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Keberlanjutan Manusia Sebagai Masyarakat 1: Ekonomi & Lingkungan BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan Kaitan sistem ekonomi dengan biosfer Pemberian nilai terhadap modal alam, pengendalian pencemaran, dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya Penggunaan perangkat ekonomi dalam penanganan masalah Lingkungan Kaitan kemiskinan & masalah lingkungan
Pustaka Utama : Miller & Spoolman (2012); Botkin & Keller (2011); Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012
Sistem Ekonomi didukung 3 Tipe Sumberdaya 2
Kegiatan ekonomi di dalam prakteknya didukung oleh 3 SUMBERDAYA , terutama Modal Alam Keberlangsungan ekonomi tergantung dari keberlanjutan Modal Alam : Dimanfaatkan sesuai daya dukungnya Dilindungi dari tindakan yang dapat merusak atau mendegradasinya
Environmental Security Is Necessary For Economic Security And Is At Least As Important As National Security
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Pertumbuhan ekonomi konvensional yang saat ini berjalan dinilai UNSUSTAINABLE, karena dapat mengurangi atau mendegradasi SDA yang menjadi modal alamiah sehingga pembangunan ekonomi terganggu; Salah satu alasan mengapa pasar sering gagal di bidang perlindungan lingkungan adalah tidak diberikannya nilai moneter untuk manfaat yang diberikan oleh modal alam bumi atau efek berbahaya dari berbagai aktivitas manusia terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia. Contoh 1 : ketika penebangan kayu di hutan telah menimbulkan gangguan/degradasi terhadap layanan ekologis hutan dalam penyediaan air, serapan karbon, biodiversitas, wisata alam. Dampak yang terjadi seringkali tidak dinilai; Contoh 2 : polusi air dan udara akibat limbah industri yang mengganggu kesehatan manusia, berapa resiko kesehatan yang harus ditanggung akibat pencemaran tersebut ? Resiko akibat polusi terhadap kesehatan dalam ekonomi konvensional tidak dinilai; Perkembangan pendekatan ekonomi mengarah ke Ekonomi lingkungan memasukan nilai ekosistem/lingkungan sebagai bagian dari Sistem Ekonominya yang dikenal sebagai ECOLOGICAL/ ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMY
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Analisis ekonomi dapat membantu kita memahami mengapa sumber daya lingkungan telah kurang dilestarikan di masa lalu dan bagaimana kita bisa lebih efektif mencapai konservasi di masa depan . Analisis ekonomi diterapkan pada dua macam masalah lingkungan : penggunaan sumber daya yang diinginkan dan meminimalkan polusi. Sumber mungkin milik umum atau dikendalikan swasta . Jenis kepemilikan mempengaruhi metode yang tersedia untuk mencapai tujuan lingkungan . Ada kecenderungan untuk eksploitasi berlebihan terhadap sumber daya umum - properti dan panen untuk kepunahan sumber daya yang tidak penting yang tingkat pertumbuhan bawaan rendah , seperti yang disarankan di Hardin yang " tragedy of the commons . " Nilai mendatang (future values)dibandingkan dengan nilai sekarang (present values) bisa menjadi penentu penting dari tingkat eksploitasi .
Hubungan antara risiko dan manfaat mempengaruhi kesediaan kita untuk membayar untuk lingkungan yang baik Metode untuk mencapai tujuan lingkungan termasuk bujukan moral , kontrol langsung , proses pasar , dan investasi pemerintah . Banyak jenis kontrol telah diterapkan untuk polusi dan penggunaan sumber daya yang diinginkan .
“I
believe the 21st century will be dominated by the concept of NATURAL CAPITAL, just as the 20th century was dominated by financial capital” (Achim Steiner)
Degradasi Lingkungan dan Valuasi Ekonomi o Perkembangan pendekatan ekonomi mengarah ke ekonomi lingkungan yang selalu mempertimbangkan m nilai ekosistem sebagai bagian dari Sistem Ekonominya yang dikenal sebagai ECOLOGICAL/ ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMY • integrate economic and ecological knowledge in order to estimate the economic and ecological values of ecosystem services; • to evaluate the costs and benefits of actions that could be taken to prevent the decline of these services; o
Dikembangkan metode penilaian ekonomi lingkungan untuk menilai besaran nilai ekosistem yang terdegradasi akibat pengurangan atau degradasi yang terjadi;
V A L
U E S
DIRECT Wood Product (Timber,fuel) Non Wood Products ( Food, Medicine, Genetic Material) Educational, Recreational, And Cultural Uses Human Habitat
USE VALUES INDIRECT Watershed Protection
OPTION Future Uses
NON USE VALUES EXISTENCE Biodiversity
Nutrient Cycling
Culture, Heritage
Air Pollution Reduction
Intrinsic Worth
Carbon Storage
Amenities
T
Market Prices & Analysis
Production Function
Related goods and approaches
Preventive Expenditure
I
Contingent Valuation
Replacement Costs
Q U E
Hedonic Prices
Contingent Valuation
E C H N
S
Contingent Valuation
Contingent Valuation
Replacement Cost
Nilai Ekosistem dan Teknik Penilaiannya
Kontribusi Jasa Lingkungan Air dari Hutan Konservasi Cagar Alam Burangrang o o
Air Minum Budidaya/Pertanian
Tahapan Valuasi Ekonomi Penentuan Tujuan
Penentuan Daerah/Wilayah yang divaluasi
IDENTIFIKASI MANFAAT JASLING
KUANTIFIKASI JASLING
VALUASI NILAI JASLING
Estimasi Dampak Degradasi/Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup
How Can Reducing Poverty Help Us to Deal with Environmental Problems? 18
Reducing poverty can help us to reduce population growth, resource use, and environmental degradation 1.4 billion people—a number greater than the entire population of China and 4.5 times the size of the U.S. population—struggle to survive on an income equivalent to less than $1.25 a day Poverty has numerous harmful health and environmental effects. Reducing poverty benefits individuals, economies, and the environment, while empowering women and helping to slow population growth Most neoclassical economists believe that a growing economy can help the poor by creating more jobs and providing greater tax revenues, which can be used to help the poor to help themselves. This economic process is often referred to as the trickle-down effect. However, since 1960, most of the benefits of global economic growth, as measured by income, have been flooding up to the rich, rather than trickling down to workers at the bottom of the economic ladder. Since 1980, this wealth gap between the rich and the poor has grown. In 2005, the United Nations calculated that the world’s 500 richest people earned more than the world’s 416 million poorest people. South African President Thabo Mbeki told delegates at the 2003 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, “A global human society based on poverty for many and prosperity for a few, characterized by islands of wealth, surrounded by a sea of poverty, is unsustainable.”
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To assist in reducing poverty process, governments, businesses, international lending agencies, and wealthy individuals in moredeveloped countries could also undertake these measures:
Mount a massive global effort to combat malnutrition and the infectious diseases that kill millionsof people prematurely Provide universal primary school education for the world’s nearly 800 million illiterate adults (According to Nobel Prize–winning economist Amartya Sen, “Illiteracy and innumeracy are a greater threat to humanity than terrorism.” Illiteracy can also foster terrorism and strife within countries by creating large numbers of unemployed individuals who have little hope of improving their lives or those of their children. Provide assistance to stabilize population growth in less-developed countries as soon as possible, mostly by investing in family planning, reducing poverty, and elevating the social and economic status of women. Focus on sharply reducing the total and per capita ecological footprints of their own countries as well as those of rapidly growing less-developed countries such as China and India Make large investments in small-scale infrastructure such as solar-cell power facilities in villages as well as sustainable agriculture projects that would enable less-developed nations to work towards more energy-efficient and sustainable economies. Encourage lending agencies to make small loans to poor people who want to increase their income
How Can We Make the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies? 20
BANDINGKAN PENGELUARAN DANA DI KEDUA GRAFIK DISAMPING INI !
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Perkembangan ESB (Environmental Sustainable Business) membuka peluang karir yang luas di berbagai bidang ekonomi
We have an economy that tells us that it is cheaper to degrade our life support system than to renew, restore, and sustain it. . . Working for the earth is not a way to get rich, it is a way to be rich.
Paul Hawken
