DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN PEMBIMBING ........................................... ii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN PENGUJI …………………………............. iii HALAMAN PERNYATAAN……………………………………………… iv HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN…………………………………………..... v KATA PENGANTAR…………………………………………………….... vi DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. viii DAFTAR GAMBAR ……………………………………………………..... xi DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN…………………………………………………….. xiii INTISARI ....................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………......... xv BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah .......................................................... 1 B. Perumusan Masalah ................................................................ 3 C. Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................... 3 D. Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................. 3 BAB II
STUDI PUSTAKA A. Tinjauan Pustaka ..................................................................... 4 1. Parasetamol ....................................................................... 4 a. Aspek Hayati Parasetamol .......................................... 4 b. Toksikologi Parasetamol ............................................. 5 2. Hati .................................................................................... 6 a. Fisiologi dan Patofisiologi Hati .................................. 6 b. Hepatotoksin .............................................................. 9 c. Tolok Ukur Kehepatotoksikan .................................... 10 3. Kayu Secang ..................................................................... 12 a. Sinonim
.............................................................. 12
b. Klasifikasi
.............................................................. 13
c. Morfologi Tanaman .................................................... 13
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d. Kandungan Kimia ....................................................... 13 e. Sifat dan Kegunaan ..................................................... 14 f. Nama Daerah .............................................................. 14 g. Nama Asing
.............................................................. 14
4. Kapulaga ........................................................................... 14 a. Sinonim ....................................................................... 14 b. Klasifikasi ................................................................... 15 c. Morfologi Tanaman .................................................... 15 d. Kandungan Kimia ....................................................... 16 e. Sifat dan Kegunaan ..................................................... 16 f. Nama Daerah ............................................................... 17 g. Nama Asing ................................................................. 17 5. Jahe Merah ........................................................................ 17 a. Sinonim ....................................................................... 17 b. Kandungan Kimia ...................................................... 17 c. Efek Farmakologi ........................................................ 17 d. Nama Daerah ............................................................... 17 e. Nama Asing ................................................................. 17 B. Landasan Teori ........................................................................ 18 C. Hipotesis .................................................................................. 18 BAB III
METODE PENELITIAN A. Uji Pendahuluan ...................................................................... 19 1. Optimasi Formula Sediaan Secang Instan ......................... 19 2. Optimasi Waktu Pengambilan Sampel .............................. 19 B. Bahan dan Alat ........................................................................ 19 C. Cara Penelitian ........................................................................ 20 1. Koleksi dan Determinasi Tanaman ................................... 20 2. Penetapan Dosis Sediaan Secang Instan ........................... 20 3. Pembuatan Secang Instan .................................................. 21 4. Pembuatan Larutan CMC 1 % .......................................... 21 5. Pembuatan Suspensi Parasetamol dan Penetapan Dosis Toksik ................................................................................ 21 6. Penetapan Tolok Ukur Kerusakan Hati ............................. 21
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7. Pemeriksaan Makroskopis dan Mikroskopis Hati ............. 22 D. Analisis Hasil .......................................................................... 24 E. Skematika Kerja ………....………………………………….. 25 BAB IV
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 1. Optimasi Formula Sediaan Secang Instan …………………... 28 2. Optimasi Waktu Pengambilan Sampel ……………………… 30 3. Pemeriksaan Makroskopis dan Mikroskopis Organ Hati ........ 31
BAB V
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN A. Kesimpulan…………………………………………..………. 37 B. Saran……………………………………………………..…... 37
DAFTAR PUSTAKA…………………………………………………..…... 38 LAMPIRAN……………………………………………………………….... 41
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. Metabolisme parasetamol ............................................................ 5 Gambar 2. Tipe-tipe nekrosis hati .................................................................. 9 Gambar 3. Skematika kerja uji pendahuluan ................................................. 25 Gambar 4. Skematika kerja penelitian ........................................................... 26 Gambar 5. Foto sediaan secang instan ........................................................... 28 Gambar 6. Parameter rasa .............................................................................. 29 Gambar 7. Parameter bau ............................................................................... 30 Gambar 8. Parameter warna ........................................................................... 30 Gambar 9. Gambaran mikroskopis sel hati tikus normal (aquadest) perbesaran 10x40 (HE) ................................................................. 33 Gambar 10. Gambaran mikroskopis sel hati tikus perlakuan dosis toksik parasetamol 2,5 g/Kg BB perbesaran 10x 40 (HE) ........... 34 Gambar 11. Gambaran mikroskopis sel hati tikus praperlakuan secang instan dosis 0,2 g/Kg BB + dosis toksik parasetamol 2,5 g/Kg BB perbesaran 10x40 (HE) ........................................... 35 Gambar 12. Gambaran mikroskopis sel hati tikus praperlakuan secang instan dosis 0,4 g/Kg BB + dosis toksik parasetamol 2,5 g/Kg BB perbesaran 10x40 (HE) .......................................... 35 Gambar 13. Gambaran mikroskopis sel hati tikus praperlakuan secang instan dosis 0,5 g/Kg BB + dosis toksik parasetamol 2,5 g/Kg BB perbesaran 10x40 (HE) .......................................... 36
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel I.
Optimasi formula sediaan secang instan ...................................... 19
Tabel II.
Cairan dalam tissue processor pada tahap dehidrasi jaringan ..... 23
Tabel III.
Kode tiap formula sediaan secang instan..................................... 29
Tabel IV.
Kuantifikasi penilaian pada tiap parameter ................................. 29
Tabel V.
Aktivitas GPT-serum setelah pemberian parasetamol 2,5 g/kg BB ................................................................................ 31
Tabel VI.
Bobot organ hati setelah pemberian parasetamol 2,5 g/kg BB ................................................................................ 31
Tabel VII. Hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopis sel hati tikus 36 jam setelah pemberian parasetamol 2,5 g/kg BB .............................. 32
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1. Foto tanaman dan simplisia kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) .............................................................. 41 Lampiran 2. Foto tanaman dan simplisia jahe merah (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var. Rubrum) ................................... 42 Lampiran 3. Foto tanaman dan simplisia kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum Auct.non L.) ....................................... 43 Lampiran 4. Surat keterangan pengambilan tanaman ..................................... 44 Lampiran 5. Surat keterangan selesai melakukan determinasi ....................... 45 Lampiran 6. Surat keterangan determinasi kayu secang ................................. 46 Lampiran 7. Surat keterangan determinasi jahe merah ................................... 47 Lampiran 8. Surat keterangan determinasi kapulaga ...................................... 48 Lampiran 9. Surat keterangan melakukan penelitian di LPPT-UGM ................................................................................. 49 Lampiran 10. Surat keterangan pembelian hewan uji di LPPT-UGM ................................................................................. 50 Lampiran 11. Perhitungan dosis dan stok secang instan ................................... 51 Lampiran 12. Data aktivitas GPT-serum optimasi waktu pengambilan sampel ........................................................................................ 52 Lampiran 13. Bobot organ hati setelah pemberian parasetamol 2,5 g/kg BB ................................................................................ 53 Lampiran 14. Surat keterangan pembacaan histologi sel-sel hati .................... 54 Lampiran 15. Output analisis statistik .............................................................. 55
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