1 ELECTRICAL PROBLEM2 Thunder Strike3 Thunder Strike4 Thunder Strike5 Thunder Strike6 Grounding Ideally the ground resistance of a system is zero ohms...
Ideally the ground resistance of a system is zero ohms NFPA & IEEE: Recommends a ground resistance value of 5 Ohm or less. Telecommunications Industry: Often uses 5.0 ohms or less as their value for grounding or bonding NEC: Make sure the system to ground is 25.0 ohms or less. In facilities with sensitive equipment, it should be 5.0 ohms or less. (source – NEC 250.56)
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Grounding Resistance
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Grounding Resistance
1. Length/depth of the ground electrode 2. Diameter of the ground electrode 3. Number of ground electrodes 4 . Ground system design
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Ground system design
Single Ground Electrode
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Ground system design
Multiple Ground Electrode
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Ground system design
Mesh Network.
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Ground system design
Ground Plate
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Tower Grounding
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Measurement
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Broken Insulation
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Insulation There are a number of industry standards that give guidelines for insulation testing in the field: • NETA MTS-2001 Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and Systems • IEEE 43-2000 Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Rotating Machinery • IEC 60034-18 Rotating electrical machines - Part 18: Functional evaluation of insulation systems • IEC 61557-2 Electrical Safety in Low Voltage Distribution Systems up to 1000 V ac and 1500 V dc
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Power Quality problem
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Masalah yang dihasilkan harmonik Dua Faktor Daya
*Total PF < DPF
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Perpindahan / Displacement Power Faktor Sama
dengan perpindahan sudut antara fundamental tegangan dan fundamental arus Sama dengan kW / kVA hanya untuk sinusoidal V, I
Total Power Faktor Ukuran
dari kW / kVA Termasuk efek harmonik Kapasitor yang benar hanya perpindahan PF.
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Total harmonik Distorsi 0%
33%
39%
44%
Peak
100%
133%
168%
204%
RMS
100%
105%
108%
110%
3. Tersandung gangguan di pemutus sirkuit Meningkatkan Termal RMS Meningkatkan Magnitude Puncak 4. Sekering putus
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Motor dan Generator - Peningkatan pemanasan akibat rugi-rugi inti dan tembaga pada frekuensi harmonik - Berdenyut dan mengurangi torsi (penolakan starting atau peningkatan slip)
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Pemanasan Transformer
Tranformer memberikan rata-rata tegangan dan arus penuh (hanya) dengan sinusoidal, tegangan seimbang dan arus THD kurang dari 5%
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Derate Transformers
Kapasitas rata-rata Transformer 100 kVA
Phase C Current
Beban Linear 100 kVA
Panas sama Beban Harmonik 75 kVA Kapasitas rata-rata Transformer 100 kVA
Oil Filled Transformers 2500 kVA, 480V,LV > 1500 kVA 5000 kVA > 5000 kVA, kVA
Percent Loss % 3-8 12-20 9-15
Slide sebelumnya menunjukan K faktor = 7.6, dari tabel PECR= 8% (.08)
1 + PECR
1 + K * PECR= % Kapasitas Percent Loss % 1 1-5 9-15
** in table above, always assume the worse case use the maximum values
% Kapasitas = 80 % (.80) kVA lama* % Kapasitas = kVA baru
1000kVA * .80 = 800 kVA www.tridinamika.com
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Masalah Kapasitor
◦ Penurunan impedansi dengan frekuensi ◦ Masalah resonansi
Masalah Kapasitor Karena impedansi yang lebih rendah, kapasitor bahkan lebih rentan terhadap tatanan harmonik yang lebih tinggi. Jika tida diproteksi dari stres harmonik, suatu kapasitor bisa segera gagal www.tridinamika.com
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STANDAR
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IEEE Defined Harmonic Current Limits
26
Standar dan Peraturan Harmonik Harmonic Current Distortion Limits (Ih) in % of IL V n 69 kV
I sc / I L
h 11
11 h 17 17 h 23 23 h 35
35 h
TDD
<20
4.0
2.0
1.5
0.6
0.3
5.0
20-50
7.0
3.5
2.5
1.0
0.5
8.0
50-100
10.0
4.5
4.0
1.5
0.7
12.0
100-1000
12.0
5.5
5.0
2.0
1.0
15.0
>1000
15.0
7.0
6.0
2.5
1.4
20.0
I TDD
h2
IL
2 h
100%
Ih = magnitude of individual harmonic components (rms amps) h = harmonic order IL = maximum demand load current (rms amps) defined above
