, oF children and young adults attending school. While part-tine employnent in Indonesia can thus be hardly regarded as a problern of lack of work for the part-tirne workers themselves in these circumstances, it may be associated with lower incornes particularly of agricultural workers. Part-tirne enployment can therefore be considered as an employrnent issue for those concerned with the underutilization of nanpower resources affecting about a third of the work force, and for those concerned with irnproving the incomes of the rural, mainly agricultural work force. on both accounts the gradual decline in agricultural emplolnrent in all parts of Indonesia would tend to mitigate somewhat these concerns. 11
130
2.3. Etructural Changes in Seetoral EnpJ.olment The Indonesj-an work force has undergone profound structural changes in L98os. These changes were more rapid in the second half than in the first half of the L98os, when agricultural ernployment declined by some 2Z and 42 respectively, and stood at just SOZ of total emplofment in l-990. of a total addition of some 9 nil-tion'workers in each half of the decade, agriculturers share of new employment
declined by harf, from 432 to L9z of the total. A variety of factors htere responsible for these structural enploynent shifts, some of a push nature and others of a puIl nature. This section will attempt to document these changes and provide suggest some underlying causes which have had quite a differential irnpact on sectoral enploynent opportunities and constraints in both halves of the decade. in agricultural ernployment declined sharpLy between the first and second half of the 1980s, from 2.42 to L.LZ p.a. between the first and second halves of the decade. The agricultural work force in Java did not increase at all in L985-L99O. Although that of Sumatra and Kalimantan continued to increase rapidly at some 3? p.a., the rate of growth in agricultural employnent decreased from around 62 to only r.sz p.a. in all other islands (table..). The growth
An inportant factor restricting ernployment opportunities in agri-culture in the country as a whole was the decline in the availability of nehr cropped area in Java. rt has been shown elsewhere (Dhanani, 1992) that the slower rate of agricultural employment in Java in the second half of the 1980s, both in relation to earlier years and in relation to outer Java, can be to large extent explained by the much slower additions in agricultural land between the two periods and the two regions. Land increases of
around 32 p.a. generated sirnilar increases in agricultural employment of the order of 2.52 p.a. in outer Java. The 1-2
t3r
corresponding figures for Java were Q.7eo for area increases and O.1? in employment. That the area increases in Java were not matched by corresponding employment increases can be taken as an indication that a number of other push factors, such as mechanization,'and pull factors such as employnent opportunities in other sectors, combined to maintain agricultufal employment at its rnid-tgaos level in absolute terms. :
Manufacturing employnent expanded very rapidly in the 1980s from 3.6e" to 7.22 p.a. between the two halves of the decade. Since two thirds of total employrnent in the manufacturing sector originate in the household, cottage and smaIl sectors, where earnings do not greatly exceed those available in agriculture, only part of the additional enployment can be counted as demand-Ied. Table .. indicates that nediurn and large scale industries accounted for just over 402 of total manufacturing ernployrnent growth in the 1985-199O period, though nearly 80? of this was located in Java.
Manufacturing employment growth was concentrated in urban areas which accounted for over 50? of the total in 1985-90 (tabIe . . ) . Since rnost nedium and large scale industries arcj located there, much of the remaj-ning increase of 4oZ of the total is likely to have taken place in the 1ow wage househoLd and cottage industry sectors in rural areas. Nevertheless, since many rural dwellers commute to their manufacturing jobs in urban centres, and since enployment in trade, a traditional labour-surplus sector, did not increase significantly, and actually decLined in the rural fernale labour force, the nanufacturing sector is likely to have exerted a puI.1 on agricultural on balance in the second half of the 1980s.
structural transformation of the Indonesian work force was not lirnited to the manufacturing sector. Though relatively snall, the construction and utilities sectors also increased their shares, particularly in the second half of the 1980s. The construction sector in Java created four tirnes as nany jobs as in Outer Java, The
13
132
provided almost equal opportunities in urban and rural areas, and thus constituted another inportant avenue for non-agricultural employment. The total industrial work force, which includes these sectors in addition to mining and quarrying and rnanufacturing, and whose share stood at L3z in l-980 and i.985, jurnped to L7Z of the totar by L99o for the country as a whore, and for just over 2oz in Java, a share which was almost twice as high as in outer Java (11?).
in the trade sector, a labour-surplus sector in the first half of the l-980s, declined drastically from 6.22 to 2.62 p.a. between the first and second half of the decade in all regions, but kept pace with that of overaLr emproyment at 2.82 in the second half (tabre . . ) . since this decrine in a sector characterized by ease of entry was quite general in that it took place in both urban and rural areas, and in both genders, it provides additional evidence of pul1 factors operating in the second half of the 1980s. Enployment growth
Of all major sectors of the economy, the service sector, consisting of transport and communications, finance, public administration and other services, disprays the most stable behaviour, growing at 3z-42 p.a., so that its share remained at 17z-Lgz of the totar throughout the L9B0s. The patterns of employment growth differed however between individual sectors. The transport and communications sector was particularly dynamic, providing sone L0? of all additional male enployrnent in both rural and urban areas in most regions, but particularly in rural Java where the sector accounted for a fifth of all new employment. As a result, employment in other services, except finance, declined in rural Java, and grew only very slowly in urban Java in 1985-1990. This sector, which includes donestic service, was however particularly irnportant f or creating jobs for urban f ernales throughout the decade as it accounted for a third of all new emploYment there, almost as many as the nanufacturing sector. 14
r33
The overall transforrnation of the Indonesian work force from
a predominantly agricultural one to a nore diversified urban industriaL and service-orj.ented one seems to have gathered pace in the second half of the 1980s. Although limited increases in agricultural land and mechanization in Java may have restricted employment opportunities in the agricuLtural sector, the combination of new employment opportunities in the mediun and'large scale rnanufacturing sector for both sexes, in the construction and transport sectors for male workers, and in the service sector for urban femaLe workers appear to have reduced the pressure on the new labour force entrants to enter the agricultural and trade sectors. These new opportunities have been nost powerful in Java, which has begun to see an absolute decline in its agricultural work force, and a drastic drop in the share of agricultural employment, from over 50? in L98O to 43? of the total in 1980.
15 134
4. STATISTICAL AT.INEX
135
4.1 Population, Labour Force and Enplolment
136
Table 1. I
Table 1 : Population Distribution by Region, 1980-1990 lndicator
Sumatra
km) Area
Land Area (sq Percentage
Population 1980 1985 1990
Java Kalimantan Sulawesi Eastern lsl. Indonesia 584,974 1,919,317 100.0 30.5
473,481 24.7
132,186 6.9
539,460
199,21 6
28.1
9.9
27,996 32,604
91,217 99,853 107,526
6,717 7,722 9,096
10,401 11,553 12,510
10,446 12,316 13,644
1'46,776 164,O47 179,248
59 69 77
690
12 14 17
55 61
1B 21
66
23
76 85 93
19.1
62.1
4.6 4.7
7.1
7.1
7.0 7.0
7.5 7.6
100.0 100.0 100.0
2.1
3.3
2.2
1.6 1.9
2.',]
1.8
2.7
2.0
3.2 7.6 5.4
6.2 6.5 6.4
5.5 5.2 5.4
1.9 0.2
2.9 1.2
1.1
2.1
1-2 0.5 0.8
(O0O)
Census Survey Census
36,472
Population Density per sq km 1980 1985 1990
Census Survey Census
755 813
Population Distribution (%) 1980 1985 1990
Census Survey Census
19.9 20.3
60.9 60.0
5.1
Popufation Growth (% p.a.) Urban+Rural
1980-85 1985-90 1980-90
2.3 2.7
1.8 1.5 1.7
2.8 3.3
5.4 5.5 5.4
5.7 4.8 5.3
5.1
2.5 1.3 1.9
0.4
2.2 2.3 2.2
3.1
3.1
Urban
1980-85 1985-90 1980-90
6.3 5.7
Rura!
1980-85 1985-90 1980-90
-0.1 0.1
Pg . Ind. Wk3 137
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Table 2: IndonesiaTrends in Urbanizdion, 1980 Percent Urban Hegion
lncrease
1980
1985
1990
rdonesia
22
26
31
iumatra ava
22 30
36
iali+NT
20 25 12
14
17
,alimantan
21
rulawesi
16
24 't7
28 22
16
17
21
13
15
18
18
20
24
laluku
+
lrian Jaya
astem lslands luter Java
Note:
b. Ind.I^lk3
Table 1.2 199O
26
Male/Female Ratio
80-85 85-90 80-90
45 24 55 23 24 16 24 2 2
I
1985
1990
o.99
o.99
0.99
1.O7
0.99 1.0s
1.02 0.98 0.98 1.04 0.99 't.07
1.01 1.01
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
6
1.O2
1.01
11
0.97 0.99 't.o4 0.98
0.98 0.99
5 6
6 6 4 4
1980
5 6
1.03
Easbrn lslands consist of Bali, NTT, NTB, TimorTimur, Maluku and lrian Jaya
139
Table 1.3
Table ': Growth Rates in Working Age Population, Labour Force & Employment, lgg0-1990 (Percentage per Annum) Population 10+
Labour Force
80-85 85-90 80-90 80-85 85-90
80-85 85-90
80*90
4.12 2.98
3.55
4.03 : 2,76
3.39
4.09 3,10 4.75 4.56
4.43 3.48 6.35 4.34 5.37 7.17
3.45 2.37 3j4 4.54 2.42 3.84
3.94 2.92 4.74 4.44 3.88 5.49
6.53 4.99
3.29 3.40
4.90 4.19
3.19
2.76
2.97
ry
Indonesia
2.90
2.32
2.61
Sumatra Java Bali, NTB, NTT, TT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku + l. Jaya
3.6s 2.53 3.99 3.27 3.02 3.33
2.80
2.30 3.75
3.23 2.28 3.04 3.64 2.66 3.54
4.59 3.59 6.28 4.43 5.18 7.17
3.60 2.60 3.24 4.69 2.86 4.18
Eastern Indonesia Outer Java
3.83 3.52
2.49 2.80
3.16 3.16
6.47 5.04
3.45 3.59
2.O3
2.10 4.01
Employment
80-90
4.O1
5.66 4.95 4.31
Adjusted 198O Fiqures lndonesia
3.30
2.98
Sumatra Java Bali, NTB, NTT, TT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku + l. Jaya
3.69 2.82 5.30 3.32 4.49 6.10
3.60 2.60 3.24 4.69 2.86 4.18
5.47 4.12
3.45 3.59
Eastern Indonesia Outer Java
Source: Note:
Wap.Wk3
As Above
3.14 3.64
3.51
2.71
4.27 4.00 3.67 5.13
2.68 5.35 3.20 4.64 6.08
4.45 3.86
5.50 4.05
3.45 2.37 3.14 4.54 2.42 3.84 3.29 3.40
3.48 2.53 4.24 3.87 3.52 4.95 4.39 3.72
Population Census 1980, 1985 (Survey), 1990 1980 Labour Force and Employment Adjusted for Under-enumeration of Family Workers (see text) Eastern Indonesia includes Bali, NTB, NTT, TT, Maluku and lrian Jaya
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Table 1.5 Table :lndonesia Growth Rates in Labour Force, 1980-90 (% p.a.) Region
Labour Force Urban+Rural
Rural
80-85 8s-90 80-90 80-8s 85-90 80-90 80-85 85-90 80-90
Male 6.52 7.18 6.85 1.94 7.18 6.57 2.40 Sumatra 5.97 Java 6.78 6.89 6.83 1.27 Bali, NTB, NTT, TT 7.31 9.15 8.23 3.91 Kalimantan 5.71 8.44 7.07 2.93 Sulawesi 4.34 8.76 6.52 3.29 Maluku + lr. Jaya 7.98 9.19 8.58 5.22 Eastern lslands 7.51 9.16 8.33 4.20 Outer Java 5.88 7.90 6.89 2.99 Female
Sumatra Java Bali, NTB, NTT, TT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku + lr.
7.75 8.28
10.21
Jaya 20.17
9.97 7.59
12.49 10.58 11.92
10.09 7.37 9.76 10.93 9.22 15.97
7.16
9.51 9.39 7.88
8.02
10.01
Eastern lslands Outer Java
11.20
9.90
10.40 10.48
10.80 10.19
Male + Female
6.91
7.54
Sumatra Java Bali, NTB, NTT, TT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku + lr. Jaya
7.03 6.90 8.10 6.5s 5.28 10.45
7.97 7.13 9.47 9.49 9.29
7.23
9.92
7.27 10.18
8.69 6.92
9.59 8.65
9.14 7.78
Eastern lslands Outer Java
7.50 7.02 8.78 8.01
1.58 1.76 2.72 2.56 0.89 1.08 1.91 2.90 3.62 3.28 1.99 2.64 2.81 4.O1
2-92
2.11 2.s8
3.15 2.78
4.58 3.12 3.47 3.61
3.17
1.36
2.26
4-00
4.17
2.36 0.57 3.00 3.28 0.62 3.60
3.26 1.34 4.79 2.79 3.76 4.74
4.84 3.23 6.88 3.02
2.11
6.62 2.29 7.01
5.90
6.48 3.11 4.78 4.79 2.44 3.61 2.39 1.50 1.94 3.06 1.57 4.99 2.68 4.35 5.47
2.59 0.78 2.37 3.49 1.58 3.10
2.82 1.17 3.67 3.09 2.96 4.28
5.09 3.65
2.52 2.52
3.80 3.08
3.05 2.60 4.27 3.49 3.44 5.64
3.O2
2.97
3.67 3.36 2.63 2.86 3.57 4.74 4.11 3.13 3.29 3.95 4.80 2.,66
3.85 3.54
2.91 3.45 3.47 4.15 2.50 2.87 3.78 5.32 4.60 3.81 7j2 2.23 4.65 4.58 5.76 6.95 6.89 3.93 s.40 5.34 3.56 4.45
3.30 2.98 3.14 3.69 3.60 3.64 2.82 2.60 2.71 5.30 3.24 4.27 4.69 4.00 3.32 4.49 2.86 3.67 6.10 4.18 5.13 5.47 3.45 4.45 4.12 3.59 3.86
Source:
Central Bureau of Statistics Population Census 1980, 1985 (Supas) & 1990
Note:
Eastern lslands consist of Bali, NTB, NTB, Timor Timur, Maluku & lrian Jaya
Adjusted
R.t^lork.wk3 152
Table 1.6
Table : Indonesia
Growth Rates in Employment, 1 980
Region
-
1990
(%
Employment Urban+Rural
Rural
80-85 85-90 80-90 80-85 85-90 80-90 80-85 85-90 80-90
Male 5.94 Sumatra 5.43 Java 6.20 Bali, NTB, NTT, TT 6.80 Kalimantan 5.00 Sulawesi 3.76 Mafuku + lr. Jaya 6.97 Eastern lslands 6.85 Outer Java 5.30 7.10
Female
Sumatra
Java Bali, NTB, NTT, TT Kalimantan Sulawesi
9.31
6.57 9.06 8.35 6.90
7.15
6.54
1.90 1.49 1.70 2.74 2.90
7.07
6.25 6.55 7.92
2.26 1.23 3.90 2.93 3.42 5.37
2.74 2.50 0.76 1.00 1.89 2.89 3.55 3.24 1.83 2.62 2.71 4.03
2.83 2.40 4.20 3.34 3.47 5.60
4.21
2.O8
4.52 3.33
3.63 3.23 2.52 2.46 2.81 3.51 4.64 3.99 2.88 3.17 3.66 4.63 3.01 3.76 3.51 3.42
6.91
9.06 8.45 8.32 8.39
6.71
6.02 7.68
8.87 7.85 7.73 6.51 7.89 7.49 9.25 9.28 7.30 6.93 9.88 9.47
12.39
9.28
10.35 8.08 14.64
Jaya
19.41
10.07
lslands Java
10.65 9.04
9.92
Sumatra Java Bali, NTB, NTT, TT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku + lr. Jaya
6.31 6.39 6.32 7.60 5.75 4.58 9.44
7.39 6.85 7.67 7.03
Eastern lslands Outer Java
8.06 6.26
9.23 8.64 8.32 7.28
Maluku + lr. Eastern Outer
Male
+ Female
9.81 7.O4
9.37 9.45 8.59 8.83
10.28 9.42
6.68 8.48 7.58 6.57 9.13
2.82
2.95
2.54
3.14 2.74
3.33
1.05
2.18
4.00
2.52
3.26
4.21
2.26 6.92 2.38
2.18 0.20 2.85 3.12
-0.10
6.04
3.44
4.75 3.20 7.12 2.97 7.69 6.97
3.14 2.09
7.81
3.19 1.22 4.86 2.75 3.78 4.73
4.37 1.32 4.15
3.94 2.65 5.35 3.67 4.46 5.55
6.75 4.97
2.96 2.20
4.84 3.58
7.09 5.39
3.71 5.39 3.20 4.29
2.42 1.33 2.99 2.52 1.60 0.56 5.10 2.29 2.72 3.38 4.65 1.25 5.61 2.98
1.87
3.19
2.75 1.08 3.69 3.05 2.94 4.29
2.68 5.35 3.20 4.64 6.08
2.76 2.97 3.45 3.48 2.37 2.53 3.14 4.24 4.54 3.87 2.42 3.52 3.84 4.95
5.50 4.05
3.29 4.39 3.40 3.72
5.20 3.69
2.44
3.81
2.41
3.05
.
3.51
3.61
Source:
Central Bureau of Statistics Population Census 1980, 1985 (Supas) & 1990
Note:
Eastern lslands consist of Bali, NTB, NTB, Timor Timur, Maluku & lrian Jaya Adj usted
R.work.wk3
r53
Table I.7 Table
Age
1.1:
Age-Spccific Open Urrernploy ment
(o/o
Total)
Group Un.*O,o Active
1A 1A ru-r+ 15-19
o 6./. 28.9
3.0 10.4
20-24 5-6 10-24 72.7 25+ 27.3
n.2 26.7 n3
Total
100.0
100.0
15.9
r4.0 I
t.9
4t.s
s8.t r
00.0
Source: toputu,to
Table
Table l.B
1'2:
Education Attainnrent of opc'ly uncmproycd and Economically Active (o/o Total)
Education Attainment
Uncnrployecl AllEcono,ni.af f v Active
Primary School and Junior Secondary
Below 44.3
7g.l
School 14.g
School 35.9 Diploma and Above 5.0 Total 100.0
10.7
Senior Secondary
g.7
L5 100.0
3-
154
Tabte 1.9
Table : Indonesia
Growth Rates in Unemployment, 1980-1990 (% p.a.)
Region
Unemployment Urban
80-85 85-90
80-90 80-85
e 22.OG 7.81 14.71 Sumatra 21.13 9.22 1s.42 Java 21.75 6.58 13.91 Bali, NTB, NTT, TT 32.75 11.57 21.70 Kalimantan 24.47 8.37 16.14 Sulawesi 21.28 15.97 18.59 Jaya
32.80
18.07
25.22
lslands Java
32.77 22.91
14.70 10.92
23.41
Eastern Outer
lslands Java
Eastern Outer
Male
+
Female
Sumatra Java Bali, NTB, NTT, TT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku + lr. Jaya
26.84 18.29 22.49 27.60 18.11 ?2.76 22.87 10.12 16.32
12.56
23.50 22.30 29.30 25.81 22.34 32.18
12.05 10.11 18.43 20.93
lslands 30.44 Java 24.45
16.0s 13.67
Eastern Outer
8.64
16.13 5.27 5.40 2.59
-5.84 -7.46
't7.90
15.27 20.37 17.70
2A37 26.43 23.03 18.94
-6.92 0.94
-7.46 -13.28 -5.13
-
10.61
-7.13
-
12.39
-6.14
Urban+Rural
80-90 80-85 85-90 80-90 ,6.93
13.33
8.77 7.35 4.50 5.82 3.78
18.27 13.67 11.12 11.84 1.97 8.10
-91 10.59 5.50 11.70 '7.72 10.65 6.58 8.82 8.71 10.27 15.12 8.34 16.70 12.32
10.15 12.66
10.05 10.10 8.30 10.46
1.87 9.47 3.61 9.15
14.39 14.00
2.09 6.67
16.76
24.56 14.17 19.25 28.75 17,86 23.19 23.44 12.40 17.79 25.47 12.75 18.75 29.16 13.68 21.18 24.00 21.72 22.85 30.78 26.76 28.75
Female Sumatra Java Bali, NTB, NTT, TT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku + lr. Jaya
8.04
5.82
Maf
Maluku + lr.
Rural
85-90
5.90 5.74
2.71
3.98 6.21
7
20.08 5.72 15.97 8.19 21.77 6.16 17.50 0.94 16.75 5.24 19.92 3.53 20.26 5.68
3.94 16.96_ 10.26 10.16 16.94 13.50 4.65 16.50 10.41 -6.75 15.87 3.94 6.26 15.10 10.59 20.57 7.37 -4.39 '24.23 14.66 5.84
17.99 1.67 17.55 5.04
-4.48 18.11 2.67 17.81
5 12.88 9.92 7.14 -0.29 14.33 -4.40 9.75 -0.30 11.82 -8.46 17.34 -7.35 16.38 -4.98 1.08 0.83 10.63 0.1
1
6.33 8.50 6.77 2.43 5.59 3.64 3.84 2.73 5.61
6.22 9.98
9.{g 11.36 10.44 15.20 9.82 12.48 10.11 10.99 10.55 1.84 10.57 6.12 9.90 10.88 10.39 - .31 17.79 't 7.82 7.34 19.31 { 13.17 1
3.22 8.42
13.30 12.09
Source:
Central Bureau of Statistics Population Census 1980, 1985 (Supas) & 1990
Note:
Eastern lslands consist of Bali, NTB, NTB, Timor Timur, Maluku & lrian Jaya
8.14 10.24
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Iable l. Table
:
Source of New Manufacturing Employment by Region, 1985-1990 Additionat Workers Medium & Hhold & Total Large Scale Small Scale
Sumatra Java Bali, NTT, NTB, TT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku, L Jaya
140,965 751,739 14,953 47,283
Percentage Hhold & % Distrib. Medium M/L Scale Large ScaleSmalt Scale
&
248,797
14.4
56.7
1,829,970 158,610 106,125 (9,049)
76.9 1.5 4,8
41.1
12,187
107,832 1,078,231 143,657 58,842 (20,000) 34,870
Eastern lslands Outer Java
27,140 226,339
lndonesia
978,078
10,951
9.4 44.6
43.3 58.9 90.6 55.4
nla
Total
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.1
nla
47,O57
1.2
25.9
74.1
178,527 325,201
205,667 551,540
2.8
13.2
86.B
23.1
41.O
59.0
100.0 100.0
1,403,432
2,38'1,510
100.0
41 .1
58.9
100.0
Sourcei
Census/Survey of Medium and Large Scale Manufacturing Industries 1985/1990 Population Survey/Census'l 985/1 990
Note:
Household, cottage and small scale manufacturing employment = population census manufact. employment medium/large scale manufact. employment
-
159 \ra
L-J
T
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Iable 1.14
Non-Agric.
Agriculture
Industry
Trade
Services
Total
Manufa Or
Growth in Employment, 1985-90 (% Total New Employment) Sumatra 1 980-Bs 1985-90
44.1
980-90
46.6
53.4
73.1
26.9
1
49.2
50.8
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100.0 100.0 100.0
1f
13.7
22.s 9.3 tJ.t
20.4 59.7 39.0
33.8 17.6 26.2
18.8 28.3
ta ctu
23.3
100.0 100.0 100.0
6.7 39.4 20.o
B.B
3.8
13.9
27,1
10.9
13.3
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23.6 26.2 25.2
24.3 15.8
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100.0 100.0 100.0
14
9.2
8.1
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Java
980-8s 985-90 1 980-90 1 1
't05.6
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14
26
Bali, NTT, NTB,
980-85 g8s-90 1 980-90 1
1
Kalimantan 1 980-85 1 985-90 1 980-90 Sulawesi '1980-85
985-90 1 980-90 Maluku, l. Jaya 1 980-85 1 985-90 1 980-90 1
44.1
qqq
63.2 s7.3 59.6
36.8 42.7
36.5
63.s 47.4 57.9
cz.o 42.1 31.1
40.4
68.9 42.8 57.7
4i
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e
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16,7
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trA
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8.4
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100.0 100.0
-2 ?
22
4
5.3
15.7
10.1
28.O
8.4
20.8
15.0
12.6
14.7
100.0 100.0 100.0
77.B 25.4
6.4
56.3
1B.B
10.5 12.5 11.3
5.3 25.5 13.6
100.0 100.0 100.0
3 25 12,
59.0 46,4
9.4 22.4
18.4
'1980-90
41.0 53.6
10.1
13.2 21.2
13,
47.1
52.9
15.7
14.4
17.O
100.0 100.0 100.0
Indonesia '1980-85
58.3
41.7
15.4
26.7
81.1
18.9 30.9
42.1 28.1
14.1
16.2 24.9 20.4
100.0 100.0 100.0
28.
Eastern lslands 1 980-85 1g8s-90 1 980-90 Outer Java 1 980-Bs 1
985-90
g8s-90 1 980-90 1
57.2 42.3
22.2 74.6 43.7
AOI
20.7
11
6, 9.
10, 18.
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161
Table l.18 Table : Percentage Distribution of Employment by Sector & Province, 1985
No. Propinsi
Stated
9.s 9.2
100.0
JawaTimur
48_1 0-5 11.3 0.9 0.8 16.4 46.8 0.5 10.7 s0.9 0.4 12.3 52.O 0.5 12.9 54.8 0.6 9.7
0.1 0,s 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
3.8 17-6 6,6 29.0 4.2 18.4 3.8 16.7 4.2 13.9 2.9 16.0
3.6 8.7 4.2 3.0 2.1 2.9
Bali-NT
66.2
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0
3.0 4.7 3,5 1.3 1.1
2.7
1.8 2.3 2.7 0.8
1.9
o,7
8. Lampung
Java
L DKIJakarta 10. Jawa Barat 1. Jawa Tengah
12. Dista. Yogyakarta
14. Bali 15. Nusa Tenggara
16. NusaTenggaraTimr
52.3 58.5 81.9
17.Timor
84.1
Barz
Timur
Kalimantan Barat
18. Kalimantan 19. Kalimantan
20. Kalimantan 21, Kalimantan
Timur
0.8 1.5
67.5 58,9 47.5
62.3
O.5
76.6
Tengah Selatan
1.0 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.6 0.4 3.1 0.8 A.2
0.9 0.1 4.2 1.2 0.6 1.7 0.3 3.5
64.8
Sulawesi
22. 23. 24. 25.
o.o o.o 100.0
2.2 3.8
5. Jambi 6. Sumatra Selatan 7. Bengkulu
13.
11.0 2.5 0.3 1 1.9 2.4 11.0 1.7 0.s 11.7 2.7 11.9 3.2 0.1 13.5 2.8 13.7 2.4 0.1 13.0 3.s 11.1 3.7 0.3 15.3 2.7 9.4 1.7 0.6 '12.4 2.3 11.2 2.7 0.s 10.3
2_6
4. Riau
1
Urban + RuraUMale +Female
0.1 0.0 0.'f 4.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
66.0 67.9 62.9 62,2 59,7 68.0 64.2 76.5 73.9
Sumatera 1. Dista. Aceh 2. Sumatera Utara 3. Sumatera Barat
SulawesiUtara 57.9 0.3 SulawesiTengah 72.O 0.s
4.7 4.4 s.0 5.0 4.3 4.7 5.6
8.7 12.8
7.6 6.6
3.4
6.6 4.5 5.5 9.1
7.6
7.6 7.0
2.6 6.9 1.3 0.2 2.1 LB 1.8 0.1
9.9 14.1 16.1
0_5
2.2 0.4 0.3
0.3 0.4
1ocr.0
0.0 0.1 100.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 o.2 0.o 100.o 0.0
0.1
100.0 100.0
o.o o.1 100.o 0.1 0.1 100.0
14;5 12.4 14.0 12.3
100.0 100.0
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
9.2
o.o
0.5
11.6 10.3
0.0
0.1
100.0
74.4 34.8
0.3 0.2
, 0,0
6.3 8.5
100.0 100.0
0.1 100.0 0.1 100.0 0.1 100.0 o.2 100.0 0.1 100.0
o.2 2.6 10.7 2.2 0.3 11.5 o.o o.o 100.o 0,1 2.0 2.s 0.2 2.1 0.3 4.7
0.1
0.2
5.4
59.5 0.5 9.1 SulawesiTenggara 70.7 1.1 4.4 Maluku + l.Jaya 72.7 0.4 2.8 26. Maluku 70.3 0.0 3.9 27.lrian Jaya 75,0 O.7 1.8 Total 54.7 0.7 9.3 SulawesiSelatan
Total
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.0 0.1
6.4 9,8 14.4 14.1
2.7 11.1 4.0 12.0
1.8 7.2 2.s 12.2 2.4 9.5
2.3 2.3 2.2
3.4
6.9 9.7 4.2 1s.0
1.s 't .9 2.0 4.2 2.6 2.3 1.5 3.1 2.1 1.8 2.4 1.2 3.1
0.2
8.1
.1
10.9 12.9 16.8
0.0 0.0 1
0.3 12.8 0.3 15.9 0.3 11.2 0.3 12.6
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 0.0 0.1 '100.0
9.5
0.1
0.s 12.6 0,s 10.8 0.4 14.4 0.4 13.3
0.0
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
0,0 100.0 0_o o.1 100.0
Source: Inter-Censal Population Survey 'SUPAS' 1985
l.I.
Ind .85 . wk3
164
_lgb_1s_L:_12
Table : Growth of Employment by Sector & Province, 19BO-1985 (% p.a.)
No.
Main Industry Propinsi 9 Total
3
Urban + Rural/Male + Fe male
1.74 -O.97 2.76 -8.00
Sumatera 1. Dista. Aceh 2. Sumatera Utara 3. Sumatera Barat 4. Fliau
-0.48 -0.97
2.O4
2.32 -12.69 2.18 -20J1 1.07 6.69
5. Jambi
6. Sumatra Selatan
2.47
7, Bengkulu B. Lampung
Java 9. DKlJakarta 10. Jawa Barat
Tengah 12. Dista. Yogyakarta 13. Jawa Timur 1
1. Jawa
Bali-NT 14. Bali
.15.
19. Kalimantan Tengah 20. Kalimantan Selatan 21. Kalimantan Timur
Sulawesi 22, Sulawesi Utara 23, SulawesiTengah 24. Sulawesi Selatan 25, SulawesiTenggara
Maluku
+ l.Jaya
26. Maluku 27.lrian Jaya
Total
10.04
4.67 -7.92
0.63 -11.15
1.12
-0.71 -0.92 0.84
0.27 7.80 6,24
5.83 4.16
1.72
5.52
2.35 -5.60
6.83
3.21 -1.32
NusaTenggara Bar; 16. Nusa Tenggara Timr 17. Timor Timur Kalimantan I8. Kalimantan Barat
0.68
4.24 -16.50
0.56 4.93 -0.66 10.30 -1.48 19.08 2.13 -24.59
4.62
4.15
17.69
3.15 -2.22 4.97 B.O5 3.87 - 11.60 5.37 6.73 -5.77 8.70 11.99 3.33 9.31 4.99 8.81 2.14 -32.13 5.23 2.47 -5.49 5.e1 '5.34 15.47 2]9 -15.57 3.23 -0.07 -0.92 5.54 5.35 6.69 8.06 -14.53 5.56 -0.40 4.43 19.88 10.27 9.66 0.12 11.31 7.92 s.04 -9.62 0.57 5.74 3.20 -2.11 2.63 10.49 -9.33 7.91 14.99 10.56 2.87 8.30 3.76 -12.53 9.90 9.30 9.'t0 -9.82 9.89
3.0s -o.30 6.33 2.BB 3.71 -1.04 1.94 -6.92 1.96 -0j4 2.97 1.58 .13 9.55 -7.14 1
-2.66
7.71 7.73
3.34 5.58 5.01
-26.25 21.O2 17.23
2.64 -100.00
9.38 7.81
33.70 17.23
4.56 4.26 4.14
5.25 5.17 4.30
5_72
3.90
4.70 3.72 7.57 3.32 2.23 4.72
5.74 1
4.52
.53 0.86
6.13 3.32 13.26 8.59 -3.10 -4.73 3.15
2.81
3.35 1.97 3.94 5.41
6.75 -O.12 0.53 6.26 3.50 -0.75 7.08 -1.39 -0.11 3.70 -8.48 -1.60
4.50 4.O2
1.88 3.11
9.59 8.12 2.11 9.55 6.47 1.74 13.33 10.20 4.61 4.73 6.77 -0.61 12.68 11.46 4.05
.61
3.49 -29.25
1-23
2.3'l
6.66 -0.88 1.87 2.O4 5.56 -4.33 1,95 3.99 7.89 -3.73 2.44 3.22 8.18 0.91 2j2 1.06 2.BO 7.69 12.29 0,21 0.32 4.71 4.65 3.94 1.32 1.86
3.83
4.63 -0.18
4.O0
5.33 7.16 6.51 4.53
4.14 11.04 1.87 7.19 3.82 8.84 -5.21 -0.17 7.52 4.43 -10j2 3.s9 -100.00 -2j1 10,18 3.49 5.77 s.8B 11.91 0.99 5.42 7.23 7.82 3.95 37.86 5.'r1 12,52 1
2.75
-16.50 4.72 2.22 -12.55 4.77 0.57 -23.93 5.74 0.81 -39.82 3.95 3.11 -12.33 5.19 5.99 3.37 -5.81 3.08 4.08 1.54 3.29 -1.68 -8.10 1.08 '10.32 6,39 4.57 4.29 -7.24 2.64 3.62 15,23 -19.61 6.78 7.45
5.04 18.43 7.81 -10.57 4.16 5j2 B.s0 17.64 12.94 -10.39 -1 .53 4.13 2.06 20.34 0.72 -10.83 10.03 6.14
1.02 4.70
5.86
5.88 -3.73 2,,57
2.49
r.b5
Table 1.20
Table : Growth of Employment by Sector & Province, f 9B5-f 990 (Z p"a)
No.
Main lndustry Propinsi 9 Total
Sumatera 2-8O 1. Dista. Aceh 2.40 2. Sumatera Utara 1.59 3. Sumatera Barat 1.58 4. Riau 7.16 5. Jambi 5.91 6. Sumatra Selatan 4.31 7. Bengkulu 4.41 8. Lampung 1.24 Java -O-27 9. DKlJakarta 8.49 10. Jawa Barat -'1.08 11. Jawa Tengah 0.65 12. Dista. Yogyakarta -1.48 13, Jawa Timur -0.39 Bali-NT o.92 14. Bali -1 .68
15. NusaTenggara 16. Nusa Tenggara
Bare
Timr
Timur Kalimantan 18. Kalimantan Barat 17. Timor
4.18 0,56 0.22
2.93 3.01
Urban + RuraUMale + Female
3.14
21.02
0.03 9.39
7.7s 6.73 8.33
3.15
16.49
17.71
14.08
7.24 3.24 8.94 10.73
13.'t8 -5.79 14.39 13.45 0.37
7.21 8.83 21.16 12.s9 15.83 4.18 0.74
15.09 8.09 s.38 12.55 -3.s9
8.06 3.00
13.66
4.86
25.76 13.57 36.29 10.95
18.18 8.89 17.37 4.05
Tengah 4.03 20.04 17.85 20. Kalimantan Selatan 1.64 45.46 5.40 19. Kalimantan
Timur 4.08 9.10 14.45 Sulawesi 1.63 11.93 -0.63 22. Sulawesi Utara 2.25 39.19 5.0s 23. SulawesiTengah 2.16 12.55 2.06 24. Sulawesi Selatan 1.14 6.08 -3.86 21. Kalimantan
25.
SulawesiTenggara
Maluku + l.Jaya Maluku Z7.lrian Jaya 26.
Total
1.88
-2.33
4.19
2.19 17.81 20.62 0.97 3.25
92.48
3.51
20,81
20.24
18.76 6.17 2.81 7.96 21.06 1.96 42.66 s.s7 1.74 12.87 1.80 1.80 23,36 4.O7 1.79 7.76 43.46 0.32 7.78 4.19 1.79 6.36 39.05 2.82 10.85 9.61 6,78 8.33 27.83 3.89 3.72 2.43 3.05 9.35 -s.50 1.87 13.39 10.27 3.07 5.65 11 .47 3.92 47.16 5.79 8.82 12.21 24.62 9.s9 37.34 6.84 3.11 8.95 37.38 0.03
3.4s 3.14 2.40 2.39 7.74 5.39 4.22 s.99 2.28
15.s0 7.28 2.21 5.39
23.OO 1.7s 2.37 8.33 3.38 2.32 0.75 32,86 0.45 4.12 24.55 10.48 4.07 8.4s 26,01 2.89 3.76 19.45 6.35 1.28 3.08 18.23 1.O2 1.90 10.76 7.64 3.51 1.21 18.93 3.35 1.16 10.46 5.86 1.1 1 6.21 10.51 1.73 1.43 13.78 8.24 4.O7 7.78 22.72 5.86 3.14 16.75 9.09 3.70 5.55 23.96 5.66 1.73 5.73 -1 .96 6.99 3.76 10,08 19.94 4.50 80.13 6.54 3.86 6.79 13.72 5.98 2.29 ERR 15.4s 21 ,82 9.38 ERR 12.30 2.91 4.s8 7.O7 4.19 10.81 23.94 4.63 4.54 10.25 7.16 5,42 10.74 36.27 7j4 4.14 ERR 4.38 3j2 8.91 69.11 5.54 5.84 -2.85 7.s7 2.76 15.16 70.19 2.73 3.47 3.38 7.70 5.98 7.51 5.58 3.85 6.08 8.70 2.s9 1.63 3.s2 12.49 s.09 2.42 9,38 1.95 0.04 9.59 16.30 2.94 3.03 ERR 14.13 6.49 8.85 10.85 4.47 3.4V 6.19 0.69 .35 0.84 9.53 s.96 1.81 -4.22 -O.44 1.73 1.08 41.30 7.10 2.66 1
21.25 3.43 4.33 4.88 5.43 4.92 3.84 13.05 2.06 2.21 2.62 2.69 7.99 3.53 34.35 4.77 8.56 8.78 8.95 2.39 4.13
0.e2 11.3s 7.13 15.01
6.91 2.44 5.98 22.20 2.36
2.76
166
e1-85.90.wk3
Table : Growth of Employmentby Sector & Province, 1980-1990 (X
luDle
p...)-
Main lndustry
o.
Propinsi
9 Total
Sumatera 2.75 1-12 5.79 7.77 Aceh 3.06 5.61 7.06 15.96 2. Sumatera Uta 1.06 -0.97 5.72 7.98 3. Sumatera Bar 2.12 S.07 1.82 11.57 4. Riau 5.11 0.87 8.56 8.17 5. Jambi 4.41 -4.82 6.18 .53 6. Sumatra Sela 3.28 0.28 4.51 1.24 7. Bengkulu 3.97 12.27 10.34 1s.53 B. Lampung 3.41 2.69 7.65 9.63 1. Dista.
11
Jawa
0.61
9. DKI Jakarta -1.83 10. Jawa Barat 0.96 1 1. Jawa Tengah 0.46 12. Dista. Yogyak -0.44 13. Jawa Timur 0.64
NTT 3.85 14. Bali 1.66
7.91 2.93 7.08
Tengga 4.12 Tengga 2.95
8.32
4.90
8.47
3.07
11.05 1.49 15.34
17.Timor Timur
6.60
4.25
8.40 6.44 4.O2 4.94 5.48 3.20 3.54 3.16
7.OO 4.40
7.15 1.59 1 1 .58 6.95
6.87 12.'t1
5.93 3.82 7.29 5.83 6.43 5.11
11.89 7.99
1
5.61 6.92 5.47 3.70 6.91 6.54 4.60
5.57 1 1.03 5.47 5.19 5.95
7.32
3.36 .69 4.50
B.0B
Bali &
15. Nusa 16. Nusa
5.40 7.65
5.60 7.15 5.01 1.63 7.48 6.31 5.34
6.90 4.01 7.32 3.90 4.4A 5.57
1.43 8.68 12.s2 8.36 6.40 B; 1.80 13.91 6.20 13.70 8.39 6.17 19. Kalimantan Tr 2.O2 19.68 10.42 14.09 8.81 6.96 20. Kalimantan S, 2.42 4.80 7.80 14.00 6.20 5.00 '13.36 11.41 10.10 10.19 8.94 21. Kalimantan Ti 4.84 Sulawesi 3.23 6.79 2.00 9.88 2.25 4.63 12. Sulawesi Utar 3.41 15.12 2.71 8.46 2.90 4.68 23. SulawesiTen, 3.70 0.66 3,13 19.72 5.73 8.67 24. Sulawesi Sele 2.S9 6.10 1.14 9.03 0.86 3.s9 15. Sulawesi Ten' S,02 2.69 4.42 14.95 2.32 7.25 Kalimantan
2.36
1
18. Kalimantan
Maluku&1..
Maluku . Vian Jaya
3.98
16.
2]0
17
5.17
1.69
Total
3.73 3.44 2.83 3,09 4.78 4.93 3.37 9.01 4.98
3.48
2.53
5.62 4.43 5.44
10.43 1.95 12.74 1.31 10.15 2.77 9.26 1.75 15.61 .93 7.1s 1.67
.29 5.93 B.sg 5.26
10.74 3.34 13.28 2.55 B.B0 2.41 2.44 2.29
4.24
6.39 6.17 6.76 7.00 5.77
1.73 9.17 13.44
5.90
3.45
B.O1
5.95
4.92 4.57
-2.O3
8,21
4.65 4.43 11.41
9.05
6.03 3.12 B.1B
7
3.46 3.81 4.91
2.56 7.94
8.36 4.53 2.57 4.47 13.23 11.32
1
1.21
-3.79
4.77
6.03 5.76 3.46 4.59
3.96 2.21
2.59 5.53 4.68 3.55 5.43 4.24
4.17 3.74 1.87 1'.28
1.97
3.22 4.'t6 3.22
3.87 2,9A 3.95 3.71
6.35
2.94 4.17 3.52 3.40 2.32 3.45 10.60 5.51 4.37 0.81 4.38 2.95 6.60 7.03 5.43
17 ]5 10.81 4.09 8.50 13.'15
4.26 11.63 5.26 10.01 3.43 15.09
6.35 -2.90 4.60 4.95 7.68 -4.07 3j7 4.23 4.69 - 1 .43 6,21 5,69
6.14 5.42
5.83
5.94
8.58 13.80 17
.04
11.94
7.80
Source: Population Census 1980 and 19g0
4.40
8.47
2.59
2.97
l.l, l
Iable
1.22
1990 Table : % Distribution ot Employment by Sector & Province' Main IndustrY
not 0 stated Total
No. ProPinsi Sumatera 1. Dista. Aceh 2. Sumatera Utara 3. Sumatera Barat
64.O
4. Riau 5. Jambi 6. Sumatra Selatan 7. Bengkulu 8. LamPung
58.1
65.5 60.5 59.8 69.7 64.5 70.9 70.3
1.0 0.7 0.5 0.8 2.4 0.6 1.8 1.2 0.3
5.7 5.3
6.7 5.2 6.6 5.1
5.4 2.5 5.7
42-2 o.9 14.2 Jawa '1.0 0.6 20.5 9. DKI Jakarta 1.1 16.2 36'8 Barat 10. Jawa 13.7 0.8 47.8 . Jawa Tengah 0.9 12.7 12. Dista. YogYakarta 45.5 0.9 11.8 50.0 Timur 13. Jawa 1.2 10.9 59-4 Bali & NTT 1.1 '13.6 44.1 14. Bali 11
15, Nusa Tenggara Bara 54.3
16. Nusa Tenggara 17. Timor
Timur
Timt 75.2 73'6
Kalimantan 18. Kalimantan Barat
59.9 72'5
Tengah Selatan
61.9 53.8 43.2
19, Kalimantan
20. Kalimantan 21. Kalimantan
Timur
Sulawesi 22. Sulawesi Utara 23. Sulawesi 24. Sulawesi
25,sulawesiTenggara Maluku & l.
JaYa
Maluku 27.lrian JaYa
26,
Total
2.2 1.2 3.3
8.1
4.5 9.5
1.9 4.0
'10.0
6.5
55.7 67.5 57.6 68'0
0.8 .3 o.7 a.7 0.9
67-1 62'0 71.9
0.7 0.7 o.7
6.0 8.4 3.8
49.9
1.0
11.4
59.9
Tengah Selatan
2.1 10.9 0.6 9.9 0.4 3.7
1
11.2
7.7 5.1
6.8 4.7
0.5 11'1 0.5 10.9 0.5 12'2 0.7 13.2 0.7 12.8 0.4 10'5 2.1 8.4 0.1 2.3 0.7 10.1 2.9 a.2 3.0 10.6 o,2 2.6 7.9 1.7 0.4 11.2
o.2 2.9 10.6 3.1 0.2 2.7 10.2 2,6 0.3 3.0 11.s 4.1 o.2 3.1 13.3 2.9 0.2 3.9 10.6 3.8
0.1 2.6 9.1 2.5 0.s 17.5 4.2 26.6 7.4 18.7 5.3 16,2 3.2 5.6 2.2 15.8 3.6
o.2 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 a.2
4.8 6.4 5.7 4.7 5.7 3.6
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
3.8 10.4 6.6 15.6 3.7 14.6 1.6 2.9 2.O 4.5
1
2.2 2.8 3.3 0.9 0.9
o.o
8.2
1.2 13-9
7.3 29.1 1 .1 13.9 0.6 11'8 0.8 15.s 0.6 12.5
0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
0.0
0'0 0.0 0.2
0.6 10.5 0.o 1.3 14.0 0.0
0.4 9.7 0.2 7.5
0.4 13.2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 2.9 10.5 2.9 0.6 11.6 0.0 0.1 2.3 6.8 2.0 0.6 9.4 0,0 0.1 2.4 8.6 2j 0.s 10.8 0.0 12.4 0.0 0.2 2.5 13.9 3.4 0.5 '15."1 0.0 0.3 5,1 14.1 4.5 .1 o.2 2.7 0.7 2.8 0.4 14.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.8 10.4 3.2 0.5 15.8 0'0 11.8 O.4 2.O 0.1 2.9 8.3 0'0 15.4 0.2 2.4 11.9 3.0 0.4 0.1 2j 9.1 2.0 A.2 11.7 0.0 0.2 2.2 7.1 1.9 0.5 13.3 0.0 0.2 2.2 9.1 2.2 0.5 13.4 0.0 0.2 2,3 5.2 1.5 0.5 13.2 0.0 '1
1
0.2
4.1
14.7
3.7
1.0
13.1
0.1
o.9 100.o 1.3 100.0 0.9 100.0 0.9 100.0 0.8 100.0 0.9 100.0 0.8 100.0 1
.4
0.7
100.0 100.0
0.8 100.o 0.4 '100.0 0.9 100.0 0.8 100.0 1.0 100.0 0.8 100.0 0.9 100.0 0.6 100.0 0.9 100,0 1.1 100.0 1.3 100.0 1.0
100.0
0.7 100,0 0.8 100.0 1.4 100.0 1.4 100.0 1.5 100.0 1.3 100,c 1.2 100.c 1.7 100.c
1.2 100.(
1.1
100.(
0.9
100.(
1.4 100.( 0.9 100.(
Source: PoPulation Census 199O
16t
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1.2 Regional
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L72
Table 2.1 Table: Growth in Non-Oil GRDP atConstant 1983 Prices, by Province 1983-199O (Million Rupiahs)
No
Province
1
Sumatra
11
1. Dista. Aceh 2. Sumatra Utara
976751
5. Jambi 6. Sumatra Selatan
476713 2s54761 260822 10s7211
7. Bengkulu 8. Lampung
Java
ll.JawaTengah 12. Dista. Yogyakarta 13. Jawa Timur
Kalimantan 14. 15. 16. 17.
Kalimantan Kalimantan Kalimantan Kalimantan
Sulawesi 19. Sulawesi Tengah
20. Sulawesi Selatan 21. Sulawesi Tenggara
Other lslands 22.Bali 23. Nusa Tenggara Barat 24. Nusa Tenggara Timur 25. Maluku 27. Timor Timur
lndonesia
3s44A517 8347899 8487384 7000753 763353 1
0841 1 28
322&03 Barat Tengah Selatan Timur
'18. Sulawesi Utara
26.lrian Jaya
0191 93
1183744 3274936 1234255
3, Sumatra Barat 4. Riau
9. DKlJakarta 10. Jawa Barat
983
850s88 478308 848891 1
04861 6
308198s
1
984
6.25 3.22 8.21
5.35 5.97 5.56 3.44 6.73 11.88 9.69 10.26
1s.00 8.48 6.09 6.12 12.20 5.69 5.42 6.17 25.46
3644:t9 17s't622 294275
4.07 1.43 2.74 4.45 9.46
296531 0
7.10
902492
v.co
518747
10.76 7.46 7.79
6716r'9
1
985
5.06 3.61
4.36 4.26 6.47 7.09 4.83 7.70 7.36 6.77 5.15 9.95 7.12 1.42 5.51
6.23 7.00 6.31
3.72 7.40
1
986
1
988
989
11 .09
7.56
6.04
5.1 8
7.32
5.01
s.85
6.61
5.20
4.86
8.90 7.24 6.00 6.62
11 .21
12.!3
5.87
9.22 7.27 7.90 16.13
16.42 8.54 9.90
4.71
10.71 9.91
6.90 5.77 7.76 6.16 10.97 14.79 10.00
5.8s 12.12
4.96 4.08
9.15
1
9.s9
o./c 5.04 6.76 6.69 6.19
6.71
11.98 6.58 8.70 10.17 8.17
12.61
9.06 7.66 9.80 7.22 10.83 10.32 9.13 7.42 8.23 7.97 9.74 8.33 6.31
6.27 7.46
4.64 7.05 6.39
1990
Average
7.89 6.66 8.40 7.06 8.18 8.75 7.98 6.79 7.74
8.05 6.64 8.29 8.89
8.17 8.70 8.75 7.24 4.57 8.Os
7.30 7.33 9.00 6.73 5.17 6.40
7.45 5.87 8.38 5.82 8.C3
7.21 7.10 6.89 6.55 7 .77
6.73 12.55
8.62 9.64 8.63 7.46 13.02
6.47 5.23 6.92 6.45 8.68
9.45 9.28 7.01
4.50 5.52
o.cv
7.32
?.10
5.85
6.84 6.53 9.43
7 .1s 3.46
8.53 9.06
9.71
5.37
9.01
7.33 8.49
7.93 8.22 6.67
9.94
7.57
7.65
8.77 u.3c
8.s6
3.98
5.41
8.68 8.05
9.14 10.40 9.09
o.oc 21.88 7.28
8.86 6.96 6.93 8.22
5.12
6.46 5.25 8.47 8.80
11.64
7.91
5.94
6.25 3.61
eoe
987
7.65 4.29 9.14 5.23 9.33 7.87 6.78 7.57
7.08 8.92
3.42 4.86 7.46
1
6.77 10.53
498307 472983 49051 s
-2.25
4.16 3.24
82266
6.61
o.Yo
8.53 7.47 6.09 5.32 11.67 14.53 5.73
55733408
8.71
6.28
6.67
6.11
8.'t0
8.11
8.04
7.43
9.68
6.8't
6.08 8.82 8.25
5.27
7.34 10.00 9.48
7.99 7.43 7.64
8.18 7.62
7.34 7.84 7.09
Java-Bali 363213009 Other lslands tvl. €-- 8371206 Other lsl. (exc. Kaltim) 7322s90
5.23 8.56 3.20
3.77
7.69 5.52 5.14 5.20
2.97 3.86 1'1.69
7.8'l 6.31
7.59
LIJ
Growth in GRDP at Constant 1983 Prices, by Province 1983- 1990 (Million
No
Province
't983
Sumatra
20890877 3425241
1. Dista. Aceh
2. Sumatra Utara 3. Sumalra Barat 4. Riau
3473656 1234255 751 051 9 491 563
5. Jambi 6. Sumatra Selatan
343761 0
7. Bengkulu 8. Lampung
'1057211
260822
Java
37450455
1
Kalimantan Kalimantan Kalimantan Kalimantan
763s53 10848294
6.09 6.13
6s4641 5
16.11
850s88
5.69 5.42 6.59 21.33
I
478308 901 1 45
Selatan
Timur
Sulawesi
1.35
17.17 12.77
Barat Tengah
18. SulawesiUtara 19. Sulawesi Tengah
1
9071 73001 91 01
1
Kalimantan 14. 15. 16. 17.
4.14 19.66 7.52 5.35 - 9.66 5.60 12.19 6.73 11.88 't0.26
1. Jawa Tengah
12. Dista. Yogyakarta 13. Jawa Timur
984
8347899
9. DKI Jakarta
'10. Jawa Barat
1
4316374 3081 98s 671 649
4,92
364439
2.74 4.45 9.46
20. SulawesiSelatan 21. Sulawesi Tenggara
1751622 294275
. Other lslands 22.Bali
3333663 902492
1.43
1
98s
1
986
1.16
1'1.09
7.42
9.s9
7.56
e.23
q-01
4.94 5.85 3.73 5.88 4.08
6,91 6.61
4.87
6.00 6.63
7.83 9.74 7.82 6.46 6.27 7.46
8.27 8.70 9.27 7.00 4.57 8.04
4.11
3.71_
16.42 8.54 8.40
4.71
12.86
7.05 5.29 7.70 7.36
5.43 4.64
5.01
8.s9
'
5.51
6.58 6.06 7.76 6.16
2.13 7.00
14.79
6.31
10.00
2.88 0.75
2.91
2.85 9.22 7.27 8.63
0.80
-0.o7
-0.11
6,2s
4.50 5.52 7.15 3.46 5.37
8.59 7.10 8.53 9.06
3.44
3.61
7.88
6.3s
1
27.28 9.59 7.22 5.91 10.21
7.86
4.64 7.13 2.55 7.32 5.85
7.19 7.10 6.89 6.49 7.42
z.0g
8.56 3.20 3.77 4.34
6.43 8.49 2.97 3.86 12.18 3.59 8.05
7.64 8.22 6.67 3.98 8.98 8.89 9.09
6.62 14.12 7.28
7.98 11.64
5.60
6.86
8.44
7.63
518747 498307 478685
t26.lrian Jaya
8531 66
-7.27
-2.08
82266
6.6.1
o.Yo
303395
9.05
4.38
6.10
8.97 8.77 8.55 5.41
7.86 5.97 8.29 8.89 7.35 7.33 8.37 7.55 5.17 6.40 5.65 9.28 7.01
6.1s 4.67
6.69 8.56 6.46 5.25 8.46 4.42
?.87-
6.77 10.53
2.61
8.00 8.86 6.96 6.93
4.81
9.01
7.99 5.82
4.47 5.23 6.92 6.45 8.68
eoa
9.71
6.51
12.13
8.62 9.64 8.63 7.46 13.02
6.84 6.53 9.43
/.40
Average
7.57
-4.20
8.73 5.23 11.74 7.35
q.e4 3.42 4.86
1990
10.71 9.91
6.31
5.04
1.42
989
1
-0.04
4.06 4.26
23. Nusa Tenggara Barat 24. Nusa Tenggara Timul 25. Maluku
71
988
6.36 17.10 8.42 7.06 -2.70 8.50 5.71 6.79 7.74
7.85
6.09 5.15 6.12 8.35
1
Ind .MIGAS
7.28 9.06 11.28 6.58 4.32 10.87 6.16
6.98 0.48
7.47 6.09 5.32 11.48 5.70 5.73
Indonesia
987
1.76 2.7'l
9.56 10.76 7.46 7.89
"€7. Timor Timur
1
Rupiahs)
l^aEJ:2
7.71
7.91
6.87
C:\RMPT\Gen\GRDP2
ltr
Table 2.3
Investment Share in GDP (%)
No
Province
983
1
984
6. Sumatra Selatan 7. Bengkulu 8. Lampung
2't.4 15.8 22.8 13.5 1s.2 27.9 43.9 34.6 8.8
Java DKI Jakarta 10. Jawa Barat 1 1. Jawa Tengah 12. Dista. Yogyakarta 13. Jawa Timur
4,? 44.2 28.2 29.3 22.O 19.0
30.5 48.9
.$gosqa 1. Dista. Aceh
2. Sumatra Utara 3. Sumatra Barat 4. Riau 5. Jambi
I,
Kalimantan 14. Kalimantan Barat 15. Kalimantan Tengah 16. Kalimantan Selatan '17. Kalimantan Timur
Sulawesi 18. Sulawesi Utara . 19. SulawesiTengah
"-20. Sulawesi Selatan 21. Sulawesi Tenggara
Other lslands 22.Bali ..
1
23. Nusa Tenggara Barat 2+. Nusa Tenggara Timur 25. Maluku 26. lrian Jaya 27. TimorTimur
Indonesia
2-l=9
1
985
1
986
1987
19BB Average Growth Ra'
?-98.8
??-1.
1g.z
29J_
1_g€
6.2
4.1
25.6 12.2 20.8 28.9 46.6 32.3
9.0 27.6
8.2
23.6
9.6 26.7
5.9 22.0 28.0 22.3 3s.2
3.4
27.0 3.4
2s.6 LO
24.6
21.5
15.1
24.O
33.1 3:8.7
28.9 44.0
5.1
-0.2
-5.1
-11.3
20.o 24.2 36.2 ,36.3 0.8
32.9 48.0 38.5 20.7 22.4 24.7
15.4 1s.B 21.4
42.8 33.1 7.6
30.1
99-5
g1_.s.
45.7
3s.5
23.3
46.0 33.8 22.2
21.2
46.4 36.1 19.8
21.6 19.5
24.8 19.8
24.5 20.4
23.4 23.9
23.6 31.8 38.6 36.8
21.0 29.3 48.0 33.7
21.5 37.5 43.2
24.4 38.6
28.5
21.1
17.5
14.6
15.1
49.0 23.8 21.8 24.2 15.s
22.3
?2,9.
19.5 19.2
19.7
32.7
24.1
21.6
18.1
z*t.o 21.6
26.3
23.3
19.9
10.0 21.5
10.3 24.6
34.5 43.5 23.4 18.9
4,4_ 20.s
21.3 19.9
21.3 19.0
12.2 23.5
7.6
20.1
z.l.D
2s.6
27.7
22.6 19.6
21.3 33.2 21.9 31.0
19.6
18.1
19.8
33.4
31.8
32.8
21.9
18.7
14.5 19.6
24.8
19.8 26.3 15.0 1.7
3.6 2.8
-2.9 5.0
2s.s
2s.8
26.2
22.7 23.'l 21.2
3B.8
16.4
25.8
34.1
?9.?
44,4
41.6
21.9 20.4 16.s 23.6 21.9
19.1
19.0
33.2
31.7 20.4 22.8 16.8
23.1
20.7
2.O
46.5
31.1 45.1
2s.8
16.9 19.s 17,6 0.3 9.2
39=g
-2.2
16.1
6.7 5.O
1.6
8.2
1.7 11.7
14.0
8.5
2s.8
26.8
27.2
26.2
2.9
-1.6
3.1
175
Table 2.4
+
Growth in Investment in Constant 1g83 Prices by province
No
Province
Sumatra 1. Dista. Aceh
2. Sumatra Utara 3. Sumatra Barat 4. Riau 5. Jambi 6. Sumatra Selatan 7. . Bengkulu B. Lampung
Java
1984
1985
4469947 542035 790939 1 66303 1142478 1 37348 1508058 90266 92520
-2.64 -53.43
12.67
Kaloenla!
3690727 2869042 21 39828 168182 20581 82
Barat Tengah Selatan Timur
l*sllg6_1 270493 1 84600 331907 754961
Utara Tengah Selatan Tenggara
708551 159860 79288 423782 4s621
14. Kalimantan 15. Kalimantan 16. lGlimantan 17. Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Other lslands 22. Bali 23. Nusa Tenggara Barat \24. Nusa Tenggara Timur 25. Maluku 26. lrian Jaya 27 .Timor Timur lndonesia
-
987
12.85
-17.27
-49.02
26.14 44.28 14.77 5.04
19.27 2.11
-39.s0
19.03 9.35 2.23
-2.s9
1
19.19 2.12 12.55
-6.01
-
1986
135.54 10.82
-31.67
11.55 20.68
10925961
9. DKI Jakarta 10. Javl,a Barat I 1. Jawa Tengah 12. Dista. Yogyakarta 13. Jawa Timur
18. Sulawesi 19. Sulawesi 20. Sulawesi 21. Sulawesi
983
1
-9.53
-49.88
20.56
2s.01
-41.92
1988 Average 3,25
-3.42 -1.04
10.31
-9.07
11.26 16.00 11.07 12.25 2.98 14.45
8.53 5.12
-
75.82
48.00 18.20
-7.32
8.37 7.53 5.66 1.18
22.82
11.78 10.33 14.89 11.12 1.17 10.26
:25!
26.20
-28.52 -105.18
16.57 22.04 3s.90 10.53 4.02 9.02
4.56
-1.14 9.85 3.20 16.47 7.02
3_.41 4J_g -2.48 36.6s 31.05 -4.38 -2.s9 -12.98 1.40 4.20
7.29 4.25 11.B1
1.55 6.49 9.68
-
-0.54
9.71
8.60 15.62 0.83 5.52 11.76
18.!9
84
-12.05
45.51
17.18
13.16
8.87
-23.87
-48.43
32.93
7.73
0.28 1 1.93 14.12
9.80 15.19 12.08
5.41 7.80
2.04 2.64
17._!Q
't8.25
-
0.93 16.97
4.61
-9.44
-0.97
*27.78
4.06 52.61
5.41 4.01
6.01 29.54
3.30 14.15
8.45 2.20 189.20 4.91 -23.10
546035 25.30 233143 41.46 1 1 3s63 -5.57 720s6 84.45 93886 41.82 31109 -174.69 2278 90.69
-4.14
17_30
3.48
10.89 24.06 42.43
-3.43 8.08 12.85 -30.59 -54.86 211.33 31.08 8.32
18192455
-
10.39
4.48
10.98 99.38
457.88
-5.88
14.56 9.91 13.67 22.19 20.51 3.34 53.28
6.03
4.46
9.s6
-6.36 -18.60 -28.78
-
1
-33.87
-5.22
4.26 0.06 23.43 4.74 15.44
9.92 14.76 7.73 19.98
-5.31 77.37 53.71 7.75
C:\RMPT\Gen\GRDP2
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Table 2,7 I Agriculturo
67e910
2345
Mining Manubct. Wlities
Ouput- Employment Elasticities by Sector and Provinca, I
Agriculture
Sumatra 1 Aceh
2 Sumut 3 Sumbar 4 Biau 5 Jambi 6 Sum6€l 7 Bengl<
I
Lampung
4.12
o.24
o.40 o.2a
1.69 o.a2
0.31
1.t6
0.75
3.44 32.14
1.06 1.06
0.64 o.16
Java 9 Jakarla
-0.()6
10 Jabar 11 Jateng 12 Yogya 13 Jatim
-o.21
Bali+NT 14 Bali 15 NTB 16 NTT '17 Timtim
Kalimantan
0.19 2.42
1.74
11.48
o.12
-0.30 -0.12
3.09 1.66 2.85 I.t5
4.23
2.35
-0.43
-2.54
0.89 0.16 o.o4
4..42
4.54 o.98
o.41
o.62
o.41
1.23
0.53 0.43 o.43
3.O0
Sulawesi
o.22
Sulut Sulteng Sulsel
0.26 0.23 0.18 0.19
2.O7 1.74
-o.24
0.36
2.27
u.t, 0.s0
4.47 o.70
o.17
1.06
18 Kalbar 19 Kalteng
20 Kalsel 21 Kaltim
22 23 24 25
-o.44
Sultengar
Ma]. + LJa 26 Maluku 27 lren,bya lndonesia
1.O2
o.29
1.61 1.O2
o.59 1.13 0.50 0.33 1.66 o.44 0.26 0.54 .13
1
985
Banking Pub.
Admin
Services
Total
Banking Pub.
Admin
Services
Totsl
1.11 0.62
-o.33
o.41
2.43 4.18
1.08
-1.O9
- 1 990
678910
2345
Mining Manubct. Utiliti€s
Trade Transport
Construct.
Construct.
Trade Transport
1.11
1.10
o.32
1.34
1.14
2.65
0.28 o.1s
0.51
1.91
1.11
1.37
0.25 0.76 2.47 2.17
-1.79
o.s1
-o.20
1.70
1.94
0,80 o.27 0.46 0.80 0.29
2.19 1.95 1.19 1.13
0,11
0.73
o.34 o.93 2.46
0.69 l.t I 1.00 0.70 'f .11 1.42 0.38 1.21 o.o7 0.64 0.49 1.01
7.72
o.29
0.37
o.41
't.07
o.36 0.53 0.19 0.53 0.12
0-66 0.97 o.20 1.17 .34 -0.14 11.50 6.15 A,2O ERR
1.13 1.52 1.05
1.32
0.21
1.O1
-1.06 -0.08
o.25 o.27 0.38
o.'t7
1.20
-o.43
o.55 0,93 1.44
't.93
1'
o.23 1.29
1.45
-0.53
o.64 o.a7 0.69 o.27
o.6a
2.95
1.25
o.13
o.35
0.07 1.17
1.35 1.28 1.22
-0.15
0.20 1.05
9.57 1.34 1.13 1.70 0.55
o.T7
-0.04
1.33
0.56 o.2'l
o.57 0.53 0.30 0.20 o.22
o.42
o.54
1.33
1.30
o.54
o.44
0.34
1.14 1.35
1.O7
o.62
0.21
'1
.41
0.31
o.74
0.32 o.42 o.76
1.O9
1.O0
1.05
0.62
0.92 0.45 o.35
o.55 0.32 o.25 0.42 1.68 EFIR 0.39 -0.26 0.76 0.24 -o.o5 0.69 1.75 1.04 0,21 ERR -0.26 0.47 0.18 -0.30 o.83 1.64 0.93 0,89 0.40 2.90
1
1
0.63
1.11
1.58
o.72
1.54 1.67
-33.69
0.98 1.69 o.98
't.04
1't
0.33
1.77
o.46 0.68
ERR
1.21 2.O4
0.78
o.12
1.65
1.85
o.95
o.32
1-47
0.53 0.68
1.48 o.84 2.40
1.02
1.O8
-o,71
0.96
1.37
2.32 5.20 5,92 o.43
o.95
0.62
o.42 0.43 0.29 0.62
o.8€l
0,00 0.04
0.40 o.78 0.52 2.87
o.40 -9.45
o-27 0.ol
o-47
o.88
1.16
o.73
o.34
0.09
0.11
1.O7
1.34 't.30
-o.42
o.o7
0.94 0.25
0.62 o.72
1.69
1.71
1.40 1.19
-0.04
o.t8
o.'t2
2.61
0.58
0.83 0.67
0.48 o.42 0.27 o.28
o.34
o.36
o.27
o.15
o.62
o.03
o.45
0.21 0.38
o.19 0.65
o.41
o.o7
2.46
0.33
0.11
1.04 0.51
-o.51
1.0s
o.30
o.T7
2.24
1.18
o.12
1.40
0.38 0,51
o.10
179
Table 2.8 1
Agriculture
2 Mining
67e
345 Manubct. Utilities
Construc't.
Trade Transport
Banking Pub.
Admin
Services
Output-Employment Elasticiti€s by Secior and Provinco, 1 980- I 99o
o.53 0.79 o.4i! 0.26 0.95 o.32 0.51 0.61 0.70
0.50
1.53
o.75
o.98
o-22
1.39
o.13
o.60
1.08
0.72
1.21
1.33
0.39
-0.35
0.54 0.84 0.38
1.80
1.12 a.77
-0.14
-1.29
1.11
-3.72
2.75 1.35
o.17 o.05 o.o6
0.36 0.33 0.49 2.23 0.64
1.18
2.O2
o.81
0.68
1.32 0.99
0.20 o.13 o.23 o.50 0.63
2.21
0.81
0.66 o.56 0.84 o.7'l o.73
0.86 1.13 1.80
1.s5
0.n
o.72 0.53
o.51 o.78 0.62 0.30 0.26 o.49
0.53
o.a6
o.56
o.a2
o.93
1.31
o.12
o.39
0.43 0.53 0.33 0.32 0.73
o.49
0.95 0.56 0.55 o.59 o.43
o.42 o.76 o.77 o.74 0.99
1.36 o.72 0.66 1.68 o.39
2.O1
-o.09
1.10 1.56
o.01
0.13
0.58 o.48 0.30 0.36 0.36
O./t3 0.49 0.35 o.74
O.54 0.65 0.10
1.1 1 1.43
o.47
o.57
o.73
1.44
o.65
't.17
1.21
0,51
1.O5
0.41 1.05 o.41
o.77 0.68 0.15
1.25 1.s€ 1.32 2.46
-o.oo
0.35 o.53
O./tg o.64 3.47 0.15 0.43
o-52 o.44 0.99 o.79 0.39
0.86
0.96
o.62
t.10
o.t3
1.13
o.22
a.7a
0.65 0.69
1.13
0.59
0.63
0.97
o.43
o.03
1.O7
-o.15
1.25
1.19
0.09
-o.30
1.38 1.26
0.11
fl7q
o.62 0.64
o.38 0.66 o.67
0,69
0.85 o.70 1.44 1.'t7
0.15
'1.43
o.20 0.86 0.36 0.10 0.18
0.88
o.35
o.80
0.54
o.26
1.37
1.05
1.00
o.19
1.91
0.78
1.O4
0.77 0.92
0.1
1,37 o,67 0.64
o.63 o.82 o.44 o.75
o.14 -0.36
o.s9
1.03 1.32
o.71
'1.29 0.85 0.08 o.T7 0.45
0.09 0.58
2.06 1.37 0.82
-0.01
o,72 0.68 0.49 0.67
o.99
1-23
1.o1 0.79
-o.10
o.84
-o.03
o.92
1.66
1.09 o.82
0.s9 o.78 o.24
o.33
0.s7
o.41
o.74
o.49
o.50
o.14
1 Aceh
o.87
0.89
2 Sumut 3 Sumbar 4 Riau 5 Jambi 6 Sumsel
o.20
-o.13
Sumatra
7 Bengk
I
Lampung
Java 9 Jakarta 10 Jabar 11 Jat€ng '12 Yogya 13 Jalim
Bali+NT 14 Bali 15 NTB 16 NTT 17 Timtim
Kalimantan 18 Kalbar 19 Kalieng
20 Kalsel 21 Kaltim
22 23 24 25
o.44 0.68 o,94 o.a7 o.78 o.46
ERR
o.22 o.18 o.12
1.00 o.59
0.31
1.12
o.99
1.95 -o.52
0.50 0.81
1.04
o.49 0.41
0.49 0.68 0.66
0.65 nEa
lndonesia
0.6e
o.86
o.56
Mal. + l.Ja
o.21
o.23
Sulut
26 Maluku 27 lrian Jaya
0.26 2.70 o.04
-1.83
Sulawesi Sulteng Sulsel Sultengar
o.31
0.46
1.35
2.23 0.66
0.o8 0.86 0.58
1.78
't.o9 0.65 2.79
1.09 1.12
5.37 o.62
1
1
o.28
.16
0.52 o.71
1.22
1.51 1.24 2.06
o.48
0.38 o.24
o.57
o.89
o.59
o.a2
1.25 o.26
0.81
1.27 1.O1
-o.13 -0.03
1.40 0.65
o.71
1.33
0.19
-0.33
o.27 o.10
-0,01
-0.08 -1.03
0.67
o.42 o.70 o.72
EBR
o,09 0.28
-0.69
0.55
o.28
1.42
o.12
o.49
180
4.3 Education
lRl
Table 3. I EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS INDICATORS, 1980_1990 Percentage of persons who have not completed primary school I lrhan F[ rral No.
Frovince
1, Dista,
Aceh
2. Sumatera Utara 3. Sumatera Baral 4. Hiau 5,
Jambi
6. Sumatra Selatan 7, Bengkulu
8. Lampung 9. DKlJakarta
Jawa Barat 1 1, Jawa Tengah 12.Oista. Yogyakarta 13.Jawa Timur 10.
'14.
Bali
15, Nusa Tenggara Bar; 16. Nusa Tenggara Timr
iviaies 20
-24 1980 1990
9.4 J7 Q
17.7 5.3 18.3 7.8 21.3 5.5 22,4 9,9 19.9 6.3 27.6 9.6 17.1 5.7 21.9 8.4 20.5 9,5
8.8
17.8
9.4
20. Kalimantan Selatan 21. Kalimantan Timur
23.5 17,4
22. Sulawesi Utara
25,3
26. Maluku 27. kian Jaya
12.5
8.7
6.3
7.6
13,2
7.5 8.6
6.5 12.3
6.8
17.0 9.3 15.4 5.6
7.9
6.1
13.3
7.5
1990
13.9 6.0 22.5 9.4 17.2. 5.1 28.7 14.1 34.3 12.0 29.5 14.4 29.1 9,5 35.9 14.3
Males
20-24
't980
Females 20-24
1990
1980
37.5 19.2 44.1 19,6 52.9 23.0 s3.5 25.8 49.8 24.7 50.4 28.4 51.4 22.3
41.9 52.6 54.0 62.6 60.q 62.0 53,0 67.0
s6,5'
24.4
27.5 32.7 32,4 15.7 29.5
15.4
11.7 5,7 46.5 23.4
16.6
4B.B
21.0 10.8
45.0
22.5
55.2 61.9 38.9 57.3
27 ,0 34.8 14.8
25.7 1.8
41.3 14.3 48.0 35,7 40.3 35.8
41.4 56.4 43.7
27.6
45.3
17.9
27.2
25. SulawesiTenggara
6.5
15,4 4,3
18. Kalimantan Barat 19. Kalimantan Tengah
24, SulawesiSelatan
3,6
18.7
17. Timor Timur
23. SulawesiTengah
3.8 AA
20-24
Females
1980
33.9 10.0 35.3 26.8
12.9
6.2 13.4
1
1
0.3
19.7 13.5
14.9 13.7
25.4 14.5 24.A 27.6
1
10.7 24.8
14.5
10.2
9.0 12,3
26.6
62.6 39.9 76,3 43.4
39.6
20.3 25.2 23.2
50.7 31.9 40.3 23.4 43.3 28.5
1.4
.34.3
8.2
36.2 20.0 37.5 41.2
21.7
1990
25.0 27.5 24.8 38.7 41.8 40.2
35.9 35.2
39,4 25.9
32.6 16.8
34.6 30.7 51.5 37.7 64.7
68.0 50.6 62.0 60.2 46.7 41.8 4B,B 44.9 45.2 50.6
58.2 34.0 37.5 36.3 27.2 27.7 31.8 31.3 26.2 65.5
r8l
Table 3.2 Percentage of persons who have not compteted primary school
Urban
Province
No.
1
Aceh 2. Sumalera Utara 3. Sumatera Barat 4. Riau 5. Jambi 6.Sumatra Selatan 7. Bengkulu 8, Lampung 1. Dista.
Jakarta 10. Jawa Barat 11. Jawa Tengah 9. DKI
12, Dista,
13.Jawa 14,
15-19 980 990
Males
Bali
11.4
4.4.
17.0
5.7
15,1
6.4
17 .1.
16.4
7.9 EO
22.9
8.4
i8.0
6.6
24.6
8.4
19,9
6.1
21.0
8.5
19.6
7.6,
12.2
4,9
19.1
6.0
Yogyakarta
Timur
1
5.0
4.7
15. Nusa Tenggara
Bare
12.s
10.8
16. Nusa Tenggara
Timr
1Z.s
8.5
1
17. Timor Timur
,
.
,
Flural
Females 1S-19 1
980
12.7 4.2 19.7 5. 8 14,3 4.7 '23.9 10.9 27.2 6.s 26.4 9,6 18.6 5.3 30.0 8,4 30.6 26.9 29.1 5.1 26.9
10.q 10.1
9.4
't
23.6 25.3 13.5
3.7 8.0 6.8 15.0 7.9
tl
z t..J
Barat 26:4 Tengah 6.9
20, Kalimantan
Selatan
22.J
J,l
Timur
18.1
6.0
22. Sulawesi Utara
21.5 1
1.6
11.1 EO
21.5
23, Sulawesi Tengah
I t.z
7.0 AR
24. Sulawesi Selatan
17.7
8.9
21.B
8.8
25. SulawesiTenggara
13.8
5.4
|,
6.9
26. Maluku
1
1.3
4.4
27, lrian Jaya
z.t.o
9.3
21 ,
Kalimantan
11.3 5.8
23.5 10.2 30.1 25.S
..+
10.6 30,5
15-19
'12.6
6.6 9.2 7.5
4.3 11.6
Females 15-19
1980 1990 1980
,
36.0 39.7 43.5 50.9 47.4 51,8 46.7 58.3 9.1 43.3 44.4 22.6 42.5
17.0 14,6 1q,5 24.4 21.8 25.4 20.2
10j
1
32,2 46.2 42.4
1
19. Kalimantan
18. Kalimantan
Males
990
1
r
37.5 19,2 48.? 17.0 42.1 17.8 57,2 28.2 57.0 29.3 60.4 28.6 55.6 24.3 64.9 21.2
6.1
43.7
e.z
50,0 s5,7 30.0 49.8
14.7 8.
r
15.1 10.2
26.3 38,7
48.3 50.5 44.3
42,7 46.3 52.2 48.2 40,4 41.5 36,2 34.9 44.1
3q.0 20.0 22.2 23.9 30.3 21.9 24.7 19.8 19.4 42.4
2s.1 17.0 7.8 19.0 17 .2
31.8 .36.4 R',l
45.4
6'1.4
1990
68.8 49,1 56,8 57 .2 40.1 44.2 43,9 40.0 42.6 51 .6
't
44.5 24.7 25.0
28.8 21.4 20.5 21.2
21.3 21.3 57,1
LB2
Table 3.3
Pereeentase
Pendrilk Berumr
1o Tahun ke abs Menuut Propinsi dan pendidikan yang Dibmatkan
TidaUBelum Tamat SD
No ftovince t- Ja$a
29.5
38.3
42.O
27.5 24.7
32.2 31.0
37.3
28.4
32.9
562
39.9
30.0
u.4
8.0 16.3 6.5 .0 12.9 7.4 9.0 8.4 9.0 7.7
56.6
37.5
28.5
35.9
B2
56.1
36.3
34.1
n.4
28.9 29.5
b. ,,hwa Earat c. Jaua Tengh d. Dsb. Yogyakrh
58.0
37,4
1n{
30.5 39.5
61.2
40.1
26.6
392
26.6 OI.'I
312
JZ.V
e. Jawa Timur 2. Sumatera 3. Kalimantan
42.6 57.5 57.6 60.9
39.3
4. Sulawesi
55.3
o(l
5. Kqpulatan
Indonesia
Lain-hin
38.1
SMI'A/Akademi/
.Llmlah
Universitas
i98o lggo 19Bo 1990 1980
Jakarb
a.
S.M.I.P
Sekdah Dasar
7
't990 19BO 1990 12.0 18.7
107 10.4
t6.7 12.4 14.6 13.7 14.4 12.4
|
2.6
6.9 202 5.4 52 13.3 5.6 6.0 5.9 7 .3 62 6.7
13.6 30.4 12.3
102 24.7 11 .9
13.8
t3.3 15.4 13.4
13.7
1980
19S0
99.9 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 1m.0 100.0 99.4 101.3 102.1 98.9 980 939 6] 93.3
862
183
Table 3.4 Table : Availability of Secondary Schools per 100,000 Population by Province, 1982 Province
-
1989
Schools per 100,000 Population lncrease in_ Schools per-1OO,O0O Population Junior Schools Hioh Schools Junior Schools _ High Schools 8283 8s/86 88/8s 8?83 Bs/S6 88/8e
ffiffi
lndonesia
11
13
Sumatra Java Bali + NT Kalimantan Sulawesi Other lslands
14 10 12 14
17 11 13 2A 16 15
15 13
14
5
19 12 16
6 5 5 5 6 5
19
20 17
6
7
2.O
B
I
2.2 1.7 0.7 5.6 1.7
3 b 7
I
5
6 7
I
10 6
2.6
1.4
3.3
2.4 0.9 2.s -0.4 3.4
4.5 2.6 3.3 5.2 s.1
1.9
4.6
-1.5 0,9 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.9 4.3
-0.1
1.0
d.s
0.8 0.8 1.8 1.2 -o.1
1.1
2.1
1.7 0.9
Q;3
{.2
1.5
1:3
0.9 2.O' 0.9
4.7
q.2 0.8
Below Average Provinces Riau
15
Jawa Barat Jawa Tengah Dista. Yogyakarta Jawa Timur
7 10 19 10
17 15 B9 't2 12 18 19 13 13
Nusa Tenggara T 14 TimorTimur N.A.
14 16 711
Maluku lrian Jaya
14 16
13 12
18 16
344 456 13 13 567 5s6 N.A. 2 cco 656
13
4
1.4 1.2 1.9 -o.2 2.7 0.3 N.A.
1.1 4.4
4.2
-O.7
2.0 2.s 0.4
3.5 2.2
0.6 -0.3
0.6 0,6 0.7 0.8 0.6 -0.6 1.4 1.1
N.A.
0.2 N.A.
5.4 3.7
-o.4
0.1
0.7 2.1 1.2 0.5
0.2 '1.3
1.5
q.1
2.6 0.9
NiA. 1.4 0.1
Source: Population Cen-sus 1980
S2, Intercensal Population Survey 1985 and population Census 1gg0 S2 Statistik Pendidikan di bawah dan di luar Linkkungan Oepirtmen P dan K 198g/89 lAnS Oc1 f SJr,1
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Table 3.7 Table : Availability of Secondary Schoots per 100,000 Population by Province , 1982
No Province
Sumatra Aceh 2. Sumatra Utara 3. Sumatra Barat 4. Riau 5. Jambi
14 1l 17 18 16 18 15 1S 15 t7 11 t7 6. Sumatra Selatan 13 16 7. Bengkulu 19 21 S.Lampung 11 14 Java t0 11 9. DKlJakarta 13 13 10. Jawa Barat 7 8 1 1. Jawa Tengah 10 12 12. Dista. Yogyakarta 19 18 't3 13.JawaTimult0 Bali + NT
'14. Bali
15. Nusa Tenggara 16. Nusa Tenggara
B T
Timur Kalimantan
17. Timor
'19. Kalimantan
20. Kalimantan 21. Kalimantan
12
13
13 10 14 N.A.
15
Barat
Tengr
14 7
Indonesia
7 7
16
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I
12 19 13 16 17 15 16
c
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4 5
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N.A.
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27.lrian Jaya
21
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Sulawesi 15 Utara tT Tengah 20 Selatan 13 Tenggar 14
Other lslands
E
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Selate t4
Timur
't2
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't
22. Sulawesi 23. Sulawesi 24. Sulawesi 25. Sulawesi
26. Maluku
1989
Schools per 100,000 Population Increase in Schools per 10O,O0O Population High Schools _ _,lynior Schools High Schools Junior Schools 82183 8s/86 88/89 82/83 85/86 88/89 82-85 85-89 82-89 82-85 85-89 82-89
1. Dista.
18. Kalimantan
-
5
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17
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13
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qa
9 44 56 13 67
11
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q7
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1.7 0.3 1.2 1.9 -0.2 2.7
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0.7
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2.4 2.0 0.3 N.A.
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89 78 99 q 9 6 79 89
2.2 2.4 0.5, 1.2 2.2 3.'l 0.4 0.8 1.4 -1.5 6.2 2.9 3.1 0.9 1.9 1.8
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5.9
5,1
5.5
1. Dista. Aceh 2. Sumatera Utara 3. Sumatera Barat 4. Riau 5. Jambi 6. Sumatra Selatan 7. Bengkulu 8. Lampung
6.0 6.4 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.3
5.1
s.6 5.5 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.5
5.5 6.0 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.4 4.9
Jawa + Bali
5.7
4.5
8.3 5.6 5.3 o.o 5.3 5.9
7.0 4.6 4.2 5.0 4.0 4.3
9. DKI Jakarta 10. Jawa Barat
Jawa Tengah 12. Dista. Yogyakarta 13. Jawa Timur 1
Female
1.
14. Bali
15. 16. 17. 18.
5.1 7.7 5.1
4.7 5.8 4.6 5.1
Kalimantan
5.6
4.4
5.0
Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan Tengah Kalimantan Selatan Kalimantan Timur
4.7 5.9 5.7 6.6
3.5 4.9 4.7 5.2
4.1
5.4 5.2 5.9
Sulawesi
5.6
4.9
5.2
6.0 5.8 5.3 5.7
6.0 4.5 4.4
6.0 5.4 4.9 5.0
4.9
3.8
4.4
4.6 4.7 3.4 4.9
3.4 3.9 2.2 5.3 3.6
4.0 4.3 2.8 5.7 4.3
5.7
4.6
5.1
19. Sulawesi Utara
20. Sulawesi Tengah 21. Sulawesi Selatan 22. Sulawesi Tenggara
Lainnya 23. Nusa Tenggara Barat 24. Nusa Tenggara Timur 25. Timor Timur 26. Maluku 27.lrian Jaya
Indonesia
6.1
Source: Census
F]4l
5.1
1
990
r91
Iable_l 1a Penduduk Berumur 10 Th ke Alas Menurut Propinsi Buta Huruf, 1990 sensus
No
Urban Urban Male Female
Propinsi
1.90 1.55 1.39 1.49 3.2s 2.22 2.34 't.38 2.03 4.48 1.85 3.88 6.4't 6.68 s.71 5.67
Sumatra 1. Dista. Aceh
2. Sumatera Utara 3. Sumatera Barat 4. Biau 5. Jambi
6. Sumatra Selatan 7. Bengkulu B. Lampung
Jawa + Bali 9. DKlJakarta ''|0. Jawa Barat
l l. Jawa Tengah 12. Dista. Yogyakarta 13. Jawa Timur 14. Bali
3.52 6.38 2.62 2.34 2.67
Kalimantan 15. Kalimantan Barat 16. Kalimantan Tgngah 17. Kalimantan Selatan
18. Kalimantan Timur
19. Sulawesi Utara
20. SulawesiTengah 21. Sulawesi Selatan 22. SulawesiTenggara
s.18 3.66 8.37 7.51
8.25 4.24 6.63
12.69 6.02 9.87 17.87 19.89 16.38
1s.92
9.88 16.16 6.61
7.33 8.29
9.90 2.44
2.01 s.22 6.61 13.01 4.4s 1.38 6.03 13.66 11.87 26.00 3.17 7.26 16.83 32.84 1.69 3.83 3.13 7.12 1
Lainnya 23. Nusa Tenggara Barat 24. Nusa Tenggara Timur 25. Timor Timur 26. Maluku
Indonesia
4.89
4.90 1.51
Sulawesi
27.lrian Jaya
6-18
4.09
1\.42
Rural
Urban
Male
M+F
4-O4 3.17 3.31 2.60 5.73 4.82 5.30 2.76 4.30 8.61
7.O3 9.31
5.97 6.83 7.29 6.85 6.81
7.86 7.16
14.36
3.93
6.88 12.32 13.38 11.2s 10.78
10.33 13.36 15.78
18.48 19.31
6.63 11.19 4.57 4.85 5.34
11.64
.44 1.98 3.60 9.89 7.91
1s.s6
9.70 19.02 5.10 23.86 2.75 4.91
23.03
7
7.79
17.46
6.s2 7.78 10.13
4.88 9.41
22.14 13.05
24.35 19.83 50.03 5.93 33.52 13.35
Bural Female
Bural
M+F
1s.70 11.37 1g.sB 14.s1 14.09 10.09 19.42 10.27 16.78 1.9s 17.64 12.1s 15.37 11.08 't8.69 13.14 5.80 1.36 29.07 21.86 1
't
.3s 28.68 34.87 35.27 36.88 21
23.53 34.47 14.02 16.62 20.32 22.91 6.03 15.5s 30.14 26.1 't 34.51 40.58 28.26 6s.55 11.36 47.76
1
15.87 21.18 25.63 27.12 28.24
U+R .Male
s.67 7.98 4.28 5.69 5.93 i .5.81 5.4s 6.49 6.51 10.79 1.85 8.05 1.45 11.64 14.94 15.61 1
U+R
U+F
Female M + F 13.18
e.4p
17.25 10.80 11.37
12.#
14.01
15.37 13.19 15.66 14.60
7'5,8
8.q4 s.8p 10.q1 9.3,2 10.915
10.1s I
23.18
17.19
6.02
3.e3
17.31
12.70 18.73
25.68 28.18 29.97 31.34
20.10' 22.6,9
23.s6
25.79 10.13 12.27
9.29 15.10 s.80 6.2s 6.43
19.61 30.55 12.62 14.04 14.28
19-31 5.44 12.40 26.32 19.73
13-10 4.11 8.15 18.16 11.48
19.91 5.16 13.74 25.88 23.52
28.88
19.s6 31.08 2s.sp 22.04 38.02 30.34 17.64 2s.90 21.ti7 47.13 63.15 54.8,6 5.04 s.79 7.49 25.16 37.94 31.26 10.39 21.31 15.92.
17 -47
't4.90
14.34 ZZ.d:t, e.0{9
10.1p 10.1p I
16.5t7
4.6it 10.8b' 22.1',8 17.61 I
32.83 24.19 57.57 8.63 40.48 19.72
Source: Population Census 1990 (S2)
192
Table 3. 13 Table: Aga-Speciflc Schoot Enrotment Ratios bf Province and S€x, 1980 and 1990 (%)
1990
percentage Increase
ffiffi
in@
-,
Sumalra
Aceh urara 3.surnatraBarat tsarat 1. Dista.
2. sumatra o, uumarra
4.Biau S.Jambi 6. Sumatra seratan 7' Bengkuru 8'Lampung Java926441 Jakarta Barat Tengah Yogyakarta Timur
92 9s 93 :9 91
92 91 92 s2
74 g.t 73 73
7t 69 68 71 66
49 sg 53 53
46 42 49 47 40
96 90 94 ' 97 s3
8z s5 63 85 67
6s gz 39 67 43
93 93 15. Nusa Tenggara gari 85 16' Nusa Tenggara Timr 87 17' Timor Timur * 71 Katimantan 90 18' Kalimantan Barat 86 19. Kalimantan Tenoah 92 20' Karimantan seraian 90 21' Karimantan Timur 93 sufawesi 88 22. sulawesiUlara 89 23. Sulawesi Tengah 92 24' Sulawesr seraran 86 25. sulawesi renggara 90
71 zg 5g 68 70 70 69 73 66 78 66 63 67 66 69
49 s5 41 39 54
9. DKI 10. Jawa 1 1' Jawa 12. Dista. 13. Jawa
Bali +NT l4.Bali
other
44 39 46 43 sl 60 41 39 49 s0
tstands 88 81 s8
26' Maluku 27' lrian Jaya
93 ffi
82 81
rii,fOiiESrii
57 59
93 94 94 94
to 7z 76 76
4s s4 57 sz
6
7 .4 4 9t 69 40 12 91 63 36 11 91 64 39 8 92 67 46 8 92 64 38 11 9258337813841r1 96 76 50 4 90 50 26 8 94 59 32 B 97 82 62 5 92 62 3a i 92 62 37 14 91 62 41 6 a4 sl 30 10 89 63 30 12 69 64 48 -12 89 67 39 12 85 66 35 16 s2 71 41 10 91 62 g7 5 93 74 46 14 so 66 44 7 gz 65 44 1 s2 64 38 6 g 88 - 66 45 g 90 68 44
87 zB 47 92 81
80 76
50 44
s
.
7 13
7 7 s5
14 14 I 11 11
3 4 I 14 1 ,:. .6 6
3 5 2 3 5
ii 13 g 17 12
4 12 14 z1. 7 1r, , ... i'i
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1( 1p 1F
2it 2p, I
s z 8 _3 10 1 5 1 e s 16 3 9 _3 15 4 12 _5 5 -7 13 4 21 4 9 3 6 3 14 I 7 3 2 _4 s _z 7 2 10 1
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3 21
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7 4 3 6
1t B
1; 15
1( I
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16 12 ,f' p 22
I 16
211
22
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TABE,
3.3.
BATAS I{ISICN, PENil,IUJK }trSION DAN PIRSFTIASE PE.IN'fllK I{ISICN HE,IIJRIN PROPTNSI DI INDONESIA, TAIruN 1990
Pendudulr
BATAS MISICN
Perduduk
PROPINSI frl
Q)
L. DI. Aceh 2. Sumatera Utara 3. Sumatera Barat 4. Riau 5. Sr.unatera Selatan 6. Laryrng 7. DIG. Jakarta 8. Jawa Barat 9. Jawa Tengah 10. DI. Yognkarta
2389t 2L15L 25384 245L3 26018
t'l664 29746 21098 1.8648
Kota
Desa
(4)
(5)
(6)
415328
5M950
(3)
L6769
L4709
69622 4928'-16
16959 L9973
L5324 4W673 12508 t050t5
683652
-
603255 239119r.
1585254
L2554 232L95 r2LlA 194B148 14349 114140 725't9 1?5633
rvrr
lGlinEntan Barat
2459I
KaliJnantan Selatan
26248 21480
18185 L9676
BaIi InB
1?. Sulawesi Utara 18. Sulawesi Selatan 19. 9 Propir.si Gabungan
Catatan
2L37t
*)
:
r,)
872q5A 864926
515790 3647A3
8/d22
19316 27083 25826 20390 2L542
Jawa Tinur
Kota+Desa l&rta
86913
L4524 L2267
t209s
62883 135531 L26389
T4528
LL050
-
t
t{iskin
(Rp/lhpita/Bulan)
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
J.3
5B2BA
273478
J97484
630542
(7)
11,15
8,75
-
603255 4786478 49L5382 2050L4 4372L9
2852158
191349 6W565 721467 758508
48,W306 305489
716299 790350 894039
420A5A
U5438
309912 466738
358196
7396L6 2380083
(8)
(e) 15,9: 13,53 15,01 13,65
L5,99 15,96 23,56 L4,02 15,81 15,11 L2,84 t3,L2 '1,79 7 ,79
6W212
789667
Desa Kota+Desa
!3,14 L6,32 rA,M L3,03
451616 1037315
2395287 3330128
1982s99
i
iliskin
20,87 t0,2L ?2,W 15,83 19,18 t2,55
n,85 L2,t0
L6,60 9,27 32,t5 2L,30
24,84 28,86 L9,r5 2L,91 Ll,oL L6,02 t'l,32 8,'11 !2,82 L8,42 L8,02 22,43
13,89 L7,49
15,50 L4,78
L!,2r 23,18 24,06 27,58
zL,n 14,88
t0,79 16,83
t hopilsi gabungan adalah Jambi, Bengkulu, tinpr Tirnrr, Ihlimantan Tengah, Kaljnantan Timur, Sulawesi Terrgrah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Italuhl dan lrian Jala.
Diolatr dari data
SUSE'&S
200
Table 1.4. TABET
3.4 :
TABLE
ANGKA XEITATTAN BAYT PER 1OOO KEL}IIIRAN I.{ENURUT PNOPINSI ItrFNNT T'ORTALITY RATE PER TOOO LWE BTRTHS BY PROVINCE tg71-, 1,98O & 199O
Propinsi / Province
l-. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B.
Daerah fstimewa Aceh Surnatera Utara Sumatera Barat
Ri a
J a
u
mb i Surnatera Selatan Bengkulu
L97 L
143 T2L 752 146 L54 155 L67
1"980
L99 0
93 89
58 61 74 65 74
L27 1r-0
t2t L02
7t
Lt1
Lampung
1,4 6
99
69 69
DKf Jakarta 10. Jawa Barat
r29 r67 720
82 134 99 62 97
40 90 55 42
130 22]-
92 189
a
11. Jawa Tengah L2. D.I. Yogyakarta L3. Jawa Timur
14. B a I i 15. Nusa Tenggara Barat 16. Nusa Tenggara Tirnur L7 . Tirnor Timur 18. Kalimantan Barat 19. i Kalimantan Tengah 20. Kalirnantan Selatan 2L. Kalimantan Timur 22. Sulawesi Utara 23. Sulawesi Tengah 24. Suliwesi Selatan 25. Sulawesi Tenggara 26. M a I u k u 27. Irian Jaya Indonesia
144 LO2
64 5l_
tlt
L45
155 L04
119 100 r.23 100
B1 58 91 58
114 150
93
63
l_3 0
92 70
':o t44 r29
16l_
r67 143
r.L1 L16.
77 85
B5
L23 105
8d
t-4 5
L09
'rtt,tl
7,6
Catatan : Dihitung dengan metode Trusell (Icest) / Note Calculated by TruselI (West) Methods
iot
TabJ-e
TABEL TABLE
3.5 :
-4-.5
ANGX.I XEI{ATTAN BALITA PER 1OOO KELAIITRjR,il UENURUT PROPINBI gHrLD (UNDER FrVE) r.roRTALrTy RATE
LIVE BIRrHS BY PROVTNCE L97L,1980 & 1990
PER TOOO
Proplnsl / province
L97 L
]. Daerah fstimewa Aceh ?.. Sumatera Utara l. Sumatera Barat
1. R i a 5.Janbi
u
F. Sumatera Selatan l. Bengkulu ;8. Lampung .,9. DKI Jakarta f;9. Jawa Barat ['1. Jawa Tengah {,2. D.f . yogyakarta H. Jawa Tirnur
j,B
aI i
rfls. Nusa Tenggara Barat !,6. Nusa Tenggara Tinur It. Timor Timur
'{ti. Kalinantan Barat Tengah S?. KaLimantan frp. Kalimantan selitan
220 232 233 250
L38 130 L81 153 L79 150
1990
83, 87'. LO7'i
94
'L07
2]-9
L47
103 ' L00 100,,
1.9 3
1L9 200
L32
25L 2L6 151 r_8 0
l_95
L7L
).4I 89 743
57 94 9t_
237
136 282 192
0
0
t24
217 L94 248 154
L77 148 184 148
118
327
73,
2L7
82'
'*.MaIuku '1,1. frian Jaya
u3
2L6 726
r.5 5
111. LL7
278
]-62
103
fndonesia
0
L37 195 L65
L84
,
112
225 242 25L
1"7
.
5B
Kalimantan Timur 22. Sulawesi Utara Sulawesi Tengah ?!. sulawesi Q4. selitan .n5, Sulawesi Tenggara Ej1.
-
2t4 181 229
1'98 0
L33. 83, 90
135
:
]-02" LT2.
Dlbltung dengan netode Trusell (I{est} {ote : carcuraiea-ili-rruserr (,oest) Methods /
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2Q2
TSrbIe 4.6
TabeI Table
5.2
:
Angka Kematian Bayi per LOOO Kelahiran rnenurut Propinoi dan Jenis Kelarnln Infant Morta)_it.y Rate per 10O0 Llve Birthe by Province and Sex 1980 & 1985
Propinoi Province
1980 laki-Iaki
Wanita
Male
Fema.Le
(U . Daerah fstimewa Aceh . Sumatera Utara UJ. . Surnatera Barat 04..Riau r\c . Jambi 06., Sumatera Selatan n? , Bengkulu n1
na
Lampung
09. DKf. Jakarta 'lo Jawa Barat 11 af - Jawa Tengah {e DI . Yogyakarta 'l? Jawa Timur 14. BaLi Nusa Tenggara Barat 1< Nusa Tenggara Timur 1q
zv. zL. 22.
23. 24.
Timor limur Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan Tengah Kalimantan Selatan Kalimantan Timur Sulaweei Utara Sulaweei Tengah Sulaweei Selatan Sulaweei Tenggara
MaIuku 27.
frian Jaya INDONESIA
1985
12)
9B.B 9'7 .5
Laki-laki
(3)
(4)
82.0
A
LLZ. L
122.6 129.6 105.4
103.4 109.6 88.9 97.L
106.4
68.9 59.9 92.7 83 .2 8s .0 ?6.0 71.1
oo. ), 73.O
45.0
1?t
Qo
-
L41.0
. 80.9
114't
66. 90.
6
BB. 9
11
2
ov.v
s5.1 91.1
t+2. J
IUO.
Y
> t.> 202.0
80. 173.
IJJ.
114.0
Z
rzg.e 108.
9
732.4 108.
9
103. I 139.4 J..lt.v 1JA A 135.8 117.0
1.17.0
9 O
6.0 6s.1 T24.L 87 .4 5
8s. 3 76.3 91. 6
'l
7I.I
<J0.o
72.A 102.s 74.6 81.9
a1
118.3 98 .4 107.'1 114. 6
(s),
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61.5i
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9
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l'i'
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' 75. ,
5l
57.31
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93. s
98.4
77
90.0
?4 . 1:.
98.
73.7
59.
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National Level fSakernas)
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Table 6.1
Wage Trends in SAKERNAS Data Nominal Wages
150
OE
le{
€
43100 4)E A. f1
o
50
I
5 I
n I
L976 E
Agriculture
a e
Trade
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
t982
1978
^
Manufacturing
--A-
Services
1992
Construction
All
Wage Employees
Wage Trends in SAKERNAS Data Constant l%)ZPrices
150
o
5E
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o n 50
a
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Agriculture
E Trade
o
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Lgn O Manufacturing e Services
Deflated by National Consumption Price tndex (Narional Accounrs)
Source:
1986 L987 1983 1989 1990 1991
r --A-
LWz
Construction
All Wage Emplopes
S. Dhanani (BAPPENAS/RMPT project, 1994) 215
Table 6.2 Table : Monthly lncome per Worker by Province and Main Industry SAKERNAS Data, 1976 1
976
Nominal Wage
Agriculture,Fores 6,433 Mining and Quarr 36,869
Manufacturing lnc 10,969 Electricity, Gas ar 27,409 Construction 16,270 WholesaleTrade, 16,766 Transportation, St 18,889 Financing, Insura 39,677 Public Services 18,307 20,884 others
Total
1
-
978
1990 1982
1
986
1987
1
988
989
7,567 18,695 29,632 32,050 34,711 38,080 139,790 28,987 67,511 15,504 36,722 59,063 24,332 59,641 19,595 45,794 18,268 43,919 64,923 24,344 51,371 49,335 89,55'l 24,420 55,304 75,023 79,260 30.240
65,437
75,447
82,206 82,821
68,262
69,020 122,739 95,920 83,707 80,664 104,990 150,454
85,276 94,923 89,398 95,706
12,363 15,046 38,792 63,285 68,390 71,344 77,164
Real Wage Agriculture, Fores 31,1 18 29,397 40,927 46,527 45,753 45,721 Mining and Quarr 178,344 112,613 147,796 Manufacturing In< 53,060 60,232 80,392 92,739 93,414 89,915 Electricity, Gas ar 132,555 94,529 130,567 Construction 78,702 76,126 100,253 WholesaleTrade, 81,10'l 70,970 95,929 101 ,940 107,'132 1 10,259 Transportation, Sl 9'1,371 94,575 112,462 Financing, lnsura'191,927 191,664 196,046 Public Services 88,555 94,871 121,O72 117,799 117,352 112,325 101 ,021 1 17,481 0 124,451 118,230 117,755 Others
Total
1
47,704 175,121 86,464 153,760 107,636 101,076 131,525 188,480 118,914 1 19,895
1
990
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1
991
53,316 188,391
1
992
54,729 217,546
93,428
101 ,299
157,620 113,146 tr12,211
186,848 156,793 125,303 158,204 223,888 133,845 105,229
121 ,919
141,682
202,155 103,057
2'19,843 114,935
g1 ,193
70,799
89,677 101 ,651 1 15,951 49,606 193,645 102,719 161,337 1'12,462 114,045 140,098
232,298 118,423 93,299
55,950 197,700 98,044 165,408 118,737 117,756 148,683 230,706 12O,614
74,297
59,803 58,453 84,924 99,368 97,629 93,974 96,667 103,048 106,674
54,729 217,546 101 ,299
'186,848
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115,951
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3l 217
Table 6.4 BATA_ RATA UPAFI/GruI PEKERJA/IfiRYAWA}I SE.AIIiA SEBT.I.ATI DI SETIAP PROVINSI I 9BB
PflOVINSI SUIVIATERA Daqah lstimowa Aceh Sumatera Utara Sumatera Riau
Baat
Jambi Sumatera
&latan
Bengkulu Larnpung JAWA Java Barat
Jaua Tengnh D.l. Yogyakarta
Jaua Timu KALIMANTAN Kalimanian Barat Kalimantan Tengah
Sehhn
Kalimantan Timur
su-AwESt Sulawesi Uhra Sulawesi Tengah Sulawesi Selabn Suiawesi Tenggara
Oth€r Bali Nusa Tenggara Barat Nusa Tenggara Timu tvtaluku
hian
16,947
&ya
18231
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62,46
83,ili4
46,671
69,170
45,U7 65,0e 46,%7
84,524 99,748
102,137
109,171
84,92
80,r66
91,581
94290
85,571
10',1,069
19,572
30,15/
35,174
74,8%
101,289
10,83S
11 ,556
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3s5€
60J96 47,36
10,725
38273 29263
60,796 47,199
19,557 20,6@
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21
27,552
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28,852
54ffi
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34,044
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34,485
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57,187 38,65a 36,3€0
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13,ffiA
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82.12. 88,081 73,9€6 75,696
94,458 77,693
115,n4
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116,649
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110,932
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1
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18387
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61,017 50,982
68,183 45,779
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100,560
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113,e5
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132,25
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148,382
158.9n
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28214
51 ,163
86,965
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100,946
103,132
INDONESIA
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229
--
TRENDS IN WAGE RATES IN ESTATE CBOP SECTOR (PERMANENT WORKERS ONLY)
Table 6.15 W.JAVA
INOON 1970
il
1s73
I
Z\)
98
B8
N.SUM
E,JAVA
78
|
1971
C.JAVA
S.SUM
KALIM
luo
157
162
123
'168
1
105
4'l
t+o
ozl
1El
IUJ
180
I
VI
101
123
197
'185
zzl
1q7
198
180
339
oul
302
256
265
Z'+ \)
579
453
426
I
lzo
ll
134
Y.1
I
ll
1974
f
1076
I
1976
l
JZ6
ll
348
1977
t
tl
tl
1985 1S86
1987 1988
489 546
AA?
KO?
28B
678
|
419
318
305
302
/UU
il
438
390
322
JUJ
482
438
o.+
J
457
489
585
616
tl
752 A7t
I
oEo
onq
1
037
964
|
1
143
tl
1
186
I
1270
iltl
J
I
1
il |
485 1FA/
ll
I OOZ
19S4
+Y\t
530
l
lYo
il
IYO\,
612 04
345
|
1982
25B
275
JY /
ll
1981
274 281
il
1978
'1980
zI z o t6
616
669
325
801
822
706
A7R,
AOO
958
786
630
625
637
c1A
1
107
1267
809
1
160
1
369
773
309
1
768
706
1
826
tYz
1430
921
876
1518
386
794
l.to I 1^nr
dJ4
tolo
7AO
'176 1
956
VZJ
1E'IA
I
JUO
985
939
too.)
1
,lAA
1
174
1
007
t/t)J
438
1
479
1 124 t 1R']
I qa,l
1
057
I OOY
1
480
1210
1
099
1
548
1290
1
626
I
1
do/
1147
1
I J.+
805
908 1270
957
tY/o
46
2077
1
468
zz
1
513
21
1
195
2235
t.+
1
296
|
1
718
1
661
1452
1
263
22Be
2286
1
559
tl
1778
1
691
1
530
1
340
2352
2369
1
576
7n5
1
600
tJt
2401
244'l
1
594
7'l 8
1
670
14 03
2436
2518
16't4
17 18
143't
2489
2542
1
I
1
817
1
ll
1aq1
't
|
1
897 939
17
67
I
1814
1
763
1462
2540
2569
940
1
856
JElO
IO UY
2645
1877
2073
1
976
157 4
2685
2705
1
3008
3127
21 56
3131
3300
2369
1
1989
I
2026
1
ll
21 19
1990
|
2316
2259
2077
to/o
tl
2460
2422
2248
1
803
W-ESTATADATA-LoT,lagJ
1
635
1466
tl
974
r,rir I
230
Construction Sector
1.
Price Index f or Provincial Bricklayer
CBS
Capita-] s
Carpenter
2. Building Information Centre, Ministry of Public PK: Basic Construction Worker T.Ky.: Carpenter T.Bt.: Bricklayer T.Bs.: Meta1 Worker
Works
23t
Table: Wage Trends in Construction Sector, 1979-19g6 n|leqan Tukano Batu Tukand Kavu
1,321
1,896 1,894
2,AAO
2,000
2;ss8
1,558 1,790
2,329
2,037
2,O37
2,377
1,528
1,809 1,909
1,927 1,927
2,217 2,217
2,291 2,291
1,230 1,090
1,429 1,131
1,237 1,364
1,84
1,603
1,477 1,630
984
1,222
1,578
1,651
2,377 3,500 2,717 4,250 2,291 4,000 2,291 4,000 1,477 ' 2,701 1,630 2,939 1,683 2,093
1,437
1,7O1
'1,281
Tukan-q Batu
Tukand Kavu
1
Tukao Bdtu Tukand Kaw
1,280
Bandun"o Tukano Satu Tukand Kavu
Semaiand Tukanq fatu Tukad Kaw Yoovak?rta' Tuliano Batu
_
,515
804
_
Tukand Kavu
_725
_944
Tukurd Batu
1,357
1,541
Surabala '
_Tukan! Kayu
uenpasar
1,260 1.834
2,329
!,424 1,932
2.9s8
2J17
2,429
1,725
2',0s4
2,164
2,721
750
1,023
1,Ng 1,s10
1,367 1,709
1,885
2,375
Tukano Batu Tukand Kavu MataraEr Tukao Batu Tukand Kavu
_750
_
_907
1,500
Tukand Kavu -
_743
1,500 1,750
1,500 1,750
1,604 1,854
2,s00 3,000
Tukano Batu TukaTd Kavu
_682
_832
1,169
1,314
3,017 3,071
Tuf;ano Batu TukanE Kavu
1,396
1,696 1,696
1,714 1,714
1,714 1,714
1,714
fukang Batu Tukard Kavu
1,696
1,952 1,674
2,007
2,537
2,537
1,892
2,174
2,174
1,953
1,465
2,000 2,667
2,N0
2,40O
3,200
3,200
1.500 1;5oo
1,500 1,500
1,875 1,875
2,000 2,000
2,500
2,500
3,417
3,583
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,25O
2,50O
1,906 2,383
1,906
2,383
2,000 2,500
2,955 2,955
3,500 3,500
2,000 2,000
2,000 2,000
2,000 2,000
2,000 2,000
1,912 1,912
1,364 2,000
1,813
2,209
2,000
2,000
2,24
2,500 3,269
Kuoand TdkrrE Batu Pontianiak
'1,279
1,750
Baniarffiasin Manad6
Tuigffggtrs Tukard Kavu
AmbonTukmo Batu .Tukan! Kayu JavaDura
Tlkino Batu Tukan6 Kavu
BandaAceh Tukaro Batu Tuksrd Kavu Pekanb?ru' Batu
Kaw
Tukano Kaw
Samarifida'
3,OOO
1,644
Padand'
Palemb-and
1,64
Table_6._16
1,1o8 1.,354
-
'1,500
1,500 2,000
2,000
1,188 1,750
1,750
970
1,015
_
1,567
1,W
1,365
2,88
1,714
2,000
2,542
2,250
2,442 2,479
1,783 1,771
3,042 3,042
3,500 3,500
1,379 1,379
1,500 1,500
1,708 1,708
2,500 2,500
800 800
950 950
1,n2 1,n2
2,625
1,34
1,500 1,500
1,667 1,667
2,833 2,615
1,750
1,365
1,500
2,500
3,000
3,005 3,366 1,367 1,709 2,500 3,136 2,500 3,258 3,258 1,714 1,714 2,537 2,174
2,676 3,568 2,000 2,000 : 3,667 4,933 4,833 2,573 2,573 3,000 3,750 2,000 2,500 3,500 3,500 ?,q00 2,500 ?,625 2,500 3,250 2,875
3,000
3,583 3,500
4,250 4,125 4,167 3,167 3,250
?,2s1
2,000
2,000
3,500 3,500
3,500 3,500
2,750 2,750
2,750 2,750
2,500 2,500
2,500
2,s00 3,000
2,500 2,500
3,300 3,300
3,300 3,300
1,714
1,972
1,714
2,500
1',972
2,500
2,826 2,826
2,250 2,500
2,264 2,486
2,000 2,000
2,000 2,000
4,083
4,500
4,000
4,000
5,000 5,000
5,000 5,000
2,260 2,146
2,1?S
2,125
3,000 3,750
3,82
2,000 2,500
2,354 2,854
3,875 3,875 2,650 2,650 3,000 2,500 3,250 2,975
3,896
4,000 4,000 2,971 2,775 3,000 2,500 3,250
2,975
232
Table O(l PK
T.Kv
6@
7n
T. Bt 6?2.
180
10t5
186.7
1472
1172
1960 1917
1138 1639
1388
YEABS '1975
BAhDI.-[!G
JAI(AFITA
PK
T.8o
T.Ky
T,8t
SEMARANG
19i6
510
67
19i8
8@
1979
1&.
1980
2S
192
1375 1516 1739
3705
M
1983
1750
3875
33i5
19e4
m
4StS
3750
4958
3750
Zil
55@
4500 4550
987
3m3
1*)
5708 55€3
5167
3ffi
4500 4500
4000
32l9
J'r-lJ
5&
4W
c /3(J
2dt9 x75 &2 ?&, 3mo 2@ 35@ 3500 4W) 40C0 4000 4000 4T& 47fi 5200 5m
566'/
5&,
4ffi
5/75
5075
6375
6125 6500
5375
1985 19€6 1
19€9
1SO 1S1 19€a
2&,
2m
38 3625 3975
D/il
16't
2s71
1875
2gt6
850 1625 1s00 a8 1420 2em 5@ 2W 1s00 3tr0
28/.1 3a50
3n
35@ 40@
3&50
4m
1S 1981
1W t
1986 1g7
P4(
1.Ky
630
1060
9S
T. BT 1060
't600
1Zi 1m 1183 938 154A
BEI,IGKU-U
2083 3m
15@
1600
tStF
200
3000
3000
3m
30m
3000
3'm
3315
3f/5
3000
3600
3500 3?50
350
4S0
ffi
4m
PK T,Ky
m 3&
4& 2625 4n 2m 37fi
3000
1S8
3500
3500
3s00
J989
3500
3500
3500
I qq1
5500
tFan
55€0
3333
3260 3000
4m 3750
3750
T. Bs
27?o
PK
980
925
1
T,Kv 1
125
T.8o
338
525 AE
5500
s5&
%7t
5O0
5500
2875
6625 5s58
65-/3 5563
6313
6313
36S 600 3380 w7
4500 4m 3563 4m
4€8 45@
@ 380 37do
37€l
4875 4563
0lLl T. Bt 1
125
T. Bs 1
PK
T.Ky T. Bt
1250
2000
2000
2000
1
S82
1750
2375
2750
2750
1
983
2625
2958
3083
3083
989
4500
4500
4500
441
1
1
990
4500 4852
491
1
991
4828 4922
4828
1 1
992
I YOO
4063
4969
T. Bs
125
198't
1
Bt
3780 3&
M
bIALUKU YEARS
T.
3000
4& 4&
sAt3
58t3
T.Ky 3000
333
37E0 5A50 6313
5&
4333 6563 4An6 5771 4563 S13
199?
4330
6e50
3& 5s@ 3250 5500
1S1
T. Bt
lSO 1413
1500 4167 3104 31'5 2375 4000 31?5 3X 3250 48 4& 4n
5175
PK 2000
23t6
3750
T. Bs
1875 . 158 15/5 19ti 1.?50 lm 1$0 1&5 1625 wt 206, 1&B 2W AA 1875 2766 2525 2&1 2813 2€?5 2688 w2 30@ 3J88
6ro 794 679
1060
T, BO
gts
2W ZIB
Bt
1175 11@ 1€80 1475
550
6?5
PEKAN BAAJ
1n
2m
1625 1ffi 2188 a€o
Jt',I-,
tvGDAN
YEAB$ 1979
T.
870 850 8$
520
1
2469
5m
Pt( T.Ky
T. BO
678 1976
1tn
1S1
6 " 17
5488
3771 33
3946
4't
41 94
4789 5250
4789 5538
238
Table 6.17 (Cgntinue) YOGYAKAFH
Pt( T.Ky
s13 78
650 670 858 987
1063 1400 13g1 1415 1571
STRASAYA
T. Bt
PK 6@ 688 Tls 't368 14ft
T, Bg
7m
9S 9S/
1€C8 1506 18e5 1S
11160
1736
2060 1800 28 a3t ?185 2€0 ?m a53 2@ 2187
T. Bt
1#
1700
925 16e5
1875
3@
ffia
25@
2833
2833
35@ 3250
27Eo 5m
1s,./
'1(ll 7&
1K
m
T. Be 1650 1313 1675
316-/
2@ 3313 20@ 3& 1186 45m 2S 4750 3100 5433
713
1360 1@ 153 1@
T.Ky
1@
23
2m
4St5
3C75
4501 rtsB3
.$(l1
6E
4W
6500
6250
483
2'1s
%
1736 25€8 25e 2& 2741 4125 3S5 3238 3444 4914 4861 4833
PALEI€AI.JG
n\
1500 1S00
2000
ffi
2873
3m0
PADAIG
Bt
T.Ky
T.
15@
15@
ft<
T, Bo
T.Ky T. Bt
15'm
2so0 25@ 2900 2ffi 3750 3750 3750 3re0
1W 297 1690 M 178 N
2500
29m a7Eo
41?5 4515
4375
5044
5044
5044
2@ 2656 2688
1896 2688 3375 3125 m azs 3288 3163 2631 3648 W 2601 3S 3S 2413 4gt7 38143
3ftO
4125 4375
ZJts
4't25
rc 3fi) 3694
44& 4$7 4{115
T. Bo
m, 26Q6
2656 2€88 3J25 3163
w,
3386 3566 4179
45€3
49t4 4861
4833
TRIAN JAYA
PK
T.Ky
5900 61 86
7073 7048 7500
T.
Bt
5900 4248 7130 7A4B 7639
T. Bs
5900 6327
7074 7042 7806
234
Table 6"17 (Continr SAMAFINDA YEARS 1
PK
BANJARMASIN
TKv
T. Bt
T. Bs
PK TXy
1
980
1
9Bl
1982
?125
fi25
?62s
1
983
ZCU1J
s000
1
984
?s25
3B75
3750 3375
?f,25 3125 3125
3750 3938
3750 3938
3200 3875
1
985
27fi
1
987
3063
t
988
3250
4m
4125
4000
1
98S
ZJI J
4625
4625
jlo00
1
990
27@
1
991
54.17
1
9S2
6236
5000 6042 6833
5000 5833 6528
4N 572.
*44
u4 1575 112s 1875 1750 2500 't783 2683 1783 27c6 2000 2917 2W 2917
YEABS
TXv
Pt(
198'l
600
982
t9s3 1
984
T.
BT
T. Bs
308
1
308
1
308
1075
17W
1
750
1
750
I eaa
2000
1
S61
1
trv\n
2556
1792
2792
2792
3000
800
2800
2800
31
987
1875 1 875
2875
2875
32fi
3250
875
32:&
3250
2625 3250 3250
990
2&
3750
3750
3750
19gl 1992
2500
4500
4500
45@
2500
5000
5000
5000
t 988 i 989
1
1
1
Pt(
TKy
T. Bt
T. Bs
1
980
717
1
550
12g2
1167
1
981
1
125
a.25
?.25
1S
1
982
11?5
2094
2094
1
zJ57
I 968
I YOr+
I 985
986 1 987 1
1
1
339
380 1 425 r
2732
1875
2500
27W
.\
27W
417 ?917 ?g17
4m0 4400
Pl( TKy 1250 2500 2083 1750
T.
Bt
T. Bs
2500 2500 2500 3000 3000 3000 3333 3333 3333 3000 3000 3000
2500 35@ 3500 2500 4000 4000
3000 4000
m
zqtv
y2
27W
2425
10@
917
875 917
1674
3127
2797
2781
2489
3S78
3607
%2.
1
Pl( TKy T. Bt T. Bs 4W 1400 950 950 8S4
1413
1413
1413
2*
2fi
850
988
198S
I 575
NTT 0(UPANG)
1975
1983
1
00
BALI YENRS
s75 1875
KENDABI
985 1 988
1
1
T. Bs
nn ?g17 ?g17 3050 40@ 40@ 3350 4400 4M
UJUI'IGPANDA\G
1
Bt
T.
979
r
990
2528
4517
991
3000
4565 41 88
4.36.7
1
.lO0O
4000
1
992
3250
5000
4250
4375
1125 zfi 1125 2n
2n 2*
12S 2458 1435 27% 159'' m3 1849 3195
2458 2458 27% 278 &5 ffi. 31s4 3164
2521 3635 2500 4483 2839 4667
3656 4545
3656 4545
466-l
4667
235
Table 6.
PAL\NC{(ABAYA
PK TXy
T. Bt
4€f'7
T. Bs
ffi7
4657
415'9 5364 $At
4917
PK TKy T. Bt 900 1400 Im 1500 2000 1750 27fi
z'25 35CO 2500 35@ e125 42fi 3333 5000 1725 2W 3792 4465
PALU
rX
TKy 2000
450 2000 17co 2489 667 n92 19t7 3000 ?250 3250 12t9 3938 2s25 3875 'f
t1(
500 I 042
11@
T. Bs
J3UJ
35@ 4000
5000 5000 4215 2W 4357 4482 5107 5536 6357
MENADO T. Bt T. Bs 2000 20@ 2000 2000 2469 2469 2792 n92
?s,25
3250 3938 u75
PK TXy
T. Bt
T. Bs
30@ 3250 3938
387s
287s 3500 3250 2906 4125 3719 3250 425p 4000 3250
NTB
(Continue)
20@ ?750
4042 5179 4W 42tu 5857 5500 4683 6357 6357
gco
I7
PONTIANAK
4250
42n
3450
3719 387s 4250
(tv6agyl
TKy
T. Bt
?j67 A67 m75 276
27c€ 2592
1500 afi 1750 38@ 1755 3530 1962 3680
T. Bs
2167 270S
?592
2600 3250 3000 38@ 3Z& WJ 3525 3250
?o14 7U2 3625 xT| 3917 3865
3375
3979
3750
2417 3979
371
9
236
Sakernas Monthlv Waqe by Province and Sector
Sectors:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 0.
Agriculture
Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing
Utilities Construction Hotel and Trade
,i
Transport
Finance A11 Other Services Others
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