THESIS BASIC ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING & DESIGN PROGRAM (BAPDP)
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT OF SENTANI, PAPUA (Green & Sustainable Architecture Approach)
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of an Architectural Engineering Degree Author: RILO ALIEF SADEWA D 300 120 086
Supervisor: Wisnu Setiawan, S.T., M.Arch., PhD.
ARCHITECTURAL DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA 2017
PREFACE
The highest gratitude to almighty God, Allah SWT for endless mercy, grace, and guidance bestowed upon me which allow the completion of this thesis on “International Airport of Sentani, Papua (Green & Sustainable Architecture Approach)”. This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of an architectural engineering degree on University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. I would also like to thank Mr. Wisnu Setiawan, S.T., M.Arch., Ph.D. as the supervisor lecturer on this project, for the many helps along the way to complete this thesis. Special thanks to my father, mother, family and friends for the endless support during this study. We very much hope that this paper can be useful in order to add insight and knowledge for to society and leads to a better environmental health on a global scale. Hopefully this simple paper is incomprehensible and beneficial to anyone who read it. Apologize is in order for any error in this report and we invoke criticism and constructive suggestions for the betterment of this thesis in the future.
Surakarta, February 5th, 2017
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SHEET OF APPROVAL ............................................................................................
i
SHEET OF VALIDATION ........................................................................................
ii
STATEMENT OF PUBLICATION ..........................................................................
iii
PREFACE ....................................................................................................................
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................
v
LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................
ix
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................
xi
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................
1
1. Background of the Study ..........................................................................
1
1.1. International Airport .....................................................................
1
1.2. Environmental Effect of Aviation Activity ..................................
2
1.3. Papua and International Airport ...................................................
4
1.4. Identification of the Problem ........................................................
2
2. Aims of the Study .....................................................................................
6
3. Objectives .................................................................................................
6
4. Significance of the Study ..........................................................................
6
5. Scope and Limitation ................................................................................
7
6. Study Methods ..........................................................................................
7
6.1. Theoretical Study ..........................................................................
7
6.2. Data Accumulation .......................................................................
7
6.3. Analysis ........................................................................................
8
7. Planning & Design Concept .....................................................................
8
8. Study Systematics ....................................................................................
8
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STUDY OF LITERATURE ........................................................................................
9
1. Literature Study of Airport (Focused on International Airport) ...............
9
1.1. Indonesia Aviation Flight routes ...................................................
9
1.2. Definition of Airport .....................................................................
10
1.3. Functions of Airport ......................................................................
10
1.4. Airport Spesification .....................................................................
11
1.5. Types of Airport ............................................................................
21
1.6. Activity in Airports .......................................................................
23
2. Green & Sustainable Architecture on Airport ...........................................
26
3. Comparative Study ....................................................................................
29
4. Summary: Key Elements of Designing a Green & Sustainable International Airport ................................................................................
31
DESCRIPTION OF SITE ...........................................................................................
34
1. General Description of Jayapura District (Sentani) ..................................
34
1.1. Jayapura District (Sentani) Profile .............................................
34
1.2. Geographical Location and Administrational Region ................
34
1.3. Topographical Condition ............................................................
35
1.4. Physiographical Condition .........................................................
37
1.5. Climate Condition ......................................................................
37
1.6. Regional Transportation Condition ............................................
38
2. Urban Plan of Jayapura District ................................................................
39
2.1. Construction & Development Plan .............................................
39
2.2. Detailed Spatial Plan ..................................................................
41
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3. Site Selection – Sentani Airport ................................................................
44
3.1. General Depiction of Sentani Airport .........................................
44
3.2. Sentani Airport Status .................................................................
45
3.3. Accessibility ...............................................................................
45
3.4. Technical Data of Airport Facility .............................................
45
ANALYSIS & CONCEPT OF PLANNING & DESIGN .........................................
46
1. General Airport Design Idea .....................................................................
46
1.1. Runway .........................................................................................
46
1.2. Taxiway and Apron ......................................................................
47
1.3. Terminal ........................................................................................
48
1.4. Hangar ...........................................................................................
50
1.5. Air Traffic Control System ...........................................................
50
1.6. Security System ............................................................................
51
1.7. Emergency Response Team Service ..............................................
52
1.8. Airport Ground Vehicles ..............................................................
53
1.4. Additional Airport Services ..........................................................
53
2. Site Analysis & Utilization Concept .........................................................
54
2.1. Land Requirements .....................................................................
54
2.2. Accessibility ................................................................................
57
2.3. Topography .................................................................................
60
2.4. Hydrology ...................................................................................
60
2.5. Weather .......................................................................................
62
2.6. View ...........................................................................................
65
2.7. Noise ...........................................................................................
67
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2.8. Vegetation ..................................................................................
69
3. Green & Sustainable Concept....................................................................
71
3.1. Sustainable Site ..........................................................................
71
3.2. Heat Island Effect Reduction ......................................................
74
3.3. Water Management ....................................................................
75
3.4. Energy & Atmosphere Management .........................................
76
3.5. Indoor Environmental Quality Control ......................................
77
3.6. Generation and/or Integration of Renewable Energy ................
78
3.7. Materials and Resources ............................................................
83
3.8. Alternative Fuel & Vehicles ......................................................
84
4. Architectural Concept ................................................................................
85
4.1. Architectural Style ......................................................................
85
4.2. Layout & Building Configuration Concept ................................
86
4.3. Concept Application on Shape & Exterior .................................
88
4.4. Concept Application on Interior .................................................
89
4.5. Concept Application on Landscape ...........................................
90
5. Space Analysis & Utilization Concept ......................................................
91
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................
92
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................
93
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Indonesia International Flight Routes .........................................................
9
Figure 2.2. Sentani Airport Flight Routes Coverage ......................................................
10
Figure 2.3. Allocation of Landside & Airside Area Scope ............................................
12
Figure 2.4. Runway in Munich Airport ..........................................................................
13
Figure 2.5. Frankfurt Airport Taxiway ...........................................................................
13
Figure 2.6. Perth Airport Apron .....................................................................................
14
Figure 2.7. Emirates Airline Hangar in Dubai Airport...................................................
15
Figure 2.8. Terminal of Changi Airport, Singapore ......................................................
15
Figure 2.9. Sydney Airport Air Traffic Control ............................................................
17
Figure 2.10. Metal Detector & X-Ray Check as part of Airport Security ....................
18
Figure 2.11. Emergency Response Team of Changi Airport ........................................
19
Figure 3.1. Map of Jayapura District .............................................................................
35
Figure 3.2. Topographical Map of Jayapura District ....................................................
36
Figure 3.3. Regional Development Plan Devision of Jayapura District .......................
40
Figure 3.4. Detailed Spatial Plan Coverage Map ..........................................................
41
Figure 3.5. Spatial Utilization .......................................................................................
43
Figure 3.6. Regional Division of Spatial Utilization .....................................................
43
Figure 4.1. Jayapura District Urban Plan Map ...............................................................
55
Figure 4.2. Rough Estimation of Area Expansion..........................................................
57
Figure 4.3. Entrance Concept .........................................................................................
59
Figure 4.4. Hydrology Concept ......................................................................................
62
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Figure 4.5. Weather Properties .......................................................................................
63
Figure 4.6. Noise Source & Intensity .............................................................................
66
Figure 4.7. Noise Source & Intensity .............................................................................
68
Figure 4.8. Vegetation Concept .....................................................................................
71
Figure 4.9. Rough Layout ..............................................................................................
86
Figure 4.10. Circulation Path in the Airport Site ...........................................................
87
Figure 4.11. Final Layout & Rough Buildings Configuration .......................................
87
Figure 4.12. Shape & Exterior Concept ........................................................................
88
Figure 4.13. Interior Features Example 1 ......................................................................
89
Figure 4.14. Interior Features Example 2 ......................................................................
89
Figure 4.15. Interior Features Example 3 ......................................................................
90
Figure 4.16. Hardscapes Features Example ..................................................................
90
Figure 4.17. Sofscapes Features Example .....................................................................
91
Figure 4.18. Waterscapes Features Example .................................................................
91
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Passenger Activities in Airport ....................................................................
23
Table 2.2. Airplane Crew Activities in Airport ............................................................
23
Table 2.3. Terminal Building & Ground Crew Activities .............................................
25
Table 2.4. Comparative Study of 3 International Airports ............................................
29
Table 2.5. Key Elements of Designing a Green & Sustainable International Airport ..
31
Table 3.1. Topographical Condition of Jayapura District .............................................
35
Table 3.2. Area of Each Soil Type in Jayapura District ................................................
37
Table 3.3. Road Surface Condition ...............................................................................
38
Table 3.4. Condition of Air Transportation ..................................................................
39
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Abstract Means of transportation and buildings ranked as the second and third worst destructive factors of nature due to human activities, where the first position is occupied by coal and diesel power plant (Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 2005). Indonesia which is touted as the lungs of the world is required to be sensitive and responsive to environmental problems. Papua as one among the largest provinces in Indonesia has shortcomings in terms of infrastructure to facilitate the activities of aviation. Based on elucidation of the background of the study, an environmentally friendly international airport design based on standardized green and sustainable principle is required. In order to realize the design in the best possible result, proper basic analysis is conducted based on data of Jayapura region obtained from field survey in the early stage of the design. The first step of the analysis is to determine an appropriate location as the site for further development of the design. Then, analysis of the chosen site which includes analysis of accessibility, topography, hydrology, vegetation, sun, wind, view, circulation, weather and zone. From the results of these basic analysis, green & sustainable concept is applied in accordance to aspects and standards issued by legal entities which dedicated to the cause. This is done to maximize the efficiency and effectivity of the fundamental concept. In order to complement the sophistication of the technology intended for the green and sustainable concept, architectural concept which is chosen for the design is futuristic style. The last step, is performing an assessment of space and room as well as the area of each item to determine the connection of each individual space to the other. Keywords: International Airport, Papua, Green, Sustainable, Environment Abstrak Sarana transportasi dan bangunan menduduki peringkat kedua dan ketiga faktor perusak alam terburuk akibat aktivitas manusia, di mana posisi pertama ditempati oleh pembangkit listrik diesel dan batu bara (NRDC, 2005). Indonesia yang disebut-sebut sebagai paru-paru dunia diharuskan untuk peka dan responsif terhadap permasalahan lingkungan yang esensial seperti ini. Papua sebagai satu diantara pulau terbesar di Indonesia tidak memiliki fasilitas penerbangan yang memadai serta dapat bersaing dalam skala internasional. Berdasarkan penjelasan latar belakang penelitian, desain bandara internasional ramah lingkungan berdasarkan prinsip hijau dan berkelanjutan dengan standar internasional sangat diperlukan. Dalam rangka mewujudkan desain dengan hasil terbaik, analisis dasar yang sesuai dilakukan berdasarkan data dari wilayah Jayapura yang diperoleh dari survei lapangan pada tahap awal desain. Langkah pertama dari analisis ini adalah untuk menentukan lokasi yang tepat sebagai site untuk pengembangan desain lebih lanjut. Kemudian, analisis site yang dipilih yang mencakup analisis aksesibilitas, topografi, hidrologi, vegetasi, matahari, angin, lihat, sirkulasi, cuaca dan zona. berdasarkan hasil analisis dasar ini, konsep hijau & berkelanjutan diterapkan sesuai dengan aspek dan standar yang ditetapkan oleh badan hukum
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yang berdedikasi untuk permasalahn terkait. Hal ini dilakukan untuk memaksimalkan efisiensi dan efektifitas dari konsep dasar. Dalam rangka menyesuaikan kecanggihan teknologi yang ditujukan dalam konsep hijau dan berkelanjutan, konsep arsitektur yang dipilih untuk desain adalah gaya futuristik. Langkah terakhir, adalah melakukan penetapan kebutuhan ruang serta luas yang dibutuhkan setiap ruangan, untuk menentukan koneksi dari setiap ruang terhadap ruangan yang lain. Kata Kunci: Bandara Internasional, Papua, Green, Sustainable, Lingkungan
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