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Keberlanjutan Kualitas Lingkungan 2: Limbah & Lingkungan Perkotaan BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan Macam-macam limbah dan permasalahan yang terkait Isu-isu lingkungan perkotaan: Urbanisasi/kependudukan, transportasi, dll Solusi berkelanjutan Contoh-contoh kasus di Indonesia
Pustaka Utama : Miller & Spoolman (2012); Botkin & Keller (2011); Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012
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Menjelaskan macam-macam limbah dan permasalahan yang terkait Menjelaskan isu-isu lingkungan perkotaan : urbanisasi/kependudukan, transportasi, dll Menjelaskan alternatif solusi yang berkelanjutan
What are solid waste and hazardous waste, and why are they problems? 3
Concept 1. Solid waste contributes to pollution and represents the unnecessary consumption of resources; hazardous waste contributes to pollution as well as to natural capital degradation, health problems, and premature deaths.
Solid Waste and Hazardous/Toxic Waste 4
- Solid waste divided into two types : 1. Industrial solid waste 2. Municipal solid waste (trash/garbage) - Hazardous/toxic waste : threatens human health or environment because it is poisonous, dangerously chemically reactive, corrosive, or flammable. e.g industrial solvent, medical waste, dry cell batteries.
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How Should We Deal with Solid Waste? 6
Concept 2, A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose of what is left. There are three method to deal with solid waste : 1. Waste management 2. Waste reduction 3. Integrated waste management
Waste reduction is based on three Rs: 1. Reduce 2. Reuse 3. Recycle
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What are the major population trends in urban areas? 10
Concept X. Urbanization Continuous to increase steadily and the numbers and sizes of urban areas are growing rapidly, especially in less-developed countries
- Urbanization is creation and growth of urban and suburban area - Urban growth is the rate of increase of urban population. - Urban areas grow in two ways : natural increase (more births than deaths) and immigration, mostly from rural area (in search of jobs, food, housing, educational opportunities, etc)
Why Are Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important? 11
Concept 3, Reusing items decreases the consumption of matter and energy resources, and reduces pollution and natural capital degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree We can reprocess such materials in two ways : 1. Primary or closed loop recycling 2. Secondary recycling
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What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste? 13
Concept 4, Technologies for burning and burying solid wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and buried wastes eventually contribute to the pollution and degradation of land and water resources.
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A state-of-the-art sanitary landfill is designed to eliminate or minimize environmental problems that plague older landfills.
The Trade-offs of waste-to energy incineration and sanitary landfills 16
How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste? 17
Concept 5, A sustainable approach to hazardous waste is first to produce less of it, the to reuse or recycle it, then to convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally to safely store what is left.
We Can Use Integrated Manageent of Hazardous Waste 18
We Can Detoxify Hazardous Wastes 19
Steps in dealing with hazardous and toxic wastes from industries and households : 1. Collect them 2. Detoxifying with physical methods 3. Detoxifying with chemical methods e.g Bioremediation, phytoremediation, plasma arc
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We Can Store Some Forms of Hazardous Waste 21
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How Can We Make The Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society? 23
- Providing Environmental Justice for everyone is an important goal : Environmental justice is an ideal whereby person is entitled to protection from environmental hazards regardless of race, gender, age, national origin, income, social class, or any political factor. - International treaties have reduced hazardous waste : Since 1992, Basel Convention has been in effect. It banned the more-developed countries that participate in the treaty from shipping hazardous waste to or through other countries without their permissions. In 1995, the treaty was amended to outlaw all transfers of hazardous wastes from industrialized countries to lessdeveloped countries. - Make a Transition to low-waste societies : to prevent pollution and reduce wastes, there are some principles key to follow : 1. everything is connected 2. there is no away, as in to throw away, for wastes we produces 3. Pollutes and producers should pay for wastes they produces 4. We can mimic nature by reusing, recycling, composting, or exchanging most of the municipal solid wastes we produces
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What Are the Major Population Trends in Urban Areas? 25
Concept 6, Urbanization continues to increase steadily and the numbers and sizes of urban areas are growing rapidly, especially in less-developed countries - Urbanization is the creation and growth of urban and suburban areas. Measured as the percentage of the people in a country or in the world living in such areas - Urban growth is the rate of increase of urban population.
Four major trends in urban population dynamics : 26
The proportion of the global population living in urban areas is increasing The numbers and sizes of urban areas are mushrooming. Urban growth is much slower in more-developed countries than in less-developed countries. Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, mostly in less-developed countries.
Some Undesirable impacts of urban sprawl or car-dependent development 27
What are the major urban resource and environmental problems? 28
Concept 7, Most cities are unsustainable because of high levels of resource use, waste, pollution, and poverty Urbanization has advantages : 1. From an economic standpoint, cities are centers of economic development, innovation, education, technological advances, and jobs. 2. High accessibility to medical care, family planning, education, and other social services. 3. Environmental advantages, such as recycling. High concentrating people in cities helps to preserve biodiversity by reducing the stress on wildlife habitats. Central cities also can save energy if residents rely more on energy-efficient mass transportation, walking and bicycling.
Urbanization has disadvantages : 1. Cities have huge ecological footprint 2. Most cities lack vegetation 3. Cities often have water problems 4. Cities concentrate pollution and health problems 5. Cities have excessive noise 6. Cities affect local climates and cause light pollution
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How does transportation affect urban environmental impacts? 30
Concept 8, In some countries, many people live in widely dispersed urban areas and depend mostly on motor vehicles for their transportation, which greatly expands their ecological footprints.
Transportation as a source of outdoor air pollution Motor vehicle have helped create urban sprawl and the car commuter culture congestion
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How Important Is Urban Land-Use Planning? 33
Concept 9, Urban land-use planning can help to reduce uncontrolled sprawl and slow the resulting degradation of air, water, land, biodiversity, and other natural resources.
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How Can Cities Become More Sustainable and Livable? 35
Concept 10, An ecocity allows people to choose walking, biking, or mass transit for most transportation needs; to recycle or reuse most of their wastes; to grow much of their food; and to protect biodiversity by preserving surrounding land.
New Urbanism 36
Goals of New Urbanism : 1. Walkability 2. Mixed-used and diversity 3. Quality urban design 4. Environmental sustainability 5. Smart transportation
Contoh Kasus di Indonesia 37
Akumulasi dari limbah padat dan limbah industri di sungai – sungai jakarta. Menghasilkan masalah-masalah tersendiri baik dari aspek kesehatan maupun bencana alam seperti banjir dll.
Contoh Kasus di Indonesia 38
Urbanisasi dalam rangka mencari kesempatan hidup lebih baik, menyebabkan peningkatan kepadatan penduduk di DKI Jakarta. Gaya hidup yang carcentered dan belum adanya transportasi publik yang baik menjadi salah satu dari faktor penyebabnya. Kemacetan ini menyumbangkan lebih dari 80% pencemaran udara di DKI Jakarta
Contoh Kasus di Indonesia : Pembangunan PLTSa Gedebage. 39
- Banyaknya sampah yang dihasilkan di Kota Bandung, menyebabkan akumulasi sampah dan timbulnya permasalahan ruang untuk menimbun. - Pemerintah Kota Bandung mencoba untuk mengubah sampah-sampah yang dihasilkan menjadi energi menggunakan metode waste to energy dengan membangun PLTSa (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah) - Namun, muncul dukungan dan penolakan akan pembangunan PLTSa terkait kajian mengenai dampak pembangunan PLTSa terhadap lingkungan bandung
Contoh Kasus 40
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Nokia and WWF partnership to decrease Nokia’s ecological footprints. Nokia and WWF campaigns to promote take-back program to make sure valuable material gets reused http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0G662N2Pwk#t= 119 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylAr03ePuIc
Tugas 41
Cari Isu terkini mengenai permasalahan lingkungan di wilayah perkotaan. Berikan analisa kalian untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut.
Daftar Pustaka 42
Botkin, Daniel B. 2011.Environmental science : earth as a living planet. Chapter 22. Miller, G Taylor. Spoolman. 2012. Living in the environment. Chapter 21 & 22.
