127
Lampiran 1 Data penjualan sepeda motor dan jumlah motor di Indonesia Jumlah Kendaraan di Indonesia Jenis kendaraan bermotor Mobil penumpang Bus Kendaraan beban Sepeda motor Kendaraan khusus Total
Tahun 2011 8.744.731 1.986.514 4.310.046 69.074.773 270.162 84.386.227
Pertumbuhan Kendaraan Persentase 615.640 8 914.796 85 1.041.460 32 9.319.516 16 4.755 2 11.896.168 16
Tahun Produksi
Penjualan Total Unit Motor
Jumlah total
HONDA
YAMAHA
SUZUKI
2006
2.340.168
1.458.561
568.041
4.366.770
2007
2.141.015
1.833.506
637.031
4.611.552
2008
2.874.589
2.468.610
794.577
6.137.776
2009
2.681.163
2.613.080
447.640
5.741.883
2010 8.129.091 1.071.718 3.268.586 59.755.257 265.407 72.490.059
Sumber : Korps lantas polri 2012
Spare part pemakai bahan polimer PP dan komposit fiber glass untuk moped: 1. Box luggage bahan PP GF 10% (tipe LR21VT by Chisso Corporation atau AF11002LF by Taralon Polyalloy) (500 gr) 2. Drive chain case bahan PP (110 gr) 3. Fender Rear bahan PP (500 gr) 4. Case battery bahan PP (100 gr) 5. Cover battery bahan PP (100 gr) 6. Case air cleaner bahan PP (100 gr) Spare part pemakai bahan polimer PP dan komposit fiber glass untuk matic: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Cover front lower bahan PP (550 gr) Cover inner lower bahan PP (500 gr) Cover center bahan PP (250 gr) Step floor bahan PP (400 gr) Cover Under bahan PP (500 gr) Fender rear bahan PP (600 gr) Box luggage bahan PPFG (500 gr)
128
Lampiran 2 Produksi rotan di Indonesia
Year
Production ton/th
1985
120.000
2005
149.993
2006
127.865
2007
274.559
2008
262.681
2009
368.286
2010
556.000
2011
696.000
Sumber : Asosiasi Pengrajin Rotan Indonesia (APRI, 2012)
Lampiran 3 Foto tahapan penelitian ekstraksi selulosa kulit rotan dengan metode fermentasi Aspergillus niger
Kulit rotan
Fermentasi
Aspergillus niger
Selulosa kulit rotan
129
Lampiran 4 Indexing pola XRD dan JCPDS selulosa kulit rotan metode fermentasi Indexing pola XRD selulosa kulit rotan metode fermentasi 2θ
d
Area
FWHM
ACS
Strain
15.908
5.5665
1012
0.478
3477.268
2.09E-06
21.521
4.1257
3506
0.864
824.7262
0.00356
21.973
4.0417
3956
0.947
19313.67
0.00015
28.263
3.155
1277
0.362
80903.345
2.9E-10
28.558
3.123
292
0.106
11076.31
1.33E-06
38.342
2.345
354
0.262
667.65874
0.00469
42.047
2.147
947
0.488
599.5654
0.000517
46.405
1.955
834
0.525
898.7156
0.00333
47.475
1.913
465
0.376
2527.2792
0.001155
55.889
1.644
499
0.446
393.3248
0.007683
56.388
1.630
272
0.272
612.1465
0.027104
59.736
1.547
492
0.492
14751.358
0.000196
66.559
1.404
185
0.166
3464.165
1.86E-05
JCPDS-ICCD selulosa kulit rotan metode fermentasi
130
Lampiran 5 Karakteristik fiber glass
Senyawa Oxide SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 B2O3 CaO MgO BaO Li 2 O Na 2 O+K 2 O TiO 2 ZrO 2 Fe 2 O 3 F2
A-Glass % 63-72 0-6 0-6 6-10 0-4
C-Glass % 64-68 3-5 4-6 11-15 2-4 0-1
D-Glass % 72-75 0-1 21-254 0-1
E-Glass % 52-56 12-16 5-10 16-25 0-5
14-16
7-10
0-4
0-2
0-0.8
0-0.3
0-0-8 0-1
C-Glass 2.55 1.533 750 588 522 4.8
D-Glass 2.11 1.47 771 521 477 4.6
AR-Glass % 55-75 0-5 0-5 1-10
0-1.5 11-21
R-Glass % 55-60 23-28 23-28 8-15 4-7
S-2 Glass % 64-66 24-25 24=25 0-1.2 9.5-10
0-1
0-0.2
0-0.5 0-0.3
0.001
ECR-Glass 2.72 1.58 882 4.8
R-Glass 2.54 1.55 952 736 4.8
0-0.6 0-0.5 0-0.4
Karakteristik Densitas Indek refraksi Titik leleh (0C) Anneling (0C) Titik Strain (0C) Perpanjangan (%)
A-Glass 2.44 1.54 705 4.8
1-18 0-0-8
E-Glass 2.58 1.56 846 657 615 4.8
Lampiran 6 Pola XRD sampel nanopartikel SKR t u = 3 jam 2θ
h
11.28 14.23 17.61 19.43 22.35 26.15 28.82 32.42 34.22
15.5 32.8 34.7 41.7 52.2 35.6 21.8 48.9 16.1
A 331.3 1374.1 816.8 1068.6 3661.6 536.1 939.3 2136.7 687.3
Keterangan : FWHM = Full Wide Half Maximum ACS = Atomic Crystal size η = Regangan mikro
FWHM 0.731 1.137 0.623 0.731 1.951 0.623 1.192 1.246 1.516
ACS
η
283.204 217.798 327.74 237.057 477.982 304.925 516.713 151.95 649.897
0.0136 0.0023 0.0032 0.0273 0.0061 0.0050 0.0001 0.0293 0.0045
131
Lampiran 7 Densitas, diameter, dan kadar air nanopartikel serat kulit rotan
Cuplikan
Non surfaktan Tween 80
Waktu ultrasonikasi (Menit) 60 120 180
M1
M2
M3
M4
Densitas (g cm-3)
Diameter (nm)
Kadar air (%)
18.9632 18.9632 18.9632
44.7575 44.7575 44.7575
21.4707 21.4871 21.5957
35.9385 43.9297 36.828
0.2214 0.7530 0.2492
1464.1 373.3 146.3
7.92 9.94 8.20
60 120 180
18.9632 18.9632 18.9632
44.7575 44.7575 44.7575
21.5272 21.413 21.5065
43.7483 43.909 43.2957
0.7176 0.7427 0.6350
525.92 694.94 651.98
13.82 15.70 20.77
Densitas kulit rotan sebelum difermentasi dengan metoda Archimedest W air
= W udara - F archimedest
8.61
= 10.31 – ρ f V B g
8.61
= 10.31 – 1 V B 10
10 V B = 1.7 VB
= 0.17 F arc
ρkr
Lampiran 8 Pola difraksi serat kulit rotan metoda mekanik [°2Th.]
d-sp[Å]
FWHM
Area
Height
16.6153 21.5056 22.5353
5.33565 4.13212 3.94559
1.1021 0.7872 0.7872
38.32 128.69 128.08
35.25 165.73 164.94
132
34.3926 2.60763 1.8893 28.89 15.5 Lampiran 9 Foto sintesa nanopartikel serat kulit rotan dengan metoda ultrasonik 75 μm
Pemanasan berstirer Ultrasonik
nanopartikel
PSA
XRD
SEM
TEM
133
Lampiran 10 Distribusi ukuran partikel berdasarkan pengujian PSA (Volume, Number dan Intensity Distribution)
134
Lampiran 11 Karakteristik polipropillen UNITS
TYPICAL PROPERTIES Tensile Strength at Yield Elongation at Break Flexural Strength Flexural Modulus 230C 100C
Charpy Impact strength
0
23 C 100C
Izod Impact Strength
Heat Distortion Temperature Gloss Rockwell Hardness (R Scale) Melt Flow Index
Tipe-tipe polipropilin BJSBJHBJHHS 809H MNR -MNR 250 290 295 >500 >500 >500 330 360 395 13000 14000 14700
kg/cm2 % kg/cm2 kg/cm2
BJSMNR 290 >500 340 13500
BJSMG 285 >500 360 12800
kg/cm2
100
>300
>300
70
65-70
90-95
kg/cm2
55
75-80
80-85
50
35-40
65-73
2
kg/cm
20
>25
>25
9
8
11.8
kg/cm2
4.5
6.5
7.8
3.8
4.3
5.2
110 80% 95 1.5
116 80 87 1.5
110 110 80 80 91 96 2.4 4 121-163
110 70 86 8
105 65 86 8
o
C % R scale g/10 min
Melting temperature
C
Sifat termal polipropillen : Nama kimia
: poli (1-metiletilena)
Formula kimia
: (C 5 H 6 ) x
Monomer
: Propilena (Propena)
Kristalinitas
:
- Amorf
: 0.85 g cm-3
- Kristalin
: 0.95 g cm-3
Titik lebur
: 1650C
Suhu transisi kaca
: 100C
Titik degradasi
: 2860C (559 K)
Sumber
: katalog PT AHM
BJHH2119 295 45 360 12800
135
Lampiran 12 JCPDS-ICCD polipropillen
Lampiran 13. Suhu leleh proses termoplastik berbagai jenis polimer Resin PP LDPE HDPE Polistirena ABS PVC Asetil selulosa Nylon Poli karbonat Poli asetat
Berat jenis 0.85 – 0.90 0.91 – 0.93 0.93 – 0.96 1.05 – 1.08 0.99 – 1.10 1.15 – 1.65 1.23 – 1.34 1.09 – 1.14 1.120 1.38
Suhu leleh termoplastik (0C) 200 - 300 160 -240 200 – 280 180 – 260 180 - 240 160 - 180 180 - 260 260 - 290 260 - 290 185 - 225
Lampiran 14 Penggunaan berbagai jenis polimer di Indonesia
2001 Polietilen
2002
2003
2004
2005
2009
52.573 55.135 57.550
60.965 63.516
Polipropilin 31.220 33.315 35.775
36.875 40.955
PVC
27.101 27.617 28.495
Polistiren
10.530 10.955 11.105
ABS
4.471
5.003
5.319
29.295 29.920 8,22 % 11.485 11.735 10 % 5.594 5.849
PET
7.730
8.588
9.263
9.912
Sumber : Inaplas 2010
10.516 000 ton
136
Lampiran 15 Setting mesin injeksi molding pada sintesa komposit PP-FG
Setting mesin injeksi molding pada sintesa bionanokomposit 44 oC 57 detik
137
Lampiran 16. Gambar pengujian mekanik
Lampiran 17 Data pengujian ketangguhan metode Izod
138
139
Lampiran 18 Data uji kelenturan dan kekerasan Data uji kelenturan Name
Flexural Strength 2
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Cuplikan 1 Cuplikan 2 Standard
Slope of Deflection Curve
Modulus Elasticity Bending
Kgf/cm
Mpa
(kgf/cm)
Kgf/cm2
Mpa
444.61 457.37 471.99 443.37 437.77 431.54 425.01 435.28 438.2 430.92 433.1 432.17 452.08 444.23 427.5 435.9 691.34
45.37 46.67 48.16 45.24 44.67 44.04 43.37 44.42 44.71 43.97 44.19 44.1 44.13 45.43 43.62 44.48 70.54 ≥ 75
30.36 35.9 32.39 35.41 40.39 26.19 29.02 34.16 26.95 39.49 9.87 29.51 324.92 49.43 34.34 26.46 21.31
22654.71 27187.35 23851.37 27393.46 30121.92 19761.26 20229.63 25956 20576.94 29750.83 7385.33 22090.22 230706.58 36744.44 25608.73 19362 14888.99
2311.71 2774.2 2433.81 2795.25 3073.67 2016.45 2064.25 2648.57 2099.69 3035.8 753.61 2254.1 23541.5 3749.43 2613.14 1975.71 1519.28 ≥ 3100
Data pengujian kekerasan Material A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Cuplikan 1 Cuplikan 2
Hardness Rockwell (HRR) 1
2
3
avg
96.9 97.6 80 79.2 81.8 99.4 102 82.7 80.3 93.9 95.6 101.9 85.5 76.3 72.4 101.3 94.2
102.6 98.9 74 79.4 874 98.7 100.5 81.4 78.3 91.8 94.6 100.9 85.7 75.6 72.8 103.6 97.9
99.5 89.9 87.7 94.1 83.4 95.5 77.2 91.7 56.4 61.5 95.3 77.5 81.6 75.8 87.2 94.7 90.9
99.67 95.47 80.57 84.23 84.2 97.87 93.23 85.27 71.67 82.4 95.17 93.43 84.27 75.9 77.47 99.87 94.33
std
≥ 94
140
Lampiran 19 Molding skrinkage ratio Cuplikan
Molding direction
MD Shrinkage ratio
Transverse direction
TD Shrinkage ratio
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Cuplikan 1 Cuplikan 2
238.54 237.6 239.34 238.49 238.39 237.58 238.01 238.51 238.4 238.44 238.18 238.22 237.96 236.8 236.95 236.82 240.2
1.23% 1.61% 0.89% 1.25% 1.29% 1.62% 1.45% 1.24% 1.28% 1.27% 1.37% 1.36% 1.47% 1.95% 1.88% 1.94% 0.54%
79.74 79.23 79.55 79.42 79.55 79.32 79.52 79.36 79.5 79.3 79.54 79.76 79.43 78.68 79.17 79.04 80
2.6% 2.79% 2.39% 2.55% 2.39% 2.67% 2.43% 2.63% 2.45% 2.7% 2.4% 2.13% 2.54% 3.56% 2.86% 3.02% 1.84%
Data pengujian molding skrinkage (%) dengan penambahan coupling agent Bionanokomposit konsentrasi filler + PPMA 3% 5% 10%
MD
MD shrinkage ratio
TD
MD shrinkage ratio
237.00 237.05
1.86% 1.84%
79.06 79.10
2.99% 2.94%
Keterangan : 1. Mold Direction 2. Transverse Direction 3. Cuplikan 1 4. Cuplikan 2 5. Cuplikan A-E 6. Cuplikan F-J 7. Cuplikan K-N
= = = = = = =
241,5 mm 81,5 mm Filler 0% (Polipropillen) Komposit PP-FG biokomposit penguat 1 mm. biokomposit penguat 150 μm. bionanokomposit penguat 20 nm.
Data perubahan dimensi (arah horisontal dan vertikal) pada pengujian SWOM
141
142
Lampiran 21 Foto sintesa bionanokomposit metode injeksi molding
20 nm
Polipropillen
150μm
1mm
PPMA
Injeksi molding
Penutup rantai
Standar ASTM
143
Lampiran 22 EDS I selulosa kulit rotan dengan metode fermentasi (rendemen optimum)
144
Lampiran 23 EDS II selulosa kulit rotan dengan metode fermentasi (rendemen optimum)
145
Lampiran 24 EDS selulosa kulit rotan dengan metoda mekanik (1 mm)
146
Lampiran 25 EDS selulosa kulit rdengan metoda mekanik (75 mikro)
147
Lampiran 26 EDS nanopartikel selulosa kulit rotan dengan waktu ultrasonik 3 jam
148
Lampiran 27 EDS bionanokomposit ukuran filler 1 mm
149
Lampiran 28 EDS bionanokomposit ukuran mikro
150
Lampiran 29 Maping unsur nanopartikel serat kulit rotan
151
Lampiran 30 Maping unsur bionanokomposit filler nanofiber 20 nm
152
Lampiran 31 Maping unsur biokomposit filler serat kulit rotan 1 mm
153
