Manajemen Reproduksi pada
SAPI PERAH
I. PENGANTAR • Apa yg anda ketahui tentang reproduksi? Tujuan? Proses? Efisiensi? Apa ukurannya?
Reproductive outcomes in British-Friesian versus Holstein-Friesian cows (Diskin et al., 2006).
Siklus Manajemen Reproduksi Sapi Perah
Saat utk MENGAWINKAN
Objektif manajemen reproduksi • Manajemen proses reproduksi yg efisien sangat penting dalam menentukan produktivitas dan profitabilitas usaha ternak perah. • Biologi reproduksi pd ternak perah sangat kompleks. Di sisi lain, pemahaman yg komprehensif tentang biologi reproduksi esensial untuk mengembangkan sistim manajemen reproduksi yg efisien. • Performan reproduksi yg maksimal sangat tergantung kepada tingkat keberhasilan deteksi birahi dan angka konsepsi yang tinggi. • Deteksi birahi yg efektif memerlukan sistim terprogram dan terpadu.
pengamatan birahi yg
• Waktu inseminasi/pengawinan (timing of breeding/insemination) yg tepat yg memungkinkan sperma mencapai oviduct pd saat ovum berada pd tingkat fertilitas dan kualitas maksimal sangat esesnsial utk mencapai laju konsepsi yg tinggi.
II. Hubungan Efisiensi Reproduksi dengan Profitabilitas Usaha Ternak Perah • Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi reproduksi sangat berpengaruh terhadap profitabilitas usaha ternak perah. • Target ideal manajemen reproduksi pd usaha ternak sapi perah adalah berhasil mencapai interval beranak (calving interval = CI) 12 – 13 bulan. Alasan utama mengapa CI sangat berpengaruh terhadap profitabilitas usaha ternak perah ada tiga aspek yi: a) Produksi susu b) Masa kering c) Replacements (calon bibit/ternak pengganti
a) Produksi Susu • Produksi kumulatif air susu yg dihasilkan oleh seekor sapi per laktasi sangat ditentukan oleh produksi puncak (peak production) yg dicapai pd awal hingga 90 hari laktasi. Semakin banyak ‘’peak production” yg dicapai seekor sapi semakin tinggi produksi air susunya secara kumulatif.
• Untuk memperoleh sebanyak mungkin “peak production”, seekor sapi harus berhasil mencapai CI 12 – 13 bulan.
b) Masa kering yg lebih lama • Sapi dengan CI yg panjang cenderung mengalami masa kering yg lebih lama. Kendati dikompensasi dengan jumlah hari (lama) laktasi yg lebih banyak, namun CI yg panjang menyebabkan masa kering yg lebih lama yg berarti lebih lama tanpa produksi namun biaya pemeliharaan tetap harus dikeluarkan. CI (months)
Days in milk
Days dry
11.7
297
60
12
305
60
12.5
320
60
13
330
65
14
351
75
15
376
80
16
401
85
c) Produksi anak lebih sedikit • Dampak ketiga dari CI yg panjang adalah produksi pedet yg lebih sedikit yg akan mempengaruhi ketersediaan sapi pengganti yg pd gilirannya menyebabkan berkurangnya peluang utk melakukan seleksi dan lebih sedikit pedet atai sapi dara yg dapat dijual.
CI (months) 12
Calves obtained per year (%) 100
13
92
14
86
15
80
16
75
17
71
18
67
III. Sistim Reproduksi
Saluran Produksi Sapi Perah
Anatomi sel telur
sel telur
zona pelindung
Karakteristik Sel Telur • Hanya tahan selama maksimal 24 jam (ada juga yang mengatakan 8 jam) setelah dilepaskan dari ovarium. • Hanya menerima 1 sperma.
• Sangat tergantung pada kondisi induk.
Badan
Kepala
Ekor Anatomi sel sperma
Karakteristik Sperma • Hanya tahan 24 - 30 jam setelah memasuki saluran reproduksi betina • Membutuhkan 16 jam dalam saluran reproduksi betina untuk menyiapkan diri sebelum pembuahan (kapasitasi)
Fertilisasi
IV. MENGELOLA PENGAWINAN Faktor Penentu keberhasilan reproduksi: • • • • •
Kondisi umum sapi Ketepatan deteksi berahi Proses perkawinan Kesehatan saluran reproduksi Kualitas sperma dan oosit
Sapi dengan BCS kurang dari 2, berpeluang untuk memiliki kualitas reproduksi buruk
perhatikan…
• Siklus Berahi
• Kontrol Berahi
Deteksi Birahi • Poor oestrus (heat) detection can be considered the biggest and most common problem in reproductive management in the dairy herd. It leads to reduced fertility, which is clearly seen in an extended open period and in extended intercalving periods.
• Where cows are bred by artificial insemination (A.I.), accurate heat detection is essential. Cows can then be separated from the herd, and inseminated at the appropriate time.
• Oestrus is the physiological state during which a cow will stand to be mounted. The regular recurrence of mating behaviour (oestrus), together with changes in the reproductive hormones and genital organs, is referred to as the oestrous cycle. • The oestrous cycle lasts from 18 to 24 days (average 21 days), and the cow should show signs of oestrus on average every 21 days. Oestrous activity (ovarian activity with the production of oestrogen) normally recommences during the first three weeks after calving. • The first observed oestrus (heat) occurs 3 to 6 weeks after calving, although there is a considerable variation between cows and herds. It is essential, however, to give the cow a voluntary waiting period (VWP) of 45 to 60 days after calving before rebreeding. This period is necessary for involution of the uterus, which may continue for up to 6 weeks after calving.
Research indicates that, on average, 50% of all heats are missed. This is because the most reliable sign of oestrus, standing to be mounted, often goes unnoticed. A number of factors contribute to the difficulties in accurate oestrus detection:
The oestrous cycle length varies between 18 and 24 days, the average being 21 days. The duration of oestrus may vary from 2 to 30 hours, the average being 15 hours. Research has shown that 70% of the mounting activity occurs at night, between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. Research has also shown that mounting activity increases markedly when more than one cow is in heat.
Pengamatan berahi pada 45-85 hari setelah melahirkan
Siklus Berahi
The Estrous Cycle • The period of time from the beginning of one estrus period (heat) to the beginning of the next estrus period (heat). The estrus cycle length varies from 18-24 days, with the average about 21 days for cows and about 19 days for heifers. • Phases of the Estrus Cycle: Estrus Metestrus Diestrus Proestrus
Estrus (Heat) •Estrus is the period of
•Average length of
time the female will stand to be ridden by another cow or is receptive to be mated by the bull.
Estrus is 12 to 18 hours. •Ovulation normally occurs 10 to 12 hours after the end of estrus.
Ovulation occures 10 12 hours after the end of estrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Metestrus • Metestrus is the period immediately following estrus and ovulation. • Characterized by the formation of the Corpus Luteum.
• Ovulated eggs are picked up by the oviducts and transported to the uterine horns. • 2-4 days after Estrus lasting for 3 days.
Diestrus • Diestrus is the most lengthy period of the estrous cycle which is the period of corpus luteum function. • Days 5 to 16-17 • The corpus luteum produces large amount of Progesterone that will affect mammary development and uterine growth.
• The corpus luteum continues throughout pregnancy. • If pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum will degenerate after approximately 15 days.
Proestrus •Proestrus is the period just prior to estrus (heat).Regression of CL. •Estrogens secreted by the ovaries (Rapid Follicle Growth) which stimulate blood supply to the genital tract causing swelling and reddening of the vulva.
Days 17 to 21 •Cows may show increased excitability but not to the stage of actual mating.
Tanda-tanda sapi berahi
Vulva dan vagina berwarna merah
vulva merah
vulva bengkak
Vulva bengkak
Keluar lendir bening dari vagina
keluar lendir dari vulva
Standing Menaiki sapi lain
Mounting
Standing diam jika dinaiki
SIKLUS REPRODUKSI PADA SAPI BETINA
• • • •
Terjadi setiap 18-24 hari Berlangsung hanya selama 24 jam Hanya menghasilkan 1 sel telur Tidak selalu menunjukkan semua tanda berahi yang jelas
OESTROUS BEHAVIOUR • Observation of the cow's behaviour is still the most commonly used method for the detection of oestrus. A cow coming into oestrus shows interest in other cows, and displays this interest in many ways, as depicted by the shaded cows in Figure 1. • As already mentioned, the best positive sign of oestrus is that the cow in oestrus will stand to be mounted and will not move away as depicted by the shaded cow in Figure 1 (ix). Other external signs include frequent urination, red swollen vulva with mucous discharge, and milk yield fluctuations on a daily basis. There is usually a 12 to 16% drop in milk yield on the day before oestrus. It is important to note that the abovementioned behavioural and external signs are noticeable to varying degrees as the cow comes into oestrus, goes through standing oestrus, and goes out of oestrus again. The times of these periods are 6 to 24 hours for coming into oestrus, 6 to 18 hours for standing oestrus (period during which cow will stand to be mounted), and 12 to 24 hours for going out of oestrus.
IMPROVING OESTRUS DETECTION The following points will assist in improving oestrus detection: i) It is best that one person be made responsible for oestrus observation, and for recording the correct identity of those cows in oestrus. This person must realize the importance of the job, take the task seriously, and ensure that the necessary action is taken. ii) Observe the relevant group of cows, or heifers, for heat for a period of 20 to 30 minutes, two to three times each day. These observations should not take place when other activities, such as feeding and milking, are in progress.
IMPROVING ….. (cont.) iii)
Observations should be done early in the morning and late afternoon or early evening, keeping in mind that most of the mounting activity occurs between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. Ensure that the cows are not on slippery, steep, rocky areas (or under a low roof) during observation : cows will hesitate to mount one another if they don't have a good footing.
iv) Oestrous periods of cows one month before the end of the VWP, i.e. one month prior to breeding, should be recorded to determine whether the cows are cycling, and also to ensure that oestrus detection is adequate. v) Blood stained mucous may appear from the vagina 2 days after oestrus. This should be recorded, as this sign is a valuable aid in predicting a cow's next oestrus.
OESTRUS DETECTION AIDS There is no real substitute for skilled observation, but heat detection aids can be useful. Listed below are some useful aids:
• The presence of a bull in the vicinity of the cows. This will stimulate oestrous behaviour in otherwise quiet cows. If the bull is placed in a pen sited in such a way that the cows can pass closely and regularly, those in oestrus will generally migrate towards the bull. • Marker animals. Vasectomized bulls (bulls which have been surgically modified so that they are unable to fertilize cows, but are still able and keen to mount them) or cystic cows can be used as heat detectors. If these animals are fitted with a "chin ball marker", they will mark the backs of those cows which they have mounted.
OESTRUS ….(Cont.) • Heat mount detectors. These are pressure pads in the form of sachets, containing coloured dye, which are glued in place on the tailhead. The pressure exerted by a mounting cow on this pad on the back of a cow in oestrus induces a colour change in the dye. False positives do occur, for example the banging or brushing of the detectors on obstacles such as cubicle rails. Their use is therefore best restricted to those cows which prove difficult to observe in oestrus.
• Tail "paint". A well-placed strip of paint on the tailhead is a cheap and effective aid. This paint will be rubbed off or at least cracked when the painted cow is mounted by another. Again, false positives can be a problem, as in heat mount detectors. The technique demands good management, in the sense that cows should be checked at least once a day, otherwise heats may be missed.
V. PERFORMANS REPRODUKSI • Ukuran efisiensi reproduksi dalam usaha peternakan sapi perah sangat penting, karena untuk mendapatkan produksi susu dan keuntungan yang optimal sangat bergantung kepada pengaturan reproduksi sapi perah tersebut. • Ada beberapa ukuran efisensi reproduksi untuk sapi perah berdasarkan performans reproduksi selama satu periode laktasi yaitu :
1) Periode kosong (days open) yaitu periode atau selang waktu sejak sapi beranak sampai dikawinkan kembali dan terjadi kebuntingan. Apabila kawin pertama setelah beranak terjadi kebuntingan, maka periode kosong sama dengan selang waktu kawin pertama setelah beranak (first service postpartus). 2) Kawin pertama setelah beranak (first service postpartus) yaitu selang waktusejak sapi beranak sampai dikawinkan kembali. Kawin pertama setelah beranak yang baik berkisar 45-60 hari (pada berahi kedua atau berahi ketiga). 3) Periode kawin (service period) yaitu selang waktu sejak sapi kawin pertama setelah beranak sampai kawin terakhir terjadi kebuntingan. Lamanya periode kawin dipengaruhi oleh jumlah kawin perkebuntingan (S/C, service per conseption).
4) Jumlah kawin perkebuntingan (S/C, service per conseption) yaitu berapa kali sapi dikawinkan sampai terjadi kebuntingan. S/C yang ideal berkisar 1-3. 5) Jarak beranak (calving interval) yaitu selang waktu antara beranak sampai beranak berikutnya. Jarak beranak yang ideal berkisar 12-14 bulan.
6) Indeks beranak (calving index) yaitu perbandingan antara annual calving dengan calving interval yang didapat dari seekor sapi perah. Annual calving yang ideal di Indonesia 12 bulan (365 hari).
Performans reproduksi lainnya yang harus mendapat perhatian adalah : a.
Siklus berahi (heat period) yaitu selang waktu dari berahi sampai berahi berikutnya. Siklus berahi pada sapi dewasa berkisar 18-24 hari atau rata-rata 21 hari, sedangkan pada sapi dara biasanya lebih pendek yaitu 15-17 hari.
b.
Lama berahi (heat of duration) yaitu selang waktu sejak sapi mulai berahi sampai sapi normal kembali. Lamanya berahi pada sapi perah berkisar 6-36 jam atau rata-rata 18 jam. Pada sapi dara lebih cepat yaitu rata-rata 15 jam. Awal berahi dan lamanya berahi sangat penting untuk menentukan waktu perkawinan yang tepat.
c.
Lama bunting (gestation period) yaitu selang waktu sejak sapi dikawinkan dan terjadi kebuntingan sampai beranak. Lama bunting pada sapi perah 283±5 hari atau sembilan bulan.
Parameter Keberhasilan Manajemen Reproduksi • • • • •
Heat Detection Efficiency (HDE), Service per Conception (SPC), Conception Rate (CR), Pregnancy Rate (PR), Calving Interval Rate (CIR),
> 70% <2 > 70% + 50 % 365 hari
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efisiensi reproduksi antara lain : 1) Pakan. Telah dijelaskan bahwa ransum yang diberikan kepada sapi perah harus benar-benar diperhatikan dan dihitung sesuai kondisi dan kebutuhan ternak tersebut. Nutrisi yang terkandung di dalam ransum harus dalam keadaan seimbang dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Apabila ada kekurangan salah satu nutrisi, maka keseimbangan nutrisi di dalam ransum turun, sehingga mengakibatkan mundurnya fungsi organ-organ reproduksi dan fungsi kelenjarkelenjar yang memproduksi hormon. 2) Suhu udara dan musim. Suhu udara sangat berpengaruh terhadap sifat reproduksi misalnya pada sapi yang dikandangkan dengan suhu udara 24-35 oC, lama berahi kurang lebih 11 jam, sedangkan pada suhu udara 17-18 oC lama berahi rata-rata 20 jam. Dari hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa sapi perah yang mempunyai siklus berahi kurang dari 18 hari sebanyak 5%, 18-24 hari sebanyak 85% dan yang lebih dari 24 hari sebanyak 10%.
3) Manajemen. Sapi perah sangat sensitif terhadap perubahan-perubahan manajemen terutama yang berhubungan langsung dengan termaknya. Dalam tatalaksana reproduksi yang penting adalah adanya catatan yang menginformasikan segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan reproduksi. Catatan ini harus lengkap dan jelas. 4) Penyakit. Apabila ternak terserang penyakit, maka biaya yang dikeluarkan cukup besar. Oleh karena itu, sebaiknya dilakukan pencegahan baik melalui seleksi maupun vaksinasi secara rutin.
Penanganan Retensi Plasenta
VI. Successful Reproductive Managers • Successful reproductive managers have only so many hours every day to accomplish a multitude of tasks. We have highlighted 10 areas that successful reproductive managers spend their time perfecting and how other producers can make the same adjustments to their herd.
1. The numbers. Successful reproductive managers know the facts, rather than trying to estimate. They record all of the reproductive information so they can calculate important herd averages, such as services per conception, pregnancy rate, days open and days to first service. Once they have the numbers, their job is just beginning—now it’s time to put a plan into action that will help their herd achieve even higher goals.
Even when their current numbers are exceptional, successful managers want to reach even higher and achieve even more. Here are some reproductive goals that top producers focus on meeting and exceeding:
Reproductive area
Goal
1st Service Conception Rate
> 40%
% bred at VWP
>95%
Pregnancy Rate
> 20%
Days Open
< 100 days
Heat Detection Rate
> 70%
Services/Conception
< 1.8
Minimum # of NEW pregnancies / week
>2.1%
% total herd pregnant
>50%
Interpretation of various intervals for days to first breeding Level
Interpretation
60 to 75
excellent
76 to 82
adequate efficiency
83 to 90
slight problem
91 to 100
moderate problem
Over 100
severe problem
Heat detection efficiency as measured by the percent of possible breeding detected as reported by DHI. Level Over 71 61 to 70 51 to 60 41 to 50 Under 40
Interpretation excellent adequate efficiency slight problem moderate problem severe problem
Heat detection rates can be increased if dairymen (1) recognize factors that affect expression of heat, (2) record all observed heats and use records in predicting subsequent heats, (3) use heat detection aids carefully, and (4) know the percentage of breedable heats detected (DHI).
Relationship between breedings per conception and level of fertility
Level < 1.8 1.8 to 2.0 2.0 to 2.3 2.3 to 2.8 > 2.8
Interpretation excellent adequate slight problem moderate problem severe problem
• The first step to improving your reproductive program is to define your starting place and find out how you are currently doing. Anyone can guess at success, but actually putting a value with the reproductive program will give you a place to start. From there you can set goals to improve your current reproductive program. No goals = Poor performance
2. Heat detection. • It’s impossible to get cows bred without knowing which cows are in heat. Good managers focus on finding cows in heat and getting them bred when the time is right. There are many different heat detection methods that herds utilize, and successful managers choose those that work best for their operation. • The surest sign that a cow is in heat is to actually see her stand to be mounted. But in the busy lifestyles that many dairymen have today, watching the cows all day is not always possible. Many dairies have personnel responsible for watching for heats every morning and night for about an hour each session. If this is what you prefer, have posted standard operating procedures (SOPs) so that employees know what signs to look for, what they should do if they think an animal is in heat and who they should report any suspected heats to. • If you rely on heat detection devices, such as pedometers, tail chalking and heatmount detectors, remember to look for visual signs after you’ve identified cows you think may be in heat. Even though technology has helped to improve heat detection ability, sometimes cows aren’t actually in heat and technology doesn’t always perform as it should. Look for signs of heat such as decreased dry matter intake (DMI), standing to be ridden, increased walking, a swollen vulva or restless and unusual behavior.
3. Nutrition • Everyday we are learning more about how feeding programs are impacting reproduction on dairy farms. Rather than focusing solely on reproduction, leading managers realize that the ration has just as big of an impact as heat detection and cow comfort. If the ration provides too much energy, cows will become fat and conception rates will decline. On the other hand, if cows are energy deficient, they will spend more energy on maintenance rather than on reproductive performance. The fine balance between too little and too much energy is where successful reproductive managers will find their ration.
• Don’t forget about protein levels, as unbalanced levels can have adverse effects on reproduction. Also, research is showing that vitamin and mineral deficiencies can increase the chances of calving disorders and reduced conception rates.
4. Employee training • Busy managers may not always be the ones looking after the cows every day, but they are always in contact with the people who are. Employees can make all the difference when it comes to caring for heifers and fresh cows, identifying cows in heat and breeding cows. Mangers have to trust that their employees are doing what they are asking them to and ensure their employees have all the tools they need by:
• Posting protocols. What should employees do if you’re not around and they have questions? Posting protocols of how cows should be handled if they are in heat, calving or become sick can help employees continue their tasks when you’re not available. • Providing Training. Breeder training and refresher courses ensure that you and your employees are on the same page when it comes to getting cows pregnant. Reminders of proper technique can eliminate any poor habits your breeders have picked up from other employees or previous jobs.
• Offering Incentives. Many managers offer incentives to ensure that their employees are taking these important tasks seriously. Set goals for your employees and reward them when they are reached. These goals could range from improved pregnancy rate to cows detected in heat. • Making them part of the team. Employees are more likely to improve their work habits if they know their position matters. If you are having troubles with your reproduction program, ask for their opinion and what they think could be done for improvement.
5. Cow comfort • Stress can have many negative effects on cows, and hindering reproductive performance is one of them. There are plenty of environmental stressors that can negatively affect cows in their normal day-to-day routine, like overcrowding, poor ventilation, poor footing, uncomfortable stalls and rough handling. In extremely stressful situations, dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and, eventually, reproduction are compromised as animals spend available energy attempting to remove themselves from the situation. • To ensure cow comfort for your herd, focus on the following areas, which can all positively impact reproductive performance:
Comfortable stalls. Cows will spend more time lying down if the stalls are comfortable, which can lead to higher milk production and improved health. They will also spend less time on their feet, which can be beneficial for hoof health.
Proper footing. You can detect more cows in heat because they will stand to be ridden and jump on other animals that are in heat. Proper space for everyone. Stocking density can be a problem when cow numbers are too high. Research has shown that stocking rates above 110 percent have adverse effects on lactating cows, especially fresh and young cows. And these are the cows we are focusing on—fresh cows need to get rebred and young cows that will be a part of the lactating herd for a long time to come.
6. Heifer raising • . Reproductive success starts long before the two-yearold enters the milking string. Although top managers know fresh cows are important, they also know that the road to a successful reproduction program starts long before maternity. The ration is key to reproduction when it comes to heifers. Fat heifers have trouble getting bred while energy-deficient heifers may not show signs of estrus. Much like the lactating herd, ration plays a large role in getting heifers bred. Focus on nutrition and heifer rearing so heifers are ready to be bred between 13 and 15 months.
7. New technologies, new information • The dairy industry is ever-changing and top managers know they must change to stay a part of it. To learn about new technologies in the industry, smart managers read publications, meet with industry specialists and attend trade shows and conferences to learn more about what’s really going. Getting off the farm may be a hard task, but there’s a lot to learn when you get the chance.
8. Other success stories • Astute reproductive managers have a great story to tell about how their program works, and they know that other producers do, too. Successful managers aren’t afraid to hear how others are making changes on their farms and how their reproduction rates are improving, and to implement change if they see an idea that can work for their operation. • Visit other farms and take advantage of the wealth of knowledge others producers possess. With so many different ways to run a successful reproductive program, there’s no one right answer. Form alliances with others, as another perspective can help when you’re troubleshooting problems and making changes on your own farm.
9. What the experts are saying • Excellent reproductive managers listen intently to what the best in the business have to say. They consult with nutritionists, veterinarians, extension specialists and sales representatives. They ask good questions that can improve their current operation. By fully engaging, these top producers set their operation in the right direction by getting the facts. • Many successful managers lean heavily on the knowledge that outside sources share. Consultants visiting the farm have a very different perspective and may identify problems that you missed. You spend everyday on your farm while professionals see a wide range of dairies on a daily basis.
10. The bottom line Reproductive performance has significant financial implications. Operations with poor reproductive programs suffer from money they never see and additional expenditures spent on fixing reproductive challenges. Below is a list of the cost for producers if goals are not met. • Excessive days open: $2 – $5/day • Services/conception: An additional $1.5 for every 0.1 above 1.8 • Heat detection: One missed heat could cost $42 to $105 per cow
• By recognizing the financial implications, top producers know that a poor reproductive program affects the success of the whole operation. The effects of money lost come in the form of profits never seen. For example, feeding an open cow for 21 more days when she’s not pregnant can be a large expense. • Now think of what it’s costing you for feed alone, not to mention the lost milk production. The program is only magnified more if the heat detection program suffers severely. By putting financial numbers with what you’re losing, it will help you see the added benefits of improving reproduction.
VII. Permasalahan Reproduksi Sapi Perah di Indonesia Calving interval (jarak beranak) > 400 hari. Pada umumnya induk-induk sapi perah peternak rakyat memiliki calving lebih dari 14 bulan. Hal ini merupakan suatu kerugian karena jumlah pedet dan susu yang dihasilkan semakin sedikit selama periode kehidupan induk sapi perah. Jarak dari melahiran sampai bunting kembali lebih dari 120 hari., induk yang normal akan kembali birahi. Menunggu involusi kembali uterus, maka harus dikawinkan setelah berumur 50-60 hari pasca melahirkan dan perkawinan terakhir diusahakan setelah 90 hari pasca melahirkan. Angka konsepsi kurang dari 50%. Dalam satu kali proses IB atau mengawinkan induk-induk yang birahi diharapkan tingkat kebuntingan tinggi (lebih dari 50% dari semua induk yang di-IB). Service preconception lebih dari 2. Idealnya seekor induk yang normal untuk sekali bunting hanya membutuhkan sekali pelayanan perkawinan (satu kali proses IB).
A. Gangguan reproduksi pasca melahirkan : Beberapa faktor yang memperparah keadaan stress tersebut, (misalnya pakan yang tidak tercukupi, lingkungan yang tidak mendukung), maka akan berakibat terjadinya gangguan keseimbangan hormon reproduksi.
1. Anestrus Pasca Melahirkan • tidak menunjukkan gejala birahi dalam waktu yang lama setelah melahirkan • ovarium tidak pernah menghasilkan ovum.
• beberapa faktor : Laktasi yang berat atau pedet yang dibiarkan menyusu pada induk, pakan defisiensi misalnya kekurangan mineral P atau vitamin E atau terjadinya gangguan/ kelinan organ reproduksi
• kelainan organ reproduksi yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya anestrus diantaranya; involusi uteri terlambat, radang uteri, retensi plasenta, hidrop amnion atau alantois. • birahi tenang dan birahi pendek (sub uterus)
• Birahi tenang adalah induk sapi yang tidak memperlihatkan gejala birahi, tetapi pada ovarium terjadi ovulasi • birahi pendek adalah induk sapi yang birahinya berjalan sangat cepat (2-3 jam) disertai ovulasi. Kedua keadaan ini disebabkan oleh karena korpus luteum dari ovulasi pertama menghasilkan sedikit progresteron, sehingga ovarium kurang respontif terhadap LH.
2. Kawin Berulang; dapat disebabkan oleh: a) Populasi mikro organisme dalam saluran kelamin yang banyak. Keadaan ini menyebabkan spermatozoa atau embryo terganggu atau bahkan terbunuh oleh mikro organisme tersebut b) Kelainan organ reproduksi seperti kelainan servix yang terlalu sempit, tuba fallopi yang buntu yang semua ini dapat berakibat sperma tidak dapat bertemu dengan ovum sehingga fertilisasi tidak terjadi
c) Ovum bentuknya abnormal. Ovum terlalu kecil, bentuknya terlalu lonjong, pipih, zona pellucida yang rapuh atau sobek atau vakuola ovum dan polar body yang terlalu besar. Keadaan ovum yang abnormal ini menyebabkan sperma tidak bisa membuai atau kalaupun terjadi pembuahan embryo yang dihasilkan cepat mati dalam perjalanan hidupnya. d) Faktor teknis dalam IB/ perkawinan. Pejantan yang kurang subur atau waktu inseminasi yang kurang tepat merupakan penyebab terjadinya kawin ulang.
3. Kematian Embryo Dini
Kematian embryo dini menurut Hubbert (1971) adalah kematian embryo yang terjadi pada hari pertama pembuahan sampai hari ke-42 masa bunting. Kematian embryo dini mencapai 24,8% pada perkawinan sapi dara dan 32,5% pada sapi induk Kematian embryo muda biasa terjadi pada umur kebuntingan 8 sampai 19 setelah perkawinan dan ini merupakan stadium kritis pada masa kebuntingan. Banyak faktor : pakan, genetik dan faktor hormonal
Defisiensi karoten, selenium, fosfor dan tembaga
Kelainan kromosom karena kelainan genetic menurunnya kadar progesterone karena ketidakmampuan embryo menghasilkan bahan luteotropik tersebut sel telur atau spermatozoa yang tua atau faktor imunologik. penyakit menular menyebabkan abortus, misalnya Brucellosis, yang dapat menyebar melalui berbagai cara
B. Permasalahan Reproduksi Periode Bunting
• Kejadian terbesar gangguan reproduksi periode bunting adalah terjadinya abortus. • Abortus terjadi apabila kematian sudah dalam keadaan foetus, yaitu pada umur kebuntingan 45 sampai dengan 260 hari • Suhu Lingkungan (hipotensi, hypoxia dan acidosis pada tubuh foetus yang diikuti dengan kematian )
• Racun yang terkandung dalam tanaman seperti nitrat, nitrit HCN dapat mengakibatkan kematian foetus. • Endotoxemia pada induk
• Induk yang menderita infeksi gram negatif pada kuku, ambing, paru-paru dan usus mensekresi prostaglandin PGF2 alpha yang menyebabkan kontraksi dinding uterus dan diikuti dengan abortus
3. Permasalahan Reproduksi Periode kelahiran Gangguan reproduksi periode kelahiran yang sering dijumpai adalah distokia (kesulitan melahirkan), kematian pedet dan prolapus uteri. Kelahiran dikatakan abnormal jika lebih dari 24 jam setelah tanda-tanda kelahiran pertama tidak disusul oleh kelahiran pedet Beberapa faktor yang dapat menyebabkan distokia berasal dari foetus yang terlalu besar, situs dan salah posisi atau dari induk berupa kelemahan kontraksi uterus, indurasi servix sehingga sulit membuka dan mengganggu proses keluarnya foetus
Beberapa preparat hormon yang sering dipergunakan untuk menyerentakkan birahi 1. Preparat Progesteron. merupakan preparat yang terbaik
untuk menyerentakkan birahi, karena dapat menghambat pelepasan LH, pertumbuhan follikel, estrus dan ovulasi. Bila dipergunakan 15 hari sesudah akhir estrus, penyuntikan 50 mg progesterone setiap hari, maka birahi akan muncul 4-6 hari setelah penyuntikan.
2. Preparat Prostalglandin yaitu TGF2 alpha. Pemberian TGF2 alpha dapat menghambat menyebabkan regresi corpus luteum.
aliran
darah
yang
3. MAP (6 Methy -17 actoxyprogesteron). Induk diberi
pakan yang dicampur dengan 500 ug MAP setiap hari selama 20 hari menunjukkan birahi yang bersamaan dengan angka konsepsi 20-70% (Tollihere, 1985).
TEKNIK
IB (inseminasi buatan)
PADA SAPI PERAH
Because the rumen displaces the reproductive tract to the right, it is much easier to locate and manipulate the tract with your left hand.
The cervix is located on the floor of the pelvic cavity near the anterior end of the pelvic bone.
The opening into the cervix protrudes back into the vagina.
As you insert the breeding gun into the vagina, keep your gloved hand even with the gun tip.
Keep your open hand flat against the floor of the rectum, allowing manure to pass over the top of your hand and arm.
To relax rectal constriction rings, insert two fingers through the center of the ring and massage back and forth.
Grasp the cervix and push it forward to straighten vaginal folds
Grasp the external opening to the cervix with the thumb on top and the forefingers underneath to close the fornix and guide the gun tip into the cervix.
Using the flexibility of your wrist, twist and bend the cervix until you feel the second ring slide over the gun tip
Use your index finger to check gun placement (1/4 inch past the end of the cervix) before depositing semen.
Push the plunger slowly so that drops of semen fall directly into the uterine body
With proper A.I. technique and gun placement, semen will be deposited in the uterine body and contractions will transport spermatozoa forward to the horns and oviducts
If the gun is more than 1 inch through the cervix, all the semen will be deposited into only one horn.
If you encounter cervical mucous which feels thick and sticky on the gun in a cow that has been previously inseminated, she may be pregnant. In this case, deposit the semen halfway through the cervix.
Make sure you push in with the plunger and do not pull back on the gun. Pulling back may result in much of the semen dose being deposited in the cervix and vagina.
