Seminar Nasional Teknologt Petemakan dan Yeteriner 2002
NERACA PROTEIN DAN EKSKRESI DERIVAT PURIN DI URIN PADA KAMBING PERANAKAN ETAWAH LAKTASI YANG DIBERI PAKAN LIMBAH TEMPE (protein Balance and Excreation of Purine Derivatives in Urine of Lactating Etawah Crossbred Goats Fed with Tempe Waste) ( ,
2
D.A. AS11JI1 ,dan E. WINA I
BagianFisiologidanFarm3kotogi, FakultasKedokJeran Bewan, Ins/ilut Per/an/an Bogor 2 Balai Penelutan TemaJc. POBOX22l. Claw/-Bogor
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein balance and purine derivatives of urinB1y excretion on lactating Btawah crossbred goats fed with tempe waste. Sixteen first lactating animals were nmdomly allotted into four dietary treatment groups that received 50 % king grass plus 50% concentrate (R,), plus 25% concentrate and 25% fresh tempe waste (Ri), plus 25% concentrate and 25% dry fermented tempe waste (R,), and plus 25% concentrate and 25% dry gel of liquid tempe waste (R.). Therations offered were containing 14 % crude protein. Fermented tempe waste wasmade byfermentation of solid tempe waste using Aspergillus niger, while liquid tempe waste was gelatinized with maize flour. Protein balance studies were conducted during twoweek trial and at the end of theresearch urinary protein and purine derivatives were analyzed. Results showed that protein consumption were notdifferent between all treatments while protein digestibilities of R, and R, were higher than thatnf R, and R, (P<0.05). The protein retention of R, and R, tended to be higher than thatof R, and R,. Urinary purine derivative analyses showed thatallantoin, xanthine and hypoxanthine ofR, and R, were higher than thatofR, and R,. The highest uric acid excretion was found in R,. This research concluded thatfermented tempe waste could represent 50% of concentrate in total of the ration and thepurine derivatives in urine ofelawah crossbred goats fed with thatration was thehighest. Key words : Etawah crossbred goats. Aspergillus niger. gellatinizing, purine derivatives
sumber protein sangat membantu program peuanganan limbah secara ramah lingkungan. Untuk mendukung Tempe mempakan salah satu produk olaban dan penelilian mengenaipemanfaatan limbah industrl tempe kedelai yang difermentasi. Pada proses pembuatan . untuk pakan kambing diperlukan satu sentuhan tempe dihasilkan banyak limbah baik yang berupa teknologi tepat guna agar basiInya lebib optirna1. Proses Iimbah cair rnaupun 1imbah padat. Lirnbahpadat berupa fermenlasi !imbah padat dan gelatinisasi limbah cair kulit kedelai yang rusak dan kedelai yang busuk, yang tempe diharapkan dapat menggantikan sebagian bahan dapat dijadikan pakan sumber serat, sedangkan limbah dasar pakan konsentrat untuk ternak ruminansia yang cair berupa air bekas cucian, perendaman dan perebusan masib rnahal harganya. Oleh sebab itu penelilian ini yang masih mengandung llSlUD amino lengksp dapat bertujuan untuk : dipakai sebagai campuran pada pakan ternak dalam 1. Turut menangani 1imbah industri tempe secara bentuk gel lrering. Dati basil penelilian pendahuIuan ramah lingkungan dengan mernasukkan teknologi pembuatan gel lirnbah tempe cair menunjukkan bahwa tepat guna yaitu proses fennentasi dan gelatinisasi. dengan bahan pengikat berupa tepung jagung 2. Mengevaloasi pemsnf..tan limbah tersebut sebagai menghasilkan materi yang 1ebib baik dibandingkan pengganli konsentrat dengan menggunakan tepung sorgum dan ketela, 3. Evaluasi tentang ekskresi derivat purin teraadap Kambing Peranakan Etawah (PE) merupakan hewan pemacfaatan protein tubuh, berfungsi ganda yaitu menghasilkan daging dan susu sebagai sumber protein hewani bagi rnanusia. Pakan merupakan salah satu faldor penentu produktivilas METODOLOGI temak kambing. Sumber protein pakan berupa protein murni dan NPN sebagian merupakan baban untuk Penelilian ini dikerjakan di UGM Yogyakarta dan kehidupan mikroba rumen dan basil sisa katabolisme IPR--BPT Bogor dongan menggunakau 16 ekor mikroba tersebut diekskresikan melalui urin daJam kambing PE laktal.i pertama yang diberi perlakuan bentuk senyawa derivat purin. PembeJian pakan yang pakan seperti yang dicanturnkanpada Tabel 1. rasional dengao memanfaatkan lirnbah tempe sebagai PENDAHULUAN
91
Seminar Nosional Teknologi Petemakan dan Veteriner 2002
Tabel 1. Macam perlakuanransumyang diberikanpada kambing PE laktasi
Perlakuan
RI
R2
R3
R4
Rumput gajah (%)
so
50
so
50
Konsentrat (%)
50
2S
2S
25
25
Ampas segar (%)
2S
Ampas fermentasi (%)
Lirnbah cair + tepungjagung (%)
25
Pakan konsentrat jadi untuk kambing dibeli dari pabrik pakan dengan merk Kamfeed dengan kandungan protein sebesar 18%, sedangkan ampas tempe dan limbah caimya dibeli dari pabrik tempe disekitar Yogyakarta yang tergabung dalarn PRIMKOPTI. Pembuatan ampas tempe yang difermentasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan kapang AspergUus niger (0,5% dari BK), dan untuk pembuatan gel kering limbah cair dengan menarnbahkan tepung jagung 15% ke dalam limbah cair tersebut dan kemudian dilakukan pengeringan. Rumput gajah diberikan dalam bentuk segar, sementara bahan yang lain diberikan dalam bentuk kering udara, Dari bahan yang telah disusun dalam bentuk ransum tersebut kemudian dianalisis di laboratoriurn INMT Fakultas Peternakan UGM, kecuali energi di bomb di Fakultas Peternakan IPB. Tabe! 2 menunjukkan hasil arnalisis proksimar dari ransum yang diberikan. Tabel2. Hasil analisis proksimat ransum yang diberikan pada kambing PE laktasi Komposisi
RI
R2
R3
PA
Behar kering (%)
91,22
93,74
93,74
94,02
Protein kasar (%)
14,00
14,25
14,10
14,01
Lemak (%)
4,83
3,99
3,80
4,70
Serat kasar (%)
20,61
29,94
29,27
20,0
Energi(kkal}
4048
3479
3955
3687
Pemberian pam telah dilakukan sejak kambing bunting tua sehingga saat pengambilan data dilakukan hewan sudah betul-betul beradaptasi dengan perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu rumput gajah segar, ampas tempe (baik yang difermentasi maupun yang tanpa fermentasi), limbah cair tempe yang sudah diikat dengan tepung jagung serta pakan konsentrat (Tabe! I).
92
Ransurn diberikan 2 kali sehari dengan jumlah 1,5 kg pakan campuran dan 5 kg hijauan rumput gajah, sedangkan air min u m diberikan secara bebas. Penimbangan sisa pakan dilakukan untuk mengukur besamya konsumsi bahan kering. Pengukuran neraca protein selama 2 minggu dilakukan saat kambing sudah dalam keadaan laktasi, Koleksi feses dan urin dilakukan dengan menggunakan kantong khusus sedemikian sehingga feses dan urin terpisah. Analisis protein dan derivat purin (alantoin, xanthin, hipoxanthi dan asam urat) di urin dilakukan di BPT-Ciawi, dengan menggunakan metoda mikro Kjcldahl untuk protein dan metode CHEN et al. (1992) dengan spektrofotometer untuk derivat purin. Data yang diperolch dianalisis dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap, pola searah dan perbedaan antar perlakuan diuji kelanjutan dengan Duncan test (STEEL and TORRJE, 1986). BASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Hasil penelilian ini menunjukkan bahwa ransurn R, cukup palatabel untuk karnbing PE dan konsumsi proleinnya tidak berbeda dengan ransum R, yang diberi konsentral tinggi. Dari hasil pcngamatan juga menunjukkan bahwa ampas tempe yang difermentasi dapat menggantikan sebesar 50% pakan konsentrat untuk ransum kambing laktasi, tanpa ada perbedaan besarnya retensi prolein. Palla perlakuan R. menunjukkan konsumsi protein terendah dan berbeda nyata dengan ketiga perlakuan yang lain (P
Seminar Nasional Tekn%gl PetemaICIln dan Veteriner 2002
Tabel3. Neraca Protein pada kambing PE laktasi yangdiberi limbah tempe Parameter
RI
R2
R3
R4
Konsumsi P (gIh)
163 P
145 P
174P
\l5'
P Feses (gIh)
37P
37P
36P
27'
P Cema(gIh)
125 P
108'
138P
88'
Katabolisme P (gIh)
69P
59P
83P
41'
Retensi P(gIh)
55
48
55
46
Superskrip yangberbedapada barisyang samamenunjukkan beda nyata (P<0,05) Salah satu yang mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya ekskresi derivat purin aclalah jenis pakan dan katabolisme protein mikroba rumen.. Pada hewan ruminansia, pasokan protein mikroba dapat dieslimasi dari besamya derivat purin yang diekskresikan melalui urine. Pada perlakuan R, tampak bahwa ekskresi alantoin, xanthin dan bipoxanthin tinggi yang diikuli dengan retensi protein yang tinggi pula. Asrun et al. (1997) melaporkan bahwa ada korelasi erat anlara ekskresi alantoin di urin dengan sintesis protein mikroba rumen. Protein mikroba rumen banyak digunakan untuk kebutuhan protein induk semangnya, sehingga pada penelilian ini dapat ditunjukkan dengan tingginya ekskresi alantoin maka retensi protein juga meningkal. Pakan yang berasal dari limbah tempe padatan dan masih mengandung sisa biji-bijian dapat meningkatkan besamya ekskresi derivat purin di win. Tabel 4 menunjukkan data tentang derivat purin yang diekskresikan oleh kambing PE laktasi y&:lg diberi pakan ampas tempe. Tabel4. Ekskresi derivat purin pada kambing PE laktasi yangdiberi limbah tempe
Proteinurin (gIh)
pada kisaran 1.12; 2,52 dan 15,44 mM/h masing-masing untuk xantbin+hipoxanthin, asam urat dan alantoin. Basil penelilian ini juga menunjukkan angka kisaran yang hampir sarna dengan domba percobaan di alas. Dan penelilian ini disimpu1kan bahwa fermentasi ampas tempe dengan Aspergilus niger dapat .menggantikan 50% pakan konsentrat di da1am ransom kambing etawah laktasi dan mempunyai nilai palatabilitas yang tinggi, Ransom tersebut (R,) juga menghasi1kan ekskresi derivat purin di urin kambing PE laktasi yang tertinggi.
DAFfAR PUSTAKA ANONIMUS, 2000. Laporan Pertanggungjawaban Pembangunan Instalasi Pengolahan Limbah Coir Industri Tahu Tempe PRIMKOPTI Ngoto Yogyakarta. Badan Pengenda!ian Dampak Lingkungan Daerah Setwilda Propinsi DIY,Yogyakarta. Amm, D.A. and D. SASIRADIPRADJA, 1997. Relationship between rumina! protein synthesis with urinaryahnloin excretion on Eltawah goats. Proceeding SeminarAAAP. Makuhari-Tokyo, Japan.
R1
R2
R3
R4
69'"
59'"
83P
41'
Amm, D.A., D. SASIRADIPRADJA and T. SuTARD~ 2000. Nutrient Balance and Glucose metabolism of Female growing, Late Pregnant and Lactating Ellawah Crossbred Goats. AJAS 13:8: 1068·1077
25,23P
i,SOq
CHEN X.B; F.D. DE 3. HOVELL; E.R. ORSKOV and D.S.
Alantcin urin (J11MIh)
10,38'" 14,35'"
Xanthin+hipoxanthin
1,03'"
1,4QP'I
2,50P
0,70'
Asam ural (mMIb)
2,07'
2,86'
5.04P
1,50'
BROWN. 1990. Excretion of Purine derivative by Ruminants: Effect of Exogeneous Nuclei. Acid Supply on PurineDerivative Excretion by Sheep. BritishJ. Nut 63: 131-142 CHEN X.B and M.J. GOMES. 1992. Estimation of Microbial
Superskrip yang berbeda pada baris yang s""'" menunjukkan beds nyata(P<0,05)
Protein supply to Sheep anCattle based on Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivative : an Overview of the Technical Details,
CHEN et al. (1990) melaporkan bahwa ekskresi derivat purin di urin dari domba yang diinfusi dengan
ILYAS, N; A.C. PENG dan W.A. GoULD, 1973. Tempe an Indonesian Fermented. Food Deparlemen of I1orticullUJa. Ohio Agric. Res and Dev. Center Ohio.
asam nukleat 200 gIh menunjukkan angka yang berada
93
Feed and Nutrition
Feeding Fermented Jatropha curcas L. Meal Supplemented with Cellulase and Phytase to Kampong Chicken
,/
v
Sumlari', Y.Yusriani2, D.A. Astutt', S. Suharti' 'Departmentof Nutritionand FeedTechnology, Facultyof AnimalScience,Bogar Agricultural University ZAssessment Institutefor Agriculture Technology, Nangroe Acch Darussalam, Indonesia email:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT Fermented Jatropha curcas meal using Rhizopus oryzae could decrease the fat content in the meal (5.8% Vs 0.39) and eliminated trypsin inhibitor up to 67.95 %. The decreasing offat content indicated the elimination of the main toxic substance contained in the meal, i.e. phorbolesters. Most of the phorbolesters could be extracted with the oil fraction of the Jatropha curcas meal. Hopefully, this treatment could destroy the toxic jatropha curcas meal to a high quality meal as poultry feed. However, the fiber and phytate content in the meal were still high. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of using fermented Jatropha curcas meal treated with cellulase and phytase in the kampong chicken diet as to increase the growth and decrease the mortality rate. Two hundred kampong chickens were used in this experiment and reared from day old up to 10 weeks of age. The data analyzed with a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatment diets and 4 replications, with 10 birds in each replicate. The experimental diets were: TO (the control diet, without Jatropha curcas meal), Tl (the diet contained 5% untreated Jatropha curcas meal), TI (the diet contained ?% fermented Jatropha curcas meal + cellulase 200 mVton of feed), T3 (the diet contained 5% fermented Jatropha curcas meal + 1000 FTU phytase), and T4 (the diet contained 5% fermented Jatropha curcas meal + cellulase 200 mVton + 1000 FTU phytase). The parameters observed were feed consumption, body weight gain, final body weight, feed conversion ratio, and mortality rate. The results showed that there were no significant differences on the parameters observed due to the treatments. However, feeding untreated Jatropha curcas meal in the diets (Tl) decreased the body weight gain approximately 10.52% and the final body weight approximately 10.13% as compared to that of the control (TO). Feeding fermented Jatropha curcas meal supplemented with cellulase + phytase(T4} yielded the final body weight 'and feed conversion ratio similar to those the control (TO) diet. The final body weight of the chickens fed TO, Tl, T2, T3 and T4 were 955.08 g/bird, 858.33 gfbird, 872 gfbird, 935 gfbird, and 951.25 gfbird, respectively. The feed conversion ratio of the chickens fed TO, Tl, T2, T3 and T4 were 2.93, 3.51, 3.49, 3.20, and 2.89, respectively. The the feed consumption per bird during 10 weeks period of experiment 2567.53 g, 2663.76 g, 2752.32 g, 2685.05g, and 2520.5 g, for chickens fed TO, Tl, TI, T3 and T4 respectively. There was no mortality observed in all treatments. Key words: fermented Jatropha curcas meal, growth, mortality, kampong chicken
INTRODUCTION Jatropha curcas (physic nut or purging nut) is a drought-resistant shrub or tree belonging to the Family Euphorbiaceae, which is cultivated in Central and South America, South-East Asia, India and Africa (Schmook and Seralta-Peraza, 1997). The seeds of physic nut are a good source of oil, which can be used as a diesel substitute (Becker and Makkar, 1998). The increasing of Jatropha curcas cultivation as raw material of biodiesel in Indonesia leads to increase Jatropha curcas meal as byproduct. Besides being a source of oil, Jatropha curcas also provides a meal which may serve as a highly nutritious protein Faculty 0/AnimalScience, BogorAgriculturalUniversity
suplement in animal feed if the toxins and antinutrients present in the meal are removed. The meal has high trypsin inhibitor and lectin activities, which could be inactivated by heat treatment. In addition, high concentration of antimetabolic, metal-chelating and heat-stable factor, phytic acid, has been reported in Jatropha curcas meal (Makkar et al.; 1998). Apart from these, phorbolesters that are present at high levels in the kernels have been identified as the main toxic agent responsible for toxicity (Makkar et al., 1997). Untreated Jatropha curcas meal was toxic to rats, mice and ruminants (Becker and Makkar, 1998) as well as to poultry (Sumiati et al., 2007). Feeding Jatropha curcas meal at the
I The t" lntemauonot Seminaron AnimalIndustry 2009
Peed and Nutrition
level of 5% in the diet to the broilers reduced feed consumption, caused 100% mortality at the age of 22 days and it damaged the liver as well as kidney (Sumiati et al., 2007) Martinez-Herrera et al. (2006) used different treatments to decrease or neutralize the antinutrients present in the meal. Trypsin inhibitors were easily inactivated with moist heating at 121·C for 25 min. Extraction with ethanol, followed by treatment with 0.07%NaHCO, considerably decreased lectin activity. The same treatment also decreased the phorboJester content by 97.9% in seeds. Sumiati et al. (2007) conducted various treatments (physical, combination of chemical + physical, and biological) to detoxify Indonesian Jatropha curcas meal as poultry feed. The treatments used in this experiment were: (I) heat treatment using autoclave at 121·C during 30 min.; (2) adding NaOH 4%, followed by autoclaving at 121·C during 30 min.; (3) fermentation using Rhizopus oligosporus. The results of this experiment showed that all treatments decreased the curcin or lectin activities, Increased protein utilization efficiency, retention of calcium and phosphorus, and increased metabolizable energy values of meal. Fermentation using Rhizopus oligosporus was the best method to detoxify the toxins and thus increasing the nutrititive value of the Jatropha curcas meal for poultry. Sumiati et al. (2008) fermented Indonesian Jatropha curcas meal using Rhizopus oryzae and it could decrease the fat content in the meal (5.8% Vs 0.39) and eliminated trypsin inhibitors up to 67.95 %. The decreasing of fat content indicated the eliminating of the main toxic substance content in the meal, i.e. phorbolesters. Most of the phorbolesters could be extracted with the oil fraction of the Jatropha curcas meal. Hopefully, this treatment could destroy the toxic jatropha curcas meal to a high quality meal as poultry feed. However, the fiber and phytic acid content in the meal were still high. Poultry can not digest fiber, especially cellulose, even the fiber could interfere other nutrients contained in the feed. Sing (2008) reported that phytic acid is an anti-nutritional constituen of plant derived feeds. As a reactive anion, it forms a wide variety of insoluble salts with mineral including phosphorus, calcium, zinc, magnesium and copper. Pyitic acid is also known to form complexes with protein and proteolytic enzymes(pepsin and trypsin). Because of the lack of endogenous phytase enzymes that hydrolyze phytic acid: phosphorus, calcium, protein and The I" Intematlonal Seminaron Anima/Industry 2009
other phytic acid bound nutrients are less available to poultry. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of using fermented Jatropha curcas meal using Rhizopus oryzae supplemen-ted with cellulase and phytase in the kampong chicken diets on the growth and mortality rate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Jatropha curcas Meal Sample Jatropha curcas meal sample was obtained from Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University. Chemical composition of the sample was analyzed at the Faculty ofAnimal Science, Bogor Agricultural University (Table I).
Table I. Chemical composition of untreated and fermented Jatropha curcas meal" Component Dry matter, % Ash. % CP, % EE, % CF, % NFE, % Ca, % P, %
%..
GE, kcal/kg •
Untreated J. curcas 84.99 5.63 24.71 5.8 32.58 16.27 1.00 0.99 3893 10.18
Fermented J. curcas 94,01 5,95 22,39 0,39 44,22 21,06 0,68 0,35 3984 7,45
Pylic acid, The nutrients were analyzed at the Laboratory of Feed
**
Science and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogar Agricultural University;
Phytic acid was analyzed at the Animal Research Institute, Bogar.Indonesia.
Fermentation Procedures In this experiment, the culture that usually used to ferment soybean in Indonesia to make a food called tempe, was used as source of Rhizopus oryzae. This culture was used to ferment Jatropha curcas meal. The procedure of Jatropha curCaS meal fermentation can be seen on Figure I. Feeding Trial Using Kampong Chickens Two hundred kampong chickens were used in this experiment and reared from day old up to 10 weeks of age. A completely Randomized design with 5 treatment diets and 4 replications, with 10 birds in each replicate was used in this experiment.
I FacultyofAnimalScience, BogorAgriculturalUniversity
Feed and Nutrition
J.clUcameal + plain water 12 make 60% moisture
3rd fermentation the meal
Was ready to be dried
Autoclaving 121'C, 30 min
2'" day fermentation (uncovered)
I" day of fermentation (the meal was wrapped with plastic inside and covered with ceramic outside)
Figure 1. The Procedure of Jatropha curcas Meal Fermentation Table 2. The composition of the experimental diets Ingredient Yellow com Rice bran Soybean meal Untreated Lcurcas meal Fermented J.curcas meal MBM Palm oil Salt
Vir-min mix
TO 51.23 20.50 17.00 0 0 7.50 3.00 0.10 0.50 0.173
Treatment T2 TI T3 ............... ~ ..................%............................... 53.21 53.21 53.21 15.00 14.50 14.50 16.50 16.50 16.50 5.00 0 0 0 5.00 5.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 2.50 3.00 3.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.187 0.187 0.187 200 0 0 100
Dl-methionine Cellulase, mllton Phytase, FTUlkg') Calculated composition') ME, kcal/kg 2855.64 2862.71 2865.11 18.23 18.39 18.26 CP,% nPP,% 0.61 0.56 0.56 Na,% 0.14 0.13 0.13 Lysine, % 0.83 0.83 0.82 Methionine, % 0.36 0.37 0.37 Meth + cystine,% 0.62 0.62 0.62 I) DSMNutrition Product; 2) Nutrient compositions based onLeeson and Summers calculation (2005).
2865.11 18.26 0.56 0.13 0.82 0.37 0.62
T4 53.21 14.50 16.50 0 5.00 7.00 3.00 0.10 0.50 0.187 200 100 2865.11 18,20 0.56 0.13 0.82 0.37 0.62
FacultyofAnimalScience, BogorAgriculturalUniversity I The I" Imernational Seminaron AnimalIndustry 2009
., Feed and Nutrition
Table 3.
The average feed consumption of kampong chicken during 10 weeks of experiment (0-10 weeks of age) (glbird) Treatment Replication T2 T3 T4 TO Tl 2396.72 2522.78 I 2760.31 2430.12 2769.88 2801.55 2513.04 2769.88 2 2693.89 2791.88 2.743.38 2264.2 2792.74 2411.07 2.695.62 3 2781.99 2749.19 2404.83 2737.42 2726.13 4 2685.05 2520.50 2663.76 2752.32 Average 2567.53 21.47 193.58 111.45 186.26 160.67 SO
Table 4. The average body weight gain of kampong chicken during 10 weeks of experiment (0 - 10 weeks of age) (glbird) Treatment Replication T4 Tl T2 T3 TO 942.47 I 877.80 920.33 802.97 651.93 1001.87 918.53 812.77 2 984.10 613.47 944.50 855.20 1016.10 930.60 973.43 3 934.83 875.40 842.10 906.53 791.70 4 837.99 901.18 916.75 Average 919.36 823.88 29,25 143.05 71.53 169.90 70.26 SO The experimental diets were: TO (the control diet, without Jatropha curcas meal), T! (the diet contained 5% untreated Jatropha curcas meal), T2 (the diet contained 5% fermented Jatropha curcas meal + cellulase 200 milton of feed), T3 (the diet contained 5% fermented Jatropha curcas meal + 1000 FTU phytase), and T4 (the diet contained 5% fermented Jatropha curcas meal + cellulase 200 ml/ton + 1000 FfU phytase). The composition of experimental diets is presented on Table 2. The experimental diets were fed to 2 weeks old up to 10 weeks old in order to minimize the mortality. During the two weeks of the experiment (0- 2 weeks of age), the chicks were fed commercial diets. The pammeters observed were feed consumption, body weight gain, final body weight, feed conversion ratio, and mortality rate. The data were analyzed using analyses of variance according to Steel and Torrie (1995). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Effect of Treatments on Feed Consumption The average of feed consumption of kampong chickens in this experiment is presented on Table 3. Feeding diets contained Lcurcas (TO, T!, T2, T3, T4) did not affect the feed consumption. It showed that feeding 5% untreated as well as fermented Lcurcas did not The I" International Seminaron Anima/Industry 2009
influence. the feed consumption, and thus it indicated that the meal used in this experiment was from J.curcas seed contained low phorbolesters. Generally, the presence of phorbolesters in feed has significant effect on its acceptance (Aregheore et al., 2003). Sumiati et al. (2007) reported that feeding 5% untreated Lcurcas meal highly significantly (P
I Faculty ofAnimalScience. BogorAgriculturalUniversity
Feed and Nutrition
weight gain of the chickens fed T4 was similar to that of the control diet (TO/without J.curcas meal in the diet). These results indicated that the supplementation of cellulase in the diet containing J.curcas meal had a little effect on the growth of kampong chicken. It could be due to high fiber and lignin content in the meal, and thus the cellulase with concentration of 200 mIlton feed was not effective to break down the fiber. Sumiati et al. (2008) reported that fermented J curcas meal used in this experiment contained 44.22 % fiber and 25.8% lignin. Phytase supplementation in the fermented J.curcas meal diet seemed to be effective in degrading the phytate contained in the meal. Phytase is an enzyme which hydrolyses phytic acid to inositol and inorganic phosphorus, leading to improve phosphorus utilization and overall performance of broilers (Singh et al., 2003b). Supplementation of cellutase and phytase in the fermented Lcurcas meal diet (T4) gave more body weight gain as compared to that of a single enzyme supplementation (T2 and TJ). The Effect of Treatments on Feed Conversion Ratio The average of feed conversion ratio of kampong chickens in this experiment is presented in Table 5. Feeding 5% untreated J.curcas meal (Tl) reduced the feed efficiency with the valne of 19.8% as compare to that of the control diet (TO/without Lcurcas meal in the diet). Supplementation of cellulase did not seem to be effective in increasing feed efficiency. However, phytase supplementation in the diet (TJ) increased feed efficiency 8.83%, while the supplementation of cellulase and phytase in the diet (T4) yielded the highest feed efficiency, i.e. 17.66%. These results showed that the
supplementation of cellulose and phytase enzymes gave higher effect on feed efficiency as compared to that of a single enzyme supplementation. The Effect of Treatments on Final Body Weight Feeding 5% untreated J.curcas meal (TI) decrease the final body weight 10.14% as compared to that of the control diet (TO/without J .curcas in the diet). The supplementation of the enzymes to the diets contained fermented J.curcas meal tended to raise final body weight of kampong chicken. Supplementation cellulose and phytase in the diet (T4) yielded the final body weight similar to that of the control diet (TO). This data indicated that phytase was effective to degrade phytic acid content in the meal. There were several studies which indicated that microbial phytase supplementation increases body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency in broiler chikhens (Singh and Khatta, 2002; Singh et al., 2003a). A significant improvement in the growth performance of broiler chickens, as a result of phytase supplementation, were reported by karim (2006), Pillai et al. (2006), Singh and Sikka (2006) and Selle et al. (2007). Table 5. The average feed conversion ratio of kampong chicken during 10 weeks of experiment (0-10 weeks of age) (glbird) Treatment Replication TO TI T2 T4 T3 3.29 2.76 3.64 3.92 2.81 I 2.86 4.88 3.68 2.93 2.88 2 3 2.59 3.30 3.01 2.87 2.54 2.99 3.12 3.63 3.09 3.33 4 Average 2.93' 3.51' 3.49' 3.2' 2.89' SD 0.29 0.93 0.32 0.48 0.32
Table 6. The average final body weight ofkampong chicken at 10 weeks of age (glbird) Treatment Replication TO TI T2 T3 I 953.33 953.33 688.33 .914.00 2 1018.00 646.67 846.67 1036.67 3 1008.33 890.00 980.00 1050.00 826.00 880.00 943.33 968.33 4 872.34' 858.33' 935.83' Average 955.08' 143.82 72.27 68.6 168.84 SD
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T4 976.67 953.33 965.00 910.00 951.25' 29.10
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Feed and Nutrition
The Effect of Treatments on Mortality Rate There was no mortality due to the treatments found in this experiment, although feeding untreated J .curcas meal (Tl) retarded the growth 10.13% as compared to that of the control diet (TO). These results indicated that using 5% J.curcas meal in the diet was not toxic to the kampong chickens, and phorbolester found in the J .curcas meal used in this experiment was low. CONCLUSIONS Feeding 5% untreated as well as fermented Jatropha curcas meal in the diets was safe to the kampong chickens. Supplementation of cocktail enzymes (cellulose 200 mIlton+ phytase 1000 FTU/kg) yielded the best performances of growth and feed efficiency of kampong chickens. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the Hibah Education, Bersaing Project of Higher Departmen of National Education, Indonesia for funding this research and to Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University for giving Jatropha curcas meal. REFERENCES Aregheore, E. M., K. Becker and H.P.S. Makkar. 2003. Detoxification of a toxic variety of Jatropha curcas using heat and chemical treatments, and preliminary nutritional evaluation with rats. S. Pac. J. Nat. Sci. 21: 50-56. Becker, K., and H.P.S. Makkar. 1998. Effects of phorbolesters in carp (cyprinus carpio L.). Veterinary Human Toxicology. 40: 82-86. Karim, A. 2006. Responses of broiler chicks to non-phytate phosphorus levels and phytase supplementation. IntI. J. of Poult. Sci. 5(3): 251-254. Leeson, S., and J.D. Summers. 2005. Commercial Poultry Nutrition. 3'" Ed. University Books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Makkar, H.P.S, K. Becker, F. Sporer, and M. Wink. 1997. Studies on nutritive potential and toxic constituents of different provenances of Jatropha curcas. J. of Agric. and Food Chern. 45: 3152-3157. Makkar, H.P.S., A.O. Aderibigbe, and K. Becker. 1998. Comparative evaluation of non-toxic and toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas for
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chemical composition, digestibility, protein degradability and toxic factors. Food chern. 62: 207-215. Martinez-Herrera, J., P. Siddhuraju, G.Francis, G.Davila-Ortiz, K.Becker. 2006. Chemical composition, toxic/antimetabolic constituents, and effects of different treatments on their levels, in four provenances of Jatropha curcas L. from Mexico. Food Chern. 96: 80-89. PilIai, P.B., D.T. O'Conner, C.M. Owens, and J.L. Emmert. 2006. Efficacy of an Escherichia coli phytase in broilers fed adequate or reduced phosphorus diets and its effect on carcass characteristics. Poult. Sci. 85(10): 1737-1745. Schmook, B & L. Seralta-Peraza. 1997. J. curcas, distribution and uses in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. In G.M. Gubitz, M. Mittelbach & M.Trabi (Eels). Biofuels and industrial products from latropha curcas. pp. 53-57. Selle, P.H., V. Ravindran, g. Ravindran, and W.L. Bryden. 2007. Effect of dietary lysine and microbial phytase on growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens. Asian-Australian J. of Anim. Sci. 20(7): 1100-1107. Singh, P.K. 2008. Significance of phytic acid and supplemental phytase in chicken nutrition: a review. J. of World's Poult. Sci. 64(4): 553577. Singh, J., and S.S. Sikka. 2006. Effect of phytase supplementation at different Ca:P ratios of the growth performance of broiler chicks. Indian 1. of Poult. Sci. 41(2): 159-154. Singh, P.K., and V.K. Khatta. 2002. Phytase supplementation for economic and ecofriendly broiler production. J. of ecophysiology. 5(3-4): 117-121. Singh, P.K., V.K. Khatta, and R.S. Thakur. 2003a. Effect of phytase supplementation in maize based diet on growth performance and nutrients utilization of broiler chickens. Indian J. of Anim. Sci. 73(4): 455-458. Singh, P.K., V.K. Khatta, R.S. Thakur, S. Dey, Effect of and ML. Sangwan. 2003b. phytase supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens fed maize and wheat based diets with different level of nonphytate phosphorus. Asian-Australian J. of Anim. Sci. 16(11): 1642-1649. Steel, R.G.D. and I.H. Tome. 1995. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika-Suatu Pendekatan
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Biometrik. Bambang Sumantri (Penerjemah). P.T. Gramedia. Jakarta. Swniati, A. Sudarman, L.N. Hidayah, and W.B. Santoso. 2007. Toxicity of Jatropha curcas L. meal toxins on Broilers. Proceeding of Seminar AINI (Indonesian association of Nutrition and Feed science) VI, July 26-27, 2007, pp.l95-201. Sumiati, A.Sudarman, 1. Nurhikmawati, and Nurbaeti. 2008. Detoxification of Jatropha curcas Meal as Poultry Feed. Proceeding of the 2"" Intemational Symposium on Food Security, Agricultural Development and Enviromental Conservation in Southeast and East asia. Bogor, 4_6 1h September 2007. Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University.
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