PEMBENAHAN LAHAN PASCA TAMBANG

PEMBENAHAN LAHAN PASCA TAMBANG

Dr. Yadi Setiadi Mined Land Rehabilitation Specialist Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University Campus IPB, Darmaga, Bogor [email protected]

Potential Resources Under Forest

• Nickel • Gold and Cupper • Coal • Tin • Oil • Others

Impacted land  Terbuka  fungsi akar dan tajuk hilang  Vegetasi hilang/rusak  Biodiversity hilang  Top/sub soil hilang  produktivitas lahan turun  Tidak stabil dan mudah erosi • Fungsi stabilitas lahan turun  Marginal  sukar di tanami, tidak subur

Fungsi Hutan harus dikembalikan Diatur oleh PERATURAN!!!!!!!!!!!

Kebutuhan Tanaman Agar Tumbuh Lestari  Kecocokan lingkungan

 Temperature, cahaya, kelembaban  Ketinggian (dpl)  Hama/penyakit alami terkontrol

 Kondisi lahan

 Kondusif bagi perakaran  Tidak tergenang, tidak compak, tidak kompetisi

 Ketersediaan hara tanaman • Hara harus ada :

– (N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Fe, Mo,Bo,Mn,Ni etc)

• Hara harus cukup dan tersedia : – N (N03 or NH4),P (H2P04 or PO4)

• Hara harus seimbang (rasio Ca/Mg> 5:3) • Hara harus kontinyu (jasa enzimatic microba)

Soil problems Soil Physical Properties  Soil texture (grain size distribution)  Porosity (aeration)  Depth to hard-pad or impervious layer  Soil Compaction (water-log, root inhibition)  Soil moisture content, surface temperature Soil Biology  Vegetation cover and carbon content  Microbial population and activities Soil Chemical  Poor of soil nutrients  Soil reaction (pH)  Low of cation exchange capacity (CEC)  Mineral toxicity

Melakukan kajian karakteristik lahan

Menganalisis tanah

 Pengambilan soil sample (quadrat methods)  Melakukan analysis laboratory  Menganalisa data hasil laboratory

 Mengetahui kendala tanah  Tahu cara-cara pencegahan dengan ( soil amendment)  Menyelamatkan kegagalan revegetasi  Menyelamatkan COST

Hasil analisis tanah Hasil Sites characterizations Characteristics

PRP#1

PRP#2

PRP#3-4

PRP#5

Materials

Mixed of sub-surface soil

Peat layer, cov. with leached grayish mineral soil layer

Ultramafic rock

Ultramafic rock

Nutrient Status

N,P,K,Ca (deficient); Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn (low); C-Org (very low)

N, P, K, Ca, Mg (low); Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn (sufficient); C-organic (low)

N, K, Ca (low); P (lowvery high); Mg (high); Mg>Ca (3-5); Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn (suff.)

N, P, K, Ca, Mg (low); Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn (suff.); C-org. (low)

Soil reaction (pH)

4.7-5.7 (strongly acidic)

4.6-5.2 (strongly acidic)

3.4-4.7 (extremely acidic)

4.6-4.9 (strongly acidic)

Al saturation

72% (very high)

19.4% (low)

74% (very high)

34% (moderate)

5-12 (low)

19-28 (medium)

30 (high)

5-17 (low)

Clay

Organic+Soil Fraction

Fine Clay

Loam-Silty Loam

HC

0.23 cm/hr (very low)

2.34 – 8.09 cm/hr (fast)

0.62 cm/hr (low)

low

BD

1.45 gr/cc (high)

0.43-0.97 gr/cc (low)

0.97 gr/cc (moderate)

1.12 gr/cc (moderate)

Compacted, poor aeration, water-log

Poor drainage and aeration

Poor drainage, aeration, water-log

Moderate drainage

CEC Texture

Drainage

Soil Problems Kendala

Migas

Batubara

Nikel

SandTailing

pH

3.4-5.6

2.8-5.5

4.2-7.3

5.8-6.4

Compaction

Fair

High

High

Low

WHC

Low

Low

Low

Very Low

Nutrients

Low

Very Low

Very Low

Deficient

CEC

Low

Low

Low

Very Low

Al

High

High

High

Low

Fe

High

Very High

High

Low

EC

High

Low

Low

Very Low

Hydrocarbon

Yes

No/Pirit

No/Mg>Ca

No/Temp

CEC problem

Compaction

Perbaikan kondisi lahan pasca tambang         

Tanah pucuk Pupuk kimia Humic acid Mycorrhizae Bio-stimulant Bio-organic Polymer fertlizer Polymer breaker Organo-NPK

Merangsang sistem perakaran Melarutkan fosfat yang terikat Meningkatkan Kapasitas Tukar Kation Meningkatkan daya ikat air Mengkelat logam berat Meningkatkan penyerapan hara Meningkatkan populasi dan aktivitas mikroba potensial  Menyediakan hara macro dan micro  Mempercepat humifikasi       

Mycorrhizal inoculum

Humic acid extraction

Fermentasi Kotoran hewan

BIO-Organic Cair

Polymer Products Nama product     

Coating NPK Poly-Fertilizer Poly-glue Bio-compost Poly-sorb

Keterangan  NPK and Micro + humic acid  Lengkap stabil (pH, KTK, tersedia)  Perekat biji  Bio-organic  Penyimpan Air

Site preparation

   

Provide space for root development Avoid roots competition Avoid water log Avoid land slide and soil erosion

Soil improvement

Planting      

Planting stock on plantable size Select healthy planting stock Removing poly-bags Compacting earth-ball Controlling collar-root position Controlling soil moisture

Plant maintenance Re-planting Mulching Watering Weeding Fertilizer addition Root manipulation Erosion control and drainage  Pest and diseases control       

KEGIATAN REVEGETASI

Borrow Pit

Erosion control

Before revegetate

Pertumbuhan 1 dan 3 bulan setelah tanam

10/3/

Templok untuk tanah miring

Templok papan catur

10/3/

Quarry

17 bulan

Coal mine rehabilitation

Coal overburden

Nickel mining

Phyto-stabilization

Post Nickel Mining

Reclamation post mining

Gold mining

Sandy tailing-1

Sandy tailing-2

FOTO : Edy Nurcahya

Padat dan Tergenang  Tanaman kerdil, daun kekuningan  Daun rontok, akar busuk, mati  Cara mengatasi :      

Pembuatan drainage Peremahan lahan dengan ripping Penggemburan dengan Terabrik Craking dengan Humic Acid Cara bertanam permukaan cembung Pemilihan jenis tahan genangan

Borrow Pit

pH rendah, Al,Fe, Pirit tinggi  pH rendah < 2.7  Al, Fe, : > 3me/100 gr, 12000 ppm (toxic)  Pirit : > 4% toxic  Pengendalian.    

pH tanah dinaikan dengan kapur atau AJKLSWT Melakukan phosphate saturation Chelating dengan Humic acid Menanaman jenis tolerance pH rendah

Pyrite problem

KTK dan unsur hara rendah     

KTK < 16 Boros pemupukan Pencemaran pupuk Tanaman kurang subur, kerdil Tidak mau berbunga dan berbuah

 Perbaikan KTK : kompost, Humic acid  Pemupupukan dan Humic acid  Menggunakan polymer fertilizer

MONITORING

Success criteria  Adaptability  Survival  Growth performance  Root development

>80% (progressive) (across mine land)

 Sustainability    

Biodiversity Natural colonization Nutrient retention Wild life status

(shannon, Spec richness) (abundance) (decomposed litter) (spec richness)

 Stand structure    

Plant density Crown structure Crown coverage Spec composition

(800-1000/ha) (3-5 layer) (60-70%) (Pioneer (40 %),Primer (50%), Wildlife (10%)

 Land Form   

Slope Erosion status Land stabilization

(leveling <30o) (below threshold level) (controlled)

Setiadi.Yadi. 2008. Revegetation Monitoring for Mine Closure. Perhapi Meeting.

Revegetation approached  Minimize application of top soil  Minimize application of Pestiherbicide  Enhance native species biodiversity  Create “closed nutrient cycle” system  Domestication and Conserving potential native tree species  Reuse local and non toxic organic waste  Involved and contribute for local people 

THANK YOU and LET’S KEEPS OUR PLANET GREEN good for the planet, good for us