Pertanian dan Keamanan Pangan A TALE OF TWO MOVEMENTS
Budi Widianarko Program Studi Teknologi Pangan Unika SOEGIJAPRANATA
Round Table Discussion - Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Muria Kudus Sabtu, 27 September 2014
Pokok-pokok Bahasan 1. IMPOR BUAH - A TEASING IRONY 2. GERAKAN 1 - Sertifikasi Buah 3. TREN PANGAN ORGANIK 4. GERAKAN 2 – Pertanian Organik 5. RISIKO “PEMBAJAKAN” OLEH INDUSTRI
INDONESIA Fruit Import
a teasing IRONY
TOTAL FRUIT IMPORT 2012 827,000 tons 2013 507,000 tons Source: Investor Daily 30 Dec. 2013
FRUIT IMPORT BY COUNTRY – 2013 COUNTRY
AMOUNT (000 tons)
China
VALUE (mio. USD)
293.14
330.71
US
50.03
103.95
Thailand
62.35
75.40
Australia
22.14
46.03
Vietnam
12.36
17.60
Others
67.28
93.55
507.34
667.30
TOTAL
Central Bureau of Statistics (2013)
PRIVATE STANDARDS
Fresh Fruit produced by local farmers
NO STANDARD
DOMESTIC MARKET (1) super/hypermarket, dedicated outlets DOMESTIC MARKET (2) traditional markets
GLOBAL STANDARDS
GLOBALmarket
WHICH STANDARDS? Fresh Fruit produced by local farmers CONSUMER
DOMESTIC MARKET (2) traditional markets
PROTECTION
NO STANDARDS * Food Safety Paradox * TBT Agreement
2 RISKS
GERAKAN 1 – SERTIFIKASI BUAH
Regional Food Safety Competence Authority [RFSCA = OKKPD]
CENTRAL JAVA - RFSCA Established in 2009 An extension of Central Food Safety Competence Authority (CFSCA) The tasks: Certification and Labeling of fresh food products REGISTRATION for Fresh Food of Plant Origin REGISTRATION for Packaging House RECOMMENDATION for Export/Import Products PRIMA-3 & PRIMA-2 CERTIFICATION for fruits and vegetables
PRIMA CERTIFICATION PRIMA-3
PRIMA-2
PRIMA-1
GAP Certification ISSUED BY CFSCA (OKKPP) CRITERIA - Safety - Quality - Environment - Social
ISSUED BY RFSCA (OKKPD) CRITERIA - Safety & Quality
ISSUED BY RFSCA (OKKPD) CRITERIA - Safety
Prima 3 Certification in Central Java It’s still a government driven activity!
In the future
VOLUNTARY
APPLICATION
REQUIREMENTS GAP SOP Farm Registration Integrated Pest Control Field School
EVALUATION OF APPLICATION ASSESSMENT SCHEDULING
INSPECTOR APPOINTMENT NOTIFICATION TO APPLICANT
FIELD OBSERVATION & SAMPLING
SAMPLE MEASUREMENTS REPORTING
3
PRIMACertification FLOW CHART
DESK EVALUATION BY TECHNICAL COMMISSION DECISION
CERTIFICATE GRANTED
List of Prima-3 Certificates YEAR
NUMBER OF CERTIFICATE ISSUED
FRUIT (NO. OF FARM)
2009
3
SNAKE FRUIT (1), MANGO (1), MELON (1)
2010
7
2011
7
2012
14
2013
8
SNAKE FRUIT (4), WATER MELON (1), MELON (1), ROSE APPLE (1) DRAGON FRUIT (1), MELON (1), BROCCOLI (1), LONGAN (1), TOMATO (1), POTATO (1), GUAVA (1) SNAKE FRUIT (8), POMELO (3), DRAGON FRUIT (1), CHILLI (2) CHILLI (3), PINEAPPLE (1), PAPAYA (1), SNAKEFRUIT (1), MELON (1), ONION (1)
TOTAL
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Prima-3 Certification only deals with SAFETY aspects IMPROVEMENT IS NEEDED !
The Need for Specific Descriptors
LOCAL PRODUCT’S SIGNATURE
PRODUCT’S ADDED VALUE
Amendment of physico-chemical parameters into PRIMA-3 Standards
THE APPROACH (Descriptive Statistics)
distributional-based standards derivation (e.g. Normal Distribution)
HOW TO DERIVE STANDARDS (1)
Frequency
Set-up a normal distribution based on values (data) of a physical or chemical parameter
PREREQUISITE Data should meet normality assumption based on Saphiro-Wilk Test or Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
8
6
4
2 Std. Dev = 2.57 Mean = 6.5
0 3. -1 .0 .0 12 - 12 .0 .0 11 11 .0 10 0.0 -1 0 9. .0 -9 0 8. 8.0 0 7. .0 -7 0 6. 6.0 0 5. 5.0 0 4. .0 -4 0 3. 3.0 0 2. .0 -2
N = 50.00
0 1.
0
MEASUREMENT VALUES
Concentration of Cd (mg/kg fw)
HOW TO DERIVE STANDARDS (2) Set the cut off points, i.e. the pth & (100-p)th percentiles of the distribution, e.g. 5th & 95th percentiles.
The 5th percentile
The 95th percentile
Distribution of Concentrations of Cd
VALUES
HOW TO DERIVE STANDARDS (3) Set-up a new distribution based on the chosen cut-off points The 5th percentile
Distribution of Concentrations of Cd
The 95th percentile
HOW TO DERIVE STANDARDS (4) The range value (X1 to X2) of the new distribution can be proposed as new standards, provided the coefficient of variation is small (e.g. less than 10%).
X1 Lower limit
X2 Upper limit
Distribution of Concentrations of Cd
EXAMPLE: PRIMA-3 Certified SNAKE FRUIT “Ngudi Cukup” Farmers Group Kamongan Village, Magelang (Danielli, 2014)
Original Distribution
New Distribution Cut-Off Points 5th & 95th percentiles
NEW VALUES AMENDED INTO PRIMA-3 STANDARDS FOR ‘NGUDI CUKUP” SNAKE FRUIT
Danielli (2014) Cut-Off 1 = 5th & 95th percentiles Cut-Off 2 = 10th & 90th percentiles
TREN PANGAN ORGANIK
Lord Northbourne (UK)
“organic farming”
KONSEP • “the farm as organism” • “organic farming” sebagai lawan “chemical farming” INSPIRASI: European and Asian models of traditional farming
Codex Alimentarius Commission (1999) Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agroecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm inputs,...as opposed to using synthetic materials....The primary goal is to optimize the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals and people...the systems are based on specific and precise standards of production which aim at achieving optimal agroecosystems which are socially, ecologically and economically sustainable.
ORGANIC FOOD is food that has been produced in a special way: organically. Blair (2012)
TREN MENINGKAT di seluruh dunia
GERAKAN 2 – Pertanian Organik
Cita-cita Go Organik 2010 “Indonesia sebagai salah satu produsen pangan organik utama dunia”
‘Go Organik 2010’ Departemen Pertanian RI ■ Tahun 2001 - sosialisasi ■ Tahun 2002 - sosialisasi dan pembentukan regulasi ■ Tahun 2003 - pembentukan regulasi dan bantuan teknis ■ Tahun 2004 - bantuan teknis dan sertifikasi ■ Tahun 2005 - sertifikasi dan promosi pasar ■ Tahun 2006 – 2010 - kondisi industrialisasi dan perdagangan
Cita-cita Go Organik 2010 “Indonesia sebagai salah satu produsen pangan organik utama dunia”
THREE CONCERNS (1) Safety (2) Nutritional quality (3) Environmental issues
(PERCEPTIONAL)
Gill Seyfang (2006): Journal of Rural Studies 22: 383–395
“..Purchasers of organic foods believe that these products are superior to conventional foods in terms of quality and safety…. What is not clear: the extent to which these consumer perceptions are correct”.
Katrin Zander, Hanna Stolz & Ulrich Hamm (2013). Appetite 62: 133–142
Katrin Zander, Hanna Stolz & Ulrich Hamm (2013). Appetite 62: 133–142
NEW ZEALAND (Blair, 2012)
RISIKO PEMBAJAKAN OLEH INDUSTRI
Pertanian & Pangan Organik di Indonesia • umumnya masih skala kecil • petani/kelompok tani berdaulat • masih dianggap sebagai produk “eksotik” • baru mulai meng-”industri”
GERAKAN DI JAWA TENGAH • 2009 – 2013: 35 SERTIFIKAT a. Sertifikat Organik Nasional 33 titik - Tanaman pangan 19 - Hortikultura 14
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b. Sertifikat Organik Internasional - Tan Pangan 1 Asosiasi - Hortikultura 1 Gapoktan C. Pada tahun 2014 dalam proses sertifikasi 6 Gapoktan - Tan Pangan 2 gapoktan - Hortikultura 4 gapoktan
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• Untuk pasar luar negeri komoditas sayuran organik adalah Singapura, Malaysia (Komonitas Petani Sayuran Organik Merbabu). • Sedangkan komoditas beras pasar luar negeri sudah diekspor bulan Mei 2013 ke Belgia dan Jerman pada periode selanjutnya (Beras Organik Boyolali/Appo;i)
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BERAS ORGANIK – Al Barokah Desa Ketapang, Kec. Susukan, Kab. Semarang
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RISIKO INDUSTRIALISASI • pemain besar akan lebih berperan • kedaulatan petani/kelompok tani terancam • produk massal
HANYA MENGULANG “REVOLUSI HIJAU”? History repeats itself?
BIG ORGANIC ..The organic movement, as it was once called, has come to a remarkably long way in the last thirty years, to the point where it now looks considerably less like a movement than a big business. 2006
..That’s because WHOLE FOOD in recent years has adopted the grocery industry’s standard regional distribution system, which make supporting small farms impractical…
TERIMA KASIH
